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Hyper loop - Advanced mode of Transportation

Hyperloop brings airplane speeds to ground level, safely. Passengers and cargo capsules will hover through a network of low-pressure tubes between cities and transforming travel time from hours to minutes. What is Hyper loop? The Hyperloop concept as it is widely known was proposed by billionaire industrialist Elon Musk, CEO of the aerospace firm SpaceX and the guy behind Tesla (as well as, in the last year, a number of public gaffes). It’s a reaction to the California High-Speed Rail System currently under development, a bullet train Musk feels is lackluster (and which, it is alleged, will be one of the most expensive and slow-moving in the world). A one way trip between San Francisco and Los Angeles on the Hyperloop could take about 35 minutes. Musk’s Hyperloop consists of two massive tubes extending from San Francisco to Los Angeles. Pods carrying passengers would travel through the tubes at speeds topping out over 700 mph. Imagine the pneumatic tubes people in The Jetsons use to move around buildings, but on a much bigger scale. For propulsion, magnetic accelerators will be planted along the length of the tube, propelling the pods forward.  The tubes would house a low pressure environment, surrounding the pod with a cushion of air that permits the pod to move safely at such high speeds, like a puck gliding over an air hockey table. Given the tight quarters in the tube, pressure buildup in front of the pod could be a problem. The tube needs a system to keep air from building up in this way. Musk’s design recommends an air compressor on the front of the pod that will move air from the front to the tail, keeping it aloft and preventing pressure building up due to air displacement. A one way trip on the Hyperloop is projected to take about 35 minutes (for comparison, traveling the same distance by car takes roughly six hours). The Hyperloop concept operates by sending specially designed "capsules" or "pods" through a steel tube maintained at a partial vacuum. In Musk's original concept, each capsule floats on a 0.02–0.05 in (0.5–1.3 mm) layer of air provided under pressure to air-caster "skis", similar to how pucks are levitated above an air hockey table, while still allowing faster speeds than wheels can sustain. Hyperloop One's technology uses passive maglev for the same purpose. Linear induction motors located along the tube would accelerate and decelerate the capsule to the appropriate speed for each section of the tube route. With rolling resistance eliminated and air resistance greatly reduced, the capsules can glide for the bulk of the journey. In Musk's original Hyperloop concept, an electrically driven inlet fan and axial compressor would be placed at the nose of the capsule to "actively transfer high-pressure air from the front to the rear of the vessel", resolving the problem of air pressure building in front of the vehicle, slowing it down. A fraction of the air is shunted to the skis for additional pressure, augmenting that gain passively from lift due to their shape. Hyperloop One's system does away with the compressor. In the alpha-level concept, passenger-only pods are to be 7 ft 4 in (2.23 m) in diameter and projected to reach a top speed of 760 mph (1,220 km/h) to maintain aerodynamic efficiency.  The design proposes passengers experience a maximum inertial acceleration of 0.5 g, about 2 or 3 times that of a commercial airliner on takeoff and landing.

History The general idea of trains or other transportation traveling through evacuated tubes dates back more than a century, although the atmospheric railway was never a commercial success. Musk first mentioned that he was thinking about a concept for a "fifth mode of transport", calling it the Hyperloop, in July 2012 at a PandoDaily event in Santa Monica, California. This hypothetical high-speed mode of transportation would have the following characteristics: immunity to weather, collision free, twice the speed of a plane, low power consumption, and energy storage for 24-hour operations. The name Hyperloop was chosen because it would go in a loop. Musk envisions the more advanced versions will be able to go at hypersonic speed. In May 2013, Musk likened the Hyperloop to a "cross between a Concorde and a railgun and an air hockey table". From late 2012 until August 2013, a group of engineers from both Tesla and SpaceX worked on the conceptual modeling of Hyperloop. An early system design was published in the Tesla and SpaceX blogs which describes one potential design, function, pathway, and cost of a hyperloop system. According to the alpha design, pods would accelerate to cruising speed gradually using a linear electric motor and glide above their track on air bearings through tubes above ground on columns or below ground in tunnels to avoid the dangers of grade crossings. An ideal hyperloop system will be more energy-efficient, quiet, and autonomous than existing modes of mass transit. Musk has also invited feedback to "see if the people can find ways to improve it". The Hyperloop Alpha was released as an open source design. The word mark "HYPERLOOP", applicable to "high-speed transportation of goods in tubes" was issued to SpaceX on April 4, 2017. In June 2015, SpaceX announced that it would build a 1-mile-long (1.6 km) test track to be located next to SpaceX's Hawthorne facility. The track would be used to test pod designs supplied by third parties in the competition. By November 2015, with several commercial companies and dozens of student teams pursuing the development of Hyperloop technologies, the Wall Street Journal asserted that "The Hyperloop Movement", as some of its unaffiliated members refer to themselves, is officially bigger than the man who started it." The MIT Hyperloop team developed the first Hyperloop pod prototype, which they unveiled at the MIT Museum on May 13, 2016. Their design uses electrodynamic suspension for levitating and eddy current braking. On January 29, 2017, approximately one year after phase one of the Hyperloop pod competition, the MIT Hyperloop pod demonstrated the first ever low-pressure Hyperloop run in the world. Within this first competition the Delft University team from the Netherlands achieved the highest overall competition score. The awards for the "fastest pod" and the "best performance in flight" were won by the team TUM Hyperloop (formerly known as WARR Hyperloop) from the Technical University of Munich (TUM), Germany. The team from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) placed third overall in the competition, judged by SpaceX engineers. The second Hyperloop pod competition took place from August 25–27, 2017. The only judging criteria being top speed provided it is followed by successful deceleration. TUM Hyperloop from the Technical University of Munich won the competition by reaching a top speed of 324 km/h (201 mph) and therefore breaking the previous record of 310 km/h for hyperloop prototypes set by Hyperloop One.   Hyper loop and India The Indian State of Maharashtra announced their intent to build a hyperloop route between Mumbai and Pune, beginning with an operational demonstration track. THE MUMBAI-PUNE PROJECT MOVES FORWARD Working with our public and private partners, Virgin Hyperloop One is on track to complete the feasibility study for the Phase I demonstration track of the Mumbai-Pune project. The full project is proposing to link Central Pune, the Navi Mumbai International Airport and Central Mumbai – with a potential commute time of 25 minutes. Based on our ongoing analysis, the Mumbai-Pune route is proving to be the strongest economic case that we have seen to-date.

Building upon this progress, VHO welcomed the Chief Minister of Maharashtra Fadnavis, and representatives from the State Government including key members of the Chief Minister’s Office and Pune Metropolitan Region Development Authority (PMRDA) chief Kiran Gitte, project lead on the Mumbai-Pune hyperloop project, at our DevLoop test site to inspect our technology. The Chief Minister and other esteemed guests were able to witness a full-scale hyperloop in action for a live demonstration test. It was an honor to host the Chief Minister, demonstrating a vote of confidence as we advance into the second half of our ongoing feasibility study and progress in accordance with the Framework Agreement signed in February. Speaking with our Chairman Richard Branson, the Chief Minister confirmed, “This was a very fruitful discussion and we should be able to start moving on this project very fast.”

( Image source : Virgin hyper loop one ) HYPERLOOP TECHNOLOGY WITHIN INDIA’S TRANSPORT ECOSYSTEM Progress on the Mumbai-Pune hyperloop project is indicative of a larger trend – a wave of visionary policy leadership when it comes to supporting new technologies and innovation in India’s transport ecosystem. NITI Aayog’s Tech Vision 2022 document, the work of the government technology think tank Technology Information, Forecasting and Assessment Council (TIFAC), and the Centres of Excellence at the Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) have been very supportive of new technologies. In addition, the Railways Ministry ‘Mission 350 Plus’ plan as well as work on maglev technologies and the HSR Diamond Quadrilateral project are indicative of how the central government is embracing new rail technologies. At a state level, Maharashtra’s push for a Mumbai-Pune hyperloop system is a clear endorsement for innovation at a regional level, with accompanying interest from Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh as well. India has multiple factors that make it an ideal country for a hyperloop system: infrastructure needs due to rising demand, superior engineering talent, low-cost manufacturing base, and strong political support and favourable regulatory environment. These factors ensure that the hyperloop, when built and tested commercially, will be affordable (for riders), scalable and low-cost (to build and operate). The hyperloop system’s appeal for India comes from its complementarity with existing transport technologies. Hyperloop systems, with its point-to-point transport proposition, can be built to inter-connect with existing High-Speed Rail (HSR) or Metro projects. There is a conscious effort to build such adjacencies into the design of the first inter-city hyperloop system in India, and this is reflected in the location of the proposed stations and the track alignment. Come 2025, a student from Ahmedabad should be able to reach Pune, by taking the Ahmedabad-Mumbai Bullet Train and then switch over to the 25-minute hyperloop ride to Pune, just as present metro commuters switch from one metro line to another in a city. Such a multi-modal transport system between India’s bustling cities will have significant productivity implications for the country. This system becomes yet more powerful when replicated across different regional clusters in other parts of India, or linked seamlessly with the Modi Government’s HSR Diamond Quadrilateral Project – and one can see the emergence of Indian mega-economic regions in a manner that rivals China’s super-city clusters plan. Once proven for commercial viability, the hyperloop system can be scaled to different city-pairs in India. Earlier estimates of five viable routes between different Indian cities had evaluated a 55 minutes commute for a Delhi-Jaipur-Indore-Mumbai system, 50 minutes for a Mumbai-Bangalore-Chennai commute, 41 minutes for a Bangalore-Thiruvananthapuram commute and 20 minutes for a Bangalore-Chennai commute on the hyperloop system. View this from a multi-modal transport perspective and the real benefits of a system like this come through – hyperloop technology adoption is a real enabler for India to leap-frog to a higher trajectory of growth, akin to the role that mobile phones have played earlier in terms of technology adoption as well as economic growth. Hyper loop explained   How Virgin hyper loop one's system becomes reality ?   Read the full article

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Start Up Policy - Assam Government

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Start Up Policy - Andhra Pradesh Government

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Start Up Policy - Andaman and Nicobar 2018

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Gujarat Startup Policy 2016 - 2021

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States Startup Ranking 2019

The “State Startup Ranking 2018” ranking exercise was an extremely enriching and educating experience for all participating states. A total of 27 States and 3 Union Territories participated in the exercise. An evaluation committee comprising independent experts from the Start-up ecosystem assessed the responses across various parameters. Many parameters involved getting feedback from beneficiaries. More than 40,000 calls were made in 9 different languages to connect with beneficiaries to get a real pulse at the implementation levels. Individual officers from states and union territories were also awarded for the stellar performances in contributing towards the development of the States startup ecosystem along with the promotion of innovation. The key objective of the exercise was to encourage States and Union Territories to take proactive steps towards strengthening the Start-up ecosystems in their states. The methodology was aimed at creating a healthy competition among States to further learn, share and adopt good practices. The exercise showed us the impact that can be created and the value that can be added to the ecosystem when the Centre and States work together as a team. After successfully conducting the first ever States Startup Ranking in India, the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade is now looking to conduct the “State Startup Ranking 2019” As a part of State Ranking Framework 2019, DPIIT has discussed key learnings from the ranking exercise conducted in 2018 and held consultation workshops with all states. Read the full article

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How to type Roman Numerals ?

Overview Roman numerals were developed so that the Romans could easily price different goods and services. Roman numbers were widely used throughout the Roman Empire in everyday life. Following the fall of the Roman Empire, numerals continued to be used throughout Europe up until the 1600's. Roman Numerals Chart 1 I 26 XXVI 51 LI 76 LXXVI 2 II 27 XXVII 52 LII 77 LXXVII 3 III 28 XXVIII 53 LIII 78 LXXVIII 4 IV 29 XXIX 54 LIV 79 LXXIX 5 V 30 XXX 55 LV 80 LXXX 6 VI 31 XXXI 56 LVI 81 LXXXI 7 VII 32 XXXII 57 LVII 82 LXXXII 8 VIII 33 XXXIII 58 LVIII 83 LXXXIII 9 IX 34 XXXIV 59 LIX 84 LXXXIV 10 X 35 XXXV 60 LX 85 LXXXV 11 XI 36 XXXVI 61 LXI 86 LXXXVI 12 XII 37 XXXVII 62 LXII 87 LXXXVII 13 XIII 38 XXXVIII 63 LXIII 88 LXXXVIII 14 XIV 39 XXXIX 64 LXIV 89 LXXXIX 15 XV 40 XL 65 LXV 90 XC 16 XVI 41 XLI 66 LXVI 91 XCI 17 XVII 42 XLII 67 LXVII 92 XCII 18 XVIII 43 XLIII 68 LXVIII 93 XCIII 19 XIX 44 XLIV 69 LXIX 94 XCIV 20 XX 45 XLV 70 LXX 95 XCV 21 XXI 46 XLVI 71 LXXI 96 XCVI 22 XXII 47 XLVII 72 LXXII 97 XCVII 23 XXIII 48 XLVIII 73 LXXIII 98 XCVIII 24 XXIV 49 XLIX 74 LXXIV 99 XCIX 25 XXV 50 L 75 LXXV 100 C   Origin of Roman Numerals There were a number of counting systems in the ancient world prior to the creation of Roman numbers. For example, the Etruscans, who lived in central Italy before the Romans, developed their own numeral system with different symbols. Theory 1 A common suggested theory for the origin of the Roman numbers system is that the numerals represent hand signals. The numbers; one, two, three and four are signalled by the equivalent amount of fingers. The number five is represented by the thumb and fingers separated, making a 'V' shape. The numbers; six, seven, eight and nine are represented by one hand signalling a five and the other representing the number 1 through to 4. The number ten is represented by either crossing the thumbs or hands, signalling an 'X' shape. Theory 2 The second theory suggests that Roman numerals originate from notches which would be etched onto tally sticks. Tally sticks had been used for hundreds of years previous to the Romans and were still used up until the 19th century by shepherds across Europe. The numbers one, two, three and four were represented by the equivalent amount of vertical lines. The number five represented by an upside down 'V'. The number was represented by an 'X'. In order to make larger numbers they would use the same rules as numerals did. For example; seven on a tally stick would look like: IIIIVII, when shortened it would look like VII, identical to Roman numbers. Just like the above example the number seventeen, in long form, would look like IIIIVIIIIXIIIIVII, however, this in short form would look like XVII, which is also identical to numerals. Certain Roman numerals; for example, four when written on a tally stick would like this: IIIIV. When the tally was re-written at a later date four could be written as either IIII or IV. As the Roman number system was developed further it adapted the number 50 to be represented by the letter 'L'. Similarly, the number 100 was illustrated by a wide array of symbols, most commonly, represented by the numeral 'I' on top of an 'X'. The numbers 500 and 1000 were represented by a 'V' and 'X' in a circle respectively. As the Roman Empire grew these symbols were replaced with a 'D' (500) and 'M' (1000). The Latin letter M was short for 'mile', which is translated as one-thousand. Introduction Roman numerals are represented by seven different letters: I, V, X, L, C, D and M. Which represent the numbers 1, 5, 10, 50, 100, 500 and 1,000. These seven letters are used to make thousands of numbers. For example, the Roman numeral for two is written as 'II', just two one's added together. The numeral twelve is written as, XII, which is simply X+ II. If we take this a step further; the number twenty-seven is written as XXVII, which when broken down looks like XX + V + II. Roman numerals are usually written largest to smallest from left to right. However, this is not always the case. The Romans didn’t like four of the same numerals written in a row, so they developed a system of subtraction. The Roman numeral for three is written as ‘III’, however, the numeral for four is not ‘IIII’. Instead we use the subtractive principle. The number four is written as ‘IV’, the numerals for one and five. Because the one is before the five we subtract it making four. The same principle applies to the number nine, which is written as ‘IX’. There are six instances where subtraction is used:   ⋅ I can be placed before V (5) and X (10) to make 4 and 9.    ⋅ X can be placed before L (50) and C (100) to make 40 and 90.    ⋅ C can be placed before D (500) and M (1000) to make 400 and 900.  The number 1994 is a great example of these rules. It is represented by the Roman numerals MCMXCIV. If we break it down then; M = 1,000, CM = 900, XC = 90 and IV = 4. Examples 1). In order to make the number 16 we must take the numerals for 10 (X), 5 (V) and 1 (I), thus making XVI. 2). In order to make the number 27 we must take the numerals for 20 (XX), 5 (V) and 2 (II), thus making XXVII. 3). In order to make the number 32 we must take the numerals for 30 (XXX) and 2 (II), thus making XXXII. 4). In order to make the number 58 we must take the numerals for 50 (L), 5 (V) and 3 (III), thus making LVIII. 5). In order to make the number 183 we must take the numerals for 100 (C), 50 (L), 30 (XXX) and 3 (III), thus making CLXXXIII. 6). In order to make the number 555 we must take the numerals for 500 (D), 50 (L) and 5 (V), thus making DLV. 7). In order to make the number 1582 we must take the numerals for 1000 (M), 500 (D), 50 (L), 30 (XXX) and 2 (II), thus making MDLXXXII. Years and Dates To write the year in Roman numerals we need to make larger numbers. Let’s look at a few examples. Years in the 21st century are quite simple. First, we start off with MM(1000 + 1000) and then we add on the appropriate amount. So, if we want 2020 in numerals we start with MM (2000) and add XX (20) to make MMXX. Years from the 20th century are simple as well. We start off with the Roman numerals for 1900 (MCM) and add on the appropriate amount from here. So, for example, 1985 would be written as MCM (1900) + LXXX (80) + V (5) = MCMLXXXV. Large Roman Numerals Because the largest letter used is M and we can only stack three of the same numeral together the largest number you can make in Roman numerals is 3999 (MMMCMXCIX). However, it is possible to write numbers higher that 3999 in Roman numerals. In this system, you draw a line across the top of the numeral to multiply it by 1000. For example, the Roman numeral for 5000 (5 x 1000) is written as: . Similarly, 1,000,000 (1000 x 1000) is written as . If we want to write 1,550,000 in Roman numerals it would look like this: . If we break it down the numeral for 1,000,000 is , the numeral for 500,000 is  and the numeral for 50,000 is . Zero and Fractions Fractions were often used in currency. The most common fractions used were twelfths and halves. A twelfth is represented by a single dot '•', which is known as an 'uncia'. A half is represented by the Latin letter 'S', which is short for semis. This isn't really a rule, but interestingly, there is no numeral to represent zero. This is because the system of Roman numbers was developed as a means of trading and there was no need for a numeral to represent zero. Instead they would have used the Latin word 'nulla' which means zero. Adding and Subtracting As there is no Roman numeral for zero it makes advanced mathematics quite difficult. It is possible to easily use numerals for addition and subtraction. However, multiplication and division are far too impractical. Addition When we are adding with numerals it is important that we ignore the subtractive principle. For example, the number four is written as IIIIrather than IV. Let’s use a simple example: to add IX and XI we must first change the IX in to VIIII. Next, we arrange the numerals in order from biggest to smallest, which gives us XVIIIII. The next step is to simplify the IIIII to V which gives us XVV, which can be further simplified to XX or 20. Simple! Subtraction When we subtract numerals we also ignore the subtractive principle. Here’s the sum: CCLXXXVIII - CCLXXII. The first step is to write it out, as seen in the image below. Secondly, we scratch out all the pairs of numerals. This leaves us with a very simple sum to calculate: XVIII – Iwhich is equal to XVII or 17. Modern Uses of Roman Numerals Roman numerals can still be seen in the modern day, in fact they are all over the place! I. Roman numerals are used to refer to kings, queens, emperors and popes. For example; Henry VIII of England and Louis XVI of France.   II. Many competitions such as the Olympic Games and the Super Bowl use numerals to represent how many times the event has been held. For example, the Olympic games in Tokyo (2020) will be the thirty-second time the event will be held and will be represented by the numerals XXXII.   III. Numerals can often be found on buildings and monuments to signify the year of construction. For example, a building built in 2004 may have the numerals MMIVengraved on it.   IV. Many movies use numerals to illustrate the year the film was made. For example, 'Gladiator' was copyrighted in the year 2000 so it has the numerals MMat the end of its credits. Another example is the film 'Spartacus' which was copyrighted in 1960 and has MCMLX at the end of its credits.   V. Many clocks also use numerals to represent the hours. Roman numerals can be found in many other places; the list goes on and on. It is used at the start of books to number pages, to label sections and sub-sections in legislation and contracts, to reference wars (WWI & WWII). Read the full article

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Why circle has 360 degrees?

Have you ever thought about how it’s kind of weird that a circle has 360 degrees? At first thought, it seems like a rather random number to have chosen—why not 100, or 500, or 720 degrees? Was it really a random choice? Or was there actually some good reason that 360 was chosen to be the number of divisions in a circle? As we’ll find out today, there was indeed a good reason. What was it? We’re not entirely sure. But we do have some pretty good ideas. And those ideas are exactly what we’re going to be talking about. Reason #1: The Length of the Year Even if you have absolutely no idea right at this instant why there are 360 degrees in a circle, I bet that if you stop and think for a few minutes you can figure out one possibility. If after those few minutes you’re still not sure, think about where else you’ve seen a number that’s close to 360 in your life. And if you’re still stuck after that, think about the Sun … the Earth … orbits … and calendars. Got it? You might conclude that the Sun moves about 1/360 of the way along this circle every day. The Earth takes one year to orbit the Sun. And a year is just a little more than 365 days. That means that the Earth rotates on its axis a little more than 365 times every year. And it means that every day the Sun appears to move about 1/365 of the way along a huge circle projected onto the sky that extends all the way around the Earth (called the ecliptic). If you lived a few millennia ago and didn’t have modern instruments to accurately record the positions of objects in the sky, you might conclude that the Sun moves about 1/360 of the way along this circle every day, which is exactly what ancient astronomers did. And they then made a leap and decided to divide this circle on the sky—and all circles—into 360 even parts so that the Sun would move through 1 part per day. Each of these parts was dubbed 1 degree, thus giving us the idea that a circle contains 360 degrees. Makes sense, right? And given that the ancient Babylonian and Persian calendars were both based upon 360-day years, it seems likely that this simple astronomical observation is the reason a circle contains 360 degrees. Reason #2: Babylonians and Base-60 Numbers But that’s not the end of the story. Because there are other reasonable ideas out there as to the origin of the 360 degree convention. As we saw earlier, the Babylonians used a 360 day calendar. And, as it turns out, the Babylonians also used a base-60 number system (called the sexagesimal system). Just as we use 10 different symbols to represent numbers in our base 10 decimal system, the ancient Babylonians used 60 symbols to represent numbers. Why does this matter? Well, 60 x 6 = 360. This means that 360 is a nice even multiple of the number base in the Babylonian system (which would have had the same aesthetic value to their brains that a nice even multiple of 10 has to ours). But there’s more to it than that. The Babylonians knew about equilateral triangles. And they knew that if you arranged 6 of these equilateral triangles in a certain way with the edge of one aligned on top of the edge of the next, the last one would end up meeting back up with the first. In other words, the total angle formed by 6 of these equilateral triangles would be the same as the angle around a circle. Given the Babylonian usage of 60 as their number base, they decided that each of the angles of an equilateral triangle would be 60 degrees. And thus, when you multiply these 60 degrees by the 6 equilateral triangles that combine to create a sort of circle, you get 6 x 60 = 360 degrees. And thus, 360 degrees in a circle. So, there’s that. Reason #3: The Many Factors of 360 But that’s still not the end of the story … because there’s another reason to love the number 360. Namely, it’s evenly divisible by 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 18, 20, 24, 30, 36, 40, 45, 60, 72, 90, 120, and 180. That's a lot of factors! And that makes 360 a really convenient number because it means we can divide a circle into 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, and so on even parts. It makes solving problems by hand—which, mind you, was the only way to solve problems thousands of years ago—much easier. While this alone doesn’t seem like enough reason to have swayed people to define a circle as having 360 degrees, it certainly wouldn’t have hurt. And it’s entirely possible that it was a combination of all three reasons (and possibly others as well) that ultimately lead us to the definition of a degree that we still use today. Read the full article

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Is that true ?? We love people more when they are dead rather then they alive..

MY HOUSE WAS ABOUT TO BE LOCKED on the 29th of November 2018 just because I was not able to raise the rent. I posted it on facebook seeking for help, but all I got were 2 likes & zero comments. So l sent 250 messages to my contact list requesting for a loan of $1500. Sadly only 10 people replied. 6 out of the 10 claimed they couldn't help. Only 1 out of the 4 who said they could help actually gave me some money but the rest only gave me excuses and never picked my calls. In the end, my door was locked. I had no where to sleep. I walked in the dark seeking options and sadly a thief stole my empty purse with my identity card in it. He was badly hit by a fast moving car as he was running away, so he died. Fast forward>> The next day, news quickly spread around that I had died. About 2,500 people posted on my wall how they knew me. How great I was. A committee was formed by my loyal friends who contributed $18000 to feed guests at my funeral. My colleagues at work teamed up and brought another $4500 for a coffin, tents and chairs. I was to be burried in a coffin worth $1500- the same amount I needed for rent. Relatives also met. It was a rare occasion for them to meet, so they met and contributed an extra $300,0 Everyone wanted to volunteer in order to appear they were helping. They printed T-shirts with my image. Each T-Shirt costing $2,50, so the T-shirt man made about $25000 from my presumed death. Everyone wanted to speak at my funeral. There was drama all over from people who never knew how l survived. There was even rumour that I was murdered by my friends. People falsely accused my successful relatives of sacrificing me for money rituals. Speeches were made on how talented I was, even by those who never attended my events. The few friends who supported me didn't even get the chance to speak during my funeral - although they knew the Truth. In fact, they were prime suspects for my ‘death’. You could imagine how the scene turned after I showed up alive! Some thought l was a ghost. MORAL Don't show people Love when they are gone. Show it when they can appreciate you... Call people when they can pick not when they are gone and you shed crocodile tears when in fact they cannot hear you. THIS IS THE IRONY OF LIFE; WE LOVE THE DEAD MORE THAN THE LIVING Read the full article

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Cancer : Overview / Facts / Causes / Treatment / Research

Cancer is the name given to a collection of related diseases. In all types of cancer, some of the body’s cells begin to divide without stopping and spread into surrounding tissues. Cancer can start almost anywhere in the human body, which is made up of trillions of cells. Normally, human cells grow and divide to form new cells as the body needs them. When cells grow old or become damaged, they die, and new cells take their place. When cancer develops, however, this orderly process breaks down. As cells become more and more abnormal, old or damaged cells survive when they should die, and new cells form when they are not needed. These extra cells can divide without stopping and may form growths called tumors. Many cancers form solid tumors, which are masses of tissue. Cancers of the blood, such as leukemias, generally do not form solid tumors. Cancerous tumors are malignant, which means they can spread into, or invade, nearby tissues. In addition, as these tumors grow, some cancer cells can break off and travel to distant places in the body through the blood or the lymph system and form new tumors far from the original tumor. Unlike malignant tumors, benign tumors do not spread into, or invade, nearby tissues. Benign tumors can sometimes be quite large, however. When removed, they usually don’t grow back, whereas malignant tumors sometimes do. Unlike most benign tumors elsewhere in the body, benign brain tumors can be life threatening. Differences between Cancer Cells and Normal Cells

Cancer cells differ from normal cells in many ways that allow them to grow out of control and become invasive. One important difference is that cancer cells are less specialized than normal cells. That is, whereas normal cells mature into very distinct cell types with specific functions, cancer cells do not. This is one reason that, unlike normal cells, cancer cells continue to divide without stopping. In addition, cancer cells are able to ignore signals that normally tell cells to stop dividing or that begin a process known as programmed cell death, or apoptosis, which the body uses to get rid of unneeded cells. Cancer cells may be able to influence the normal cells, molecules, and blood vessels that surround and feed a tumor—an area known as the microenvironment. For instance, cancer cells can induce nearby normal cells to form blood vessels that supply tumors with oxygen and nutrients, which they need to grow. These blood vessels also remove waste products from tumors. Cancer cells are also often able to evade the immune system, a network of organs, tissues, and specialized cells that protects the body from infections and other conditions. Although the immune system normally removes damaged or abnormal cells from the body, some cancer cells are able to “hide” from the immune system. Tumors can also use the immune system to stay alive and grow. For example, with the help of certain immune system cells that normally prevent a runaway immune response, cancer cells can actually keep the immune system from killing cancer cells. Cancer facts Cancer is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells anywhere in a body. There are over 200 types of cancer. Anything that may cause a normal body cell to develop abnormally potentially can cause cancer; general categories of cancer-related or causative agents are as follows: chemical or toxic compound exposures, ionizing radiation, some pathogens, and human genetics. Cancer symptoms and signs depend on the specific type and grade of cancer; although general signs and symptoms are not very specific the following can be found in patients with different cancers: fatigue, weight loss, pain, skin changes, change in bowel or bladder function, unusual bleeding, persistent cough or voice change, fever, lumps, or tissue masses. Although there are many tests to screen and presumptively diagnose cancer, the definite diagnosis is made by examination of a biopsy sample of suspected cancer tissue. Cancer staging is often determined by biopsy results and helps determine the cancer type and the extent of cancer spread; staging also helps caregivers determine treatment protocols. In general, in most staging methods, the higher the number assigned (usually between 0 to 4), the more aggressive the cancer type or more widespread is the cancer in the body. Staging methods differ from cancer to cancer and need to be individually discussed with your health care provider. Treatment protocols vary according to the type and stage of the cancer. Most treatment protocols are designed to fit the individual patient's disease. However, most treatments include at least one of the following and may include all: surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. There are many listed home remedies and alternative treatments for cancers but patients are strongly recommended to discuss these before use with their cancer doctors. The prognosis of cancer can range from excellent to poor. The prognosis depends on the cancer type and its staging with those cancers known to be aggressive and those staged with higher numbers (3 to 4) often have a prognosis that ranges more toward poor. When Cancer Spreads ? A cancer that has spread from the place where it first started to another place in the body is called metastatic cancer. The process by which cancer cells spread to other parts of the body is called metastasis. Metastatic cancer has the same name and the same type of cancer cells as the original, or primary, cancer. For example, breast cancer that spreads to and forms a metastatic tumor in the lung is metastatic breast cancer, not lung cancer. Under a microscope, metastatic cancer cells generally look the same as cells of the original cancer. Moreover, metastatic cancer cells and cells of the original cancer usually have some molecular features in common, such as the presence of specific chromosome changes. Treatment may help prolong the lives of some people with metastatic cancer. In general, though, the primary goal of treatments for metastatic cancer is to control the growth of the cancer or to relieve symptoms caused by it. Metastatic tumors can cause severe damage to how the body functions, and most people who die of cancer die of metastatic disease. Tissue Changes that Are Not Cancer Not every change in the body’s tissues is cancer. Some tissue changes may develop into cancer if they are not treated, however. Here are some examples of tissue changes that are not cancer but, in some cases, are monitored: Hyperplasia occurs when cells within a tissue divide faster than normal and extra cells build up, or proliferate. However, the cells and the way the tissue is organized look normal under a microscope. Hyperplasia can be caused by several factors or conditions, including chronic irritation. Dysplasia is a more serious condition than hyperplasia. In dysplasia, there is also a buildup of extra cells. But the cells look abnormal and there are changes in how the tissue is organized. In general, the more abnormal the cells and tissue look, the greater the chance that cancer will form. Some types of dysplasia may need to be monitored or treated. An example of dysplasia is an abnormal mole (called a dysplastic nevus) that forms on the skin. A dysplastic nevus can turn into melanoma, although most do not. An even more serious condition is carcinoma in situ. Although it is sometimes called cancer, carcinoma in situ is not cancer because the abnormal cells do not spread beyond the original tissue. That is, they do not invade nearby tissue the way that cancer cells do. But, because some carcinomas in situ may become cancer, they are usually treated.

Normal cells may become cancer cells. Before cancer cells form in tissues of the body, the cells go through abnormal changes called hyperplasia and dysplasia. In hyperplasia, there is an increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue that appear normal under a microscope. In dysplasia, the cells look abnormal under a microscope but are not cancer. Hyperplasia and dysplasia may or may not become cancer. Credit: Terese Winslow Symptoms of Cancer Some of the symptoms that cancer may cause include: Breast changes Lump or firm feeling in your breast or under your arm Nipple changes or discharge Skin that is itchy, red, scaly, dimpled, or puckered Bladder changes Trouble urinating Pain when urinating Blood in the urine Bleeding or bruising, for no known reason Bowel changes  Blood in the stools Changes in bowel habits Cough or hoarseness that does not go away Eating problems Pain after eating (heartburn or indigestion that doesn’t go away) Trouble swallowing Belly pain Nausea and vomiting Appetite changes Fatigue that is severe and lasts Fever or night sweats for no known reason Mouth changes A white or red patch on the tongue or in your mouth Bleeding, pain, or numbness in the lip or mouth Neurological problems Headaches Seizures Vision changes Hearing changes Drooping of the face Skin changes A flesh-colored lump that bleeds or turns scaly A new mole or a change in an existing mole A sore that does not heal Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes) Swelling or lumps anywhere such as in the neck, underarm, stomach, and groin Weight gain or weight loss for no known reason Factors That are Known to Increase the Risk of Cancer Cigarette Smoking and Tobacco Use Tobacco use is strongly linked to an increased risk for many kinds of cancer. Smoking cigarettes is the leading cause of the following types of cancer: Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). Bladder cancer. Cervical cancer. Esophageal cancer. Kidney cancer. Lung cancer. Oral cavity cancer. Pancreatic cancer. Stomach cancer. Not smoking or quitting smoking lowers the risk of getting cancer and dying from cancer. Scientists believe that cigarette smoking causes about 30% of all cancer deaths in the United States. Infections Certain viruses and bacteria are able to cause cancer. Viruses and other infection -causing agents cause more cases of cancer in the developing world (about 1 in 4 cases of cancer) than in developed nations (less than 1 in 10 cases of cancer). Examples of cancer-causing viruses and bacteria include: Human papillomavirus (HPV) increases the risk for cancers of the cervix, penis, vagina, anus, and oropharynx. Hepatitis B and hepatitis C viruses increase the risk for liver cancer. Epstein-Barr virus increases the risk for Burkitt lymphoma. Helicobacter pylori increases the risk for gastric cancer. Two vaccines to prevent infection by cancer-causing agents have already been developed and approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). One is a vaccine to prevent infection with hepatitis B virus. The other protects against infection with strains of human papillomavirus (HPV) that cause cervical cancer. Scientists continue to work on vaccines against infections that cause cancer. Radiation Being exposed to radiation is a known cause of cancer. There are two main types of radiation linked with an increased risk for cancer: Ultraviolet radiation from sunlight: This is the main cause of nonmelanoma skin cancers. Ionizing radiation including: Medical radiation from tests to diagnose cancer such as x-rays, CT scans, fluoroscopy, and nuclear medicine scans. Radon gas in our homes. Scientists believe that ionizing radiation causes leukemia, thyroid cancer, and breast cancerin women. Ionizing radiation may also be linked to myeloma and cancers of the lung, stomach, colon, esophagus, bladder, and ovary. Being exposed to radiation from diagnostic x-rays increases the risk of cancer in patients and x-ray technicians. The growing use of CT scans over the last 20 years has increased exposure to ionizing radiation. The risk of cancer also increases with the number of CT scans a patient has and the radiation dose used each time. Immunosuppressive Medicines After Organ Transplant Immunosuppressive medicines are used after an organ has been transplanted from one person to another. These medicines stop an organ that has been transplanted from being rejected. These medicines decrease the body’s immune response to help keep the organ from being rejected. Immunosuppressive medicines are linked to an increased risk of cancer because they lower the body’s ability to keep cancer from forming. The risk of cancer, especially cancer caused by a virus, is higher in the first 6 months after organ transplant, but the risk lasts for many years. Environmental Risk Factors Being exposed to chemicals and other substances in the environment has been linked to some cancers: Links between air pollution and cancer risk have been found. These include links between lung cancer and secondhand tobacco smoke, outdoor air pollution, and asbestos. Drinking water that contains a large amount of arsenic has been linked to skin, bladder, and lung cancers. Studies have been done to see if pesticides and other pollutants increase the risk of cancer. The results of those studies have been unclear because other factors can change the results of the studies. How is Cancer Risk Measured? Cancer risk is measured in different ways. The findings from surveys and studies about cancer risk are studied and the results are explained in different ways. Some of the ways risk is explained include absolute risk , relative risk , and odds ratios . Absolute risk This is the risk a person has of developing a disease, in a given population (for example, the entire U.S. population) over a certain period of time. Researchers estimate the absolute risk by studying a large number of people that are part of a certain population (for example, women in a given age group). Researchers count the number of people in the group who get a certain disease over a certain period of time. For example, a group of 100,000 women between the ages of 20 and 29 are observed for one year, and 4 of them get breast cancer during that time. This means that the one-year absolute risk of breast cancer for a woman in this age group is 4 in 100,000, or 4 chances in 100,000. Relative risk This is often used in research studies to find out whether a trait or a factor can be linked to the risk of a disease. Researchers compare two groups of people who are a lot alike. However, the people in one of the groups must have the trait or factor being studied (they have been “exposed”). The people in the other group do not have it (they have not been exposed). To figure out relative risk, the percentage of people in the exposed group who have the disease is divided by the percentage of people in the unexposed group who have the disease. Relative risks can be: Larger than 1: The trait or factor is linked to an increase in risk. Equal to 1: The trait or factor is not linked to risk. Less than 1: The trait or factor is linked to a decrease in risk. Relative risks are also called risk ratios. Odds ratio In some types of studies, researchers don’t have enough information to figure out relative risks. They use something called an odds ratio instead. An odds ratio can be an estimate of relative risk. One type of study that uses an odds ratio instead of relative risk is called a case-control study. In a case-control study, two groups of people are compared. However, the individuals in each group are chosen based on whether or not they have a certain disease. Researchers look at the odds that the people in each group were exposed to something (a trait or factor) that might have caused the disease. Odds describes the number of times the trait or factor was present or happened, divided by the number of times it wasn’t present or didn’t happen. To get an odds ratio, the odds for one group are divided by the odds for the other group. Odds ratios can be: Larger than 1: The trait or factor is linked to an increase in risk. Equal to 1: The trait or factor is not linked to risk. Less than 1: The trait or factor is linked to a decrease in risk. Looking at traits and exposures in people with and without cancer can help find possible risk factors. Knowing who is at an increased risk for certain types of cancer can help doctors decide when and how often they should be screened. Types of Cancer Treatment There are many types of cancer treatment. The types of treatment that you receive will depend on the type of cancer you have and how advanced it is.

Surgery When used to treat cancer, surgery is a procedure in which a surgeon removes cancer from your body. Learn the different ways that surgery is used against cancer and what you can expect before, during, and after surgery.

Radiation Therapy Radiation therapy is a type of cancer treatment that uses high doses of radiation to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Learn about the types of radiation, why side effects happen, which ones you might have, and more.

Chemotherapy Chemotherapy is a type of cancer treatment that uses drugs to kill cancer cells. Learn how chemotherapy works against cancer, why it causes side effects, and how it is used with other cancer treatments.

Immunotherapy to Treat Cancer Immunotherapy is a type of treatment that helps your immune system fight cancer. Get information about the types of immunotherapy and what you can expect during treatment.

Targeted Therapy Targeted therapy is a type of cancer treatment that targets the changes in cancer cells that help them grow, divide, and spread. Learn how targeted therapy works against cancer and about common side effects that may occur.

Hormone Therapy Hormone therapy is a treatment that slows or stops the growth of breast and prostate cancers that use hormones to grow. Learn about the types of hormone therapy and side effects that may happen.

Stem Cell Transplant Stem cell transplants are procedures that restore blood-forming stem cells in cancer patients who have had theirs destroyed by very high doses of chemotherapy or radiation therapy. Learn about the types of transplants, side effects that may occur, and how stem cell transplants are used in cancer treatment. Challenges in Cancer Treatment Research Although many advances in cancer treatment have been made in recent decades, numerous challenges remain before the goal of providing the best possible outcome for all patients diagnosed with cancer can be achieved. For example, developing targeted therapies requires the identification of good molecular targets—that is, targets that play a key role in cancer cell growth and survival—and the design and development of drugs that effectively "hit", or bind to, those targets. However, some potential targets that have been identified appear to lack places to which an anticancer drug can bind and, therefore, have been called "undruggable." Finding ways to design drugs that effectively hit these targets is a major challenge. Drug resistance—either to traditional chemotherapy drugs or to newer targeted therapies—is another challenge in cancer treatment. More research is needed to uncover the mechanisms of drug resistance and identify ways to overcome it. The genomic characterization of tumors has provided both new opportunities for cancer treatment and new challenges. The discovery that each individual’s cancer has a unique constellation of gene mutations and other alterations increases the complexity of identifying treatments that are likely to work best for a given person’s cancer. However, even within a single patient, different parts of a single tumor, or different metastatic tumor nodules in the same patient, may not be identical in terms of the molecular changes that are present. This raises the possibility that a drug might be effective in one part of a person’s tumor but not in another. Moreover, although recent advances in immunotherapy have been dramatic, this approach to treating cancer is still in its infancy. Many challenges remain, including how to optimize the immune response to eradicate cancer while avoiding runaway responses that cause autoimmune damage to normal tissues. An additional challenge is determining why current immunotherapies work in some patients but not in others. Many challenges also remain in optimizing cancer treatment with conventional chemotherapy drugs, radiation therapy, and surgery. Research on the identification and development of additional chemotherapeutic agents is needed, as is research to refine the delivery of lethal doses of radiation therapy to tumors while sparing the surrounding normal tissues from harm. Another challenge is the development of ever more effective treatments to alleviate the side effects of all forms of cancer therapy. Read the full article

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Tutorial: creating the sound of hydrogen

Minute Physics provides an energetic and entertaining view of old and new problems in physics -- all in a minute! In this tutorial I show how I synthesized the sound of hydrogen for the "Sound of Hydrogen" video using mathematica - it's a little technical, but you've been requesting it! Created by Henry Reich Read the full article

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Adding Past Infinity

Minute Physics provides an energetic and entertaining view of old and new problems in physics -- all in a minute! In this episode we take a break from physics and do a little fuzzy math. But not really: this is actually relevant to physics! Come back and I'll explain later. Created by Henry Reich Read the full article

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What is Quantum Tunneling?

Minute Physics provides an energetic and entertaining view of old and new problems in physics -- all in a minute! In this episode we explain what quantum tunneling is and how it works! Read the full article

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The Sound of Hydrogen

Minute Physics provides an energetic and entertaining view of old and new problems in physics -- all in a minute! This episode is a little bit different from the norm, because I've created the sound of hydrogen - or, that is, what if it would sound like if it emitted sound instead of light waves! Created by Henry Reich Read the full article

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What is the Uncertainty Principle?

Minute Physics provides an energetic and entertaining view of old and new problems in physics -- all in a minute! In this episode, we talk about the Heisenberg uncertainty principle and how it's not really that weird - it's just a property of waves! Read the full article

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How the Sun works: Fusion and Quantum Tunneling

Minute Physics provides an energetic and entertaining view of old and new problems in physics -- all in a minute! In this episode, we learn about how the sun can burn for billions of years without running out of fuel. Read the full article

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Why We Can't Invent a Perfect Engine

it’s time to move on to the second law and how we came to understand it. We’ll explain the differences between the first and second law, and we’ll talk about the Carnot cycle and why we can never design a perfectly efficient engine. Read the full article