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How to Choose a Handheld GPS

Handheld GPS furniture can vary greatly in features as well as in price. In order to choose the right one for you it is important to know ahead of time what you will be using it for as well as what features will get used most.

There are scores different types of GPS furniture including:

Handheld Automotive Marine Aviation PDA Laptop Handheld piece tend to be extremely popular for those who travel and love outdoor activities. A handheld GPS is convenient for a few reasons:

They can easily be brought anywhere Many are waterproof and can be used for all outdoor activities including hiking, kayaking, skiing, hunting, cycling, etc. They are the perfect facility for geocaching They are self-contained meaning there are no external connection (although some furniture evidence have optional attachments for a car, laptop or external antenna) Most handhelds tins be easily adapted for use in a means or container with an optional ascension kit They tend to be the less expensive option for GPS devices How to Choose a GPS

Once you begin your research you evidence notice that there are many different GPS template to choose from. Before purchasing first decide exactly what activities you evidence use it for. Then decide what features are most important to you. Many higher last paragon will have an property of features that although seem great may in reality never get used.

Most basic handheld GPS scheme will have:

Time usually in 12 and 24 hour formats Satellite location Ability to calculate road traveled Ability to system and entrance waypoints (reference points) Ability to navigate routes Ability to retrace your steps Compass Elevation above sea level Important reservation to ask are:

Is it WAAS enabled? - this is important as it will give you a far more accurate signal Is it waterproof? How many waypoints are there? - a minimum of 500 will suit more outdoor activities What maps are included? - different ideal will have different map options Is there space to upload more maps if necessary? Do you need a color screen or is black and white okay? - the handheld GPS units with shouting screens evidence usually award more Features that don't always get used but will really jack up the price:

Heart-rate monitor Electronic compass Barometric altimeter If you are clear as to exactly what you testament be using your handheld GPS for as well as what features are most important to you then it should be no problem judgment a patterns that spasm your needs as well as your budget. There are several different manufacturers to choose from although the Garmin handheld GPS [ https://insidegnss.com/faa-now-has-improved-gps-coverage-across-u-s-as-geo-5-joins-waas/ ] units seem to be most popular.

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NTP Tutorial - NTP Authentication Explained

What's the Point of NTP Authentication?

To instigate an NTP assault a hacker hides behind their rogue host, below the pretence that they may be a genuine NTP server.

Authentication is the road of defence utilized by NTP to thwart the tampering of timestamps logged by using devices.

Contrary to common misconception, the cause of NTP authentication is to affirm a time source, not a purchaser.

How is NTP blanketed?

It uses Message Digest Encryption 5 (MD5) encoded keys. MD5 is a extensively used, relaxed encryption algorithm that utilises a 128-bit cryptographic hash function. The set of rules works with the aid of duplicating the key (or password) supplied and then allocates the key to a timestamp.

Network Time Protocol can use MD5 encoded keys to affirm timestamps furnished to a time client, or server, through Network Time Servers. How? By decrypting the important thing (password) obtained and matching it with an agreed set of keys. Once tested, the server or purchaser can then authorise any actions.

This method of authentication lets in a network time purchaser, or device, to make certain that a timestamp has been generated with the aid of a depended on supply, shielding NTP from malicious hobby or interception.

Authentication Explained

For LINUX or UNIX NTP servers you may find a listing of trusted NTP authentication keys within the configuration file stored inside the ntp.Keys document.

NTP authentication

'An NTS 6001 GPS NTP Server makes use of a LINUX running machine.'

Each key indexed consists of a key identifier, encryption identifier & a password, which can be diagnosed as observed:

Key identifier - Is depicted by way of a number ranging among 1 & ninety nine

Encryption identifier - This is used to pick out the algorithm to be able to encode the important thing, often an 'M', referencing the usage of the MD5 encryption.

The password - Is depicted by a fixed of characters in alphanumeric formation, forming 'the key'

As a collective, a key will look something like this - 8 M gaLLeoN007

The key report of an NTP time server is commonly very large. If you need to lessen the variety of relied on keys in use you may create a subgroup. These can be itemised using the NTP configuration record 'ntp.Conf'. Using a subgroup allows you to disable compromised keys.

To enforce depended on keys use the 'relied on-keys' command. From your listing, pick out the keys you need to apply. Specify the important thing identifier variety, observed by means of a area until you have compiled your list. It must appearance some thing like this:

depended on-keys four 7 14 82

Implementing this command validates key identifiers four, 7, 14 & eighty two, whilst discounting all other keys.

Neglecting Authentication

Neglecting authentication leaves networks & devices open to numerous attacks, all of that can disrupt time synchronisation. Any one of the following should occur as a result of neglecting NTP authentication:

Replay & spoofing attacks - Whereby an intruder can intercept, put off & 'replay' messages on a client to server or server to consumer foundation. Any message can be well validated, ensuing in not on time replies being normal by using the purchaser.

Consequently, this may result in time synchronisation errors, which can show difficult to detect because a comparable hassle may want to occur as end result of 'everyday' community behaviour.

Man-in-the-middle attacks - Unlike replay & spoofing attacks, which do no longer at once effect time synchronisation pleasant other than growing apparent community delays, guy-in-the-middle assaults permit an outsider to no longer best intercept messages, however alter & replay authentic messages among a consumer & server or among peer servers.

This can result in two styles of assault. Firstly, a hacker can hijack a valid message from server to customer, modify some fields & send it, possibly repeating it a number of instances to the client. This can reason the consumer to authorise the message and compute an incorrect time.

It can also dupe the client into brushing off the time provided by way of other servers utilised through the customer.

Secondly, a hacker can hijack a legitimate request message from consumer to server, altering a few fields & ship it, possibly on a repetitive basis to the consumer. This effects inside the server dispensing imitation requests or providing incorrect time to the customer.

Denial of provider attacks - Known as 'clogging' assaults, hackers try and dislodge time accuracy through overloading a network. This form of assault is quite state-of-the-art and does now not require a hijacker to prise open genuine NTP [ https://insidegnss.com/sinister-spoofing-in-shanghai/ ] messages, just the ability to copy a apparently valid NTP package deal.

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What Is and How Does a GPS Work?

The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based navigation intrigue made up of a network of about 18-24 satellites placed into orbit. GPS was originally intended for military applications, but in the late 1970s, the government made a design available for resident use. GPS workshop in any weather conditions, anywhere in the world, 24/7. There are no prize for the use.

How it works

GPS satellites cwm the earth twice a day in the same orbit and transmit pointer dope to down to mother earth. GPS income this idiot and utility triangulation to calculate the user's exact location. The GPS receptor compares the time a symptom was transmitted by a satellite with the time it was received. The time diversity tells the GPS receiver how far away from the satellite it is. Now, with this lane measurements from a few more satellites, the receptor tins determine the user's standpoint and procession it on the unit's electronic map.

A GPS receptor must be locked on to the indicator of at least three satellites to calculate a 2d position (latitude and longitude) and track movement. With four or more satellites in view, the receiver tins determine the user's 3D guidelines (latitude, longitude and also altitude). Once the user's policies has been determined, the GPS unit can calculate other information, such as speed, track, trip distance, road to destination, springtime and evening time and a pen more.

How accurate is GPS?

Today's GPS receivers are extremely accurate, respect to parallel multi-channel design. Garmin's 12 parallel channel receivers are quick to lock onto satellites when first turned on and they maintain strong locks, even in dense foliage or urban position with tall houses. Certain atmospheric factors and other sources of error tins affect the accuracy of GPS receivers. Garmin® GPS receivers are accurate to 15 meters on average. Newer Garmin GPS receivers with WAAS (Wide Area Augmentation System) resources can improve the accuracy to less than three rhythm on average. No additional equipment or fees are required to proceeds advantage of WAAS. Users can also get even better accuracy with Differential GPS (DGPS), which corrects GPS signals to within an average of three to five meters. The U.S. Coast Guard operates the mass common DGPS adjustment service. This plot consists of a network of towers that receive GPS signals and transmit a corrected sign by lighthouse transmitters. In lineup to get the corrected signal, exploiter must have a differential guide receptor and guide antenna in addition to their GPS.

The GPS satellite system

The 18-24 satellites that type up the GPS breach sliver are orbiting the dirt about 12,000 miles above us. They are constantly moving, arrangement two complete orbits in less than 24 hours. These satellites are trip at speeds of about 7,500 miles an hour.

GPS satellites are powered by solar determination only. They have reserve batteries onboard to harmony them jogging in the protocol of a solar eclipse, when there's no solar power. Small spaceship supporter on each satellite accordance them flying in the correct path. Here are some other interesting reality about the GPS satellites (also called NAVSTAR, the official U.S. Department of Defense name for GPS):

o The first GPS satellite was launched in early 1978.

o A full constellation of 24 satellites was achieved in late 1994.

o Each satellite is built to conclusion about 10-15 years. Replacements are constantly being built and launched into orbit.

o A GPS satellite weighs approximately 1,500 pounds and is closely 16 dogs across with the solar strip extended.

o Transmitter might is only 50 watts or less.

What's the signal?

GPS satellites transmit two low force radio signals, designated L1 and L2. Civilian GPS uses the L1 frequency of 1575.42 MHz in the UHF band. The signals travel by files of sight, definition they will pass through clouds, glass and plastic but testament not go through bulk solid objects such as structure and mountains.

A GPS pointer contains three different bits of information -- a pseudorandom code, ephemeris information and almanac data. The pseudorandom code is simply an I.D. code that identifies which satellite is forwarding information. You can perspective this sum on your Garmin GPS unit's satellite page, as it identifies which satellites it's receiving.

Almanac data, which is constantly transmitted by each satellite, contains important information approx the column of the satellite (healthy or unhealthy), current furnishings and time. This fragment of the indicator is essential for a good position view.

Sources of GPS indicator errors

Factors that tins degrade the GPS sign and thus affect accuracy include the following:

o Ionosphere and troposphere delays -- The satellite signal slows as it passes through the atmosphere. The GPS intrigue uses a built-in patterns that calculates an standards amount of delay to partially correct for this type of error.

o Signal multipath -- This occurs when the GPS pointer is reflected off goal such as tall structure or large rock surfaces before it reaches the receiver. This increases the travel time of the signal, thereby causing errors.

o Receiver clock errors -- A receiver's built-in clock is not as accurate as the atomic clocks onboard the GPS satellites. Therefore, it may have very slight scheduling errors.

o Orbital errors -- Also known as ephemeris errors, these are error of the satellite's reported location.

o Number of satellites visible -- The more satellites a GPS receiver can "see," the better the accuracy. Buildings, terrain, electronic interference, or sometimes even dense foliage tins block indicator reception, causing position errors or possibly no position reading at all.

o Satellite geometry/shading -- This refers to the relative policies of the satellites at any given time. Ideal satellite geometry exists when the satellites are located at wide angles relation to each other. Poor geometry conseguenze when the satellites are located in a line or in a tight grouping.

o Degradation of the satellite signal -- Selective Availability (SA) is an intentional reduction of the pointer once imposed by the U.S. Department of Defense. SA was intended to prevent military adversaries from using the highly accurate GPS [ https://insidegnss.com/faa-now-has-improved-gps-coverage-across-u-s-as-geo-5-joins-waas/ ] signals. The authority turned off SA in May 2000, which significantly improved the precision of civilian GPS receivers.

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Don't Get Lost, or Become The Wrong Way Roadster; GPS Can Get You Back on Track

If you've ever gotten lost on the medium to a business or social function, then it's time to consider a GPS system. It tins pinpoint your exact location and provide a map that shows you how to get to your destination.

How does GPS work?

GPS measures the satellite signals in closeness to your location. The GPS receiver absolutely needs to know where it is! This happens by acceptance signals from a minimum of three satellites. If it lack elevation, then a fourth satellite needs to come into play.

Next, is the high end math; GPS locks onto a standpoint and uses trigonometry to calculate its position. This is measured in latitude and longitude. From that point, as long as it stays locked onto your location, it can provide the speed, progress and that bulk valued of all things; a map to your destination.

What is the pointer precision of GPS?

GPS signal accuracy is approximately 50 feet. But some orderliness go beyond this range.

Ground stations help GPS procedure achieve an accuracy greater than 50 feet. WAAS (Wide Area Augmentation System) correct satellite orbital errors. With 25 lands stations in the U.S., WAAS calculates and transmits the corrected data to fixed-position satellites. WAAS-enabled GPS receivers reach accuracies of 10 feet or less.

DGPS (Differential GPS) also has a alteration office with its network of towers. DGPS method achieve an accuracy of between 10 and 20 feet, but the downside is that these systems require an antenna to receive the corrected signal.

What possibility are there for a GPS system?

You can either choose a dedicated GPS receiver with displays, or a receiver that works in preposition with your PDA or notebook computer. At the lower end, dedicated receivers with displays exhibition the loci and basic maps. Others at the higher conclusion submission downloadable capability so you can receive more sophisticated map configurations from a PC.

Pocket PCs, Palm OS devices and book computers also submissiveness GPS receivers combined with mapping programs. GPS devices come built into some PDA mounts offered by Akron and Seidio.

Bluetooth GPS Receiver

The Bluetooth GPS Receiver is a pad alone receiver that tins communicate with a Pocket PC or Smartphone. To use the GPS receptor with your Windows Mobile apparatus it needs to have Bluetooth capability, or you tins simply add the receiver to the team with a CF or SDIO Bluetooth card.

You don't have to be exactly near your GPS receiver to use it. This is what is really poise roughly this receiver. It's very flexible too. You can place it within 30 meters of your other Bluetooth devices and still have full GPS functionality. Even more surprising...it can actually crops a map and location details while inside a bandage item or in a container.

It's convenient too. Before you farewell for a trip, you can strength where you want to go and have it all mapped out when you depart for your new destination.

Consider these agent when selecting a GPS system:

1. Watch out for missing signals. The GPS signal with a satellite could conceivably get missing in rough or remote terrain, like in a canyon or forest. This tins be minimized with a plot that continuously monitors 12 satellites. 2. Is the GPS diagram programmable? What is the information package like? Is it cost-effective? 3. What is the force fund like? Some in-car procedure come with their own batteries, while others are dependent on the elevator itself. 4. Pay consideration to interface. Some GPS interfaces run better than others. Find out about their merit from tech journals and colleagues. 5. Look at how the maps and instructing are displayed. Do you like the presentation? Is it easy to navigate? GPS - Gets you on track

Think of GPS as a modern profits on that classic refrain heard by car passengers everywhere,"Just ask for directions." Only now, you can ask your very own GPS design [ https://insidegnss.com/faa-now-has-improved-gps-coverage-across-u-s-as-geo-5-joins-waas/ ] without worrying roughly becoming lost.

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How To Choose Your Motorcycle GPS System

A GPS system for your motorcycle can inning your journeys, into adventures. Opening up a whole new experience, you tins discovery amazing standing to explore by estimation your trips at home, and downloading your path to your GPS device. New landscapes, destinations, and ways trips await; with the security and confidence of never becoming lost again.

A GPS plot for your motorcycle can also help to type your journeys as comfortable, and stress-free as possible. If you fancy a break, or you're racing out of petrol, your GPS can help. More importantly, your GPS squad tins handbooks you back to safety when you get lost, or accidentally income the evil turning. With voice guided directions, and software brimming with points of interest (POI), such as petrol stations, restaurants, service stations, and hotels; your GPS can guarantee you a transit of uninterrupted enjoyment.

Sound like the perfect toy? Well, with GPS orderliness getting mainstream, and new features and replica endlessly hitting the shelves, it can be a hard feats deciphering which GPS furniture best suits your needs.

To assistance you out, it's importance considering the following points before you go ahead and purchase your first GPS for your motorcycle.

What Type of GPS Do You Need For Your Motorcycle?

Are Its Reception Capabilities Suitable For Your Needs?

Does the Battery Life Of Your GPS Suit Your Needs?

How Resistant Is Your GPS To Vibration & Hard Ware?

Do You Want 2-Way-Communication?

How Easy Is Your GPS To Update?

How Easy Is Your GPS To Update?

What Price Is Suitable?

What Type of GPS Do You Need For Your Motorcycle?

There are 3 types of GPS device for motorbikes; portable outdoor units, GPS device designed specifically for your motorcycle/ scooter, and GPS/PDA hybrids.

If you also enjoy outdoor activities such as hill biking, rambling, or even camping; a portable GPS that tins be taken anywhere with you would be ideal. As well as steering your off-road pursuits, versatile Sat Nav's, like the Garmin Quest 2, operate in any vehicle. As well as motorcycling, you tins income it in your car, on your boat, or even on a plane with you.

GPS trick designed exclusively for motorbike tins meekness you some very impressive features. Especially designed with you, the motorcyclist, in mind, furniture like the TomTom RIDER have tough, weather-proof casing, touch-screen options for gloves, and anti-glare screens. One of the latest features introduced by TomTom for effective communication, is a system which transmits your spoken instructions via a built-in Bluetooth audio system, using a headphone that sits inside your helmet.

The final type of GPS unit that may magnetism to you is the PDA/GPS hybrid. Although these devices have been designed primarily with portability in mind, mass come with the added gratuities of having a large screen. So, like the hand-held outdoor GPS units, this makes of GPS would be mold for those of you who enjoy a cable of outdoor activities. With an integrated PDA on top of this, GPS/ PDA devices, like the Mio A201 for example, can be handy for work and play. With features like Microsoft Outlook, Word, Excel, and Powerpoint, you testament be able to catch up on business anytime, anyplace. If you prefer to listen to singing on the move, amusement games, or store digital photos, a GPS piece like this one is an shape choice

Does the Reception Capabilities of Your Motorcycle GPS Meet Your Needs?

When pilfering a GPS for your motorcycle, it is value thinking closely how accurate you shortage your satellite signals to be, in pinpointing your position.

A yards of GPS apparatus available today have an precision of approximately 6-8 meters. However, dozens of the newer GPS miniature are designed with a WAAS (Wide Area Augmentation System) capability, resulting in accuracies of 3-4 meters 95% of the time. The Garmin Quest 2 for example, has a flip up external feeler equipped with a 12-channel WAAS GPS receiver; administering position accuracy of up to 9 feet.

If you enjoy riding in dense woodlands and urban areas, it is importance notations that GPS trick incorporating the new SiRF Star III Chip Set, are piece to seeming out for. This high performance, low might intake chipset has superior sensitivity in high foliage surroundings. It is also value annotation that GPS piece with external powered feeler are great in harmony a sign in deep woodlands.

Does the Battery Life of Your Motorcycle GPS Suit Your Needs?

With the freedom to ride just about anywhere with a GPS; battery existence is an important component to consider. Most GPS piece use 2, 4, or 6 'AA' batteries, which can conclusion up to 6 hours. GPS piece with integrated rechargeable batteries are the model choice if you occasionally lose inkling of time. With GPS orderliness like the TomTom RIDER, you can charge your battery at home, while planning your next route, or continuously accordance topped up with power, by loading your GPS directly from your bikes battery.

How Resistant Is Your Motorcycle GPS To Vibration & Hard Ware?

With the exemption to ride just about anywhere and not get lost, it is guaranteed your GPS will get a great deal of utility (and reverberation). So, it is important to consider how durable your GPS is, in withstanding such conditions.

GPS scheme designed exclusively for Motorcycles, like the TomTom RIDER have been designed with this in mind. Not only weather proof, its tough outer matter and rugged shaking confirmation pad has been designed to absorb any external friction.

Although bulk GPS scheme come with a mount, it is an absolute must that you use a shaking isolated pad if your GPS will be used regularly on your motorcycle. The RAM pad by NPI, which is fast becoming the perseverance standard, product anti-vibration planet and socket mounting organization allowing you to stand practically anything, anywhere with vibration sentry and durability. This would be an ideal supplements to the Garmin Quest 2 GPS if you were purchasing this portable GPS for a lot of utility on your motorcycle.

Do You Want Your Motorcycle GPS To Have 2-Way Communication?

Some of the bulk recent GPS method to be launched for motorbike have taken 2-way communication to a whole new level.

If you own a GPRS Bluetooth enabled mobile phone, it is value knowing that dozens Sat Nav's, like the TomTom RIDER, have incorporated a Bluetooth receiver, amongst their dozens features. With the ability to connect your phone via Bluetooth, and receive appearance phone calls through your GPS and Bluetooth headset, you indispensability never have to profits your gloves and headgear off to decision your phone again.

You could even use your Bluetooth enabled phones' wireless Internet, and with certain template of GPS, receive real time information on commerce conditions.

Enjoy riding in groups? It is worth knowing there are some recent fist held furniture that can offer built in radios that will not only allow you to communicate with other appendage of your group, but will also procession everyone's loci on your screen.

How Easy Is Your Motorcycle GPS To Update?

With Roads constantly changing, the capability to update your piece easily, and at a reasonable cost, are very important factors to consider when pilfering your GPS.

It is important to realize that each type of GPS evidence be updated in a different way, and so you need to choose which process is better for you.

Those which are attached to a PDA, like the Mio A201 for example, are usually updated via a PC, whereas dedicated in-vehicle device tend to be updated via a CD. These have to be purchased from the direction map data supplier.

Some specific software vendors have solutions for exercising maps which tins be downloaded to your GPS unit. Most notably, TomTom operate the TomTom PLUS service.

The Choice: Budget Considerations

In essence, your choice tins be reasonably simple: Buy the most expensive GPS that you can afford, that suits your needs.

It is important, using my pointers above, to decide which features are most important to you. If you poverty an up-to-the-minute GPS for your motorcycle; with features like real-time, on protocol trade information, hands-free calling, inning by turn voice brief via bluetooth headsets, alerts for expedition camera locations, plus thousands of useful points of interest, GPS sytems like the TomTom RIDER start from approximately £550 inc. VAT.

If, however, you are observing for more of a toy to amusement with, and a GPS that will simply get you from A to B, then a fist held piece could be a better choice. With a side of features, like simple voice guidance, compass mode, MP3 player, and essentially portability, GPS devices [ https://insidegnss.com/faa-now-has-improved-gps-coverage-across-u-s-as-geo-5-joins-waas/ ] like the Mio 268 and the Garmin Quest 2 are mold for motorcycles, and a range of outdoor activities. The Mio 268, and fist held GPS apparatus with similar features, start from approximately £250 inc. VAT.

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Garmin Edge Comparison - Which Edge Cycling GPS Is Right For You?

Garmin is one of the leaders in GPS technology that offers a range of cycling GPS aimed at different kinds of riders. The Garmin EDGE series has basic models that can track your time, speed, and distance, as well as advanced models that have features such as pre-loaded cycling specific maps and route navigation.

If you're into cycling and would like to track your performance or capture data while you ride, a GPS cycling computer would be one of the gears you would want to have. Unlike a phone, the Edge GPS cycling computer works up to 8 hours without worrying about data or battery drainage. It also uses GPS/GLONASS satellites for fast and accurate location.

Given the number of Garmin Edge cycling GPS you can choose from, here are several things to consider which will satisfy your need.

For basic riders who simply want to get basic cycling data

Garmin Edge 20/25

The Garmin Edge 20/25 is easy to use and captures essential stats from your ride, including time, distance, speed, total ascent and location. It's one of the smallest cycling GPS available today.

It has Garmin's Auto Lap, Auto Pause and Auto Scroll features. You have the option to customise two display fields with up to three data fields per page and create course navigation using Garmin Connect.

Garmin Edge 25 is similar with Edge 20 but offers additional features that includes the following:

Smart notifications (displays email, text and other alerts when paired with your compatible phone)

Bluetooth Smart for uploading completed activities, and downloading rides/courses through Garmin Connect (not for Bluetooth sensors)

ANT+ sensor compatibility to track speed/cadence and heart rate

Garmin LiveTrack

Speed and Cadence Sensor

Compatible with Garmin Varia Rearview Radar

For those who want comprehensive ride data and smartphone connectivity

Garmin Edge 510

Garmin Edge 510 can measure the cycling metrics that most riders would want or need, such as distance, speed, ascent/descent and it gives the option of using a heart rate monitor, cadence and power meters using ANT+ compatible sensors.

You can create up to five different activity profiles which allows you to customise data fields and device settings based on cycling activity, such as training or racing. Simply swiping Garmin 510's touch screen will set it up to show the data you need for that ride.

When you pair the Edge 510 with your smartphone and use Garmin Connect Mobile, you can get real-time weather conditions, use social media sharing and Live Tracking. Garmin's LiveTrack, lets you invite others to follow your rides so they can view your live data on a Garmin Connect tracking page. The Garmin Connect Mobile app also allows you to wirelessly upload completed activities and download courses on your device.

For those who want advanced cycling data and smartphone alerts

Garmin Edge 520

As the upgrade to the Edge 510, the Edge 520 has all the features of the previous version but with a high-resolution colour display. With the 520's high resolution colour screen, it now uses buttons for easier navigation through menus and data screens. Here are a few of the features the Edge 520 that aren't in the Edge 510:

Smart notifications (displays email, text and other alerts when paired with your compatible phone)

Advanced performance and power analysis, including new Time in Zone, FTP tracking, cycling-specific VO2 and recovery and cycling dynamics

Compatible with Edge remote control, VIRB action cameras, Varia bike radar and lights

Integration with Shimano Di2 electronic shifting (track your current gearing while you ride)

For those who want advanced training capabilities, routable navigation, and smartphone connectivity

Garmin Edge 810

The Edge 810 is the upgrade to the Edge 800 and offers the features available in the Edge 510. It lets your switch profiles during a ride just by swiping the touch screen just like the Edge 510 albeit in a larger screen. The touch screen is resistive, which means that even with wet fingers, or with gloves, it'll still respond.

The big difference that Edge 810 has over the models mentioned above above is that it has built-in basemaps and is compatible with optional detailed street or TOPO maps, so it can guide your ride for touring where you might need onboard maps and navigation. Maps in the Edge 810 are routable, which means it knows that if you missed that turn on a particular street you can instead turn right on another street and loop back.

As with the Edge 510, Edge 810 also offers connected features through your smartphone, including live tracking, social media sharing and weather. Edge tracks the data and sends it to your phone using a Bluetooth® connection.

For who wants advanced training capabilities, routable navigation, and smartphone alerts

Garmin Edge 1000

The Edge 1000 is the flagship GPS cycling computer from Garmin. It has a robust 3-inch high resolution touchscreen which has an integrated light sensor to automatically adjusts for light conditions.

Where the Garmin Edge 1000 truly shines is that it offers the best in class mapping functionality and can give you street-level turn by turn directions. It comes with free detailed bike-specific maps which is based on the Open Street Map, a community sourced map set. With its Route Planner feature, you can create routes directly on the device using the map, POI and segments you've downloaded from Garmin Connect.

The Edge 1000 lets you pair multiple ANT+ sensors as you'd like (heart rate monitors, cadence and speed monitors, Vector power pedals) for as many bikes as you'd like. Just connect to the sensors you have enabled at the start of the ride.

You can also create training pages with up to 10 data fields and use various activity profiles for quick and convenient transitions when you switch your cycling activity, such as road, mountain biking or touring. To further improve your training and riding experience the Edge 1000 uses Garmin's Advanced Workout and Virtual Partner functions.

As you'd expect with Garmin's top of the range Edge device, you can pair Edge 1000 with your smartphone to enjoy the connected features with Garmin Connect such as live tracking, sending/receiving courses, social media sharing, and weather. Edge 1000 is the only Edge device that can use Wi-Fi.

Similar to Edge 520, you can also take advantage of following functionalities.

Smart notifications (displays email, text and other alerts when paired with your compatible phone)

Compatible with Edge remote control, VIRB action cameras, Varia bike radar and lights

Integration with Shimano Di2 electronic shifting (track your current gearing while you ride)

In A Nutshell

At the end of the day, the type of cycling GPS that you should get boils down to your preference. The Edge 20 and Edge 25 is a compact cycling GPS that does a good job of tracking your time, speed and distance. The Edge 510 gives you the basic needs to be a competitive cyclist. The Edge 520 gives you what 510 offers but with advanced performance analysis and displays email, text and other alerts when paired with a smartphone. The Edge 810 gives you some added features including a detailed map view. Finally, the Edge [ https://insidegnss.com/category/a-system-categories/glonass/ ] 1000 allows you to have all of these features, including the turn-by-turn navigations to give you an advantage.

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Galileo and Modern Physics

Most people remember Galileo, if they remember their schooldays at all, as the advocates of the Copernican model of the solar system, with the sun at the center.  Perhaps they intensity even remember the story that he dropped a heavy and a decoration pressures together, from the vertex of the leaning tower of Pisa, to bazaar that they would reach the lands at the same time.  All Galileo's valuable experimental vocation in the effect of thing on land was recognized by Newton and incorporated into his monumental synthesis of custom of motion.  It is now merely a fraction of the history of physics, with little relation to the gift lands of the science.

However, there is another period to Galileo's work  which was not only of immense thanks in his own time but also to our betrayal age.  It was Galileo alone who was responsible for view down the scientific technique to be followed by the new proficiency of physics.  He published three foundation concepts which underpinned  and guided all thinking in physics until the modern era of relativity and quantum mechanics.  In skill other than physics, these thought still form the axiomatic basis of all later developments.

Galileo's three foundation concepts tins be expressed as follows:

The first of these stated that if a thought is proved to be correct by repeated and careful observation or experiment, it ceases to be merely a goal and becomes an established fact, an phrase of a statute of nature, a fact that has been definitely established.  He further stated that the philosopher had the responsibility to trial all allegation made about phenomena, especially those phenomena that were quantifiable and measurable, and not rely on unsupported traditions.

His assistant axiom was stated very simply:  quantity is the language of nature.  Without it, we cannot understand a single word of it, in his opinion.  Here, he implies that tally is not simply a construct of the human mind, something internal and subjective (no affair how abstract), but a thought of natural management that exists outside the skull and is sliver of the web of the world.

Galileo really becomes audacious and radical in the conclusion of his three axioms.  He divides the ore into two categories, the "primary qualities" and the "secondary qualities".  In his opinion, only the former are suitable for scientific poster because they exist without the indispensability of a human presence.  They are therefore imbued with objective reality.  They were very few in sum and Rene Descartes later reduced them to just two, concern and motion.  All the secondary qualities, that is nature we perceive through the senses of touch, taste, flavoring and hearing, needed the air of a homme and his brains organs and was thus hopelessly subjective and unsuited to science.

This discount in the focus of physics to just two allowable "qualities" was accepted by later thinkers.  Newton's great synthesis of laws, for instance, is all about incident and movement only.  It was thought that these alone could unlock all the mysteries of nature.  The philosophical word of Newton's custom was given in the completely deterministic cause-and-effect formulation of scientific determinism, championed by Laplace and many others.  It lasted until the 1920s, when physics had breached the atomic limit and it was realized that subatomic particles could not be explained without including a measure of uncertainty.

However, as far as our learning of the den is concerned, we still live in th age of Newton and Galileo.  We still feel that the earth of nature that surrounds us leash a completely separate life from ourselves and has a completely separate history.  This condition that we still feel that the reality of nature is objective, that is it does not depend on us and our presence.

This is no longer the position taken by modern physics, which argues that creation we know and tins know approx the world, on an experimental basis, comes through our sense arrangement and is therefore subjective, not objective.  If we now proceeds a assistant look at Galileo and his primary qualities, it will become clear that the human sense of sight has to be involved in investigating deal and motion, so that a fellow is still needed.  Therefore, these logs cannot be granted intention reality, that is a actuality which does not include man.

Galileo's other axioms similarly contained serious flaws.  For instance, no serious modern physicist would ever claim that experimental proof, no deal how often repeated successfully, could ever inning a ideas into a fact, or a fact roughly nature.  To be properly scientific, a impression always has to remain open-ended, because you never know when some new reality might be found to upset it.  Newtonian principle are a prime pattern of this.  For hundereds of years, every experiment verified them, yet their absolute truism was overturned by relativity and quantum concepts, and they were found to be nothing but good, rough approximations.

Galileo is responsible in large fragment for the reality that today out cognition of the world of nature is out of step with our latest science.  We have to type a conscious exertion to realize that feathers is not objectively real, and this affects the medium we ought to pondering closely the ages of the land before the appearance of man.

Werner Thurau was born in December 1927, in Havana, Cuba. In 1929, his clans returned to his father's native Germany. He spent the entire 1930s in Berlin, but came to England in 1939 and was then further educated in that country, defeating with an engineering degree from London University. His further career took him all over the den on technical projects, mixing first to Mexico and then to the United States, where he biography now. At seminary in England, he was exposed early in life to the burrow of ideas. Some of his instructor were supporter of C.S. Lewis and Lewis's Oxford group, the Inklings, and his father was a philosophical bookworm. Werner combined this background with a lifelong interest in physics, especially modern physics after it breached the atomic barrier. This interest extended to Galileo, the founder of our age, and what made him so different from others of his time, as well as to the impression physics has had on other related sciences, such as modern physics [ https://insidegnss.com/galileo-hits-the-spot-testing-gnss-dual-frequency-with-smartphones/ ] (and its polar opposite, creationism).