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Day 25- LET (FL : Lesson 1)

Nature of Learning

Orsntein

Learning is a reflective process thereby the learner develops insights, understanding or change and restructures his/her mental process

Lardizabal

Learning is an integrated process within an individual that enables him/her to meet his/her goals, aims, and cope with his/her learning process.

Slavin

Learning is a change in an individual caused by experiences. Examples are responses for hunger and pain.

Calderon

Learning is an acquisition through maturation and experience more knowledge.

Two Major Groups of Learning Theories :

Behavioristic Theories

- It starts from simple to general.

- It refers to the habits or ways of thinking and behaving are learned.

- E.g. Your need to rest (stimulus) caused you to go home(response) in order to get sleep. (reinforcement)

Cognitive Theories

- It is the general ways of thinking and behaving.

- It starts from general to simple.

- E.g. The quickest route to go home.

Ivan Pavlov's Classical Conditioning

Pavlov placed a powder meat near a hungry dog and the dog started to salivate. Pavlov paired up the ringing of the bell to the powder meat and the salivation started too. Lastly, he only used the ringing of the bell and the dog salivated. 

Powder meat is considered as unconditioned stimulus. 

Ringing of the bell with the powder meat is considered as neutral stimulus. 

Salivation of the dog is considered as the conditioned response. 

Only the ringing of the bell is considered as conditioned stimulus. 

Principles of Classical Conditioning by Ivan Pavlov. 

Stimulus Generalization 

conditioned response transfers to other stimuli that are the same from the original stimulus. The color red means stop. People tend to stop to red lights, red signs, and red bulbs. 

Generalization 

response is applied from another situation. For example, a child is afraid to a dentist. That child is also afraid to any person who wears white dress or white mask. 

Discrimination 

People respond differently to stimuli because of their previous experiences. Person does not know the difference between d and b as well as u and v. 

Extinction

Response is gone or lost. For example, parents told their daughter that her next school year teacher is a terror which caused her to be afraid of that teacher. A year later, their daughter has discovered that her teacher is not bad at all. 

Thorndike’s Stimulus Response Theory (S.R. Theory)

He placed cats inside a box which they had to escape to get food. He observed over time, those cats could quickly escaped by repeating the same effective behavior and not repeating those behaviors that were  ineffective.

Law of Effect 

If an act has a satisfying change in a behavior. The likely hood that act will be repeated at the same time increases.

Law of Exercise 

Any connection is strengthened in proportion to the number of times it occurs. 

Law of Readiness

Any organism, whether animal or human, is ready to form any connection to do so is satisfying and not to do so is annoying.

B.F. Skinner’s Operant Conditioning 

He placed rats inside a box. Upon accidentally pressing the lever, it was rewarded by a food pellet which served as a reinforcement to a reinforcing behavior. 

The use of pleasant and unpleasant consequences to change a behavior is called Operant Conditioning. 

Reinforcement refers to a behavioral consequence that strengthens a behavior. 

Positive reinforcers are the events which are presented after a behavior has been performed. E.g. grades, praises, and stars.

Negative reinforcers are the escape from unpleasant situation. For example, a child won’t do the dishes but he/she is assigned to do the homework.

Primary reinforcers are the basic human needs. E.g. house, warmth, food, water, etc. 

Seconday reinforcers are the grades and money. 

Albert Bandura’s Social Learning Theory 

The effect of cues on behavior and internal mental processes. The effect of actions on thoughts and thoughts on actions.

Albert Bandura’s Observational Learning Model

1. Attention

It recognizes distinct features

2. Retention

It recalls. 

3. Motor Reproduction process

They should be able to demonstrate solutions as soon as possible.

4. Motivational processes

There will be no overt performances.

Constructivism 

It refers to the building that occurs in people’s minds when they learn. Learrners as the makers of meaning. 

Social Constructivism 

Learners develop understanding and meaning through social encounter. 

Cognitive Constructivism

Learners develop understanding through developmental stages and learning styles. 

Jerome Bruner

He worte a book entitled “Towards a Theory of Instruction” 

Bruner’s Theory of Intellectual Development

1. Enactive

Learner discovers about the world through actions on objects. 

2. Iconic

Learners learn about the world through pictures and images. 

3. Symbolic

The capacity to think in abstract terms. 

Bruner’s Discovery Learning 

It is an instructional approach that provides the students with date and process this information into meaningful abstractions. 

It allows the students to solve problems by their own own. 

Ausubel’s Meaningful Learning

The materials to be learned is related to what the students know already. 

Ausubel’s Advance Organizer

It is the general overview of new information. For examples, a summer of a story. 

Gagne’s Specific Sequence of Nine Events 

1. Gaining Attention

2. Informing the learner of objective.

3. Stimulating recall of pre-requisite learning

4. Presenting new materials

5. Providing learning guidance

6. Eliciting performance

7. Providing feedback to the performance

8. Assessing performance.

9. Enhancing recall and retention.

Gagne’s Learning Categories 

1. Gaining Attention

2. Verbal Information

3. Intellectual Skills

4. Cognitive Strategies

5. Motor Skills 

6. Attitude

Mnemonics 

- Those are the memory aids that can help students to memorize easily. 

For example, My Very Educated Mother Just Served Us Pizza. The first letter of each word shows the arrangement of planets on the solar system. 

Knowledge Acquisition

It is a process of absorbing and storing new information in memory. 

Types of Knowledge

Declarative Knowledge 

It refers to the facts, rules, and concepts.

Procedural Knowledge 

It refers to the application of the declarative knowledge by executing behavior.

Objectives 

These are statements that will be achieved at the end of instruction teacher is designing. 

Performance objectives

Instructional or lesson objectives refer to what the students will be able to do when instructions ends or concludes. 

Characteristics of Performance Objectives

Specific

Measurable 

Attainable 

Result-oriented 

Time-bound

Benjamin Bloom’s Taxonomy

Knowledge 

Learner learns new information through memorization

Comprehension 

Learner understands or interprets new information. 

Application

Learner executes or performs new information.

Analysis 

Learner break down new information to analyze.

Sythesis

Learners build the parts of information by creating a new information.

Evaluation

Learners judge or evaluate information using their own insights.