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foxbeast668 · 3 years ago

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Xcode Mac 10.11

Jan 07, 2019 I am taking a course on programming with flutter, and it needs Xcode 9 or higher. My mac is currently running 10.11.6 and it can't update any more. I was wondering if there was any way to get Xcode.

How to download XCode for MAC 10.11.6. I am searching for a proper IDE for iOS developement but MAC OS X version is 10.11.6 & because of this I am unable to install XCode. It says 'I should have MAC OS X 10.12+' Xcode Asked by Rihsikesh67.

Jul 15, 2017 17. The last Xcode version compatible with El Capitan is Xcode 8.2.1. If you can't install it from within Apple App Store, visit Apple Developer and download the app there. An Apple ID is required. Xcode is provided as xip file (signed zip). You can simply unzip it by using Archives.app (i.e. With a double-click).

macOS (previously known as OS X or Mac OS X) is Apple's operating system for the Mac line of computers. It's a UNIX platform, based on the Darwin kernel, and behaves largely similar to other UNIX-like platforms. The main difference is that X11 is not used as the windowing system. Instead, macOS uses its own native windowing system that is accessible through the Cocoa API.

To download and install Qt for macOS, follow the instructions on the Getting Started with Qt page.

Supported Versions

When talking about version support on macOS, it's important to distinguish between the build environment; the platform you're building on or with, and the target platforms; the platforms you are building for. The following macOS versions are supported.

Target PlatformArchitectureBuild EnvironmentmacOS 10.13, 10.14, 10.15x86_64 and x86_64hXcode 11 or 12 (10.15 SDK)

Build Environment

The build environment on macOS is defined entirely by the Xcode version used to build your application. Xcode contains both a toolchain (compiler, linker, and other tools), and a macOS platform-SDK (headers and libraries). Together these define how your application is built.

Note: The version of macOS that you are running Xcode on does not matter. As long as Apple ships a given Xcode version that runs on your operating system, the build environment will be defined by that Xcode version.

Xcode can be downloaded from Apple's developer website (including older versions of Xcode). Once installed, choosing an Xcode installation is done using the xcode-select tool.

You can inspect the globally selected Xcode installation using the same tool.

The xcrun command can then be used to find a particular tool in the toolchain.

or show the platform SDK path used when building.

Target Platforms

Building for macOS utilizes a technique called weak linking that allows you to build your application against the headers and libraries of the latest platform SDK, while still allowing your application to be deployed to macOS versions lower than the SDK version. When the binary is run on a macOS version lower than the SDK it was built with, Qt will check at runtime whether or not a platform feature is available before utilizing it.

In theory this would allow running your application on every single macOS version released, but for practical (and technical) reasons there is a lower limit to this range, known as the deployment target of your application. If the binary is launched on a macOS version below the deployment target macOS or Qt will give an error message and the application will not run. https://foxbeast668.tumblr.com/post/653576246116204544/plug-in-for-videos-on-mac.

Qt expresses the deployment target via the QMAKE_MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET qmake variable, which has a default value set via the makespec for macOS. You should not need to change this default, but if needed you can increase it in your project file:

Note: You should not lower the deployment target beyond the default value set by Qt. Doing so will likely lead to crashes at runtime if the binary is then deployed to a macOS version lower than what Qt expected to run on.

By always building against the latest available platform SDK, you ensure that Qt can take advantage of new features introduced in recent versions of macOS.

For more information about SDK-based development on macOS, see Apple's developer documentation.

Opting out of macOS behavior changes

One caveat to using the latest Xcode version and SDK to build your application is that macOS's system frameworks will sometimes decide whether or not to enable behavior changes based on the SDK you built your application with.

For example, when dark-mode was introduced in macOS 10.14 Mojave, macOS would only treat applications built against the 10.14 SDK as supporting dark-mode, and would leave applications built against earlier SDKs with the default light mode look. This technique allows Apple to ensure that binaries built long before the new SDK and operating system was released will still continue to run without regressions on new macOS releases.

A consequence of this is that if Qt has problems dealing with some of these macOS features (dark-mode, layer-backed views), the only way to opt out of them is building with an earlier SDK (the 10.13 SDK, available through Xcode 9). This is a last-resort solution, and should only be applied if your application has no other ways of working around the problem.

Architectures

By default, Qt is built for x86_64. To build for x86_64h (Haswell). use the QMAKE_APPLE_DEVICE_ARCHSqmake variable. This is selectable at configure time:

QMAKE_APPLE_DEVICE_ARCHS can also be specified as a space-delimited list in order to build for multiple architectures simultaneously:

Additional Command-Line Options

On the command-line, applications can be built using qmake and make. Optionally, qmake can generate project files for Xcode with -spec macx-xcode. If you are using the binary package, qmake generates Xcode projects by default; use -spec macx-gcc to generate makefiles. For example:

Configuring with -spec macx-xcode generates an Xcode project file from project.pro. With qmake you do not have to worry about rules for Qt's preprocessors (moc and uic) since qmake automatically handles them and ensures that everything necessary is linked into your application.

Qt does not entirely interact with the development environment (for example plugins to set a file to 'mocable' from within the Xcode user interface).

The result of the build process is an application bundle, which is a directory structure that contains the actual application executable. The application can be launched by double-clicking it in Finder, or by referring directly to its executable from the command line, for example, myApp.app/Contents/MacOS/myApp.

If you wish to have a command-line tool that does not use the GUI for example, moc, uic or ls, you can tell qmake to disable bundle creation from the CONFIG variable in the project file:

Deploying Applications on macOS

macOS applications are typically deployed as self-contained application bundles. The application bundle contains the application executable as well as dependencies such as the Qt libraries, plugins, translations and other resources you may need. Third party libraries like Qt are normally not installed system-wide; each application provides its own copy.

A common way to distribute applications is to provide a compressed disk image (.dmg file) that the user can mount in Finder. The deployment tool, macdeployqt (available from the macOS installers), can be used to create the self-contained bundles, and optionally also create a .dmg archive. Applications can also be distributed through the Mac App Store. Qt 5 aims to stay within the app store sandbox rules. macdeployqt (bin/macdeployqt) can be used as a starting point for app store deployment.

Note: For selling applications in the macOS App Store, special rules apply. In order to pass validation, the application must verify the existence of a valid receipt before executing any code. Since this is a copy protection mechanism, steps should be taken to avoid common patterns and obfuscate the code that validates the receipt as much as possible. Thus, this cannot be automated by Qt, but requires some platform-specific code written specifically for the application itself. More information can be found in Apple's documentation.

Xcode For Mac Os 10.11 Download

macOS Issues

The page below covers specific issues and recommendations for creating macOS applications.

Where to Go from Here

Xcode For Mac 10.11.6

We invite you to explore the rest of Qt. We prepared overviews to help you decide which APIs to use and our examples demonstrate how to use our API.

Xcode Mac 10.11 Download

Qt Overviews - list of topics about application development

Examples and Tutorials - code samples and tutorials

Qt Reference Pages - a listing of C++ and QML APIs

Xcode Download Mac 10.11.6

Qt's vibrant and active community site, http://qt.io houses a wiki, a forum, and additional learning guides and presentations.

© 2021 The Qt Company Ltd. Documentation contributions included herein are the copyrights of their respective owners. The documentation provided herein is licensed under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License version 1.3 as published by the Free Software Foundation. Qt and respective logos are trademarks of The Qt Company Ltd. in Finland and/or other countries worldwide. All other trademarks are property of their respective owners.

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foxbeast668 · 3 years ago

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Mac Os Big Sur Unsupported Mac

You are probably aware that this fall, like every single fall season, the pumpkin spice latte new macOS version will be available to install. However, this year, Apple chose to do things differently.

macOS Big Sur

Dec 10, 2020 How to install Big Sur on an unsupported Mac If your Mac is more than a few years old and you try to install Big Sur on it you will hit a few hurdles - the first being the fact that Software Update. Unsupported Macs supported by ‘Patched Sur’ First of all, make sure that your Mac is not in the official macOS Big Sur list of compatible Macs.At the time of writing, the following Macs are. Patched Sur is a UI patcher for macOS Big Sur, designed to make it easy to run macOS 11 on unsupported Macs. This patcher hopes to allow any user of any knowledge to patch their Mac, while still giving you freedom on how you want to use your Mac. If the above is a general occurrence, it means there is no way for a Mac user who has Big Sur unsupported Mac computer and plan to use BenSova’s Patched Sur and creating install USB media for Big Sur installation using Catalina environment (not yet created USB stick installer). Used Big Sur ver 11.2.2 external connected.

Big Sur AX88179 Beta Driver 2—December 14, 2020 This is a beta driver that has not been validated by Apple and is provided by ASIX to Plugable as a temporary solution for macOS Big Sur compatibility with AX88179-based Ethernet adapters.

First thing first, the version number. Yes, we are now looking at macOS 11, after roughly 20 years of macOS 10/Mac OS X incremental updates. Why change now? Well, with the release of this new version which will be available on Apple Silicon-based Macs and which introduces a totally new design, Apple taught it was time.

Weirdly (not really), I tend to agree with that. Indeed, I've now spent most of my life on version 10. That makes me think I still have the CD for Mac OS 9 somewhere and that I should take my first computer ever — the iMac G4 from 2000 — for a spin sometime... just for fun.

Yet, that is not the only thing Apple decided to innovate on: making perfectly working older Macs obsolete seems to be one of the new features brought by this version. Yikes.

My iMac late-2012

I am actually writing this article on this iMac. Yup, that's an eight years old device still standing perfectly here — accounting for the external SSD I'm running macOS from. I can remember myself saving the money for it for years and then finally going to the store with my mother, picking an iMac from the aisle, buying Microsoft Office like a dumba-- with it and unboxing it at home... with no Internet connection whatsoever. Anyway.

The fact is, this machine has serious specs that are still relevant to this day. Indeed, my iMac is equiped with:

an Intel Core i5 Quad-Core @ 2.7 GHz;

8GB of DDR3 RAM @ 1600 MHz;

a 128GB external Samsung M.2 SSD connected via USB-3 with macOS installed on it;

an NVIDIA GeForce GT 640M graphics card with 512MB of VRAM (yes, yes, NVIDIA graphics, in a Mac, what a world).

I was then rightfully persuaded while watching the WWDC20, with my specs in mind, that my Mac, will, once again receive this new version, as it did with macOS Catalina. But oh boi was I wrong... Several hours later, articles started to pop out of nowhere saying my iMac (in addition to my Apple Watch Series 2 and AirPods 1st-gen) was now obsolete and stuck on macOS Catalina.

Big Sur On Unsupported

Unacceptable (!), I taught. But then, I remembered that some people were running the current version on already obsolete machines. So I began to search... and was I reassured by the dozens of Mac-afficionados already running the macOS Big Sur beta1 on their unsupported MacBooks and Mac Minis.

The trick

Well then, with all those people already installing the beta on their unsupported Macs, I started to work on it for mine. Without spoiling you the ending, I was not expecting for it to work as well as it does (remember, I'm using it right now).

The basic principle of this 'hack' is to disable the verification of the system done by the installer and ideally force the installation by disabling some security aspects of macOS and adding a new library in the process that will help us achieve our goal.

If you follow very simple instructions, the end of the installation is pretty straightforward: in fact you will in the end be doing the same thing you would have been if your Mac had been compatible to start with.

Those additional steps done, some reboots, and an hour elapsed... et voilà! You are now rocking the last version of macOS (still in beta, remember) on your obsolete system.

As you can see in the screenshots above, first, it's really late, and second, everything works like a charm. From Maps, a Catalyst version of an iPad app, to the new System Preferences... all is great, great is all! The revamped notification center and widgets section, as well as the new control center are also all there for us to enjoy... without having spent any more money on it.

Let's get right to it then!

The catch (and how to fix it)

Before we go, you should know that your mileage may vary depending on which device you are following this tutorial with. Indeed, while some of them will have everything working as expected, most of them will lack support for Wi-Fi on macOS Big Sur...

Not to worry, though. The Mac community and the wonderful people participating on the MacRumors forums have seen worse! This is nothing a little patching can't fix. I'd like to thank libneko, jackluke and Andrey Viktorov for their insightful contributions on how to fix the Wi-Fi and his experience. I wouldn't have macOS Big Sur and working Wi-Fi on my iMac if it wasn't for them and other members of this forum.

In such manner, you'd be happy to know that my iMac is ready to roll on the latest version for at least another update cycle — with all functions working properly. If you too, you are experiencing the failed with 66 error or want to fix you Wi-Fi on macOS Big Sur, make sure to jump to step 10 or follow the entire tutorial below.

Also, just a little reminder that this tutorial is intented for Macs that are currently running macOS Catalina (10.15).

November 17th: Since the official launch of macOS Big Sur, more people are trying to follow this tutorial that was previously meant for the beta version. Thanks to some of you who gave me feedback by email, you might have some more luck with the Micropatcher if the following tutorial fails... Stay safe everyone!

Tutorial : macOS Big Sur beta 1 installation and Wi-Fi fix via kernel extension modification

Edit July: now that beta 2 and 3 are out, this tutorial and some links might not work anymore. I'll try to update the article with the final release so your mileage may vary.

Step 0: being aware of the risks

If you are not comfortable with Linux or the Mac terminal, please do not attempt this tutorial. If you attempt this tutorial only to make your Wi-Fi working on your already working macOS Big Sur partition, do not do it also if you are not very comfortable with a Terminal as it may completely break your system. Wait for a better solution or buy a cheap Wi-Fi dongle on Amazon instead.

Step 1: downloading the beta

Since your Mac isn't officially supported, the update will not be showing on your system, even when enrolled in the beta program. You'll need to download the special package directly from Apple CDN, here (9.56GB).

Step 2: downloading the additional library

We need to inject an additional library named Hax.dylib during the installation process. You need to download it here (32KB).

Step 3: moving the library

To make it easier later (when we will use the $PWD variable in the Terminal), use the Finder to move or copy the library to your home folder. In my case this is /SAMSUNG SSD/Users/juliensatti/.

Step 4: booting into recovery mode

Before actually installing macOS Big Sur, we need to disable the system compatibility check layer, disable the system integrity protection (SIP), disable the verification of the libraries and, only then, insert our Hax.dylib in an environment variable.

To achieve all that, we first need to BOOT into recovery mode. Simply restart your Mac and immediately hold the CMD-R keys on reboot until you see the recovery OS.

Step 5: disabling SIP

Run csrutil disable in the recovery Terminal accessible in the menu bar under Utilities. You will also be able to check the success of the command, back in Catalina (so, after a reboot), by running csrutil status (optional).

Step 6: disabling compatibility check

Run the following command in the previoulsy opened Terminal in recovery mode: nvram boot-args='-no_compat_check'. Nothing should show up if successful.

Step 7: disabling libraries validation

First, REBOOT your computer into recovery mode (step 4). Then, open a new Terminal from there and run this long command: sudo defaults write /Library/Preferences/com.apple.security.libraryvalidation.plist DisableLibraryValidation -bool true. If you get an error regarding sudo, try the same command without it.

Step 8: inserting the additional library

From the same Terminal, execute launchctl setenv DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES $PWD/Hax.dylib. This command will add the Hax.dylib library in your home folder as an environement variable.

Step 9: installing macOS, finally

To proceed with the proper installation of the system, REBOOT your computer in macOS Catalina (your original partition). Then, open the InstallAssistant.pkg package that you downloaded on step 1.

At the end of the process, a new app will be installed in your Applications folder (you can find it via Spotlight): Install macOS Beta.

IMPORTANT: If the computer on which you will be installing this version of macOS is not capable of a wired Ethernet connexion and if you do not have another computer on-hand, please also follow step 11 to 13 right now as you may not have a working Wi-Fi right away after the install.

The only thing left to do is to run this new application, select your target partition and wait

Please note that during the launch of the latter app it may seem stuck. It is not, the whole macOS Big Sur OS is being unzipped in the background, please wait. Additionnaly, you can check this by opening the Activity Monitor.

Once the OS is prepared to be installed, click 'Restart' and you should be on for dozens of automatic reboots. Wait for the installation to proceed, give it time.Some time later, you should now have macOS Big Sur beta1 installed on your obsolete Mac. Congrats!

— At this point your Wi-Fi should or should not be working —

My Wi-Fi is working

Great! It's over. Glad I could help! Updates should be arriving in the system preferences, as usual. Don't forget to enroll your Mac to the beta program to receive future betas along the way...

My Wi-Fi is not working

Well then, we have work to do. Be sure to know what you are doing. If you are not but still feeling lucky (and totally aware that you can break your whole system in an instant), then proceed to the steps below:

Step 10: testing the system

In order to make your life easier, try to run the following command from a macOS Big Sur Terminal: sudo mount -uw. If no error is returned as a result, please follow this tutorial from ASentientBot or this one if it still does not work, from libneko. Else, carry on.

Step 11: downloading an older version of the Wi-Fi kernel extension

An older kext (kernel extension) named IO80211Family.kext is necessary in order for the Wi-Fi to work. You can download it here (8.6MB, 20.5MB unzipped).

Step 12: creating the bootable USB

You'll need a bootable version of macOS Big Sur on a USB stick (or an external drive partition, as you wish).

To do this, open a Terminal, make sur that Install macOS Beta is still in your Applications folder and execute the following command by making sure to replace <USB/ Label> with the name of your USB stick or dedicated partition:sudo /Applications/Install macOS Beta.app/Contents/Resources/createinstallmedia --volume /Volumes/<USB/ Label>/

Please note that this command will wipe the content on the volume selected.*

Step 13: copying the extension to the USB

Now that the bootable USB is done with the previous command, you can copy on it the IO80211Family.kext previously downloaded (and unzipped, if not already done).

Step 14: remembering Volume Group UUID and Preboot disk

From a Terminal window running on your installed macOS Big Sur system, run sudo kcditto. Take a picture with your phone of this window as it may come in handy later on.

Step 15: disabling authenticated root

REBOOT to the bootable USB drive of macOS Big Sur.

If you have FileVault enabled, neither the author of the original tutorial or I have tested it, but you should be prompted to enter password for the Big Sur installation.

Open a new Terminal window, from Utilities > Terminal.

Run csrutil authenticated-root disable to disable the authenticated root from the System Integrity Protection (SIP).

REBOOT to the bootable USB drive of macOS Big Sur, once more.

Mac Os Big Sur Download

Step 16: mounting the volume

After reboot, open a new Terminal and:

Mount your Big Sur system partition, not the data one: diskutil mount /Volumes/<Volume Name. Please don't forget to replace <Volume Name> with the name of your volume. Always prepend spaces in volume name with, for example, in my case: diskutil mount /Volumes/SAMSUNG SSD

Remount it as readwrite: mount -uw /Volumes/<Volume Name>

Make a snapshot to restore if something wents wrong:/System/Library/Filesystems/apfs.fs/Contents/Resources/apfs_systemsnapshot -s 'BeforeWifiKexts' -v /Volumes/<Volume Name>

You should see: <Volume Name> on /Volumes/<Volume Name> mounted as a confirmation.

Step 17: replacing the kernel extension (kext)

From the same Terminal:

Navigate to the extensions folder: cd /Volumes/<Volume Name>/System/Library/Extension

Backup current kext: mv IO80211Family.kext IO80211Family.kext.backup

Copy new kext from the USB drive, the latter always being mounted at /Volumes/Image Volume : cp -r /Volumes/Image Volume/IO80211Family.kext ..

Make sure there are no errors at the end of these commands. Nothing should appear, it's normal.

Step 18: installing the kernel extension (kext)

That's where things can start to go wrong, proceed cautiously.

From the same Terminal, run the following command: kmutil install --update-all --volume-root /Volumes/<Volume Name>.

You should see Brcm4360, Brcm4331 and some other kexts in the output. There MUST be no errors when running this command. You can see an example here.

Step 19: creating snapshot and making it bootable

Frpm the same Terminal, once again:

We need to create an APFS snapshot for our volume, running the following long command:/System/Library/Filesystems/apfs.fs/Contents/Resources/apfs_systemsnapshot -s 'WifiKexts' -v /Volumes/<Volume Name>

Then, we need to mark it as bootable:/System/Library/Filesystems/apfs.fs/Contents/Resources/apfs_systemsnapshot -r 'WifiKexts' -v /Volumes/<Volume Name>The only difference between these two commands, is -s after apfssystemsnapshot replaced with -r

You should see Attempting creation... and Attempting tagging... if everything went perfectly.

Step 20: copying updated BootKernelExtensions to the Preboot volume

Well, that's where things went south for me while following a tutorial of my own. I was told to mount the Preboot partition of the disk on which my installed macOS Big Sur is. At Step 1, the Terminal told me this was /dev/disk2s2. However, while executing the right command to mount this partition, well... no partition with this name was available.

My fix was to run in the current Terminal of my USB Big Sur volume the following command in order to list all the disks (and their partitions) connected to Mac : diskutil list. From there, you should look over to a partition named Preboot and make sure it's the right one (if it's not the only one).So anyway, once that was under control:

Mount the Preboot disk with diskutil mount /dev/<yourprebootdisk> (once again, look at the picture you took on step 13, or do what I did above).

Create a backup of Preboot data by: 2.1. Navigating to the volume: cd /Volumes/Preboot; 2.2. Listing the UUID(s): ls; 2.3. Checking with your picture that this is the correct UUID and execute the following command by replacing <UUID> with your UUID: cp -r <UUID> <UUID>.beforewifikexts.

Navigate to the correct folder in Preboot with the UUID we just confirmed: cd /Volumes/Preboot/<UUID>/boot/System/Library/KernelCollections

Copy BootKernelExtensions from your volume to Preboot:cp /Volumes/<Volume Name>/System/Library/KernelCollections/BootKernelExtensions.kc . cp /Volumes/<Volume Name>/System/Library/KernelCollections/BootKernelExtensions.kc.elides .

You should not see anything in return if the commands were successful.

We can also note that remembering the UUID wasn't really needed because in my case there were only one install base, but this way you can always verify...

Mac Os Big Sur Unsupported Mac

Step 21: final

REBOOT to your installed macOS Big Sur system (the normal one). If you’re stuck on boot after approximately 10 minutes, well, you are in a state I wouldn't want to be in. THe only thing left to do is to reset your whole system via Recovery Mode... else:

Open a Terminal and run: sudo kcditto

Reboot.

Congrats! Wi-Fi should now work correctly.

In case something went wrong

To revert our changes, in the case they haven't entirely broken the system, REBOOT into your mac OS Big Sur USB and open a Terminal:

Make a backup snapshot bootable (notice -r instead of -s):/System/Library/Filesystems/apfs.fs/Contents/Resources/apfs_systemsnapshot -r 'BeforeWifiKexts' -v /Volumes/<Volume Name>

Mount Preboot as listed in step 19: cd /Volumes/Preboot

mv .broken where is your Volume Group UUID4. cp -r .beforewifikexts where is your Volume Group UUID

REBOOT to your macOS Big Sur original system and check. After that, you can try again, but don’t create BeforeWifiKexts snapshot and don’t copy preboot again! It’s meant to be done once. · · ·

That's the end of this large tutorial. Thanks again to all the contributors on MacRumors forums for their help... and long live to our Macs! I'll try to update this tutorial to see if the other betas break what we fixed with the Wi-Fi or not. Until then, thank you for passing by! 🤟🏼

Big Sur For Unsupported Macs

· · ·

Mac Os Catalina

Mac Os Big Sur Unsupported Mac Dosdude

If you tried for yourself or liked this post, don't hesitate to share this article with people it might interest and please share your taughts below in the comments. 😄

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foxbeast668 · 4 years ago

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Live Galaxy Wallpaper For Mac

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Every major version of Mac OS X macOS has come with a new default wallpaper. As you can see, I have collected them all here.

While great in their day, the early wallpapers are now quite small in the world of 5K displays.

Major props to the world-class designer who does all the art of Relay FM, the mysterious @forgottentowel, for upscaling some of these for modern screens.

Galaxy Pro Live Wallpaper on the Mac App 1929×1024. Image Size: 1929×1024 px. / File Type: jpg. Original Size, live wallpaper for 3840×2160. Image Size: 3840×2160 px. / File Type: jpg. Original Size, Live wallpaper app Earth D for Mac has now dropped down to just $ 5120×2880.

Find the best free stock images about mac wallpaper. Download all Mac Wallpapers and use them even for commercial projects.

If you want to see detailed screenshots of every release of OS X, click here.

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10.0 Cheetah & 10.1 Puma

The first two releases of Mac OS X shared the same wallpaper. The sweeping blue arcs and curves helped set the tone of the new Aqua interface.

10.2 Jaguar

Jaguar took the same Aqua-inspired theme but added some depth and motion to things. In my head, the trails streaking across the screen were from a set of comets.

10.3 Panther

While Panther inflicted Macs everywhere with Brushed Metal, its wallpaper stayed on brand, refreshing the original 10.0 image.

10.4 Tiger

Many consider Tiger to be the best “classic” version of Mac OS X. While that may or may not be true, it has my favorite Aqua-inspired wallpaper.

10.5 Leopard

Complete with a revised, unified user interface and shiny new Dock, 10.5 broke the Aqua mold. As such, Leopard was the first version of OS X to break from the Aqua-themed wallpaper. It ushered in the “space era” of OS X wallpapers, which was used heavily in the new Time Machine interface as well.

10.6 Snow Leopard

The “no new features” mantra for Snow Leopard didn’t ban a new wallpaper, thankfully. This starscape is still one of my favorites.

10.7 Lion

Lion kept up the space theme, this time showing off the Andromeda galaxy. The space nerd in me likes the idea, but the execution of this one leaves dead-last on my list of favorites.

10.8 Mountain Lion

Just like Snow Leopard before it, with Mountain Lion, Apple opted to clean up and revise the existing theme as opposed to changing directions for what would be a less-impactful release of OS X.

10.9 Mavericks

Mavericks marked the beginning of Apple’s “California location” naming scheme for Mac releases. The wave depicted looks as intimidating as the ones in the famous surfing location.

10.10 Yosemite

Yosemite brought another UI refresh to the Mac, making things flatter and more modern. The wallpaper ushered in a new era based on … well … mountains.

10.11 El Capitan

Named after a breathtaking spot in Yosemite National Park, El Capitan was a clean-up year after 10.10.

10.12 Sierra

More mountains.

10.13 High Sierra

Even more mountains.

10.14 Mojave

No more mountains! Mojave brought a new system-wide Dark Mode, and the OS shipped with two versions of its default wallpaper to match. Users could even have macOS slowly fade between the two background images over the course of the day.

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10.15 Catalina

macOS Catalina brought big changes to the Mac, including the ability to run iPad apps natively, opening the platform up to a much larger number of developers than ever before. Catalina shipped with multiple variants of its default wallpaper, and the ability to shift between them as time progresses throughout the day:

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macOS Big Sur

This version of macOS is such a big deal, Apple changed the version number to 11.0. It will be the OS that brings support for Apple Silicon-powered Macs, and features a brand new design.

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If you want to buy a home, is living near the water on your wish list? If so, how much do you worry about flooding?

When searching for a home, it is very common to have a wish list and a home near water is a dream for many. But everyone dreads floods impacting their yard and/or house and in recent years, floods have become more frequent (Mallakpour and Villarini 2015).

Prospective homebuyers decide about whether to buy a property in an area at risk for flooding based on how they perceive the risk. Therefore, knowledge about the location of a property in a floodplain and a flooding event should influence the price that an individual is willing to pay for a house in a risky area.

The objective risk of flooding is determined in the United States by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), which ascertains whether a property is in a floodplain. In a 100-year floodplain, there is 1% chance each year that the property will be flooded. Over the 30-year life of a typical mortgage, this translates into a 26% chance of flooding.1 Homeowners with a mortgage in a 100-year floodplain—or a special flood hazard area (SFHA)2—are required to buy flood insurance and maintain it throughout the life of their loan.

A number of studies indicate that properties in a floodplain sell for less after a flood due to heightened perceptions of flood risk (Bin and Polasky 2004; Kousky 2010; Atreya, Ferreira, and Kriesel 2013).

In coastal areas, however, the riskiest properties are also the most desirable due to their amenity value and therefore command a price premium. That price premium decreases after a flooding event (Atreya and Czajkowski 2016). But there are also cases where individuals underestimate flood risk.

This is a major problem and a challenge to manage (Lecheowska 2018). Therefore, it is important to study individual floods and their impact on local markets.

In this Research Note, we examine whether individuals in Harris County, Texas and the City of Houston in Harris County had prior knowledge about flood risk and how their perception of flood risk changed after Hurricane Harvey flooded the area. We also examined how that changed perspective impacted home prices. To do so, we look at knowledge and perceptions as reflected in changes in property prices.

Hurricane Harvey: A lookback

In August/September 2017, three major hurricanes hit the Gulf of Mexico in rapid succession. Hurricanes Harvey, Irma, and Maria wrought widespread damage in Texas, Florida, and Georgia and leveled parts of Puerto Rico as well as other islands within the Caribbean. Hurricane Harvey stalled over the Gulf Coast of Texas, depositing as much as 50 inches of rain on the city of Houston in Harris County as well as its surrounding areas over several days. Moody's Analytics estimated the total economic loss from Harvey was $81.5 billion (in 2017 dollars).3 FEMA paid out almost 50,000 claims in Harris County following Hurricane Harvey.4

Approximately 26% of the housing units in Harris County lie in a floodplain (either a 100-year or 500-year floodplain) of which about 12% of the housing units lie in the 100-year floodplain, according to New York University’s Furman Center for Real Estate & Urban Policy.5

Harris County property sales data

To determine the impact of Hurricane Harvey on home prices in Harris County, we used several data sources. First, we used single-family property transaction data from CoreLogic for properties sold between 2016 and 2018. During this study period, homes in Harris County sold for an average of $321,000, while in the City of Houston, homes sold for an average of $370,000. We compared the sale transaction data with the flood maps produced by FEMA. In Harris County, 8.6% of the homes sold during the study period lie in the 100-year floodplain, while the percentage climbs to 12.5% in the City of Houston. Most of these homes were built in the 1970s, and have an average of 4 bedroom, 3 full baths, and 1 half bath.

Second, we used U.S. Census data to determine the school districts and distance to highways and to lakes and rivers (Lake Houston, Galveston Bay, and San Jacinto River) for each home sold during that period.

Texas has several superfund sites that are highly contaminated locations requiring longer-term remedial investigation and remedial action. Previous studies (Kiel and Williams 2007; Reichert 1997) have shown that location near a superfund site has a significant negative impact on home prices.Therefore, we also determined the distance of each property to the nearest superfund site using superfund site data from the U.S. Geological Survey to control for the confounding impacts of superfund sites.6

How did Hurricane Harvey affect home prices in Harris County?

Homes in a floodplain sell for less even before a flood, and the reduction in the sales price was greater after Hurricane Harvey

To determine how home prices were affected by Hurricane Harvey, we employ a hedonic model in a difference-in-difference framework (see the Appendix for details). All else equal, we find that homes in the 100-year floodplain sold for 2.3% less in Harris County even before Hurricane Harvey. This discount is equivalent to $7,309 for an average priced home in Harris County. This decrease can be attributed to an “information effect,” which indicates that people in Harris County were aware of flood risk and therefore discounted the prices of homes in the floodplain.7

Texas has strict real estate disclosure laws regarding flood risk (Hino & Burke 2020), and therefore, information about flood risk is readily available to homebuyers. 8 Our estimate is consistent with Hino & Burke 2020 findings that in strict real estate disclosure law states, the estimated flood zone discount ranges from -0.7% to -7.3%.

Overall, home prices increased in Harris County by 2.5% even after Hurricane Harvey.9 However, as people updated their perception of flood risk, home prices in the 100-year floodplain fell further—selling for 3.1% less than other homes.10 This reduction in price is equivalent to almost $10,125 for an average priced home in Harris County (all else equal). The additional discount for location in the floodplain can be attributed to the impact of a heightened perception of flood risk after Hurricane Harvey.

What happened to prices in heavily impacted areas within Harris County?

Prices fell even more in heavily impacted areas

Not every area in Harris County was equally affected by Hurricane Harvey. For example, the City of Houston was impacted more than other areas. The City of Houston has been hit by hurricanes in the past, so we can expect the residents to be more aware of the flood risk in the city. As expected, we find that prices for homes in the 100-year floodplain were 3.1% lower than prices of similar homes outside of the 100-year floodplain before Hurricane Harvey.

After the hurricane hit, home prices fell even more in the 100-year floodplain in the City of Houston. On average, prices fell by 4.6%, or almost $17,000, for homes in the 100-year floodplain, compared to similar homes outside of the 100-year floodplain.11 Prior studies have shown that home prices return to normal after a few years of decline in the absence of additional flooding.

Conclusion

We find that the prices of homes located in the floodplain were already discounted by 2.3% or $7,300 in Harris County prior to Hurricane Harvey. After the hurricane, the discount rose to 5.5% or $17,800— a $10,500 increase in the discount. The finding that home prices in the 100-year floodplain were discounted in Harris County even before Hurricane Harvey captures the impact of the information embedded in the floodplain maps on homebuyer risk perception. The discount is a signal that the market perceives the incremental flood risk prior to a hurricane and prices that risk accordingly. After a hurricane, homebuyers update their flood risk perception and the discount rises relative to the pre-hurricane discount. These results indicate that a recent experience with flooding leads to a perception of increased flood risk. In states where real estate laws requiring disclosures of flood risk are strict and in case of conventional loans, buyers can make an informed decision and include the risk of flood-related loss in pricing a home located in a floodplain, which in turn minimizes wealth loss from future flooding.

Through research like this, risk modeling and third- party analysis, Freddie Mac actively monitors the risks to our mortgage portfolio from natural disasters as well as to the broader housing and mortgage markets. This risk is reviewed at the highest levels of management.

Freddie Mac’s Approach

Some of the ways Freddie Mac mitigates losses from natural disasters includes requiring all homes collateralizing single- family mortgages in our portfolio to have homeowner insurance coverage in amounts equal to the Unpaid Principal Balance of the mortgage or 80% of the replacement cost of the property improvements, whichever is higher. This protects both Freddie Mac and homeowners by ensuring the coverage will always be enough to cover the balance of the mortgage obligation should a property become a total loss. Coverage must be provided by a licensed insurance company that meets certain financial strength ratings.

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Freddie Mac also requires that all properties collateralizing multifamily loans purchased by Freddie Mac be fully insured for all relevant perils, including fire, wind, tornadoes, hurricanes and (if located in a SFHA) floods. Insurance must be in place to cover losses for both buildings and business income associated with multifamily loans. Furthermore, Freddie Mac requires earthquake coverage for properties in areas at elevated risk for such events. These coverage requirements are in line with those required by institutional commercial/multifamily real estate lenders.

Freddie Mac loss exposure from natural disasters is further limited by:

The geographic diversity of its mortgage portfolio. This limits the impact of any single natural disaster event to the subset of loans secured by homes located in the affected area.

High levels of borrower equity. Freddie Mac's overall single- family mortgage guarantee portfolio currently has a loan to value (LTV) ratio of near 60%, while the LTV ratio of the multifamily guarantee portfolio is 47%. These high levels of equity provide substantial incentives for borrowers to protect and maintain their properties, both before and after a natural disaster.

Relief options for borrowers affected by natural disasters. These include forbearance programs for both single-family and multifamily borrowers, and additional options for single- family borrowers (loan modifications, short sales and deeds in lieu of foreclosure). This reduces the numbers of borrower defaults and foreclosures.

For these reasons, Freddie Mac’s defaults and subsequent losses from past natural disasters such as Hurricane Katrina, Super Storm Sandy, and the 2017 Harvey, Irma, and Maria hurricanes, have not resulted in significant economic losses to the company.

To better manage flood risk in its single-family business, Freddie Mac also reviews alternative flood models and maps in addition to FEMA’s maps. These third-party sources help us assess the impact of rising sea levels that identify coastal communities that face chronic inundation, which helps us evaluate our potential exposure in these areas. Additionally, in our multifamily business we supplement our reliance on FEMA maps with property surveys and the use of virtual maps to identify buildings that might be located in areas where flood insurance is required.

Appendix

Data Sources

CoreLogic Public records

Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) flood maps for flood risk

U.S. Census TIGER files for school districts and distance to highways

U.S. Census Bureau Area Hydrography data for distance to Lake Houston, distance to Galveston Bay, distance to San Jacinto River

United States Geological Survey (USGS) data for superfund sites

Study Area

Methodology

Hedonic Model with a Difference-in-Difference Framework

where is the structural attributes; is the location attribute; is the risk variable, which is the location of a property in the floodplain (equal to 1 if the property is inside the 100-year floodplain and 0 otherwise). The variable is a dummy equal to 1 if the property was sold after Hurricane Harvey and 0 otherwise. and are school district and year fixed effects, respectively. Our variable of interest is , which is the difference-in-difference estimate controlling for the unobservables.

References

Atreya, A., and J. Czajkowski. 2016. “Graduated Flood Risks and Property Prices in Galveston County.” Real Estate Economics. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1111/1540-6229.12163.

Atreya, A., S. Ferreira, and W. P. Kriesel. 2013. “Forgetting the Flood? An Analysis of the Flood Risk Discount over Time.” Land Economics 89 (4): 577–96.

Bin, O., and C. E. Landry. 2012. “Changes in Implicit Flood Risk Premiums: Empirical Evidence from the Housing Market.” Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 65 (3): 361–76.

Bin, O. and Polasky, S. 2004. 'Effects of Flood Hazards on Property Values: Evidence Before and After Hurricane Floyd.' Land Economics 80, 490–500.

Botzen, W. J. W., J. C. J. H. Aerts, and J. C. J. M. Van Den Bergh. 2009. “Dependence of Flood Risk Perceptions on Socioeconomic and Objective Risk Factors.” Water Resources Research 45 (10). https://doi.org/10.1029/2009WR007743.

Działek J, Biernacki W, Bokwa A. 2013. Impact of social capital on local communities’ response to floods in southern Poland. In: Neef A, Shaw R (eds) Risks and conflicts: local responses to natural disasters. Community, environment and disaster risk management, vol 14. Bingley, Emereland, pp 195–205

Kiel, K. A., and M. Williams. 2007. “The Impact of Superfund Sites on Local Property Values: Are All Sites the Same?” Journal of Urban Economics 61 (1): 170–92.

Risk For Macular Degeneration

Kousky, C. 2010. “Learning from Extreme Events: Risk Perceptions after the Flood.” Land Economics 86 (3): 395–422.

Lechowska, E. 2018. “What Determines Flood Risk Perception? A Review of Factors of Flood Risk Perception and Relations between Its Basic Elements.” Natural Hazards 94: 1341–66.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-018-3480-z.

Mallakpour, I., and G. Villarini. 2015. “The Changing Nature of Flooding across the Central United States.” Nature Climate Change, February. https://www.nature.com/articles/nclimate2516.

Messner, F., and V. Meyer. 2006. “Flood Damage, Vulnerability and Risk Perception—Challenges for Flood Damage Research.” In Flood Risk Management—Hazards, Vulnerability, and Mitigation Measures, edited by J. Schanze, E. Zeman, and J. Marsalek, 149–67. Nato Science Series IV, Volume 67. Springer.

New York University Furman Center 2017 FloodZoneData.us http://floodzonedata.us.

Raaijmakers, R., J. Krywkow, and A. van der Veen. 2008. “Flood Risk Perceptions and Spatial

Multi-Criteria Analysis: An Exploratory Research for Hazard Mitigation.” Natural Hazards 46: 307–22.

Reichert, Alan K. 1997. “Impact of a Toxic Waste Superfund Site on Property Values.”

The Appraisal Journal October: 381–92.

Wachinger, G., O. Renn, C. Begg, and C. Kuhlicke. 2013. “The Risk Perception Paradox— Implications for Governance and Communication of Natural Hazards.” RiskAnalysis33 (6): 1049–65.

1 The 26% probability is calculated as 1-(1-0.01) ^30.

2 The SFHA is the area where the National Flood Insurance Program's (NFIP's) floodplain management regulations must be enforced and the area where the mandatory purchase of flood insurance applies. The SFHA includes Zones A, AO, AH, A1-30, AE, A99, AR, AR/A1-30, AR/AE, AR/AO, AR/AH, AR/A, VO, V1-30, VE, and V.

3 https://www.economy.com/dismal/analysis/298203.

4 Federal Insurance and Mitigation Administration National Flood Insurance Program (FIMA NFIP) Redacted Claims Dataset. https://www.fema.gov/media-library/assets/documents/180374.

5 https://furmancenter.org/floodzonedata/data/texas.

6 The superfund site data layer contains all sites in Harris County in the State of Texas that have been designated as Superfund cleanup sites; it includes both Federal and State sites. Federal Superfund sites are placed on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (US-EPA) National Priorities List (NPL). The Superfund web URL for Harris County is https://www.tceq.texas.gov/remediation/superfund/sites/county/harris.html

7 The discount can also be attributed to cost of mandatory periodic flood insurance premiums in the 100-year floodplain being capitalized into home prices.

8 In case of conventional loans, buyers looking to buy a property in SFHA are informed in advance by their loan officer and real estate agent that they need to obtain flood insurance coverage.

9 As suggested by positive and significant post Harvey variable (see aharvey variable regression results).

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10 Calculated as exp (0.023+0.0251+0.034)-1=0.031 or 3.1%.

11 Calculated as exp (0.032+0.028+0.043) =0.046 or 4.6%

PREPARED BY THE ECONOMIC & HOUSING RESEARCH GROUP

Sam Khater, Chief Economist Len Kiefer, Deputy Chief Economist Ajita Atreya, Senior Macroeconomic Housing Economist

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The file will mount a disk image. Open this disk image and launch the file named 'anyconnect-macosx-XXXXXX'.

On the following screen titled Welcome to the AnyConnect Secure Mobility Client Installer, click Continue.

When presented with the software license agreement, click Continue then click Agree on the slide-down menu.

If you are prompted 'Select a Destination...', select your primary hard drive and click Continue.

On the window titled Standard Install..., click the button labeled Install and enter your computer username and password when prompted and click Install Software. Note: The user must be an administrator of the machine to install. Result: The VPN client will begin to install itself.

When the installation has competed, click the button labeled Close.

This is very frustrating and waste of time,Cisco direct me to download page with my name and information then when I wanted to download Anyconnect for MAC or Windows, it keep sending me to profile page, I KEEP updating and Nothing happen, this is so much waste of time to set VPN via Cisco.

Install Cisco AnyConnect VPN client for Mac OS X Double click on AnyConnect. If you see the message: “This package will run a program to determine if the software can be installed”, Click on “Continue”.

Initiating a Connection to VPN and to VPN using Duo

Cisco AnyConnect can be found in the Cisco folder located in the Applications folder (/Applications/Cisco/).

Navigate to /Applications/Cisco/ and open 'Cisco AnyConnect Secure Mobility Client'.

To authenticate with Duo, enter vpn.mit.edu/duo and click the button labeled Connect.

Enter your MIT username and password then click the button labeled OK. With Duo authentication, you will see a field asking for a Second Password. In this field you may type in one of the following options:

push - Duo will send a push notification to your registered cell phone with the Duo Security mobile app installed

push2 - Duo will send a push notification to your _second registered device with the Duo Security mobile app installed_

sms - Duo will send an SMS to your registered cell phone

Phone -Duo will call your registered phone

Phone2 -Duo will call your second registered phone

Yubikey - If you are using a Yubikey for authentication, make sure the Second Password field is highlighted and use your key. For instructions on using the Yubikey, please see How do I authenticate with a YubiKey?

The one time code generated by your hardware token or the Duo Security mobile app (the code changes every 60 seconds) In this example, I entered 'push' in the Second Password field. I will receive a push notification on my cell phone, go to the Duo app and click Approve.

When prompted at the MIT's Virtual Private Network (VPN) screen, click the button labeled Accept to connect to MIT's Virtual Private Network.

Upon successful connection, Cisco AnyConnect will minimize itself and you will see the AnyConnect logo with a small lock in your menu bar just to the left of the time.