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Korean Vocab

병역 - military service

복지 - (public) welfare, well-being

노사 - capital and labour

언론 자유 - press freedom

권위 - authority, power

어순 - (grammar) word order

추상적 - abstract

부수다 - to destroy

품질 - quality

섬광 - a flash of light

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Korean Word of the Day

원피스

Dress 👗

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Vocabulary List #43

다치다 - to hurt

맞다 - to be correct

싸다 - to pack, wrap

알아듣다 - to recognize, to understand

이해하다 - to understand

가볍다 - to be light 

무겁다 - to be heavy

곧 - soon, right away

약 - approximately

혼자 - alone

~(으)면 되다 - just have to …

~게 되다 - turns out that …

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Vocabulary List #40

가운데 - center

국내선 - domestic flight

국제선 - international flight

농구 - basketball

무료 - free

비자 - visa

여권 - passport

사실 - fact, truth

손 - hand

안부 + 전하다 - regards + to tell, convey

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mini grammar thing An exercise in introducing/describing yourself through categorising or using an analogy!

〈나열하기, 분류하기〉

• ~에는~ 등이 있다 • 이[그] 중에서~은~으로 분류할 수 있다

"조직에는 천재형, 거북이형, 토끼형 등이 있습니다. 이 중에서 저는 거북이형으로 분류할 수 있습니다. 조 금 느리지만 일을 꼼꼼하게 처리하기 때문입니다."

〈비유하기〉

• ~같다 • ~는 것같이[것처럼] • ~같이[처럼] • ~듯이

"저는 소금같이 회사에 꼭 필요한 사람이 되고 싶습니 다. 소금이 모든 음식에 들어가는 것처럼 저도 회사의 모든 일에 적극적으로 참여하는 사람이 되겠습니다."

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~(으)ㄹ 정도로

[This post features songs by ATEEZ, BTS, & THE NEW SIX]

This phrase is used to express the "degree or extent of an action or state" (1). It is often used to exaggerate the severity of a situation or to communicate that a situation is more extreme than normal.

Sentence Structure(s)

1. adjective + (으)ㄹ 정도로

Ex. 그 사람은 무서울 정도로 열심히 공부해요. He studies so hard to the point that it’s scary.

Ex. 그 사람은 놀랄 정도로 키가 커요. He’s so tall that you will be surprised.

2. verb + (으)ㄹ 정도로

Ex. 나는 죽을 정도로 너를 사랑해. I love you so much that I could die.

Ex. 배꼽이 빠질 정도로 웃었어요. I laughed so hard that my belly button nearly fell off.

*예문 taken from Self Study Korean and How to Study Korean

~(으)ㄹ 정도로, the k-pop way

"무서울 정도로 똑같은 하루 속엔 딱 너만 없네"

-from 134340 by BTS

Meaning: But it’s to the point where it’s scary, same days but no you.

"죽지 않을 정도로만 피 흘리다"

-from FEVER by ATEEZ

Meaning: I'm bleeding just enough not to die.

"불꽃이 튈 정도로

더 세게 부딪혀"

-from FUEGO by THE NEW SIX

Meaning: Pound so hard ‘til you can see sparks.

*가사 taken from Genius

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How to say not with ~하다 verbs

For most verbs when you want to say “I don’t xx” or “I didn’t xx” you put 안 before the verb like so “밥 안 먹었어요” (I haven’t eaten). But verbs that use ~하다 are a combination of a word plus the 하다 (to do) verb. When you are using those words you need to put 안 in between 공부-하다 to make a sentence like “오늘 공부 안 했어요” (I didn’t study today)

example ~하다 verbs:

운동하다: to exercise (운동 + 하다)

일하다: to work

공부하다: to study

집중하다: to concentrate

걱정하다: to worry

노래하다: to sing

등산하다: to hike

사랑하다: to love

성공하다: to succeed

수영하다: to swim

연습하다: to practice

인사하다: to greet

질문하다: to ask a question

There are a bunch of ~하다 verbs so keep this point in mind!

오늘 공부 안 했어요: I didn't study today 노래방에서 노래 안 했어요: I didn't sing at karaoke 그사람 함께 일 안해요: that person doesn't work with me 왜 아무도 집중 안해요?: Why isn't anyone concentrating?

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VOCAB: SCHOOL PT 2.

안녕!

Today i’ll share 15 new words about school being this part 2.

Student = 학생

Kindergarten student = 유치원생

Elementary school student = 초등학교생

Middle school student = 중학교생

High school student = 고등학교생

University student = 대학교생

Classroom = 교실

Table = 책상

Chair = 의자

Book = 책

Pen = 볼펜

Penci = 연필

Eraser = 지우개

Paper = 종이

Blackboard = 칠판

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Korean Word of the Day

청바지

Jeans 👖

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-(으)ㄹ까 말까”, ” -(으)ㄹ수록”, ” -(으)면 -(으)ㄹ수록”

Let's break down each grammar pattern with examples:

1. -(으)ㄹ까 말까

This grammar has two meanings.

-(으)ㄹ까 말까 “shall I or shall I not, whether or not,”

The first meaning is hesitation such as “shall I or shall I not, whether or not.”

Usage: This pattern expresses uncertainty or indecision about an action or situation. It presents a dilemma or a decision-making process where the person is contemplating an action, often translated as "whether or not to…"

Example Sentences:

축구를 할까 말까 고민하고 있다. (I'm debating whether or not to play soccer.)

여행을 가볼까 말까 생각 중이에요. (I'm thinking about whether or not to go on a trip.)

그 결정을 할까 말까 망설이고 있어요. (He/she is hesitating about whether or not to make that decision.)

When it has this meaning, Korean people often use this grammar with some particular verbs expressing thoughts and concerns, such as

망설이다 “to hesitate” 고민하다 “to consider” 고민 중이다 “to be considering” 생각하다 “to think” 생각 중이다 “to be thinking”

The second meaning is to express “uncertainty about an amount or quantity if it reaches a certain line.”

When it has this meaning, Korean people use it in the form of -(으)ㄹ까 말까 하다, or in the form of nouns + (이)가 ���까 말까 하다 “(it) is just enough or a bit short.”

About the usage of -(으)ㄹ까 말까, you mainly use it for verbs.

For a verb, which does not have a final consonant, you attach ㄹ까 말까 to the stem.

For example, 가다 “to go” does not have a final consonant, so you attach ㄹ까 말까 to make 갈까 말까 “shall I go or not.”

If a verb has a final consonant, you attach -을까 말까 to the stem.

For example, 먹다 “to eat” has a final consonant.

So, you attach 을까 말까 to the stem to make 먹을까 말까 “shall I eat or not.”

Example sentence for the first meaning “whether or not.”

이 옷을 살까 말까 망설이는 중이에요. I am thinking about whether I should buy these clothes or not.

Here, 사다 “to buy” does not have a final consonant.

So, you add -ㄹ까 말까 to make 살까 말까 “whether I should buy or not.”

You can see hesitation through this expression, 살까 말까.

Example sentence for the second meaning, “just enough or a bit short” to express an amount.

작년에 심은 나무가 내 키를 넘을까 말까 할 정도로 자랐다. The tree I planted last year has grown up to the height which just barely exceeds my height.

Here, 넘다 “to exceed” has a final consonant.

So, you add -을까 말까 to make 넘을까 말까 “barely exceeds.”

Then, let’s read a sample sentence in the form of a noun + 이/가 될까 말까 하다.

강의가 시작한 지 1시간이 될까 말까 해요. It has been just one hour or less since the lecture started.

Here, 1시간 means “one hour.” 1 시간 has a final consonant, so you add 이 될까 말까 하다 to make 1시간이 될까 말까 하다 “the time just barely reaches one hour.”

2. -(으)ㄹ수록

-(으)ㄹ수록 “as you do smth~”

Usage: This pattern indicates that as something happens or progresses, another situation intensifies or becomes more pronounced. It's used to describe a proportional relationship between two events or states. It's translated as "the more… the more…"

Example Sentences:

더 많이 연습할수록 실력이 더 좋아진다. (The more you practice, the better your skills become.)

시간이 지날수록 그 사건을 잊을 수 없었다. (The more time passed, the more unforgettable that incident became.)

더 많은 경험을 쌓을수록 자신감이 생길 거예요. (The more experience you gain, the more confidence you will have.)

You use this when you notice that one situation changes to some degree, then another situation also changes.

To apply this grammar for verbs and adjectives, you attach -ㄹ수록 to the stem.

If a verb or an adjective does not have a final consonant, you attach ㄹ수록.

For example, 가다 “to go” does not have a final consonant. So, you attach -ㄹ수록 to make 갈수록 “as (I) go.”

If a verb or an adjective has a final consonant, you attach 을수록.

For example, 먹다 “to eat” has a final consonant.

So, you attach -을수록 to make 먹을수록 “as (I) eat.”

For nouns, you attach -일수록 regardless of a final consonant.

Besides, if you attach -(으)ㄹ수록 to 가다 “to go” to make 갈수록, you can sometimes translate it to “as you go”, but Korean people often use it as the meaning of “gradually.”

There is an idiom, 갈수록 태산이다, and this means “Gradually, you will see bigger mountains.” which means “Something is getting worse and worse.”

그때 일은 생각할수록 분해. The more I think about it, the more I get angry.

Here, 생각하다 “to think” is a verb which does not have a final consonant.

So, you add -ㄹ수록 to make 생각할수록 “the more (I) think.”

날씨가 더울수록 건강에 각별히 주의하세요. As the weather gets hotter, please take good care of your condition.

Here, 덥다 “to be hot” is an adjective which has a final consonant.

So, you add -을수록. However, you apply ㅂ irregular rule for 덥다.

So, 으 changes to 우, and it becomes 더울수록 “as (it) gets hotter.”

Then let’s look at the next sentence.

친하고 가까운 사이일수록 서로 예의를 잘 지켜야 돼. As a relationship is more intimate and closer, you should be more courteous to each other.

Here, 사이 “relationship” is a noun. So, you add -일수록 to make 사이일수록 “as a relationship is more ~.”

Then, let’s read a sample sentence of 갈수록 which you translate it as “gradually.”

회원 수가 처음에는 열 명뿐이었는데 갈수록 늘어나고 있어요. The number of members was only ten at first, but it gradually went up.

Here, if you translate 갈수록 into “as you go” the meaning of the sentence becomes “the number of members went up as you go”, and it sounds weird.

In these cases, 갈수록 means “gradually” or “more and more.”

3. -(으)면 -(으)ㄹ수록

-(으)면 -(으)ㄹ수록 “the more ~, the more ~.”

Usage: This pattern is an extension of -(으)ㄹ수록 and adds a conditional clause using -(으)면 (if) to indicate that as a particular condition is met or event occurs, another related outcome intensifies or changes correspondingly. It means "the more… (if/when) …, the more…"

Example Sentences:

더 열심히 공부하면 공부할수록 성적이 오를 거예요. (The more you study harder, the better your grades will get.)

날씨가 추워지면 추워질수록 집에서 더 오래 있게 되죠. (If the weather gets colder, you end up staying home longer.)

팀원들과 더 잘 협력하면 협력할수록 프로젝트가 더 잘 진행될 거예요. (The more you cooperate well with your team members, the smoother the project will progress.)

When you use the same verb or adjective repeatedly, you can express a gradual change such as “the more ~, the more ~.”

To apply this grammar for verbs and adjectives, you attach -(으)면 -(으)ㄹ수록 to the stem.

If a verb or an adjective does not have a final consonant, you attach -면 -ㄹ수록.

For example, 가다 “to go” does not have a final consonant.

So, you attach -면 -ㄹ수록 to the stem to make 가면 갈수록 “the more (I) go, the more~.”

If a verb or an adjective has a final consonant, you attach -으면 -을수록.

For example, 먹다 “to eat” has a final consonant.

So, you attach -으면 -을수록 to the stem to make 먹으면 먹을수록 “the more (I) eat, the more~.”

For nouns, you attach (이)면 일수록.

Example sentence:

이 영화는 보면 볼수록 빠져들어요. About this movie, the more you watch it, the more you will be into it.

보다 “to watch” does not have a final consonant.

So, you add -면 -ㄹ수록 to make 보면 볼수록 “the more you watch it, the more ~.”

빠져들다 “to be into smth” is a useful word in this case.

이 꽃은 기온이 높으면 높을수록 빨리 자란대. They say this flower grows faster as the temperature is higher.

Here, 높다 “to be high” has a final consonant.

So, you add -으면 -을수록 to make 높으면 높을수록 “the higher ~, the more ~.”

Explanation:

-(으)ㄹ까 말까: This pattern emphasizes indecision or uncertainty about whether to proceed with a particular action.

-(으)ㄹ수록: Indicates that as one situation progresses, another situation intensifies or changes accordingly.

-(으)면 -(으)ㄹ수록: Builds on -(으)ㄹ수록 by adding a conditional clause (-(으)면) to describe a scenario where the intensity or frequency increases depending on a certain condition being met.

These patterns are useful for expressing varying degrees of change or uncertainty in Korean sentences.

Grammar explanations and sentences from web page link below

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부추기다: instigate; incite 다른 사람을 북돋아 어떤 행동을 하게 하다. To encourage someone to do something. 예.) 외로움은 과소비를 부추길까? ㄴ 확실히 부추깁니다.

일목요연하다: clear-cut; explicit; understandable 한눈에 알 수 있을 만큼 분명하고 뚜렷하다. So clear and simple as to be understood at a glance. 예.) 설명이 일목요연해서 이해가 잘돼요.

중차대하다: critical 매우 중요하다. Very important 예.) 대통령은 중차대한 일을 결정하기 전에 국민의 의사를 충분히 살펴보아야 한다

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Korean Word of the Day

자세히

Detail

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VOCAB: SCHOOL PT 1.

안녕!

Today i'll share 10 new words about school being this part 1.

Education = 교육

Study (verb) = 공부하다

School = 학교

Kindergarten = 유치원

Daycare center = 어린이집

Elementary school = 초등학교

Middle school = 중학교

High school = 고등학교

University = 대학교

Academy = 학원

See you next week!

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Korean Word of the Day

지나가다

To pass by

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-(으)므로”, ”-(이)나 -(이)나 할 것 없이”, ”-느니/(으)니만큼”

1-(으)므로

Example Sentence: 비가 ��므로 우산을 가져가세요. (Since it's raining, please take an umbrella.)

Explanation: -(으)므로 is used to express causation or reason, similar to "because" in English. It connects two clauses where the second clause explains the reason for the first clause.

2-(이)나 -(이)나 할 것 없이

Example Sentence: 돈이 많이 있든 없든 할 것 없이 가족이 중요합니다. (Whether you have a lot of money or not, family is important.)

Explanation: -(이)나 -(이)나 할 것 없이 means "whether… or…" in English. It's used to indicate that the following options or conditions do not affect the truth of the main statement.

3-느니/(으)니만큼

Example Sentence: 그는 자신의 능력을 알기에만큼 자신감이 있었다. (He was confident as much as he knew his abilities.)

Explanation: -느니/(으)니만큼 is used to express proportionality or equivalence. It indicates that the degree or extent of one thing corresponds to or matches another. It can be translated as "as much as" or "since."

These grammar points are quite useful in constructing complex sentences in Korean and add nuance to the relationships between clauses or ideas.

1.1) -(으)므로 “because~, since~”,

The first grammar -(으)므로 means “because, since.”

As you can see, this grammar expresses reasons or causes and appears in written words.

In other words, it’s a formal and serious expression, so you will see it mostly in official announcements or documents.

The ending of a sentence should always be 한다 form or 합니다 form, and Korean people hardly use this with 요 form.

If you use 요 form, it sounds weird because a casual word comes right after an elegant expression. 

It’s just like you pair elegant clothes with slippers.  

-(으)므로 is mainly used in verbs and adjectives.

If a verb stem does not have a final consonant, you attach 므로.

For example, 가다 “to go” does not have a final consonant, so you attach 므로 to the stem to make 가므로 “go because.”

If a verb has a final consonant, you attach 으므로.

For example, 먹다 “to eat” has a final consonant, so you attach 으므로 to the stem to make 먹으므로 “eat because.” 

For nouns, you can attach -이므로 regardless of final consonants.

By the way, there was another expression for “because, since” used in casual conversations. 

It is 니까.

So, when you want to make your writing formal, you can use -(으)므로, and in casual conversations, you can use 니까 to explain reasons and causes.

Example Sentence;

과도한 카페인 섭취는 건강을 해치므로 주의해야 한다. Since excessive consumption of caffeine can harm your health, you should be careful.

Here, 해치다 “to harm” is a verb, which does not have a final consonant.

So, you add -므로 to make 해치므로 “since (it) harms.” Then, let’s read the next sentence!

요즘은 추우므로 추위에 대비할 필요가 있다.  Since it is cold these days, you should prepare for the cold.

Did you notice that the speaker sounds very rational because of the grammar 추우므로?

Here, 춥다 “to be cold” is an adjective, to which ㅂ irregular applies.

So, you remove ㅂ final consonant, goodbye ㅂ, and add -우므로 to make 추우므로 “since (it) is cold.”

개인적인 의견이므로 정확하지 않을 수 있습니다. Since it is my personal opinion, it is possibly not accurate.

Here, 의견 “opinion” is a noun. So, you add -이므로 to make 의견이므로 “since (it) is an opinion.”

-(으)므로

비가 내리므로 우산을 가져가세요. (Since it's raining, please take an umbrella.)

시간이 없으므로 빨리 결정해야 해요. (Since there's no time, we need to decide quickly.)

1.2) -(이)나 -(이)나 할 것 없이 “regardless of~ or~” and

The second grammar is -(이)나 -(이)나 할 것 없이 “regardless of N or N.”

You can use it to tell the common features of two different things.

Korean people often use this grammar with the word 남녀노소.

Each letter has the meaning of men, women, old and young.

So, it means “men and women of all ages.” 남녀노소 할 것 없이 means “regardless of age and gender.” 

And you can apply this grammar to a noun.

If a noun does not have a final consonant, you attach 나.

For example, 교사 a “teacher” does not have a final consonant, so you attach 나 to make 교사나 “or a teacher.”

 If a noun has a final consonant, you attach 이나.

For example, 학생 a “student” has a final consonant.

So, you attach 이나 to make 학생이나 “or a student”  

여자나 남자나 할 것 없이 어울리는 운동화예요. These are running shoes, which are suitable for everyone regardless of men or women.

Here, 여자 “women” and 남자 “men” are nouns that do not have a final consonant.

So, you add -나 -나 할 것 없이 to make 여자나 남자나 할 것 없이 “regardless of men or women.”

Example:

한국인이나 일본인이나 할 것 없이 그 배우를 좋아해요. Regardless of Korean or Japanese, everyone loves the actor.

Here, 한국인 “Korean people” and 일본인 “Japanese people” are nouns, which have a final consonant.

So, you add -이나 -이나 할 것 없이 to make 한국인이나 일본인이나 할 것 없이 “regardless of Korean or Japanese.” 

Next Example

이 아이스크림은 아이나 어른이나 할 것 없이 좋아할 맛이에요. This ice cream has the flavor which everyone loves regardless of children or adults.

Here, 아이 “children” is a noun that does not have a final consonant, and 어른 “adult” is a noun that has a final consonant.

So, you add -나 -이나 할 것 없이 to make 아이나 어른이나 할 것 없이 “regardless of children or adults.”

-(이)나 -(이)나 할 것 없이

돈이 많이 있든 없든 할 것 없이 이 일을 해야 해요. (Whether you have a lot of money or not, you must do this job.)

이 책은 재미있든 지루하든 할 것 없이 많이 배울 수 있는 책입니다. (Whether this book is interesting or boring, it's a book from which you can learn a lot.) 1.3) -느니/(으)니만큼 “to the extent that ~, because.”

The last grammar -느니/(으)니만큼 means “to the extent that ~, because.” 

For verbs, you attach -느니만큼 regardless of a final consonant. So, it is as easy as ABC! right? 

For adjectives, you attach -(으)니만큼. If an adjective has a final consonant in the stem, you add 니만큼.

For example, 기쁘다 “to be happy” does not have a final consonant.

So, you attach 니만큼 to the stem to make 기쁘니만큼 “to the extent that (I) am happy~.”   

 If an adjective has a final consonant in the stem, you add 으니만큼 to the stem.

For example, 좋다 “to be good” has a final consonant, so you attach 으니만큼 to make 좋으니만큼 “to the extent that (I) am good~.” 

For nouns, you attach -이니만큼 regardless of a final consonant.

Example:

열심히 공부하느니만큼 좋은 성적을 거둘 수 있을 거예요. To the extent that you study hard, you will be able to achieve a good grade.

Here, 공부하다 “to study” is a verb.

So, you attach -느니만큼 to make 공부하느니만큼 “to the extent that (you) study.”

 The verb 거두다 “to achieve, to gain” is also a good word for intermediate learners.

일이 바쁘니만큼 얻는 게 있을 거야. To the extent you are busy, there will be something you will gain.

 Here, 바쁘다 “to be busy” is an adjective, which does not have a final consonant.

So, you add -니만큼 to make 바쁘니만큼 “to the extent (you) are busy.”

Example sentence of a noun.

처음 하는 일이니만큼 잘 모르는 것도 많을 거예요.

 Here, 일 a “thing” is a noun.

So, you add -이니만큼 to make 일이니만큼 “because it is a thing that ~.”

The direct translation would be “to the extent that it is a thing”

-느니/(으)니만큼

그는 자신의 능력을 알기만큼 자신감이 있었다. (He was confident to the extent that he knew his abilities.)

네가 그렇게 말하니까 그걸로 충분해요. (Since you say so, that's enough for me.)

Grammar explanations and sentences from web page link below