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Influenza viruses with resistant to the newest drug

Doctors in Japan began using a new flu drug called Xofluza since March 2018. According to the creators of medication, it's able to overcome the disease in the shortest time. The drug was also approved for sale in other countries, for example, in the United States.

Baloxavir marboxyl is the active ingredient of the new remedy. Many experts found Xofluza a real breakthrough in pharmacology. Its principle of action was different from other flu drugs. It was also important that patient could take only one dose of the remedy. This made the medication much more convenient than the analogues on the market. The drug reduced the duration of the disease and the severity of the symptoms, alleviating the condition of the patients.

Not only the scientific and patient community responded to the appearance of the new drug. Researchers from Japan have discovered influenza viruses in recent months, whose strains have resistance to Xofluza. Scientists noted, mutated influenza viruses that were not affected by baloxavir marboxyl were found in about one in four (about 23.4%) of the study participants, which they examined. Researchers examined schoolchildren - children under the age of 12 years. The discovered strains were 120 times more resistant to the new drug, than influenza viruses without mutations.

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WHO recognized HIV as one of the main threats to human health in 2019

The human immunodeficiency virus has entered the list of 10 major threats to human health published by WHO. In addition to HIV, organization has included in this list air pollution and related climate change, some non-communicable and infectious diseases, weak primary health care, difficult living conditions in some parts of the world, resistance to antibiotics and non-vaccination.

Despite the fact that medicine has achieved tremendous progress in the fight against HIV, more than 1 million people worldwide die from this disease every year. According to statistics, only 2 million of the 37 million people living with HIV have access to antiretroviral therapy.  WHO recorded 70 million cases of disease within the entire duration of the epidemic, of which 35 million died.

Diabetes mellitus, cancer and cardiovascular disorders remain the most dangerous of non-communicable diseases. Up to 41 million people die from them each year, which is 70% of all deaths. Wherein 15 million people die prematurely between the ages of 30 to 69 years. The situation is aggravated by the spread of smoking, lack of physical activity, alcohol consumption, poor diet and ecology.

The organization expressed concern about the growing ability of pathogens of viral infections to resist drugs. This can lead to the fact that in the future many diseases can become incurable. A special place is occupied by the spread of drug-resistant forms of tuberculosis. Therefore, 600 thousand patients had tuberculosis with antibiotic resistance to Rifamycin in 2017, and in 82% of cases, it was about multidrug resistance. It's wroth noting, that about 1.6 million people die from tuberculosis in the world every year.

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Review viral infections

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This clip describes difference between viruses and bacteria.

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The experimental HIV vaccine currently under investigation in an advanced trial has shown promising 96-week results from an earlier human study. The so-called mosaic vaccine offered a broad array of immune responses to the virus at this point, and such responses persisted up to a year after the last vaccination shot.

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The main ways trasfer of HIV infection.

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HIV symptoms

To diagnose HIV infection at the first stages it is possible only at use of special methods of diagnostics, but by some signs a doctor can to assume presence of a dangerous virus in an organism.

HIV symptoms at men.

At the initial stage of disease, the sex of a person doesn't have a significant effect on symptomes. But in the future there are some differences. The first signs of HIV infection at men are manifested in this way:

 A pronounced rash on the body. In men redness on the skin appears more often than in women. In this case, the rash has a more vivid color. This symptom appears during 3 days after infection, and through a few days disappears.

Approximately 1-3 months after infection, a man may experience a condition similar to influenza. The temperature rises sharply. There are painful sensations in the throat. Appear chills and night sweats.

Symptoms a month after infection are rare. But the main symptom is a strong increase in lymph nodes that are not related to each other.

If infection has come as a result of sexual contact, then may occur mucus secretions from the urethra. Also doctors are diagnosed the pain during urination and a discomfort in the groin area.

In most cases, symptoms are absent 3 months after infection. This is an asymptomatic stage. At this time, the man feels perfectly healthy. Carrying out special tests to identify the virus is impossible.

Every man has different HIV symptoms. The timing of symptoms is also different. Duration of the incubation and acute periods depends on strength a male immunity. If he has good health and good physical shape, then the first symptoms of disease can appear a few years after infection.

HIV symptoms at women.

The timing of HIV at women is also blurred. But experts note that in the body of a woman, HIV infection develops several times more slowly than at men. There is no scientific explanation for this.

Just like at men, the first signs of HIV at women are not immediately apparent after infection. These include:

Unreasonable increase temperature to 38 ° C, it doesn't decrease during 2-3 days;

Decreased workability, loss of strength and general weakness. Such attacks can be short-term or persistent for a long time;

Enlarged of lymph nodes in the groin, and also on the neck and under armpits;

Abundant menstruation, which occur with severe pain and discomfort in the pelvic region;

Mucous discharge from vagina. Their number increases markedly after infection of HIV;

Frequent headaches and increased irritability;

In addition, women are characterized by a strong night sweating with a high fever and chills. When it becomes regular, serious suspicions of HIV infection appear. After a while, there is a sharp decrease in weight.

The main symptoms of HIV during pregnancy are the same. The woman experiences a sore throat, her fever rises. Lymph nodes are greatly enlarge. Diarrhea can occur. Pregnancy doesn't affect the rate of HIV development. But at this time, special attention should be given to treatment.

The initial stage of HIV infection at women can last from 1 month to a year, but more often antibodies to virus in the blood can be detected during 3-4 months after infection.

Obvious symptoms of HIV occur in almost all patients within a year after infection. As a rule, at this time the disease flows into the acute phase, and all the symptoms of pronounced immunodeficiency appear. But it should be remembered that HIV can slow down development at any stage of the disease. This makes impossible to determine the stage of infection. With right treatment, a person can live 10-20 years, and the disease will not reach the final stage, which is called AIDS.

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Stages of HIV infection

One of the most terrible diseases to date is human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). A large number of scientists have been looking for a cure of HIV for a long time. Unfortunately, while the virus wins.This is due to the fact that virus after the entry into the organism genetically mutates. When immune system starts producing antibodies, then HIV changes. In addition, HIV is well disguised in the intracellular space.

Nevertheless, a person with HIV can live a long and happy life. He can have a family and children. To do this, it's necessary to begin treatment immediately after the first signs of infection are discovered. They don't occur immediately. After infection can pass from several weeks to several months.

Stages of HIV infection.

The danger of HIV infection lies in the fact, that it practically does'not manifest itself at initial stage of the disease.

Specialists have introduced a classification of HIV symptoms, each of them is typical for a specific stage of infection:

The incubation period can last two weeks, several months or a year. The rate of penetration of virus into all cells of the body depends on several factors, including the state of human health, its age and other individual characteristics. At this stage of the infection, symptoms are almost absent. Doctors call this phase "period of the window". It ends at detection of virus traces;

The further course of the disease is accompanied by symptoms characteristic of colds or influenza. The patient's temperature rises to 38 ° С, there is a pain in the throat, lymph nodes become inflamed. A person in this state feels weak. Diarrhea often occurs. There is a vomiting. Weight loss is noted. Women can also has thrush. At first, these symptoms don't manifest very much. With such symptoms, it's difficult to identify HIV. Particular attention is paid to diagnosis only if the patient claims, that he have contacts with HIV-infected people; 

Infectious diseases that develop against virus background cause secondary symptoms of HIV infection. This are staphylococcal lesions of the skin, candidiasis of the oral cavity, appearance of cancer tumors, ect.

AIDS. Advanced stage of HIV infection. The number of protective cells (T-lymphocytes) reaches a critically small number. The immune system can no longer resist infections, and they quickly deplete the body. Viruses and bacteria affect vital organs, including musculoskeletal system, the respiratory system, digestion, the brain. Soon a person is die.

There are external signs of HIV infection, appearance of which should alert a man. This include appearance of a characteristic rash on the skin, it covers almost the entire body. Reddening appears usually during 5-10 days after infection.

Therefore, after the appearance of the first suspicion of HIV, you should immediately consult a doctor. To diagnose HIV infection at the first stages it is possible only at use of special methods of diagnostics, but by some signs a doctor can to assume presence of a dangerous virus in an organism.

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In 2008  something incredible happened: a man was cured of HIV. In over 70 million HIV cases, this was a first, and, so far, a last, and we don’t yet understand exactly how he was cured. But if we can cure people of various diseases, like malaria and hepatitis C, why can’t we cure HIV?

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