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Advanced English Grammar (Notes) August 8 & 11

Finite verb forms show tense, person and number. Non finite verb forms do not show tense, person and number. The tenses of the verb (past, present, future) shows when the action happened meanwhile the aspects (simple, progressive, perfect, perfect progressive) refers to the flow of time. Simple tense refers to a point in time. Progressive tenses it is the length of time when the action is happening. Perfect tenses it is a point in time before another point in time. Perfect progressive refers to the length of time up to a point in time.

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kwineeee-blog · 7 years

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Advanced English Grammar (Notes) August 8 & 11

Finite verb forms show tense, person and number. Non finite verb forms do not show tense, person and number. The tenses of the verb (past, present, future) shows when the action happened meanwhile the aspects (simple, progressive, perfect, perfect progressive) refers to the flow of time. Simple tense refers to a point in time. Progressive tenses it is the length of time when the action is happening. Perfect tenses it is a point in time before another point in time. Perfect progressive refers to the length of time up to a point in time.

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kwineeee-blog · 7 years

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Advance English Grammar (Notes) August 4

Direct and Indirect Object Direct Object Direct objects are nouns, pronouns, clauses or phrases that follows the verb in a sentence. You can identify the direct object by using this simple formula: subject + verb + who? or what? = DIRECT OBJECT Confusing direct objects with subject complements A subject complement is a clause or phrase that follows a linking verb, such as is, are or was, and complements, or completes, the subject of a sentence by describing or renaming it. If the verb is a linking one, the word that answers the question “what” or “who” is a subject complement. Take note that only action verbs can have direct object Indirect Object Indirect objects are nouns or pronouns that identify who or what is receiving the direct object. The indirect object typically precedes the direct object and is identified by asking who or what received the direct object. Classifications of Verbs Transitive and Intransitive verb Transitive verbs are action verbs that have an object to receive that action. Intransitive verbs are action verbs but unlike transitive verbs, they do not have an object receiving the action. Linking verbs Unlike action verbs, linking verbs show a relationship between the subject of the sentence and a noun or adjective being linked to it. The most common linking verbs are forms of the verb to be: am, is, are, was, were, being, been. Other common linking verbs include: appear, become, feel, grow, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, and turn. If you can substitute am, is, or are and the sentence still sounds logical, you have a linking verb.

Stative and Dynamic Verbs. Stative Verbs are verbs which states condition and etc. Dynamic verbs are action verbs.

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kwineeee-blog · 7 years

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Advance English Grammar (Notes) August 4

Direct and Indirect Object Direct Object Direct objects are nouns, pronouns, clauses or phrases that follows the verb in a sentence. You can identify the direct object by using this simple formula: subject + verb + who? or what? = DIRECT OBJECT Confusing direct objects with subject complements A subject complement is a clause or phrase that follows a linking verb, such as is, are or was, and complements, or completes, the subject of a sentence by describing or renaming it. If the verb is a linking one, the word that answers the question “what” or “who” is a subject complement. Take note that only action verbs can have direct object Indirect Object Indirect objects are nouns or pronouns that identify who or what is receiving the direct object. The indirect object typically precedes the direct object and is identified by asking who or what received the direct object. Classifications of Verbs Transitive and Intransitive verb Transitive verbs are action verbs that have an object to receive that action. Intransitive verbs are action verbs but unlike transitive verbs, they do not have an object receiving the action. Linking verbs Unlike action verbs, linking verbs show a relationship between the subject of the sentence and a noun or adjective being linked to it. The most common linking verbs are forms of the verb to be: am, is, are, was, were, being, been. Other common linking verbs include: appear, become, feel, grow, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, and turn. If you can substitute am, is, or are and the sentence still sounds logical, you have a linking verb. Stative and Dynamic Verbs. Stative Verbs are verbs which states condition and etc. Dynamic verbs are action verbs.

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kwineeee-blog · 7 years

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Advance English Grammar (Notes) July 25

Relative, Intensive, Reflexive and Reciprocal Pronouns. —- Relative Pronouns give more information about the subject or object of the sentence (ex. who, whom, which, that). Intensive Pronouns, it is defined as a pronoun that ends in -self or -selves and place emphasis on its antecedent. Reflexive Pronoun is a pronoun that are preceded by an adj, adv or noun that indicates that the person who is realizing action is also the receiver of the action or verb. The difference between reflexive and intensive is that, in a sentence with an intensive pronoun, if you remove the pronoun, the sentence will not change whereas, in reflexive case, the pronoun or subject itself is the receiver of the action. Reciprocal Pronouns are pronouns that indocate that an action or a feeling is returned or reciprocated.

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kwineeee-blog · 7 years

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Advance English Grammar (Notes) July 25

Relative, Intensive, Reflexive and Reciprocal Pronouns. ---- Relative Pronouns give more information about the subject or object of the sentence (ex. who, whom, which, that). Intensive Pronouns, it is defined as a pronoun that ends in -self or -selves and place emphasis on its antecedent. Reflexive Pronoun is a pronoun that are preceded by an adj, adv or noun that indicates that the person who is realizing action is also the receiver of the action or verb. The difference between reflexive and intensive is that, in a sentence with an intensive pronoun, if you remove the pronoun, the sentence will not change whereas, in reflexive case, the pronoun or subject itself is the receiver of the action. Reciprocal Pronouns are pronouns that indocate that an action or a feeling is returned or reciprocated.

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kwineeee-blog · 7 years

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Advance English Grammar (Notes) July 18 & 21

Singular Noun and Plural Nouns (Regular and Irregular Nouns)

Singular Noun

• Singular noun refer to one noun.

Plural Nouns

• Plural nouns refer to more than one noun.

Regular Nouns & Irregular Nouns

• Regular nouns mean that when they change their form, they follow the usual pattern meanwhile the irregular nouns do not follow the usual pattern.

Regular Nouns

• Follow the usual patterns or rules in pluralizing nouns.

Ø add –s at the end of a noun

(bats, apples, dogs …..)

Ø the plural of nouns ending in –s,-z,-x,-sh, or –ch is formed by adding -es to the root word.

(splash=splashes, bench=benches, kiss=kisses)

Ø _____©+y=_____©+ies (i.e. country=countries)

Ø _____(v)+y=_____(v)+y+s (i.e. cowboy=cowboys)

Irregular Nouns

• Nouns that do not follow the usual rules in pluralizing nouns

Ø the plural of most nouns ending in –o preceded by a consonant is formed by adding –es to the root word. If the –o is preceded by a vowel, we just add –s. But other words that ends in –o can be pluralized either ways.

(i.e. radio=radios, stiletto=stilettos)

(mosquito=mosquitoes)

Exceptions to this rule:

potato=potatoes volcano=volcanoes

hero=heroes

Ø the plural of nouns that end in-f or-fe is formed by replacing –f and –fe with –ves. But other words that end in can be spelled in either ways.

(i.e. thief=thieves, life=lives)

(dwarf= dwarves, staff=staves)

Exceptions to this rule:

cliff=cliffs roof=roofs chief=chiefs

Ø some nouns are plural in form and do not have singular form.

(pants goggles scissors)

some nouns are plural in form but are actually singular in meaning.

(news economics ethics)

Ø some nouns are not changed at all. Their singular and plural forms are the same.

(deer=deer salmon=salmon)

Ø the plural of most nouns that end in –is is formed by changing –is to –es.

(axis=axes oasis=oases)

Ø for compound nouns, the principal noun is pluralized.

(blackboard=blackboards basket-of-gold= baskets-of-gold)

Ø the plural of proper names is formed by adding –s or –es.

(Arroyo=Arroyos Rizal=Rizals)

Ø some nouns that were borrowed from foreign languages have 2 plural forms: one that follows the general English rule and one that follows the rules of its language of origin. These nouns usually end in –ix, -ex, -um, -us or –eau.

(fungus=funguses or fungi)

Ø the plural of some nouns is formed by changing the spelling of the root word.

(child=children foot=feet)

Noun and Pronoun Case

Subjective Case- the noun or pronoun is used as a subject

Objective Case- A noun or pronoun is in the objective case when it is used as a direct object, an indirect object, or an object of the preposition.

Possessive Case- noun that shows ownership of an object.

Pronoun- used to replace the noun(s).

Demonstrative pronouns- are pronouns used to point to something specific

Interrogative pronouns- are pronouns used to make questions easy

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kwineeee-blog · 7 years

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Advance English Grammar (Notes) July 18 & 21

Singular Noun and Plural Nouns (Regular and Irregular Nouns)

Singular Noun

• Singular noun refer to one noun.

Plural Nouns

• Plural nouns refer to more than one noun.

Regular Nouns & Irregular Nouns

• Regular nouns mean that when they change their form, they follow the usual pattern meanwhile the irregular nouns do not follow the usual pattern.

Regular Nouns

• Follow the usual patterns or rules in pluralizing nouns.

Ø add –s at the end of a noun

(bats, apples, dogs …..)

Ø the plural of nouns ending in –s,-z,-x,-sh, or –ch is formed by adding -es to the root word.

(splash=splashes, bench=benches, kiss=kisses)

Ø _____(c)+y=_____(c)+ies (i.e. country=countries)

Ø _____(v)+y=_____(v)+y+s (i.e. cowboy=cowboys)

Irregular Nouns

• Nouns that do not follow the usual rules in pluralizing nouns

Ø the plural of most nouns ending in –o preceded by a consonant is formed by adding –es to the root word. If the –o is preceded by a vowel, we just add –s. But other words that ends in –o can be pluralized either ways.

(i.e. radio=radios, stiletto=stilettos)

(mosquito=mosquitoes)

Exceptions to this rule:

potato=potatoes volcano=volcanoes

hero=heroes

Ø the plural of nouns that end in-f or-fe is formed by replacing –f and –fe with –ves. But other words that end in can be spelled in either ways.

(i.e. thief=thieves, life=lives)

(dwarf= dwarves, staff=staves)

Exceptions to this rule:

cliff=cliffs roof=roofs chief=chiefs

Ø some nouns are plural in form and do not have singular form.

(pants goggles scissors)

some nouns are plural in form but are actually singular in meaning.

(news economics ethics)

Ø some nouns are not changed at all. Their singular and plural forms are the same.

(deer=deer salmon=salmon)

Ø the plural of most nouns that end in –is is formed by changing –is to –es.

(axis=axes oasis=oases)

Ø for compound nouns, the principal noun is pluralized.

(blackboard=blackboards basket-of-gold= baskets-of-gold)

Ø the plural of proper names is formed by adding –s or –es.

(Arroyo=Arroyos Rizal=Rizals)

Ø some nouns that were borrowed from foreign languages have 2 plural forms: one that follows the general English rule and one that follows the rules of its language of origin. These nouns usually end in –ix, -ex, -um, -us or –eau.

(fungus=funguses or fungi)

Ø the plural of some nouns is formed by changing the spelling of the root word.

(child=children foot=feet)

Noun and Pronoun Case

Subjective Case- the noun or pronoun is used as a subject

Objective Case- A noun or pronoun is in the objective case when it is used as a direct object, an indirect object, or an object of the preposition.

Possessive Case- noun that shows ownership of an object.

Pronoun- used to replace the noun(s).

Demonstrative pronouns- are pronouns used to point to something specific

Interrogative pronouns- are pronouns used to make questions easy

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kwineeee-blog · 7 years

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Advance English Grammar (Notes) July 11 & 14

GenderNoun- is a part of speech that denotes a person, animal, place or thing.

Proper noun- names for specific people

Common noun- names used to generalize items

Every proper noun has a common noun equivalent.

A count noun is one that can be expressed in plural form. A noncount noun is one that usually cannot be expressed in a plural form.

Some & Any - countable and uncountable nouns

Much- modifies only uncountable nouns. Many- modifies only countable nouns.

Plenty of- modifies both countable and uncountable nouns

Abstract nouns- refer to intangible things like actions, feelings, ideals, concepts and qualities.

Concrete nouns- are nouns that can be sight,smell, hear, taste and touch by your five senses.

Collective Noun- are names for a collection or refers to groups of people, animals or things.

Compound Noun- contains two or more words which join together to make a single noun.

Compound nouns are expressed in three ways. (Close form, hyphenated form and open form)

Gender nouns (Feminine & Masculine)

Feminine-female nouns

Masculine-male nouns

Material Nouns- refer to materials or substances from which things are made.

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kwineeee-blog · 7 years

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Advance English Grammar (Notes) July 11 & 14

GenderNoun- is a part of speech that denotes a person, animal, place or thing.

Proper noun- names for specific people

Common noun- names used to generalize items

Every proper noun has a common noun equivalent.

A count noun is one that can be expressed in plural form. A noncount noun is one that usually cannot be expressed in a plural form.

Some & Any - countable and uncountable nouns

Much- modifies only uncountable nouns. Many- modifies only countable nouns.

Plenty of- modifies both countable and uncountable nouns

Abstract nouns- refer to intangible things like actions, feelings, ideals, concepts and qualities.

Concrete nouns- are nouns that can be sight,smell, hear, taste and touch by your five senses.

Collective Noun- are names for a collection or refers to groups of people, animals or things.

Compound Noun- contains two or more words which join together to make a single noun.

Compound nouns are expressed in three ways. (Close form, hyphenated form and open form)

Gender nouns (Feminine & Masculine)

Feminine-female nouns

Masculine-male nouns

Material Nouns- refer to materials or substances from which things are made.

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kwineeee-blog · 7 years

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Advanced English Grammar (Notes) June 27 & 30

Irregardless & regardless

-much appropriate to use ‘regardless'

Pastime- (one word)

Can- ability Could- possibility

Biennial- every 2 years Biannual- twice in a year

Less- Non-count nouns Few- Count nouns

With regard to/as regards the

Inasmuch- (one word)

Storey- British English

Story- American English

———————–

Language - is a system of arbitrary sounds and symbols used in human communication. Language is conventional.

The word that you use to represent the thing does not have any connection with that actual thing (arbitrariness of language)

Grammar • the whole system of language

1.Universal Grammar (Noam Chomsky) •are the rules which are true to all grammars.

2.Descriptive Grammar •describing grammar

3.Prescriptive Grammar •prescribing grammar

WORLD ENGLISHES (Braj Kachru) “No one nation can actually claim english” -there’s no such thing as standard english

Inner circle- English as the first language

Outer circle- English as a second language

Expanding circle- English as a foreign language

Grammaticality & Acceptability

For example: Colorless green ideas sleep furiously.

Grammar - ☑ Acceptable - X

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kwineeee-blog · 7 years

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Advanced English Grammar (Notes) June 27 & 30

Irregardless & regardless -much appropriate to use ‘regardless’ Pastime- (one word) Can- ability Could- possibility Biennial- every 2 years Biannual- twice in a year Less- Non-count nouns Few- Count nouns With regard to/as regards the Inasmuch- (one word) Storey- British English Story- American English ———————– Language - is a system of arbitrary sounds and symbols used in human communication. Language is conventional. The word that you use to represent the thing does not have any connection with that actual thing (arbitrariness of language) Grammar • the whole system of language 1.Universal Grammar (Noam Chomsky) •are the rules which are true to all grammars. 2.Descriptive Grammar •describing grammar 3.Prescriptive Grammar •prescribing grammar WORLD ENGLISHES (Braj Kachru) “No one nation can actually claim english” -there’s no such thing as standard english Inner circle- English as the first language Outer circle- English as a second language Expanding circle- English as a foreign language Grammaticality & Acceptability For example: Colorless green ideas sleep furiously. Grammar - ☑ Acceptable - X

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kwineeee-blog · 7 years

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Advanced English Grammar (Notes) June 27 & 30

Irregardless & regardless

-much appropriate to use 'regardless'

Pastime- (one word)

Can- ability Could- possibility

Biennial- every 2 years Biannual- twice in a year

Less- Non-count nouns Few- Count nouns

With regard to/as regards the

Inasmuch- (one word)

Storey- British English

Story- American English

-----------------------

Language - is a system of arbitrary sounds and symbols used in human communication. Language is conventional.

The word that you use to represent the thing does not have any connection with that actual thing (arbitrariness of language)

Grammar • the whole system of language

1.Universal Grammar (Noam Chomsky) •are the rules which are true to all grammars.

2.Descriptive Grammar •describing grammar

3.Prescriptive Grammar •prescribing grammar

WORLD ENGLISHES (Braj Kachru) "No one nation can actually claim english" -there's no such thing as standard english

Inner circle- English as the first language

Outer circle- English as a second language

Expanding circle- English as a foreign language

Grammaticality & Acceptability

For example: Colorless green ideas sleep furiously.

Grammar - ☑ Acceptable - X

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