women-history

[women-history]

Junko Tabei

Junko Tabei, • (1939 - 2016)

The Woman Who Conquered the Seven Summits

Junko Taibei was born in Miharu Japan, the 22 of September

1939. When she was young she was a fragile girl that would easily get hurt and injure herself. Despite this, when she was 10 she took interest in Mountain climbing when she hiked Mount Nasu on a class trip. She was a very shy, quiet kid so she saw it natural that she would enjoy hiking because of how peaceful it was, it is a sport where you compete against oneself and the prize was the beautiful view one gets reaching the top. The biggest problem she encountered at the time was that she was from a relatively poor family and mountain climbing is extremely expensive, so during her teenage years she almost did not climb. She went off to Uni to study English and American literature and had planned a career as a teacher, only re-entering the word of mountaineering after graduating.

She decided to join multiple men's climbing clubs as there were no women's climbing clubs in Japan. This caused many men to question and judge her as this was a sport that women generally did not partake in. Regardless of all the doubts, she proved herself worthy quickly by climbing all major mountains in Japan, in one of these excursions she met her future husband, Masanobu. In 1969, Junko established the first Female-Only Mountain Climbing group in Japan: The Joshi-Tohan Club. She did this because she felt that these male-only clubs were hostile environments for women and the main reason why most women quit this sport.

This group went to climb the Nepalese mountain Annapurna

III becoming the first female and Japanese climbers of that mountain.

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Research and Blog: 10

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[women-history]

Artemisia Gentileschi

Artemisia Gentileschi, I (1593-1653)

The Overlooked Genius who Portrayed Abuse in the 1600s

Artemisia was born in Rome in the year 1593, the eldest child of artist Orazio Gentilischi. who went on to become one of the most revered seventeenth-century artists, more specifically working with the Caravaggio style. This woman portrayed her own personal horrors in the canvas she painted on, dealing with issues of Rape, Abuse and Vengence after she was raped in 1611 by paintor Agostino Tassi. Since her mother died when she was 12, she had mostly males in her surroundings with her father becoming the only close person in her life. Because of this she started paying attention to his paintings and acquired skills in the arts, becoming much more passionate and more talented in the arts than any of her brothers.

At the age of 17 she made her first friend, Tuzia, who rented the apartment right upstairs from her. This is important because the day of the rape, Artemisia called for help from Tuzia multiple times, but Tuzia ignored her. Many claim this was just as hurtful as the rape itself for Artemisia, as her only friend was complicit in her rape, and the role of the "passive observer" was present in many of her subsequent paintings.

From that point on almost all of her paintings were of women, as either Heroines or Victims, attempting to portray the deep effect that assault has on a human being. Due to her being a woman and most of her paintings being very graphic (something unacceptable for women to portray at the time), she was forgotten for centuries, until Feminist Studies increased her popularity and highlighted her importance to the Art World. However, never in her life was she gonna let herself become only a victim, instead she drew vengeance for herself, painting her own life, letting her talent speak for itself and making her assaulter become forgotten in history while she, with time, has become one of the most influential painters of all time.

"As long as i live i will have control over my being"

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Research and Blog: 9

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[women-history]

Shirley Chisholm

Shirley Chisholm, (1924 - 2005)

The First Black Woman to Serve in the US Congress

Shirley Chisholm was born the 30th of November 1924, in New York. Her parents emigrated from Guyana and Barbados, the latter which she spent part of her childhood in.

She returned to the USA during High School and graduated in Brooklyn, later attending Brooklyn College. After leaving Uni she got a job as teacher and went on to get a masters in Columbia. During the 60s Chisholm started advocating for gender and racial equality becoming a major voice in her community and joining organizations such as the League of Women Voters and NAACP. Here she started her political career and was able to win a seat in the NY Legislature where she served till 1968.

She gained more notoriety there and decided to run for congress (as a Democrat), this was a huge challenge as no Black Woman had even been elected to congress. Her slogan was "Unbought and unbossed" her campaign got widespread support and with her strength and support she was able to rally she became the first Black woman elected to Congress. Once she got to congress she experienced many setbacks, even from her Democratic colleagues, who for some reason assigned her to the House Agriculture Committee, an area where she had no expertise in and her district had no interest in. Despite her being insulted by this, she used this opportunity to help expand the food stamp program, which many of her constituents relied on. After insisting to the democratic establishment, she was able to get into the Education and Labor Committee, something much better fitted to her experiences. Throughout her time in congress she would insist in hiring only women and at least half of them were black.

In 1972, she ran for the Democratic nomination for president, becoming the first black major-party candidate in history.

Even though she only received around 10% of the vote, she was the first woman to win any state (New Jersey), something that would only be done again by Hillary Clinton in 2008, she was the most voted for female-candidate until Hillary surpassed her and is still the third female candidate with best showing (percentage-wise) in a primary (after Hillary in '08 and '16). After losing the nomination she would return to congress and7 terms undefeated. After quitting congress she returned to teaching for some time and then moved to Florida, where she lived until her death in 2005.

Chisholm is a woman that should be a household name but unfortunately is not. She broke down so many barriers for women but more specifically Black Women, barriers that previously seemed unbreakable. Does any History textbook mention that a Black Woman was the most successful female candidate for over 40 years? Or how long it took for a black woman to finally serve in congress? Chisholm deserves to be celebrated, so I propose that when we tear down those Confederate statues, one of Shirley Chisholm should replace at least one of them.

"If they don't give you a seat at the table, bring a folding chair."

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[women-history]

Caroline Herschel

Caroline Herschel

Born: March 16, 1750, Hanover, Germany

Died: January 9, 1848, Hanover, Germany

Herschel was little more than the household drudge for her parents in Hanover, Germany (she would later describe herself as the "Cinderella of the family"), when her older brother, William, brought her to England in 1772 to run his household in Bath. After she mastered the art of singing-to accompany William, who was the organist for the Octagon Chapel-her brother switched careers and went into astronomy. Caroline followed. In addition to assisting her brother in his observations and in the building of telescopes, Caroline became a brilliant astronomer in her own right, discovering new nebulae and star clusters. She was the first woman to discover a comet (she discovered eight in total) and the first to have her work published by the Royal Society.

She was also the first British woman to get paid for her scientific work, when William, who had been named the king's personal astronomer after his discovery of Uranus in 1781, persuaded his patron to reward his assistant with an annual salary. After William's death in 1822, Caroline retired to Hanover. There she continued her astronomical work, compiling a catalogue of nebulae-the Herschels' work had increased the number of known star clusters from 100 to 2,500. She died in 1848 at age 97 after receiving many honors in her field, including a gold medal from the Royal Astronomical Society.

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[women-history]

Barbara S. Askins

Barbara S. Askins (born 1939) is an American chemist. She is best known for her invention of a method to enhance underexposed photographic negatives.

This development was used extensively by NASA and the medical industry, and it earned Askins the title of National Inventor of the Year in 1978.

Askins is a physical chemist who worked for NASA's Marshall

Space Flight Center and is best known for her pioneering invention of a process in which "images on developed photographic emulsions can be significantly intensified by making the image silver radioactive and exposing a second emulsion to this radiation." The resulting print, known as an autoradiograph, reproduces the image with significant increases in densit and contrast. Her groundbreaking method enhanced underexposed emulsions and increased the limits of photographic detection. In short, it made visible the invisible in photos that would otherwise have been useless. This was very useful for a number of applications, including the coaxing of data from underexposed space images-such as those peering deep into space as well as those highlighting the geology of other bodies in our solar system.

Askins' invention also led to significant advances in the field of medical technology. In particular, Askins' method prompted improvements in the development of X-ray images.

Medical images that were 96 percent underexposed suddenly become readable; this meant that doctors could dramatically decrease the amount of X-rav radiation they gave to patients when running routine or emergency tests.Askins' process was also later used in the restoration of old photographs.Askins patented her invention in 1978 (U.S. patent No. 4,101,780) and NASA employed it extensively for its research and development work.

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[women-history]

Helen Keller

Helen Adams Keller (June 27, 1880 - June 1,

1968) was an American author, political activist, and lecturer.

Helen Keller was blind and deaf. She was the first deaf-blind person to earn a bachelor of arts degree. The story of Keller and her teacher, Anne Sullivan, was made famous by Keller's autobiography, The Story of My Life, and its adaptations for film and stage, The Miracle Worker. Her birthplace in West Tuscumbia, Alabama, is now a museum and sponsors an annual "Helen Keller Day". Her June 27 birthday is commemorated as Helen Keller Day in Pennsylvania and, in the centenary year of her birth, was recognized by a presidential proclamation from Jimmy Carter.

Helen Kellers hard work and dedication inspired young women all around the world today.

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[women-history]

Frances L Loyd

Frances L. Lloyd, scientist who made key contributions to voltage standards

Frances L. Lloyd, a groundbreaking woman in science and technology and the fabricator of the key element in a device used around the world for measuring one of the fundamental quantities in modern life, the volt.

Mrs. Lloyd's great contribution was in the development of a precise and unchanging standard for the magnitude of the volt. Such a standard makes it possible for a volt in one laboratory, one country or one computer, to be exactly the same as any other.Working at the National Institute of Standards and Technology's (NIST) laboratories in Boulder, Colo., from 1977 to 1989, she was a key member of a team that developed what is sometimes called the reference volt.

It was part of a modern system of standards that, with progress in science, enabled laboratories to replace physical obiects or chemical reactions as the fundamental quantities of measurement.

Frances Lytle Lummis was born in Honolulu on Sept. 4, 1923.

She accompanied her father on his assignments as an Army officer, spent part of her youth in the Philippines and completed high school in Spartanburg, S.C.

She was a Duke University sophomore studying physics when she took leave during World War Il to help design airplane propellers in a special program, the Curtiss-Wright Cadettes, that recruited women in science to aid in the war effort.

She died on 23 March 2018 (94 years)

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[women-history]

Annie G. Fox (August 4, 1893 - January 20,

1987) was the first woman to receive the Purple Heart for combat. She served as the chief nurse in the Army Nurse Corps at Hickam Field during the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, on December 7, 1941. At that time the awarding of the Purple Heart did not reguire the service person to be injured. The requirements were changed after the attack of Pearl Harbor and Lt. Fox was awarded the Bronze Star because Fox was not wounded in the attack.

First Lieutenant Annie G. Fox was on duty at the time of the attack of the Japanese Imperial Navy on Hawaii. For her outstanding performance, Fox was recommended for and awarded the Purple Heart. Because of that, it is often misreported that she was injured during the attack; in fact,

she was not

The Purple Heart was awarded for "outstanding performance of duty and meritorious acts of extraordinary fidelity..

During the attack, Lieutenant Fox, in an exemplary manner, performed her duties as head Nurse of the Station Hospital..

• in addition she administered anesthesia to patients during the heaviest part of the bombardment, assisted in dressing the wounded, taught civilian volunteer nurses to make dressings, and worked ceaselessly with coolness and efficiency, and her fine example of calmness, courage and leadership was of great benefit to the morale of all with whom she came in contact.On October 6, 1944, 1st

Lieutenant Fox was awarded the Bronze Star Medal. The Report of Decorations Board cited the same acts of heroism as those cited for the Purple Heart.

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[women-history]

So I think individual women will react differently; some will not cook that day, some will engage in dialog with their husband[s], some will be out at the rallies and demonstrations that will be taking place all over the country. Others will be writing things that will help them to define where they want to go. Some will be pressuring their Senators and their Congressmen to pass legislations that affect women. I don't think you can come up with any one point, women will be doing their own thing in their own way.[42]

Friedan spoke about the Strike for Equality:

---- Betty Friedan

[women-history]

About Betty Friedan

Betty Friedan played a significant role in the women's movement in the 1960s and 1970s. She was born on February 4, 1921, in Peoria, Illinois. She was a feminist writer and activist. In 1963 she published a book called The Feminine Mystique. Most people believe that this book sparked the second wave of American feminism in the 20th century. Friedan boldly proclaimed that women possess equal capabilities to men in any career path. On Wikipedia it says, "Her book held significant importance, not only for challenging deeply ingrained sexist attitudes in American society but also for deviating from the prevailing focus of 19th- and early 20th-century arguments that primarily advocated for expanding women's education, political rights, and involvement in social movements." This important to know because she not only focused on one view for women but on multiple as a whole.

One of my favorite qoutes from her book is, "The problem lay buried, unspoken, for many years in the minds of American women. It was a strange stirring, a sense of dissatisfaction, a yearning [that is, a longing] that women suffered in the middle of the 20th century in the United States. Each suburban [house]wife struggled with it alone. As she made the beds, shopped for groceries ... she was afraid to ask even of herself the silent question – "Is this all?"[18]

She is also one of the Co-founders of NOW: National Organization for Women. In 1966 she became co-founder. NOW is one of the most influential feminist organizations in the United States.

Betty Friedan holds immense significance as a catalyst for change. She challenged social norms and advocated for women's rights. Her work continues to resonate with people today. It reminds us of the ongoing struggle for gender equality and the need for societal transformation.

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[women-history]

I was the conductor of the Underground Railroad for eight years, and I can say what most conductors can't say; I never ran my train off the track and I never lost a passenger.

--- Harriet Tubman

[women-history]

About Harriet Tubman

Harriet Tubman was known for being a activist, nurse, slave, and an equality speaker. Through Harriet's life time experiences it was evident that women deserve equality with men. Harriet Tubman's legacy stands as a powerful symbol of resilience and the ongoing struggle against injustices.

Tubman was born in March of 1822. Starting at the age of 6 Tubman's early years consisted of slavery. In 1848, Tubman seized a chance for freedom and successfully escaped the confines of plantation life through the underground railroad. Tubman was aware of the possibilities of getting caught and losing her life but she continued to travel back and fourth striving to give freedom to others. She was able to liberate seventy other enslaved individuals.

Later on in Tubman's life she was able to buy a plot of land in Auburn, New York. She transformed her place into a sanctuary for those she had emancipated. Tubman also was an activist in the Civil War between 1861-1865. In the article, Harriet Tubman And Her Fight For Racial And Gender Equality In Nineteenth Century America, it also says she, " worked as a nurse in Port Royal. Tubman’s work as an activist did not stop after the American Civil War ended and slavery was abolished in 1865. While continuing to tend to her land in New York, she also promoted women’s equality by speaking at numerous suffrage meetings."

Tubman wanted it to be clear that women deserve equality. In today's time Tubman's legacy is still being talked about today. She is a symbol to continue fighting against injustices in the American Society.

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