what-what-crack-p1

[what-what-crack-p1]

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💾 ►►► DOWNLOAD FILE 🔥🔥🔥 Crack cocaine , commonly known simply as crack , and also known as rock , is a free base form of cocaine that can be smoked. Crack offers a short, intense high to smokers. Crack cocaine first saw widespread use as a recreational drug in primarily impoverished neighborhoods in New York City , Philadelphia , Baltimore , Washington, D. The use of another highly addictive stimulant drug, crystal meth , ballooned between and Purer forms of crack resemble off-white, jagged-edged "rocks" of a hard, brittle plastic, with a slightly higher density than candle wax. Crack cocaine sold on the streets may be adulterated or "cut" with other substances mimicking the appearance of crack to increase bulk. Use of toxic adulterants such as levamisole , [6] a drug used to treat parasitic worm infections, has been documented. Sodium bicarbonate NaHCO 3 , common baking soda is a base used in the preparation of crack, although other weak bases may substitute for it. Crack cocaine is frequently purchased already in rock form, [5] although it is not uncommon for some users to "wash up" or "cook" powder cocaine into crack themselves. This process is frequently done with baking soda sodium bicarbonate , water, and a spoon. Once mixed and heated, the bicarbonate reacts with the hydrochloride of the powder cocaine, forming free base cocaine and carbonic acid H 2 CO 3 in a reversible acid-base reaction. The heating accelerates the degradation of carbonic acid into carbon dioxide CO 2 and water. Loss of CO 2 prevents the reaction from reversing back to cocaine hydrochloride. Free base cocaine separates as an oily layer, floating on the top of the now leftover aqueous phase. It is at this point that the oil is picked up rapidly, usually with a pin or long thin object. This pulls the oil up and spins it, allowing air to set and dry the oil, and allows the maker to roll the oil into the rock-like shape. Crack cocaine can also be injected intravenously with the same effect as powder cocaine. However, whereas powder cocaine dissolves in water, crack must be dissolved in an acidic solution such as lemon juice containing citric acid or white vinegar containing acetic acid , a process that effectively reverses the original conversion of powder cocaine to crack. Crack cocaine is commonly used as a recreational drug. Effects of crack cocaine include euphoria , [12] supreme confidence, [13] loss of appetite, [12] insomnia , [12] alertness , [12] increased energy, [12] a craving for more cocaine, [13] and potential paranoia ending after use. The high usually lasts from 5—10 minutes, [5] [12] after which time dopamine levels in the brain plummet, leaving the user feeling depressed and low. The short-term physiological effects of cocaine include [12] constricted blood vessels, dilated pupils , and increased temperature, heart rate, and blood pressure. Some users of cocaine report feelings of restlessness, irritability, and anxiety. In rare instances, sudden death can occur on the first use of cocaine or unexpectedly thereafter. Like other forms of cocaine, smoking crack can increase heart rate [15] and blood pressure, leading to long-term cardiovascular problems. Some research suggests that smoking crack or free base cocaine has additional health risks compared to other methods of taking cocaine. Many of these issues relate specifically to the release of methylecgonidine and its effect on the heart, [15] lungs, [16] and liver. Crack cocaine causes DNA damage in multiple organs of rats [20] and mice. In crack users, acute respiratory symptoms have been reported, sometimes termed "crack lung". Symptoms include fever, coughing up blood and difficulty breathing. Stimulant drug abuse particularly amphetamine and cocaine can lead to delusional parasitosis aka Ekbom's Syndrome: a mistaken belief they are infested with parasites. People experiencing these hallucinations might scratch themselves to the extent of serious skin damage and bleeding, especially when they are delirious. Paranoia and anxiety are among the most common psychological symptoms of crack cocaine use. Psychosis is more closely associated with smoking crack cocaine than intranasal and intravenous use. Crack baby is a term for a child born to a mother who used crack cocaine during her pregnancy. The threat that cocaine use during pregnancy poses to the fetus is now considered exaggerated. Many recall that "crack babies", or babies born to mothers who used crack cocaine while pregnant, were at one time written off by many as a lost generation. They were predicted to suffer from severe, irreversible damage, including reduced intelligence and social skills. It was later found that this was a gross exaggeration. However, the fact that most of these children appear normal should not be over-interpreted as indicating that there is no cause for concern. Using sophisticated technologies, scientists are now finding that exposure to cocaine during fetal development may lead to subtle, yet significant, later deficits in some children, including deficits in some aspects of cognitive performance, information-processing, and attention to tasks—abilities that are important for success in school. There are also warnings about the threat of breastfeeding : The March of Dimes said "it is likely that cocaine will reach the baby through breast milk," and advises the following regarding cocaine use during pregnancy:. Cocaine use during pregnancy can affect a pregnant woman and her unborn baby in many ways. During the early months of pregnancy, it may increase the risk of miscarriage. Later in pregnancy, it can trigger preterm labor labor that occurs before 37 weeks of pregnancy or cause the baby to grow poorly. As a result, cocaine-exposed babies are more likely than unexposed babies to be born with low birth weight less than 5. Low-birthweight babies are 20 times more likely to die in their first month of life than normal-weight babies, and face an increased risk of lifelong disabilities such as mental retardation and cerebral palsy. Cocaine-exposed babies also tend to have smaller heads, which generally reflect smaller brains. Some studies suggest that cocaine-exposed babies are at increased risk of birth defects, including urinary tract defects and, possibly, heart defects. Cocaine also may cause an unborn baby to have a stroke, irreversible brain damage, or a heart attack. An appreciable tolerance to cocaine's high may develop, with many addicts reporting that they seek but fail to achieve as much pleasure as they did from their first experience. While tolerance to the high can occur, users might also become more sensitive drug sensitization to cocaine's local anesthetic painkilling and convulsant seizure-inducing effects, without increasing the dose taken; this increased sensitivity may explain some deaths occurring after apparent low doses of cocaine. Crack cocaine is popularly thought to be the most addictive form of cocaine. The claim that cocaine is much more addictive when smoked must be reexamined. The intense desire to recapture the initial high is what is so addictive for many users. A typical response among users is to have another hit of the drug; however, the levels of dopamine in the brain take a long time to replenish themselves, and each hit taken in rapid succession leads to progressively less intense highs. Use of cocaine in a binge, during which the drug is taken repeatedly and at increasingly high doses, leads to a state of increasing irritability, restlessness, and paranoia. Large amounts of crack cocaine several hundred milligrams or more intensify the user's high, but may also lead to bizarre, erratic, and violent behavior. Synonyms used to refer to crack cocaine include atari ; base ; bazooka ; beamers ; beemers ; bebe ; bee-bee ; berry ; bing ; bolo ; bomb ; boulder ; boulders ; butter ; caine ; cane ; Casper ; Casper the ghost ; cavvy ; chemical ; chewies ; cloud ; cloud nine ; crills ; crunch and munch ; dip ; famous dimes ; fan ; fish scale ; fries ; fry ; glo ; golfball ; gravel ; grit ; hail ; hamburger ; helper ; hubba ; ice cube ; kangaroo ; kibbles and bits ; kibbles ; krills ; lightem ; paste ; patico ; pebbles ; pee wee ; pony ; raw ; ready ; ready rocks ; redi rocks ; roca ; rock ; rooster ; rox ; Roxanne ; scud ; Scotty ; scramble ; scruples ; seven-up ; sherm ; sherms ; sleet ; snowballs ; stones ; teeth ; tension ; top gun ; tweak ; ultimate ; wash ; white cloud ; work ; yahoo ; yale ; yay ; yayoo ; yeah-O ; yeyo ; yeo ; and yuck. Crack cocaine may be combined with amphetamine "croak" ; tobacco "coolie" ; marijuana "buddha"; "caviar"; "chronic"; "cocoa puffs"; "fry daddy"; "gimmie"; "gremmie"; "juice"; "primo"; "torpedo"; "turbo"; "woolie"; "woola" ; heroin "moon rock" ; and phencyclidine "clicker"; "p-funk"; "spacebase". Crack smoking "hitting the pipe"; "puffing"; "beaming up to Scotty " is commonly performed with utensils such as pipes "bowl"; "devil's dick"; "glass dick"; "horn"; "Uzi" ; improvised pipes made from a plastic bottle "Masarati" ; water pipes "bong"; "hubbly-bubbly" ; and laboratory pipettes "demo". Cocaine is listed as a Schedule I drug in the United Nations Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs , making it illegal for non-state-sanctioned production, manufacture, export, import, distribution, trade, use and possession. In Australia, crack falls under the same category as cocaine, which is listed as a Schedule 8 controlled drug , indicating that any substances and preparations for therapeutic use under this category have a high potential for abuse and addiction. It is permitted for some medical use but is otherwise outlawed. As a Schedule I substance under the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act , crack is not differentiated from cocaine and other coca products. However, the court may weigh the socio-economic factors of crack usage in sentencing. As a guideline, Schedule I drugs carry a maximum 7-year prison sentence for possession for an indictable offense and up to life imprisonment for trafficking and production. In the United States, cocaine is a Schedule II drug under the Controlled Substances Act , indicating that it has a high abuse potential but also carries a medicinal purpose. The Anti-Drug Abuse Act of increased penalties for crack cocaine possession and usage. It mandated a mandatory minimum sentence of five years without parole for possession of five grams of crack; to receive the same sentence with powder cocaine one had to have grams. In the Netherlands it is a List 1 drug of the Opium Law. Rob Ford , the 64th mayor of Toronto , was filmed smoking crack while he was in office. Marion Barry , Mayor of Washington D. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Form of the drug cocaine. This article may need to be rewritten to comply with Wikipedia's quality standards. You can help. The talk page may contain suggestions. July Main article: Prenatal cocaine exposure. Main article: Substance dependence. Look up crack cocaine in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Crack cocaine. Manual of Adolescent Substance Abuse Treatment. Washington, D. ISBN Berkeley, California: University of California Press. Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on Retrieved Office of Justice Programs. Costa Rica. Annals of Emergency Medicine. PMID Retrieved August 18, ABC News. Retrieved 10 July Postgraduate Medical Journal Review. PMC City of New York. Journal of Substance Use. S2CID Harm Reduction Journal. Edinburgh, Scotland: Mainstream Publishing. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. Archived from the original PDF on British Journal of Pharmacology. Chemical Research in Toxicology. The Washington Post. Retrieved May 28, Environmental Science and Pollution Research International. Drug and Chemical Toxicology. Chemico-Biological Interactions. Alexander August The New York Times. March of Dimes. Berkeley, Ca. International Narcotics Control Board. Retrieved 20 May Adapromine Amantadine Bromantane Memantine Rimantadine. Oxiracetam Phenylpiracetam Phenylpiracetam hydrazide. ATC code : N06B. Authority control. Israel United States Czech Republic. National Archives US. Categories : Cocaine Drug culture American inventions. 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