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irispublishersagriculture · 4 years ago

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Iris Publishers - World Journal of Agriculture and Soil Science (WJASS)

Side Effects of Insecticides on Beneficial Insects: A Practical Tool to Identify Organic Agroecosystems

Authored by R González Ruiz

Introduction

In order to achieving sustainability, integrated pest management (IPM) represents a remarkable improvement over previous conventional approaches [1]. This crop production and phytosanitary protection model combines different management strategies and practices for healthy crops, to bring the pest organism to acceptable limits with the least possible ecological disturbance [2]. This includes the establishment of population thresholds for pests, which determine the need for chemical control, minimizing risks to human health and beneficial organisms. Currently, an area of 392,362 hectares of olive groves corresponds to IPM in Andalusia (southern Spain), which according to the regional government, it represents 71% of the total area dedicated to olive cultivation.

IPM does not necessarily require the suppression of insecticides, but rather affects the need to reduce their dependence, by eliminating unnecessary applications. A well-developed IPM program, based on science, provides a wide range of techniques and offers new possibilities for pest control, which is obviously dependent on the use of pesticides [3]. In spite of this, insecticides represent essential elements on which the sustainability of an integrated management program depends, and it is very likely that this will continue as long as these products are available, effective and economically available [4]. With this objective, IPM programs resulted in safer and more judicious use of pesticides, flexible enough to integrate information about their impact on pests and their natural enemies, maintaining the quality of the ecosystem [3,5].

Among the IPM objectives are to successfully prevent the emergence of resistant populations, protecting beneficial insects by enhancing their action [6], which has been focused on: i / The conservation / enhancement of natural populations of beneficial insects through to effective management of the agricultural environment (natural control), and ii /The increase of their populations through mass releases in the area of cultivation (biological control). Both allow to manage the pests efficiently and are compatible with the environment and with other control tactics [7,8]. First point includes habitat management, such as the establishment of an herbaceous plant cover, which, in addition to limiting the erodibility [9], is intended to enhance the natural control mechanisms [10-17].

Since insecticides constitute an essential part of IPM, this approach makes it necessary to evaluate their impact on beneficial fauna [4]. Most of the existing studies analyze the lethal effect of insecticides, including synthetic and natural products, but research on the sub lethal effects is still scattered. In field crops, lower doses / concentrations of insecticide occur, after the application is degraded by factors such as rainfall, temperature and sunlight. This means that a great proportion of non-target insects are mainly affected by sublethal dose/concentration values [18]. A sublethal dose/concentration defined as inducing no apparent mortality in the experimental population [19]. It is stated that, in general, doses / concentrations of insecticide below the lethal median (LD50 / LC50) are considered sublethal [20]. Sublethal effects have been described affecting biology, physiology, or behavior of individuals or populations that survive to the exposure to a toxicant at lethal or sublethal dose/concentration [4,20]. The sublethal effects may be manifested as reductions in life span, development rates, population growth, fertility, fecundity, changes in sex ratio, deformities, feeding, searching and oviposition [21-23]. The sublethal doses / concentrations of insecticides cause many alterations in the behavior of insects, interfering with their chemical communication system, thus reducing the chances of efficient localization of a pheromone source [20]. Among the induced symptoms have been described: jerky movements, overexcitation and hyperactivity [24-27]. Stimulation, as well as depression, of general locomotor behavior has also been cited, both for walking and for flying, causing uncoordinated or even convulsive movements, which therefore negatively affect reproductive processes, host location, dispersion, migration and food [4,21-23]. Nonetheless, these effects do not necessarily cause mortality of affected individuals, since the use of the term “insectistatics” [28] is suggested to apply it to those agents that can interfere with the processes of growth and reproduction, without necessarily killing. Quite the contrary, this set of behavioral modifications provide insects with an escape mechanism from the toxic effects of pesticides, which is why they have been called behavioral resistance since it provides the first barrier or mechanism of detoxification. The affected insects having this skill show hyperreflexia, with a trend to start the flight more easily [29-31].

Among the side effects of insecticides, it has been reported that beneficial arthropods are severely affected by sublethal effects [4,19,20], although their impact has often been overlooked or underestimated. The determination of the side effects of insecticides acquires special relevance when considering the evolution of their populations in agricultural ecosystems. In the European Union, the registration and selection of insecticides for inclusion in IPM programs requires knowing their side effects on non-target organisms [32, 33]. As indicated in Table 1, dimethoate stand out in olive growing, being the most common insecticide, in both Conventional and IPM, among which the main difference consists in the criteria that determine the application of the insecticide. In the first case they are applied routinely, while in IPM their use is determined by the establishment of pest’s population thresholds, which implies a considerable saving of insecticides with respect to conventional management. In view of the notable differences between them, the need to assess the impact of this reduction in the application of insecticides on the behavior of the populations of beneficial insects has been raised [34,35]. Since Insecticide applications induce behavioral modifications in natural enemies’ insects affected by sublethal doses, it is likely their effects have an impact on the capture rates recorded in monitoring commonly used in olive growing, devices, such as the sticky chromatic traps, [15,36]. In order to detect anomalies in the capture rates of nontarget insects, field experiments based on experimental insecticide applications on a small scale have been carried out, as a trigger for behavioral reactions of insects affected by sub lethal doses. The hypothesis of these studies is based on the statement that the beneficial insects under the managements that commonly include the application of insecticide (conventional, IPM) have most likely developed behavioral patterns that are a first step in acquiring resistance [4]. Therefore, insect species affected by sublethal doses would have developed lineages with behavioral modifications that would allow them to adapt to relatively frequent contact with insecticides, unlike what would happen in ecologically managed agroecosystems.

Discussion

It is obvious to consider that the frequency of the insecticide application constitutes the main limiting factor of the diversity and abundance of the community of beneficial insects. It was also one of the main triggers for the implementation of Integrated Pest Management [1-3]. However, not all IPM models have allowed the desired sustainability to be achieved, nor have they achieved the desired effectiveness, frequently due to the lack of integration and coordination of the different program elements [37]. The integration of chemical and biological control can be part of sustainable pest management; therefore, it is essential to know the lethal and sublethal effects of insecticides on natural enemies to maximize the compatibility between these two tactics. This has led to the return of insecticides as a central element in pest control, which explains why recent studies do not allow to establish a clear differentiation between the IPM and Conventional management, while its deficiencies are especially evident when comparing any of these two managements with organic management [38]. Although compared to conventional management, IPM represents an average reduction in the use of insecticides of at least 50%, it has been proven to be nonetheless insufficient to ensure the sustainability of the populations of beneficial insects and optimize their entomophagous effectiveness [35,38].

In addition to the lower diversity and abundance, the influence of the side effects of insecticides in the beneficial insects must be assessed for the correct interpretation of data from population monitoring. Recent studies suggest that, as in conventional agroecosystems, in IPM these species show very frequently behavioral resistance (BR+), while in organic crops, they lack it (BR-) [34,35]. A close relationship seems to exist between insecticide application and the development of behavioral resistant populations. This finding has suggested establishing a practical procedure based on the realization of small-scale field applications, to subsequently monitor the reactions of beneficial insects, useful to identify ecological agroecosystems, characterized by the absence of behaviorally resistant lineages. Among the species of beneficial insects potentially capable of developing behavioral resistance in agroecosystems subject to insecticide application, are species of the common green lacewings of the carnea-complex, such as Chrysoperla agilis, of special importance in spanish olive groves [35,39], the thysanopteran Aeolotrhips intermedius predator, [34] and the parasitoids Pnigalio mediterraneus, Ageniaspis fuscicollis and Chelonus eleaphilus [35]. These species have a higher capture rate in chromatic traps, which is attributed to symptoms caused by the sub lethal doses [24-27], such as spasmodic movements, overexcitement, hyperactivity, irritation / repellency reaction, thus avoiding contact with surfaces treated. These effects are common to a wide range of insecticides, including organochlorine [40,41], pyrethroids [31,41-43], organophosphates [41,44] and carbamates [41]. The set of behavioral effects are intended to avoid contact with the impregnated surfaces by the insecticide, thus chromatic traps represent shelter areas. These behavioral adaptations should lead to greater survival of the affected insects, as a first step in the selection of physiologically resistant lineages to insecticides. Regarding common green lacewings, resistance of Chrysoperla carnea has been indicated to pyrethroids, organophosphorous insecticides, carbamates [45] abamectin and organochlorine insecticides [37]. Therefore, for this type of insects, capable of developing behavioral resistance (BR +), we conclude that its higher frequency of capture in chromatic traps of treated areas can be considered as an indicator of the disturbance caused by insecticide applications.

Among the beneficial insects, a wide range of susceptibility to insecticides has been reported [37,46], which manifests itself in a different response in post-treatment behavior patterns. In this regard, it has been possible to verify that some species have practically negligible population values or are very absent in the agroecosystems subject to insecticidal applications (Conventional, IPM) while they are relatively common in ecological management [31,35]. This group includes predatory species such as snakefly, Harraphidia laufferi (Raphidioptera: Raphidiidae), ladybugs (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and pirate bugs such as Temnostethus sp. (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae). Its low population values in olive groves where insecticides are frequently applied could probably be due to their greater susceptibility to commercial doses of dimethoate, which would exceed the LD50 for them. Unlike species with behavioral resistance, these show a significantly lower capture rates in post-treatment chromatic traps, which allows them to be classified as BR-.

The integration of chemical and biological control is an essential part of sustainable pest management; to maximize the compatibility between these two tactics [37], for which a correct interpretation of the impact of sublethal doses on beneficial insects is required [37,47-49]. The possibility of a more accurate interpretation of the monitoring data of the field experiments based on the application of small-scale inductor treatments opens up new possibilities of practical uses and applications. Among them, it can be used in the identification of organic olive groves, since it allows a clear differentiation from those that are object of insecticides applications (conventional, IPM). It is also very useful to define more clearly the period of conversion of a crop to obtain the certification of “organic farming.” This process involves the replacement of highly polluting practices (such as the use of fertilizers, chemical pesticides, and deep soil tillage), for others that allow maintaining biodiversity, achieving the balance of fauna and flora, and ensuring the long-term productivity of the soil. During this period of agronomic conversion, agricultural exploitation is subject to frequent inspections by the institution in charge of granting certification, whose purpose is to verify the disappearance of pesticide residues and fertilizers, not allowed in organic production. This period is currently set at 3 years [50], although until now it has not been verified whether this period is sufficient to revert genetic lineages resistant to the behavior of beneficial insects to their wild form.

To read more about this article: https://irispublishers.com/wjass/fulltext/side-effects-of-insecticides-on-beneficial-insects-a-practical-tool-to-identify-organic-agroecosystems.ID.000576.php

Indexing List of Iris Publishers: https://medium.com/@irispublishers/what-is-the-indexing-list-of-iris-publishers-4ace353e4eee

Iris publishers google scholar citations: https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=irispublishers&btnG=

#Agriculture and Soil Science #Inter National Agriculture Science #Soil Science #Food science

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amerinairfilters · 3 years ago

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[email protected]

#air filter #air purifier #indoor air quality #strap

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arianaaponte21 · 4 years ago

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GAC Process Blog

Research

What is Poaching - Poaching is the illegal taking of wildlife, in violation of local, state, federal, or international law. - Poaching, in law, the illegal shooting, trapping, or taking of game, fish, or plants from private property or from a place where such practices are specially reserved or forbidden. - Wildlife crime is a big business. Run by dangerous international networks, wildlife and animal parts are trafficked much like illegal drugs and arms. - Activities that are considered poaching include killing an animal out of season, without a license, with a prohibited weapon, or in a prohibited manner such as jacklighting. Killing a protected species, exceeding one's bag limit, or killing an animal while trespassing is also considered poaching. - Experts at TRAFFIC, the wildlife trade monitoring network, estimate that it runs into billions of dollars. - Some examples of illegal wildlife trade are well known, such as poaching of elephants for ivory and tigers for their skins and bones. - However, countless other species are similarly overexploited, from marine turtles to timber trees. - Plants are also susceptible to poaching. For example, even when forests are not completely cleared, particularly valuable trees such as rosewood or mahogany may be illegally logged from an area, eliminating both the tree species and all the animals that depend on it.

Causes - Rhino horn, elephant ivory and tiger products continue to command high prices among consumers, especially in Asia - Slaughtered animals, on the other hand, have commercial value as food, jewelry, decor, or traditional medicine. The ivory tusks of African elephants, for example, are carved into trinkets or display pieces. The scales of pangolins, small animals that eat ants, are ground into powder and consumed for their purported healing powers. The meat of apes, snakes, and other bush animals is considered a delicacy in parts of Africa. - In Vietnam, the recent myth that rhino horn can cure cancer has led to massive poaching in South Africa and pushed the price of rhino horn to rival gold - Corruption, toothless laws, weak judicial systems and light sentences allow criminal networks to keep plundering wildlife with little regard to consequences

Impacts of Poaching - In Africa, nearly 600 rangers charged with protecting wildlife were gunned down by poachers between 2009 and 2016 while in the line of duty. In the Democratic Republic of the Congo’s Virunga National Park, one of the continent’s most dangerous, at least 170 rangers have been killed during the past two decades. - Healthy ecosystems maintain balanced food chains. Humans are part of this food chain and our species depends upon the health of the natural world for our survival. Every species of the delicate web of life is critical to its proper function and maintenance. Extraction of one species is damaging to this system. According to The Center for Health and Global Environment, a recent study showed that we are on track to lose 30 to 50 percent of all species by mid-century. While this is the result of multiple factors, poaching is one of the primary drivers.

- Poaching for the exotic pet trade affects an animal’s welfare in addition to its numbers in the wild. Most wild animals eat specialized diets found in nature, and they need space to fly, roam, and swing from branches. Captured animals are stuffed into boxes, suitcases, or sacks, and even if they survive transport, they often suffer in their new, unnatural situations. - Wildlife trade escalates into a crisis when an increasing proportion is illegal and unsustainable—directly threatening the survival of many species in the wild. - Local wildlife is considered an important resource by many communities, often the poorest, in the developing world. Some rural households depend on wild animals for protein, trees for fuel, and both wild animals and plants for natural cures. - The very existence of illegal trade undermines efforts made by countries to protect their natural resources - Overexploitation of species affects the living planet in wider ways. Just as overfishing causes imbalances in the whole marine system, our complex web of life on earth depends on careful and thoughtful use of wildlife species and their habitats - Like marine species killed through bycatch, incidental killing of animals also happens on land. For example, crude traps set for musk deer or duikers cause damage and death to a variety of animals besides those intended - When a certain animal, such as the African elephant, is targeted by poachers, it can take decades for the animal's population to recover. This, in turn, affects the ecosystem to which the animal belongs. A reduction in predators like tigers, for example, may cause prey populations to grow out of hand, while a reduction in fruit-eating mammals may affect seed dispersal, altering the fauna of an ecosystem.

Supporting Facts - Currently, an elephant is killed every 15 minutes for their ivory and every 8 hours a rhino gunned down for their horns. - Although the number of poached rhinos is going down each year, it is partly because there are fewer and fewer rhinos left to poach - Most illegal activity occurs in Kruger National Park, a 19,485 km2 of protected habitat on South Africa’s north-eastern border with Mozambique. - 100 elephants are killed every day - The illegal trade of ivory and rhino horn on the black market has become a multi-billion dollar industry, funding terrorist organizations and criminal networks. It is estimated that up to 40% of their funding comes from wildlife trafficking. - African elephants, more than 100,000 of which were killed between 2014 and 2017 for ivory. - Black Rhino: Population down 97.6% since 1960 - Mountain Gorilla: Approximately 1,000 remain - African Elephant: As many as 35,000 are killed each year - Lion: 43% population lost in 21 years - Grevy’s Zebra: About 2,000 adults remain - At current rates of poaching, elephants, rhinos, and other iconic African wildlife may be gone within our lifetime. - One kilo of ivory is worth about 1000 US$, but how much does the life of an elephant cost?

What is being done - One of the most powerful tools for addressing illegal and unsustainable wildlife trade is persuading consumers to make informed choices. This includes the people buying the end product as well as shop-keepers, suppliers and manufacturers.

- TIGHTENING AND ENFORCING LEGISLATION: It’s one thing to ban or limit trade in a particular species, but another to effectively enforce this—especially in developing countries where training and funds for enforcement are often lacking.

Ways to Help - Push governments to protect threatened animal populations by increasing law enforcement, imposing strict deterrents, reducing demand for endangered species products and honoring international commitments made under CITES. - Speak up on behalf of those on the frontlines being threatened by armed poachers so they are properly equipped, trained and compensated. - Reduce demand for illegal wildlife parts and products by encouraging others to ask questions and get the facts before buying any wildlife or plant product.

Citations

“Africa's Poaching Crisis.” AWF, campaign.awf.org/poaching-infographic/.

Hall, Jani. “Poaching Animals, Facts and Information.” Animals, National Geographic, 10 Feb. 2021, www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/poaching-animals.

Lin, Doris. “Poaching and Its Effects on Wildlife.” Treehugger, www.treehugger.com/overview-of-poaching-127892.

“Poaching and the Problem with Conservation in Africa (Commentary).” Mongabay Environmental News, 3 Mar. 2020, news.mongabay.com/2020/03/poaching-and-the-problem-with-conservation-in-africa-commentary/.

“Poaching Numbers: Conservation: Save the Rhino International.” Save The Rhino, www.savetherhino.org/rhino-info/poaching-stats/.

“Poaching.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., www.britannica.com/topic/poaching-law.

“Saving & Protecting Wildlife on the Frontline.” VETPAW, 4 May 2020, vetpaw.org/?gclid=Cj0KCQjw1PSDBhDbARIsAPeTqrdQ8jwauew618cjdNOeYbIiKGYYjBd3uGy7J5 0JUw27sM3P-B-dbI4aAgtgEALw_wcB.

“What Is Poaching? The Illegal Wildlife Trade Explained.” WWF, World Wildlife Fund, www.worldwildlife.org/threats/illegal-wildlife-trade.

“WHY IS IMPORTANT TO TAKE ACTION AGAINST POACHING NOW.” OIPA, www.oipa.org/international/why-is-important-to-take-action-against-poaching-now/.

“Why We Care.” Sea Save, 29 Nov. 2020, seasave.org/poaching/.

Proposal

The topic I chose for my project is to advocate against poaching. Poaching is the illegal taking of wildlife, in violation of local, state, federal, or international law. In law, poaching the illegal shooting, trapping, or taking of game, fish, or plants from private property or from a place where such practices are specially reserved or forbidden. Wildlife crime is a big business run by dangerous international networks. Wildlife and animal parts are trafficked a lot like illegal drugs and arms. There are many reasons why poaching is an important topic to discuss. In Africa, nearly 600 rangers charged with protecting wildlife were gunned down by poachers between 2009 and 2016 while in the line of duty. In the Democratic Republic of the Congo’s Virunga National Park, one of the continent’s most dangerous, at least 170 rangers have been killed during the past two decades. People are being murdered to get a paycheck. Another reason is that healthy ecosystems maintain balanced food chains. Humans are part of this food chain and our species depends upon the health of the natural world for our survival.

I plan on discussing what poaching is, the impacts it has, what is currently being done, and what viewers can do to help fight against poaching. I am going to display this information in my brochure as bullets under said categories. I might also display it on my poster. In my brochure I am dedicating two pages for the audience to get involved. On the third page on the inside, it is going to be the “Ways for YOU to Help” page with a list of different ways to get involved. The back page is going to have different websites for readers to go to to help. The takeaway I want readers/viewers to have is how devastating and negatively impacting it is for animals, the environment and humankind. In order to grab viewers' attention, I will be using bright and bold colors such as yellow, orange, and red. I would also like to make the inner three pages cohesive as one graphic with a landscape of Africa and a sunset with all the information listed in the sky. I would also like to add some statistics in the inner flap along with animal graphics of the animals that each stat is about. I will be using three stats which include, (1) African elephants, more than 100,000 of which were killed between 2014 and 2017 for ivory (2) Black Rhino: Population down 97.6% since 1960 and (3) Mountain Gorilla: Approximately 1,000 remain. I will have websites listed for donations as well as social media handles to stay connected to the cause. This information will be displayed on the back page.

My style includes many silhouettes as well as animal designs with some line work. I will also be using gradients to add a sunset effect. I plan on making all my projects look cohesive or on brand by using the same color scheme as well as integrating my logo in each product.

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munchforwellness · 5 years ago

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FREE Ketogenic Diet for Diabetics PDF : Can Type 2 Diabetes Benefit From A Keto Diet?

Ketogenic Diet for Diabetics

Disclaimer 4

Introduction 5

Is the Ketogenic Diet Safe for Diabetics? 6

What is Diabetes? 7

Can the Ketogenic Diet Help? 7

Keto and Type 2 Diabetes 9

Keto and Type 1 Diabetes 9

Can the Ketogenic Diet Help Reverse Kidney Disease in Diabetics? 10

Ketogenic Fuel vs. Glucose Metabolism 11

Could Ketogenic Fuel Be the Answer? 11

A Study on Mice 12

What Does This Mean for Humans 13

Long Term Effects of Following The Ketogenic Diet 14

The Good 15

The Bad 15

The Ugly 16

The Future 17

What Happens When You Have Diabetic Ketoacidosis? 19

Keto + Acid + Osis 19

The Perfect Storm 19

Treatment for DKA 22

Difference Between Ketosis and Diabetic Ketoacidosis 23

Ketosis Defined 24

Ketoacidosis Defined 24

Signs and Symptoms 24

Risk Factors 25

How Are the Two Diagnosed and Treated? 25

Conclusion 28

Disclaimer

We hope you enjoy reading this publication, however we do suggest you read our disclaimer.

All the material written in this document is provided for informational purposes only and is general in nature.

Every person is a unique individual and what has worked for some or even many may not work for you. Any information perceived as advice must be considered in light of your own particular set of circumstances.

The author or person sharing this information does not assume any responsibility for the accuracy or outcome of your use of the content.

Every attempt has been made to provide well researched and up to date content at the time of writing. Now all the legalities have been taken care of, please enjoy the content.

Introduction

Due to the exponential increase in diagnosed cases of type 2 diabetes, awareness of diabetes in a general sense has become widespread. In spite of this, there is no shortage of misinformation and misunderstanding about diabetes, including similarities and differences among the different types.

Depending on the type, diet can play a significant part in cause, prevention and especially management of the condition. A person suffering from diabetes, by necessity, must become more aware of the food they consume.

Different diets and dietary protocols become much more than fleeting choices, they are truly lifestyle choices.

The ketogenic diet is one which has gained acceptance by many sufferers and medical practitioners. However, it is also a subject which has become a victim of misunderstanding.

This report explains what the ketogenic diet is and how it can be of help to many diabetics. It also has chapters on ketoacidosis, which will be very helpful in clearing up common misunderstandings between that dangerous condition and ketosis, which is a natural and mostly beneficial result of ketogenic dieting.

Is the Ketogenic Diet Safe for Diabetics?

According to the American Diabetes Association, in 2015, over 30 million Americans have diabetes. This staggering number equates to about 9.4% of the population.

And even worse, diabetes was the 7th leading cause of death in the United States in 2015.

In recent years the ketogenic diet has received a lot of attention. Originally created to help combat epilepsy in pediatric patients, the ketogenic diet gained much more popularity as people noticed dramatic weight loss.

It has also been shown to help with chronic pain issues, fibromyalgia, arthritis, IBS, cholesterol, and blood pressure, to name a few. So, why wouldn’t the ketogenic diet be beneficial for those battling diabetes? Let’s take a closer look.

What is Diabetes?

First, we need to cover some ground on diabetes in general. Glucose is the body’s preferred source of fuel. When we eat, especially foods high in carbs and sugars, the body uses what it needs for fuel and stores the rest as fat.

The pancreas produces insulin to regulate glucose spikes in the bloodstream.

Type 1 Diabetes is diagnosed usually in adolescence or early adulthood and is characterized by insufficient insulin production which eventually turns into the inability to produce insulin at all.

About 5% of all diabetics are type 1 and it is known to be hereditary along with other factors still unexplained. Type 1 is usually treated with insulin injections.

Type 2 Diabetes can be diagnosed at any time and is characterized by insulin resistance. The body does not respond to insulin properly and eventually, slows the insulin production down.

Obesity and inactivity have been linked to type 2 diabetes. Diet, exercise, oral medication and injectable insulin are all ways to treat type 2 diabetes with insulin injections being the last resort.

Can the Ketogenic Diet Help?

The short answer is most probably, with some caveats. Before attempting any dietary changes, it is imperative to consult ones’ primary care provider and discuss options.

Dealing with diabetes is oftentimes tricky and depends a great deal on food choices. Without proper supervision, the results could be devastating.

Being in a state of nutritional ketosis should not be confused with diabetic ketoacidosis.

Nutritional ketosis is achieved when carbohydrates are restricted which causes the body to produce ketones to use as an alternate fuel. A healthy range of ketones is 0.1 mmol/liter to 1.5 mmol/liter.

In diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), the ketone range is 1.6 mmol/liter to more than 3.0 mmol/liter. DKA affects mostly type 1 diabetics when the lack of insulin production allows blood glucose to get extremely high.

Keto and Type 2 Diabetes

In the most general terms, the ketogenic diet is safe for type 2 diabetics. It’s still good to check with one’s primary physician prior to dietary changes since diabetes is so sensitive to foods containing sugar/carbs.

When in a state of nutritional ketosis the body is using ketones for fuel, instead of sugar/glucose.

Therefore, blood sugar levels are naturally lower than eating a diet rich in carbohydrates. In turn, less insulin is required to regulate blood sugar levels. And in an insulin resistant body, this is good news.

With better controlled blood glucose levels and weight loss, diabetes becomes more manageable and could even go into remission.

The key though, is continuing this “diet” as a lifestyle and not a temporary fix.

Keto and Type 1 Diabetes

Because a type 1 diabetic has the inability to produce insulin, the ketogenic diet needs constant and diligent monitoring. Glucose is basically trapped in the bloodstream and can’t be deposited to the cells without medication.

And if carbohydrates are limited, there is less glucose produced, which means the potential for lower blood sugar levels. Some might find it easier to have glucose tablets on hand for low blood sugar than relying on insulin injections for increased blood glucose levels.

There is no cure for diabetes, but it can be managed. With the ketogenic diet, the need for medication will likely rapidly decrease. There have been several studies done on the ketogenic diet in diabetes type 2 proving its efficacy.

To date, the research on type 1 is still very limited. As always, consult the doctor prior to altering diabetes treatment and dietary modifications.

Can the Ketogenic Diet Help Reverse Kidney Disease in Diabetics?

Little known fact: The ketogenic diet has been around for over 100 years. Originally developed for treating epilepsy in pediatric patients, in the 1970s the ketogenic way of eating took the diet world by storm because of its rapid weight loss properties.

Since then, those enjoying keto-life have been under the microscope so to speak, as new developments in the ketogenic diet have come to light. For instance, when done properly, the ketogenic diet can help lessen chronic pain, lower blood pressure, lower bad cholesterol while bringing the good cholesterol up, and even help manage diabetes.

So, if diabetes control is on the list of advantages for following the ketogenic diet, does that also mean it’s capable of reversing kidney disease caused by diabetes?

That would be exciting news for those with end-stage kidney disease facing dialysis, kidney transplant or even stem cell transplant for life-saving treatments.

The long and short of it is, animal research has indicated some promising developments and shocking results. As of yet, there is no official study on humans. However, if the hypotheses ring true, the future is looking much brighter for diabetics with kidney disease.

Ketogenic Fuel vs. Glucose Metabolism

In the ketogenic diet, ketones are produced because of the lack of carbohydrates. It’s providing an alternate fuel source for itself to sustain organ function. Pretty ingenious.

The body naturally prefers carbohydrates for fuel, which is then converted into glucose. Using glucose for energy is called glucose metabolism.

In a diabetic, the obvious problem is how the body treats glucose spikes.

Insulin production problems (type 1 diabetes) and insulin resistance once produced (type 2 diabetes) leave glucose wandering around in the bloodstream wreaking havoc on the kidneys and other organs.

Could Ketogenic Fuel Be the Answer?

In the absence of glucose metabolism, one might assume the kidneys aren’t being overworked and underpaid. The kidneys are responsible for filtering the bloodstream, which, in a diabetic, is infiltrated with unmetabolized glucose. Eventually, kidney cells can be damaged by so much stress.

With the ketogenic diet, glucose metabolism isn’t even a notion. Ketones are used for energy, thus relieving the kidneys of undue stress and essentially allowing them to repair themselves.

Doctors and researchers are suggesting a month or two on the ketogenic diet is ample time for reversal of kidney disease in a diabetic.

A Study on Mice

Researchers from Mount Sinai School of Medicine published a study, Reversal of Diabetic Nephropathy by a Ketogenic Diet, in the April 2011 issue of PLoS ONE claiming,

“… the ketogenic diet, a specialized high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet, may reverse impaired kidney function in people with Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. “

If reading a scientific study filled with chemical equations and seemingly unpronounceable words doesn’t sound like fun, take a look at the recap below:

The study was conducted on mice, all of which were genetically altered to develop type 1 or type 2 diabetes. The mice were then allowed to develop kidney failure, or diabetic nephropathy. The mice were split into two groups; the experiment and the control group.

The experiment group received the ketogenic diet while the control group received the standard high carbohydrate diet. After just eight weeks, mice given the ketogenic diet had reversed their kidney disease.

What Does This Mean for Humans

This is where things get hairy. There hasn’t been any reported development on this theory in the last seven years, which only makes one wonder. Is there no funding for such an incredible, potentially life-saving therapy?

Or is “big pharma” conducting studies to create yet another money-making miracle pill? It’s anyone’s guess at this point.

The study proved the hypothesis that diet alone can reverse kidney disease in mice, however the question of how far advanced the disease can be and still see results from the ketogenic diet is still unanswered.

Some scientists believe advanced kidney disease and those already on dialysis are not going to see the same results. In looking at the big picture, this is astounding news for diabetics with kidney disease. Reversal of kidney disease by diet alone might even replace dialysis completely.

Which will undoubtedly bring on a plethora of questions for the ketogenic diet and its seemingly miraculous properties. Can it heal other neurological diseases? Retinopathy? Restless leg syndrome? Neuropathy? Time will only tell!

Long Term Effects of Following The Ketogenic Diet

The ketogenic diet is getting all sorts of attention as of late, there’s no doubt about it. But is this just a fad diet or a long-term way of eating?

Most likely every human being concerned about their health has heard of the ketogenic diet and how incredibly fast weight melts away, but there are several other long-term effects, both benefits and risks, people should know before jumping in head first.

Unfortunately, the jury is still out on many long-term effects of the ketogenic diet due to a lack of clinical research.

The Good

Weight loss is probably the most popular reason people start a ketogenic diet. Dropping weight is very rapid for some and for others it may take a bit of time to achieve weight loss goals. Because of the decrease in weight, many people see improved cardiovascular health, less difficulty with chronic pain and fibromyalgia, as well as decreased symptoms of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS).

In addition, once keto-adapted the body is effectively using fat for energy instead of glucose-based fuel thus blood glucose levels are generally better controlled. This is especially advantageous for those battling with diabetes or hypoglycemia.

And, because better sources of food are on the menu, cholesterol levels generally improve. Along with mental alertness and cognitive performance. Speaking of food sources, another benefit of the ketogenic diet is the lack of cravings.

Sugar products seem to taste much sweeter than before and less desirable. Carb cravings aren’t usually a problem after a while either.

The Bad

Of course, it isn’t all sunshine and roses. Many people report having bad breath, foul-smelling urine and even a different perspiration odor. This is caused from the acid byproduct of ketones being excreted and typically goes away after complete adaptation to the ketogenic diet.

Dehydration is a worry for some as well. Drinking a prescribed amount of water daily isn’t really necessary with the ketogenic diet like it is with other diet plans. The body simply doesn’t retain as much water. Drink to thirst. That’s the ticket.

Headaches, lethargy and the dreaded keto-flu are other “bad” effects and will undoubtedly continue long-term if not properly addressed. The long and short of it is an electrolyte imbalance.

Sodium, magnesium and potassium should be tracked to make sure daily allowances are achieved and supplemented when necessary.

Let’s talk poop. Another long-term effect for some is constipation. There is a difference though, in not pooping and constipation. With the ketogenic diet, much of the food eaten is being used by the body, thus less excrement is normal. Constipation, on the other hand, is painful and avoidable in most cases by increasing fiber.

The Ugly

There’s not much to report on by reliable sources regarding ugly long-term effects of the ketogenic diet. Naysayers and nonbelievers spout out the potential for kidney damage and kidney stones, but the truth is this is more than likely a problem for those with a pre-existing kidney disorder or predisposition for kidney stones.

Gallstones is another one some have claimed. From a medical perspective, gallstones are a result of an inactive gallbladder. The gallbladder’s main job is the flush fat, so by feeding it fat (good fat, not bad fat) it revs the motor and starts working.

Now, if someone has enjoyed a low-fat diet for a good while and then jumps into keto where fat is abundant, the gallbladder gets going and tries to flush out the sludge it’s been holding while just sitting there doing nothing.

In cases like this, yes, gallstones might be an issue… but this isn’t really a long-term term thing as long as the gallbladder stays awake and on the job.

The worst characteristic one can really say about the ketogenic diet long-term is the ability to sustain such a restrictive way of eating. There are times and circumstances when eating keto-friendly isn’t an option.

Those who travel a lot for work or even going to a friend’s cookout might find the ketogenic diet a bit cumbersome. That’s where preparedness comes into play. Think outside the box. Bring a keto-friendly dish to the cookout and make sure there is food on hand that doesn’t require refrigeration while traveling; like flavored tuna packets, avocados, jerky, nuts, etc.

The Future

The ketogenic diet isn’t just for weight loss and secondary benefits therein. There is research being conducted now on treatment for different types of cancers. It is believed certain cancers feed on glucose. The concept is by eliminating glucose, cancer cells starve to death.

Researchers are also hard at work with benefits of the ketogenic diet in those with Alzheimer’s Disease and even Autism Disorder. If it is effective in reducing seizures by 50% of epilepsy patients who have given it a whirl, wouldn’t it be likely other neurologic disorders could also benefit from this way of eating? The sky is the limit.

The ketogenic diet is very simple. Literally. Get rid of the toxins and chemicals and keep things as natural as possible. It tastes better and it’s better for the body. Long ago, people survived off the land and didn’t have boxed meals or processed foods.

Guess what else they didn’t have… Diabetes, hypertension, high cholesterol, morbid obesity… The ketogenic diet is all about getting back to the basics. Getting back to what works. And it does work!

What Happens When You Have Diabetic Ketoacidosis?

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a condition affecting those with diabetes mellitus when the blood becomes too acidic. It primarily strikes those with type 1 and occurs much less often in those with type 2 diabetes.

One should seek immediate medical attention if the signs and symptoms of DKA are present and not attempt to treat this at home. This condition can be life-threatening.

Keto + Acid + Osis

In examining the word “ketoacidosis” one would not assume insulin is the main culprit, however a lack of insulin in the bloodstream is, without a doubt, the primary cause. DKA would not be such a devastating and terrifying event if insulin was properly produced and/or absorbed into the cells.

Keto – When there is an inadequate supply of glucose (sugars/carbohydrates) to use for fuel, the liver responds by producing ketones as an alternate fuel source.

Acid – Ketones are broken down for energy and acid is the byproduct.

Osis – Medical term for a “condition” or “process”.

The Perfect Storm

Diabetics commonly refer to diabetic ketoacidosis as the perfect storm. It can come on fast and furious, without much warning, and even happen to the most careful diabetics religiously monitoring blood glucose levels.

Part 1: Lack of insulin causes which causes elevated glucose levels.

As mentioned above, insulin (the lack of) is the real villain in this saga. And lack of insulin in the body could happen for any number of reasons:

Illness, infection and personal stressors. During times of great stress on the body, stress hormones are produced. Even if there is enough insulin, the stress hormones block insulin from doing its job.

Missed/Skipped injections. Occasionally, missing a dose of insulin isn’t going to create a state of diabetic ketoacidosis. However, missed long-acting insulin doses or repeated skipped doses of regular insulin could turn the tables.

Ketones could be produced by intentional lack of carbohydrates, such as with the ketogenic diet. If the body is producing ketones at a rate which exceeds the body’s capability to use and excrete what’s not used, DKA might be right around the corner.

Poor absorption. Diabetics may need to switch injection sites.

Spoiled insulin. Obviously, expired insulin shouldn’t be used, but proper storage and avoiding extreme temperatures needs to be avoided as well.

Insulin pump malfunction. Any interruption in delivery or absorption could lead to DKA.

Part 2: Elevated ketone levels.

Ketone production, whether intentional or not, can lead to higher levels of acid in the blood. An unbalanced pH level can be toxic. Monitoring ketones in a diabetic is essential, especially when a factor in part 1 of the perfect storm is in play. Ketones can be tested by urine, blood and even breath.

Part 3: The symptoms.

The symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis are much like that of the flu or food poisoning. In fact, they are so similar, diabetics oftentimes will try to self-medicate with insulin and fluids and unnecessarily put themselves at risk for kidney failure, heart attack, coma and death.

Among the most common symptoms are:

Dehydration

Intense thirst

Dry mouth

Fruity-smelling breath, but in a bad way

Headache

Muscle aches

Nausea and vomiting

Upset stomach or stomach pain

Flushed skin

Dry skin

More extreme symptoms are:

Vomiting more than twice in a two-hour period

Confusion

Word-finding difficulty

Heart palpitations

Shortness of breath

Extreme lethargy

To recap, the perfect storm is an event disrupting insulin production and/or absorption, elevated glucose levels, elevated ketone levels and any number of flu-like symptoms.

Treatment for DKA

The preferred treatment is fluids, electrolyte replacement and insulin. Like any other hospital stay there should be a team of medical professionals overseeing one’s care, performing exams and tests, ordering the appropriate regimen for the circumstances and education to prevent further episodes.

Diabetic ketoacidosis can happen to any diabetic, even the veterans. In fact, many present to the emergency room and DKA uncovers a diagnosis of diabetes. The best defense is education for the diabetic and those close to them. Sometimes people feel a trip to emergency services is unwarranted and need to be urged to seek help.

It can’t be stressed enough: DKA requires professional medical help and when left untreated can lead to kidney damage, heart attack, coma and death. The quicker medical attention is sought, the better the chances of a quick recovery.

Difference Between Ketosis and Diabetic Ketoacidosis

There’s no denying the similarities in the words, ketosis and ketoacidosis, but their definitions aren’t nearly the same. The main concept behind the ketogenic diet is achieving and maintaining a state of nutritional ketosis.

Ketoacidosis is a dangerous and life-threatening condition typically in diabetics with uncontrolled insulin and an extremely elevated blood ketone level.

Many people shy away from the ketogenic diet due to a lack of understanding of these two words. Admittedly, they are easily confused. Even health care professionals sometimes assume a patient is referring to diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) just at the mention of ketosis.

Don’t get offended or think the doctor flunked medical school. They are trained to try and make sense of patients who may not be very knowledgeable when it comes to medical terminology.

Ketosis Defined

Nutritional ketosis, as stated above, is the first goal of the ketogenic diet. The human body uses glucose, which is provided by sugars/carbohydrates, as its first choice for energy generation.

When carbohydrates are limited, as in the ketogenic diet, the body adapts and begins to use stored fats (fatty acids released from the cells and converted to ketones in the liver).

Generally, it takes up to 48 hours to achieve a state of nutritional ketosis and could take several weeks for the body to fully adapt. It should be noted though, as soon as glucose is available, it will immediately revert to that energy.

Ketoacidosis Defined

This unstable metabolic state is a complication of diabetes mellitus, predominantly type 1 and much less common in type 2, where the ketone level has gone way above and beyond the normal, healthy levels like in nutritional ketosis, combined with an elevated blood glucose level. The culprit for ketoacidosis is usually mismanagement of insulin therapy along with a poor diet.

Signs and Symptoms

Bad breath, somewhat like fermented fruit, is a good indication the body has achieved nutritional ketosis. The body breaks down ketones for fuel and a byproduct is acetone. The acetone is released via urine and funky breath.

Other signs could be lethargy and a flu-like stage, commonly called “keto-flu”, which goes away with adaptation of the new energy source.

Ketoacidosis has a very different presentation:

Frequent urination

Extreme thirst, Dry Mouth

Dehydration

Nausea and/or Vomiting

Stomach Pain

Confusion

Feeling Short of Breath

While ketoacidosis may also present with fermented fruit breath and feeling overly tired, the symptoms above are much more severe and require immediate medical attention.

Risk Factors

Nutritional ketosis is usually self-induced and done with purpose, for instance weight loss or for other medical reasons. It is a completely normal metabolic state and safe for most people.

The biggest risk factor for diabetic ketoacidosis is having diabetes type 1. In fact, during the initial diagnosis of diabetes many patients are already in a state of DKA which is what led them to the doctor in the first place.

Other risk factors include alcoholism, drug abuse, missing one or more doses of insulin and improper diet. Also, some over-the-counter, prescription and illicit drugs may lessen the efficacy of normal insulin doses.

How Are the Two Diagnosed and Treated?

Blood Ketones: Normal to Moderate range is 0.6 to 1.5 mmol/L. High is 1.5 to 3.0 mmol/L. Anything over 3 mmol/L is considered dangerous.

Urine Ketones: 0.6 to 3.0 mmol/L is nutritional ketosis and 3 to 5 mmol/L is starvation ketosis.

Anything over 5 mmol/L is concerning for DKA if blood sugar is also elevated to greater than 250 mg/dL and one should seek medical attention immediately!

Over-the-counter blood ketone monitors can be purchased and is the most reliable detection method. Also available are urine strips and even breath monitors, however their results may not be as accurate.

Diabetics usually remain in the low to moderate range for blood ketones on the ketogenic diet, safely and without much risk for ketoacidosis, as long as blood sugars are managed properly. Remember, both elevated ketones and elevated blood glucose levels indicate higher risk for DKA.

Doctors perform a physical exam, check ketone and blood sugar levels and ask a series of questions pertaining to symptom duration and severity, diabetes management or lack thereof, co-occurring illnesses or infections, increased stress, and if drugs or alcohol are on board.

Fluid and electrolyte replacement by mouth or intravenously along with subcutaneous or intravenous insulin are the modes of treatment for diabetic ketoacidosis.

Nutritional ketosis requires no treatment. If and when one no longer desires to be in a state of nutritional ketosis, reintroduction of carbohydrates is all it takes. The body automatically switches back to using glucose for fuel.

In summary, ketosis is a natural metabolic state where the body purposefully uses fats for fuel, enhances weight loss and has a number of other benefits for health and wellness.

Diabetic ketoacidosis is a potentially life-threatening unstable metabolic state usually caused by dysregulation of diabetes along with elevated ketone levels and requires immediate attention.

As always, diabetics should always consult with a primary care provider or diabetes management team prior to dietary changes. While the ketogenic diet is safe for most people, there are some circumstances where closer monitoring may be necessary.

Conclusion

Hopefully, this publication has cleared up much of the misunderstanding regarding the ketogenic diet, particularly as it relates to diabetics.

Correctly undertaken, the ketogenic diet will be of benefit to many diabetics, especially type 2 sufferers.

Those with type 1 diabetes can also employ the ketogenic diet, but must monitor the effects more closely. Of course, their condition demands they need to be constantly aware of their food consumption and its effects always.

When dealing with the symptoms of diabetes, there is no one silver bullet, but the ketogenic diet, for most diabetics, is a good and healthy platform to start from.

source https://www.munchforwellness.com/ketogenic-diet-diabetes-pdf/

#munchforwellness #healthy eating tips #healthy eating videos #healthy eating #healthy recipes

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sad-ch1ld · 6 years ago

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Welcome to November’s monthly Star Citizen report from Cloud Imperium Games. Last month saw the Intergalactic Aerospace Exposition land on Hurston just in time for our annual Anniversary Special. Devs had fun bringing the expo to life, while continuing to forge ahead, sights set on the upcoming release of Alpha 3.4. Read on for Persistent Universe development updates from all of our global studios.

Star Citizen Monthly Report: November 2018

Ship AI’s major focus throughout November was optimizing the Tactical Point System. They now have multiple queries bundled together in a batch from different threads, which allow more control over the cost of the overall system. Several optimizations for the character movement system were submitted, which now update all the components in a multithreaded batch approach and utilize the maximum the CPU resources during the game update. A pass for thread safety of several subsystems was performed, including the attention target component and communication system. This is required to eventually move the Subsumption component update to the multithreaded batch update step.

In FPS Combat, the ‘Defend Area’ assignment was introduced; correctly achieving this behavior requires monitoring the mastergraph transitions to evaluate if the recipients of the Subsumption event can actually process it. In the Defend Area example, they might be executing any regular behavior when receiving the assignment. If the behavior can handle the request in a specific way, great. If not, then the mastergraph takes care of selecting one that can. Alongside this, they’re adding new behaviors to improve combat and patrol to respect this assignment.

Support for stealth gameplay was implemented, with new audio and visual stimuli being added to allow players to draw the attention of guards, prepare traps, and open up otherwise blocked paths.

Work also continued on the bartender for Lorville. To achieve several functionalities of his behavior they implemented the first pass of UseChannel routing and are continuing to expand the usable functionalities.

The Usable Builder Tool received a new feature too: it’s now able to correctly preview different characters using different usables so that designers, animators, and programmers can easily test and verify the content as it’s delivered.

Animation

November saw Animation supporting the Feature Team to bring vault, mantle, and jumping functionality in-line with the game’s quality and play expectations. They’re currently testing a process to allow the efficient integration of different weapon classes, such as pistols and shotguns. The team is also implementing carry options for Zero-G EVA and working towards finalizing player interaction (carriables in particular).

The US Animation Team cleaned and solved data from the amazing performance captures done at this year’s CitizenCon in Austin, Texas. Editing and final work will be completed soon. They continued work on the Ship Dealers that will populate the ‘verse and made sure the new mission givers are available as soon as their locations are ready, such as Wallace Klim in Levski, Tecia Pacheco in Area18, and Constantine Hurston in Lorville.

Exploring the issues that result from re-targeting the male animations to the female skeleton, the team determined that the first step is to achieve 1:1 parity between them. This will allow for the replacement of assets with female-specific versions without hindering female player development. Finishing touches are being added to carriable tech, too.

The Combat AI Team is exploring how to use the stocked weapon asset set as a basis to quickly create pistol versions to give the AI Designers more freedom in the type of weapon encounters they create.

The Ship Content Team is finishing off sequenced animation work. This will enable quicker and more efficient implementation of the design and animation sides of new ships. Weapons-wise, they’re working on the Ravager rifle and the Kahix.

Audio

The Audio department focused on the new flight model and the spaceship audio mix. They implemented tech to allow systemic mixing of NLPC ship bases on priority, size, and threat level, which gives a clearer and more focused mix. This, combined with the implementation of the new ship vibration component, has greatly improved the ship audio experience. During implementation, they made an optimization pass to ensure memory and voice limits remain healthy.

Improvements to the weapon experience continued with the consolidation of assets and the simplification of element implementation to ensure improved translation of audio assets from the digital audio workstation (DAW) into the game. There have also been changes to the Foley system to improve the audio feedback of the player’s traversal on different terrain and surface types.

On the music front, the team worked with the PU composer Pedro Camacho to develop and implement new musical cues to support the planet-side locations on Hurston, such as L19, and upcoming expansions.

With Object Container Streaming (OCS) coming online, the Audio Code Team optimized and polished FOIP to ensure reliability.

Backend Services

Backend Services worked to bring the 2948 Anniversary Event to players. The first order of business was creating the service needed to bring forward the correct overlapped object containers for the different days at the convention center. This ensured a seamless transition between manufacturer days and prevented the need to publish a new build per expo day.

Next, they worked to make sure the rental logic behind the expo correctly traded data between the server, client, and database to ensure players could enjoy the ships they rented.

Finally, a login queue was created to help organize and throttle the unprecedented number of players attempting to enter the ‘verse and check-out the expo.

Away from the Anniversary Event, work continued on the new architecture for the Persistence Cache to help increase the scalability of the backend as well as link important services to a new database architecture.

Character Art

Character Art’s focus throughout November was to make all armor and undersuits available for female avatars. They also worked on modeling two of our new mission givers to bring more life to the Persistent Universe.

Additionally, they’re creating a new set of outlaw armor (designation ‘Shipjacker’) that will include armor, an undersuit, and subscriber items.

Community

“The Community Team started the month in the Halloween spirit with two spooky contests in anticipation of the holiday. Players joined the festivities and showcased their talent in a pumpkin carving contest and a FOIP screenshot contest depicting the most terrifying and terrified expressions they had to offer. Spooktacular!

The Mustang Commercial Contest put the community’s filmmaking skills to the test. Our bold cinematographers embraced the maverick spirit of Consolidated Outland to create commercials that Silas Koerner himself would be proud of.

During Thanksgiving, Citizens shared what they were thankful for and participated in two holiday contests in honor of Turkey Day. With these two contests, we are now up to 25 total contests run in 2018, and the team still has more planned to go live before the end of the year.

As Alpha 3.3 made its way to the Persistent Universe, we welcomed the first fully-explorable planet and city with Hurston and Lorville respectively. While everyone was exploring the new environments, the bustling landing zone, and four new moons, the Star Citizen content creators outdid themselves, creating beautiful shots of sunsets on Hurston, days out on the beach next to Lorville, and joyrides to Aberdeen. We are proud and thankful for all the content the community shared on social media, Reddit, and the community hub, and are looking forward to seeing even more. Keep on sharing!

The 2948 Anniversary special kicked off our most epic Free-Fly event to date with all flyable ships and vehicles to try out at no extra cost. The Intergalactic Aerospace Expo came a long way and made its in-game debut with their Hurston-based satellite branch. Exclusive reveals at the expo included Anvil’s ‘light fighter of the future’, the Hawk, and the next evolution of Xi’an tech and design innovation with the Aopoa San’tok.yāi.

Lastly, we also reached a significant funding milestone and want to thank our amazing community who made this possible. The amount is the highest total for any project in the history of crowdfunding and is beyond anything we could have imagined. In a letter from the chairman, Chris Roberts shared his thoughts on the fantastic journey so far and the exciting future that lies ahead. Here’s to tomorrow!”

Design

Design got the Anniversary Event’s Convention Center up and running for all backers to enjoy.

To help encourage players to browse the inventories at New Deal and Teach’s Ship Shop, the team began implementing a new type of NPC: the Ship Dealer. The aim is to provide a realistic and interesting ship purchasing experience to further liven up the process of acquiring a dream ship.

“We sincerely hope you got a chance to try out and see the different ships at the Intergalactic Aerospace Expo on Hurston!”

Tuning for the Economy continues, with work going into adjusting prices for various services and goods across Stanton. Work has also started towards the design and implementation of a robust and important Economic Editing Tool to help better visualize and tweak the Economy than ever before.

They also tuned Arena Commander’s REC Reward.

DevOps

November is always one of the busiest months for DevOps due to the Anniversary Event, and this month was no exception, with the team scaling the servers to the highest capacity since the beginning of the project.

To ease the overall DevOps workload, the Publishing Team expanded their internal tools, which allowed most of the team to enjoy a well-deserved break for Thanksgiving (even if they did stay very close to their laptops).

Between PTU & Live, they successfully published 30 times throughout November, with some days seeing 3-4 builds.

Engineering

Engineering teams around the globe worked on OCS throughout November. The first iteration of client-side streaming was released in Alpha 3.3, with an ongoing focus on improving asynchronous entity loading and unloading.

The core OCS and network and backend teams had the Object Container Server Streaming summit this month to plan the next iteration of OCS, which will focus on server-side streaming and full persistent servers.

LA-based Engineering collaborated with the Austin Backend Team to build the tech required for in-game ship rentals. It was premiered during the anniversary promotion and forms the foundation for all in-game rentals.

Development on backend tech moved forward towards allowing persistent EZ Habs and enable players to customize and persist their start location. The Vehicle Team continued to work on Ping & Scanning gameplay, this month focusing on ship scanning. Work has also begun on the new DNA component to integrate the R&D technology into the character pipeline.

Turbulent worked closely with the LA Gamecode Team to further improve the group system, spectrum integration, and FOIP & VOIP.

Engine Tools

The Engine Team spent time supporting the Alpha 3.3 and 3.3.5 releases, bug fixing, profiling, and optimizing code (especially for Object Container Streaming). Work continued on GPU skinning, adding vertex velocity support (for motion blur, etc.), completed several optimizations to skip zero weights (which improved throughput), prepared background data, and made the first pass on memory layout and LOD support.

For physics optimizations, the execution of ray collision checks and the defragmentation of grids run were made to run concurrently. This achieved a 30-50% speedup for physics planet terrain computation, reduced the number of cell queries on planets, and improved proxy mesh generation of terrain ground volumes.

Terrain rendering improvements were made (glow forward pass) as well as fixes for water volume and ocean rendering. The existing hair shader was improved, and a new depth of field algorithm was created, improving quality, performance, and fixing halos around silhouettes.

They completed additional culling refinements in the zone system to submit fewer objects to the renderer, as well as various low-level optimizations to reduce the load on the render thread. Further enhancements were made to engine-side support for the public telemetry page to allow user-specific optimization hints to be displayed to improve the gameplay experience, and a new tool was developed to easily analyze core dumps of Linux dedicated game servers.

Environment Art

The UK team focused on bug fixing and optimization for the Alpha 3.3 release, mainly for Lorville and Hurston. A focused sprint was completed for the Anniversary Event convention halls, with the aim to provide a versatile and time-economic environment to show off the ships in their best light. Additional Underground Facility interior exteriors and a new Alpha 3.3 splash screen were also made and implemented.

The DE Location Team made great progress on Lorville’s Central Business District (CBD). Here, players can access the Hurston Dynamics Showcase, the flagship store for all weaponry produced by the brand, as well as the Transfers store where players can engage in various trading activities. The CBD has a very different feel to the rest of Lorville and clearly services a different type of clientele. Luxurious materials and modern design set the ambiance for this experience.

The Organics and Planet Team are making great progress on upcoming locations and are currently working on ArcCorp and exploring microTech. Both locations need additional features to be added to the planet tech to make them truly unique, so while it’s still early days, things are steadily moving on.

Facial Animation

The team is actively working on upcoming mission-givers, including Klim, along with ship dealers, bar patrons, and bartenders. They’re also testing the results of the player’s facial animation recordings on the default loadout.

Graphics

This month, the Graphics Team firmly focussed on the release of Alpha 3.3.5 and improving both stability and performance. The PTU was plagued by some quite frequent GPU crashes, but Evocati testing helped them track down the cause and remedy it.

With the release of Lorville, QA saw high video memory usage due to the scale of the environment and number of ships and characters. Due to some bugs, this resulted in serious performance issues as the video driver began to page memory, resulting in noticeable stutters. Fixes were made to the worst offending video memory bugs in Alpha 3.3.5. Looking forward, the team continues to reduce memory usage and optimize the game for the next release.

Issue Council

The Issue Council deployed version 1.1.5 in October. Several issues were fixed including editable fields of the different forms not displaying correctly, versions not ordered from the latest to the oldest, and display names with special characters not showing properly.

Level Design

The Live Team placed and marked-up locations on and around Hurston for mission use. Big improvements to the delivery missions were made – players can now take contracts from companies who operate specific routes and require the player to have a certain level of reputation. The Downed Relay mission (as seen in CitizenCon) now has multiple outcomes, including having other players tasked with destroying the stolen blade before its data is uploaded.

Finally, most of the combat missions found at Crusader are now available at Hurston. Work has begun to define the contractors and progression for them, too.

Lighting

This month, the Lighting Team worked on improving the headlights across almost all ships available in the PU. Due to plenty of issues regarding visibility while flying ships in dark environments, the headlights were improved to provide more visible light from greater distances. There’s still room for improvement, but in the meantime, it’s a positive change that makes the planetary flying experience more enjoyable.

Additionally, the team focused on bug fixing and optimizing the lighting in Lorville to maintain a high degree of quality while improving framerates and lowering drawcall costs.

They also worked on the lighting for the Intergalactic Aerospace Expo to help show off all the amazing ships being featured in the various halls.

Narrative

The Narrative Team pushed heavily on Alpha 3.3 and 3.3.5 tasks to knock out remaining mission text and standardize in-game descriptions for ship components on the terminals. They also continued working on editorial selects for the lower priority lines for NPCs that were captured back in September.

To cover the new convention center and other contexts, they ran a pickup recording session to add additional Lorville announcement lines.

The team also worked closely with Marketing to support the recent IAE expansion event in Lorville. Not only providing written copy but joining some of the roundtable discussions to provide fictional backstory for the various manufacturers.

Lastly, they worked to schedule tasks for the PU and undertook overall team planning for the upcoming year.

Player Relations

Player Relations busily plugged away at the Alpha 3.3 and the Anniversary Event, working alongside the Evocati on several builds to make sure key components were properly tested.

“As always, we’d like to point all players to our growing Knowledge Base, which now has over 100 articles and saw almost 450,000 visitors this month! We will continue to grow this by adding new ‘How To’ articles, patch notes, and live service notifications.”

Props

The Props Team focused on the stands, booths, and branding for the Intergalactic Aerospace Expo and the Anniversary Event. They recently shifted onto closing out the CBD props in Lorville and are currently creating bespoke furniture to help sell the wealth and decadence of the Hurston Central building.

On the publishing side, QA busily tested the Alpha 3.3.0 and 3.3.5 builds for publishing to Evocati and Live. On the game side, the focus was on testing Hurston, its four moons, and city Lorville. They also completed a number of QATRs relating to FOIP & VOIP, ship purchasing in the PU, ship rental in Arena Commander, and improvements to Object Container Streaming.

It was business as usual on the leadership side, with coordinated testing priorities between the UK, LA, and DE.

Two new recruits were welcomed to QA; a dedicated tester in Frankfurt to support the AI Team and an additional tester in the UK. They will be primarily focused on providing day-to-day updates on the state of AI and will report all issues directly to the team to be investigated.

QA also made the decision to do away with the general design tests and instead focus on specific sanity/smoke tests for AI and another test suite specifically for the Transit System and locations. The previous design tests were too broad and covered areas that were not always prevalent to the in-house design teams. Refocusing towards specific in-house feature teams has proven that the testing and information provided is much more valuable.

A fair amount of time was spent on major QA test requests for new animation update optimizations, physics terrain patch optimization changes, and general optimization that will further improve performance in the PU.

Frankfurt’s QA branch supported the Planetary Tech Team in investigating an issue on one of Hurston’s moons. Something in its setup was causing the normals on the moon surface to be very intense. This was tracked down to a lighting issue and further steps were taken (with the assistance of the Graphics Team) to enable the surface to get back to, well, normal.

Services

At CitizenCon, the team was present on the show floor to prepare local environments to run the game backend for both the FOIP LAN demonstration area and the main stage demonstration. This local setup included the entire game backend allowing for the demonstration to represent exactly what is being played in the PTU and the Live environment, including the network of social services that power groups, chat, and FOIP.

With the release of Alpha 3.3 and 3.3.5, the team mostly focused on observing and scaling the voice and face transmission solution to the increase of backers in the game. DevOp teams mainly worked to ensure that voice channels created by players during one-to-one calls, group channels, and global server channels were properly sharded to new voice servers, as the number of connected players increased.

With the addition of global chat auto-connect in Alpha 3.3.5, the team also added new systems to monitor and move voice channels between servers when the supported load on a given voice server instance is too high.

“The team has been ecstatic about the use of the technology by players and we hope to keep growing its use with gameplay connected features.”

In order to help with the above tasks, the social game services were moved to a Kubernetes-based orchestration solution that allows easier management of voice and service containers. This new backplane supports continuous integration of service changes and will greatly improve the team velocity when deploying updates and builds.

Working in conjunction with the universe team, Game Services began the development of a web-based administration tool to help manage the runtime state of the game world from a macro level. This is still in the very early stages of development but, using this tool, the designers will ultimately have the ability to inspect social objects like groups and their life cycles, ban, chase, and player controls. Integrating the WebGL Starmap engine will also allow the viewing of commodities, player locations, gameplay analytics, and much more.

Ships

This month, the UK Vehicle Team returned to the Origin 890 Jump after wrapping up the Valkyrie.

What will undoubtedly be well-received news amongst the community is that, after long hiatus, work continues on the greatly-anticipated Anvil Carrack. Since the ship was last worked on around 18 months ago, there have been significant improvements to the ship pipeline and workflow. So, when re-reviewing the previous state, the team decided to undertake a second whitebox pass of the interior to bring it closer to its original concept.

In addition to next year’s larger vehicles, progress was made to the Alpha 3.4 ships, including the Origin 600i Touring. The Freelancer Expedition, Transporter, and Gun Ship are all receiving the final touches by art.

Ship Art

Lead Vehicle Artist Chris Smith made great progress on the greybox model, interior, and exterior of the 300i rework and began implementing different paint jobs and modeled the modified components for the other three variants. Next, he will move onto an alternative interior to be used in one of them.

3D Modeler Josh Coons recently completed the whitebox model for the Banu Defender and has now moved onto testing some of the modified workflow using Zbrush models, which will be baked down to create the type of detail we are looking for in this ship. He is continually creating new textures and also starting to build up the greybox model with the alternative workflow.

System Design

The System Design Team worked on integrating updated flight mechanics into enemy ship AI, ensuring that with all the changes, they are still engaging to fight against and don’t become unbalanced. They noticed that the updated flight model currently causes too much unwanted ‘jousting behavior’, so are currently looking into ways to modify it.

Work was done on restructuring dialogue wildlines for the ship/FPS/social AI to unify them within the same overall structure. A large amount of work has been done with the audio & writing teams to ensure the system works properly for all systemic dialogue in the game. They are also working to develop tools to automate the setup of dialogue lines.

More work was completed on designing stealth gameplay elements, which in turn requires the AI perception to be upgraded to cater for peripheral vision, as well as various audio events and stimuli from environmental sources, such as throwing a pebble to distract enemies.

Telemetry

Shortly after CitizenCon, the Public Telemetry page was launched. The data presented here reflects the data CIG receives from clients while playing the game. This data is used to assess and improve performance across a variety of hardware. If logged in while on the telemetry page, players will see their stats, including their computer’s GPU and CPU score and average FPS. The heatmap displays other user’s average FPS and the most popular hardware for each GPU and CPU score. On launch, the telemetry page showed a massive improvement between Alpha 3.2 and 3.3 thanks to OCS.

Turbulent

Throughout November, Turbulent supported CitizenCon, the Alpha 3.3. Flyable Ships, the new Anvil Valkyrie, the release of the Drake Kraken, and preparations for the Anniversary Event.

CitizenCon: CitizenCon 2948 was an amazing event, with Turbulent supporting many components such as the livestream, merchandise, badges, microsite, and the release of new ships from Drake and Anvil!

The Drake Kraken: In October, Turbulent supported the unveiling of Drake’s first capital ship, the Kraken. The Kraken has two multi-purpose hangars, five manned turrets, four remote turrets, a massive cargo capacity, comfortable habs for a full crew, a Dragonfly Bay, and six landing pads. The website showed multiple features such as an interactive cross-section of the ship and a registry for those interested in obtaining one.

The Anvil Valkyrie: Turbulent supported the release of the Valkyrie, the new flyable drop ship from Anvil. The Valkyrie contains multiple side guns and turrets and can deploy up to twenty troops as well as a vehicle into combat. The website displayed features such as in-game footage of the Valkyrie and a CitizenCon-exclusive edition called the Valkyrie Liberator. This was also released on October 10th.

The 3.3 Flyable: With the release of Alpha 3.3, Turbulent supported the availability of the flyable ships on the website. The ships include the Aegis Hammerhead, Tumbril Cyclone, RSI Constellation Phoenix, and the CO Mustang. An exclusive CitizenCon Mustang was also available, called the Mustang Alpha Vindicator.

The 2948 Anniversary Special: The Anniversary Special was launched on Friday, November 23rd. Over the course of the week, a different manufacturer was released each day. On the first day, the Arrow was released, along with the rest of the Anvil ships. RSI day was on the 24th, Origin Jumpworks the 25th, Aegis Dynamics the 26th, Drake Interplanetary the 27th, and the alien ships on the 28th. The new San’tok’yai ship was unveiled by Aopoa too. MISC had its featured day on the 29th, and the new manufacturers on the 30th, including Tumbril, Crusader, CO, Argo, and Kruger. The last days of the Anniversary Special featured discount starter packs.

The Anniversary Quiz: With the help of Player Relations, Turbulent executed a quiz featuring three questions for each manufacturer. A passing score awarded a ‘Ship Master’ Spectrum badge and certificate. By passing the quiz, players were entered into a draw to win an Anvil Arrow.

The IAE Free-Fly Promotion: For the week of November 23rd until December 1st, five different flyable ships were featured each day of the week according to the featured manufacturer. The page contained information about the Desmond Memorial Convention Center in Lorville and linked to the Knowledge Base, which provided detailed instructions on how to get started. The IAE Free-Fly page also instructed new players on how to make an account and get into the ‘verse.

The Aopoa Santok’yāi: Turbulent supported the release of the Santok’yāi, a new Xi’an ship from Aopoa. The Santok’yāi features Yeng’tu Laser Repeaters and the latest Xi’an technology in a light-to-medium fighter chassis.

The UI Team worked on adding the ability to rent items in Arena Commander, as well as supporting the needs of the Environment Team working on Lorville’s CBD.

Vehicle Features

Based on recent feedback from both internal and external sources, turret improvements have continued throughout November. In addition to bug fixes, there were multiple improvements to turrets including making multi-axis turrets controllable at min/max pitch, fixing the gyro pip offset, and improved aiming methods from a variety of input devices. The foundational mechanics to allow ships to aim at the engines on target ships has also been completed, and the feature itself is nearly ready to be rolled out to the PU, as is scanning nav points for destination info. The rest of the month was rounded out with a clean-up of debris network flow and a variety of vehicle-related crash bugs.

Vehicle Content

Art, Systems Design, and Tech Art worked together to release the Anvil Arrow as part of the November Anniversary Event as well as continuing to work on ships for upcoming releases: The Anvil Hawk is in the release-prep stage with both the Art and System Design Teams, the 300 Series is in greybox with Systems Design, and the Freelancers had entered release-prep with Tech Art.

Additionally, Systems Design and Tech Art worked with the animators on character animation sequencing for vehicles, and Tech Art worked on a thruster pass for the new flight model.

VFX

The VFX Team continued to polish and optimize the many environmental effects of Hurston and implemented general improvements to the various moons throughout the ‘verse. They also finalized VFX for the Anvil Arrow and Anvil Hawk. The VFX Team spent time optimizing existing assets to help with the overall performance of Alpha 3.3.5.

They also cleaned out all unused VFX texture assets in hopes of reducing the amount of memory required to load all the particle textures.

Now that the base work for Lorville is finished, the Level Design Team are focusing on the CBD. The whitebox is already done, with most of the remaining work involving connecting the trains and ensuring all the logistics work.

New Underground Facilities components were added to the procedural tech. These are built with modularity in mind and can be generated in the same way as Rest Stops. Once the modular library has enough content (rooms, connectors, POIs), it will become much easier to provide more variety.

They also continued working on the procedural tech to make sure that it provides everything needed from a design perspective. This can be difficult at times, as compromises are required; what is the most fun to play is not necessarily what looks the best.

Weapons

The Weapon Art Team worked on the Multi-Tool rework, Kastak Arms Ravager-212, and the level two and three upgrades for the Hurston Dynamics Laser Repeaters. They also made minor adjustments to the iron sights on a handful of weapons to improve the sight picture and to make them more user-friendly when no optics are attached.

Conclusion

WE’LL SEE YOU NEXT MONTH…

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#RSI Comm-Link #star citizen #roberts space industries

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starcitizenprivateer · 6 years ago

Text

Star Citizen Monthly Report: November 2018

Support for stealth gameplay was implemented, with new audio and visual stimuli being added to allow players to draw the attention of guards, prepare traps, and open up otherwise blocked paths.

Animation

Audio

On the music front, the team worked with the PU composer Pedro Camacho to develop and implement new musical cues to support the planet-side locations on Hurston, such as L19, and upcoming expansions.

With Object Container Streaming (OCS) coming online, the Audio Code Team optimized and polished FOIP to ensure reliability.

Backend Services

Next, they worked to make sure the rental logic behind the expo correctly traded data between the server, client, and database to ensure players could enjoy the ships they rented.

Finally, a login queue was created to help organize and throttle the unprecedented number of players attempting to enter the ‘verse and check-out the expo.

Character Art

Additionally, they’re creating a new set of outlaw armor (designation ‘Shipjacker’) that will include armor, an undersuit, and subscriber items.

Community

Design

Design got the Anniversary Event’s Convention Center up and running for all backers to enjoy.

“We sincerely hope you got a chance to try out and see the different ships at the Intergalactic Aerospace Expo on Hurston!”

They also tuned Arena Commander’s REC Reward.

DevOps

Between PTU & Live, they successfully published 30 times throughout November, with some days seeing 3-4 builds.

Engineering

Turbulent worked closely with the LA Gamecode Team to further improve the group system, spectrum integration, and FOIP & VOIP.

Engine Tools

Environment Art

Facial Animation

Graphics

Issue Council

Level Design

Finally, most of the combat missions found at Crusader are now available at Hurston. Work has begun to define the contractors and progression for them, too.

Lighting

Additionally, the team focused on bug fixing and optimizing the lighting in Lorville to maintain a high degree of quality while improving framerates and lowering drawcall costs.

They also worked on the lighting for the Intergalactic Aerospace Expo to help show off all the amazing ships being featured in the various halls.

Narrative

To cover the new convention center and other contexts, they ran a pickup recording session to add additional Lorville announcement lines.

Lastly, they worked to schedule tasks for the PU and undertook overall team planning for the upcoming year.

Player Relations

Player Relations busily plugged away at the Alpha 3.3 and the Anniversary Event, working alongside the Evocati on several builds to make sure key components were properly tested.

Props

It was business as usual on the leadership side, with coordinated testing priorities between the UK, LA, and DE.

Services

“The team has been ecstatic about the use of the technology by players and we hope to keep growing its use with gameplay connected features.”

Ships

This month, the UK Vehicle Team returned to the Origin 890 Jump after wrapping up the Valkyrie.

Ship Art

System Design

Telemetry

Turbulent

Throughout November, Turbulent supported CitizenCon, the Alpha 3.3. Flyable Ships, the new Anvil Valkyrie, the release of the Drake Kraken, and preparations for the Anniversary Event.

CitizenCon: CitizenCon 2948 was an amazing event, with Turbulent supporting many components such as the livestream, merchandise, badges, microsite, and the release of new ships from Drake and Anvil!

The UI Team worked on adding the ability to rent items in Arena Commander, as well as supporting the needs of the Environment Team working on Lorville’s CBD.

Vehicle Features

Vehicle Content

Additionally, Systems Design and Tech Art worked with the animators on character animation sequencing for vehicles, and Tech Art worked on a thruster pass for the new flight model.

VFX

They also cleaned out all unused VFX texture assets in hopes of reducing the amount of memory required to load all the particle textures.

Weapons

Conclusion

WE’LL SEE YOU NEXT MONTH…

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#star citizen #squadron 42

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orderessay-us-blog · 7 years ago

Text

'United Nations and the Environment Essay'

' examine upshot:\n\nThe role of UNEP in the worlds monitoring of body of pee system, zephyr and tear contaminant.\n\nEssay Questions:\n\nHow does the join Nations arranging influence the surroundal global issues?\n\nWhat be the UNs major(ip) environmental issues and activities?\n\nHow ar weewee proviso, stemma and let down contamination pr eveningted with the assist of the UNEP?\n\nThesis disceptation:\n\n milieu has suffered from more an(prenominal) a(prenominal) negative influences that read to be halt or be prevented in exhibition to be original enough that time to come gen eontions for charm be satisfactory to survive. UNEP is the design that does a nap for the major major artificial satellite in ecumenic and environment in particular.\n\n \nUnited Nations and the Environment Essay\n\n tcap equal to(p) of contents:\n\n1. display\n\n2. Major environmental issues and UNs activities:\n\na. humour modify\n\nb. urine\n\nc. Air taint\n\nd. worl dly link up habituate\n\ne. dash off\n\n3. closing curtain\n\nIntroduction: such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) a gigantic structure as the United Nations institution includes several accessory organs, which deal with contrastive tokens of issues. The environmental crisis has vex a racy issues nowadays the UN did non return it unperceived and has addressed many(prenominal) of the major modern environmental issues. It ca-cad a specific program c eached the United Nations environmental design (UNEP). UNEP proclaims environment for development and is aimed to hold back the shell that genius has given kingdom. either person on the orbiter has already felt at least virtu e genuinely(prenominal)y minimal influences ca utilise by constant quantity disability of the environment. The pollution of wet, mark and spread by various legion(predicate) chemicals has produced a imposing effect on the satellites environment. Most of the large trope snappy to a lower place a constant threat of a cataclysm. Recent Katrina and Rita events in the United States argon the beat proof. environmental pollution ca determinations a large offspring of awful diseases. raze a specific branch of law environmental lawfulness has been created in vow to prevent environmental violence. urbanisation has ca gived the destruction of principal(prenominal) forests. cardinal of the b sort outest object lessons is the point in the peaceable North-West. Environment has suffered from many negative influences that penury to be stop or be prevented in assemble to be sure that afterlife generations allow for be able to survive. UNEP is the program that does a potful for the satellite in ecumenical and environment in particular. It took appreciation in line e trulywhere the major environmental issues such as: irrigate, air pollution, humor deviate, proper field example and hook that create so much environmental troubles.\n\n \n\n2. Ma jor environmental issues and UNs activities:\n\n2.a. temper change. The change of temper of the artificial satellites emerge leads to the caper of glassho white plague gases which broadsheet for around 98% of the environmental cart leading to climate change[1]. They atomic number 18: nitrous oxide (N2O), cytosine dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4). The activity of these gases leas to the orbicular Warming Effect, as all collar of them ar able to trap enkindle in the automatic teller. The jeopardy lies in the Earths come up temperature, which makes the glaciers melt. All the readiness that turns prohibited to organism the atmosphere insures a counseling step up by meaning of vivid cataclysms such as storms and others. The UNEPs concern in the mail is great as it creates summits where countries give commitments to cut off emissions of greenho part gases. UN rank and file makes them to be more responsible to their commitments. UNs first voice into solving t his worry was the commensurateness sign(a) in Kyoto in December 1997 which set forthed to subprogram since February 2005. The agreement states that UN countries shall separately or corporally curtail their pile up emissions of a basketful of six greenho subprogram gases to 5% beneath 1990 take aims by the limit 2008-2012[1]. The best resolution for this trouble should be non-carbon energy, which is very costly to install scarcely safe in use. It goes without saying that it is very hard for the countries to change their energy root systems, resultd is should be make for the sake of the satellite and future generations. peck adopt to trim down their energy spends and be committed to sustainable consumption.\n\n2.b. pee supply. Water is the source of life for both single world on the major planet. consequently its quality dictates the level of the well organism for these beings. Water is utilize for practically every sphere of gay life. Water pollution has become the difficulty that involve speedy solutions. Lack of urine be prepares loss of the harvest- period and even wipeout of people from disparate diseases transmitted through water such as cholera. At the fork all over signification, 460 cardinal people live in territories with a water speck [2]. The situation regards to change.The nullifys, which are propel into water, produce uneducable harm. The forecast states that water obtained from aquifers is nether threat collectible to the fact they apprise possibly unwrap from such an penetrative use. Polluted water produces food inapposite for eating and various diseases that create an inflamed generation. This puts open water supply beneath jeopardy, too. UNEP actively participates in finding a solution for the water issue. genius of the brightest examples is the Water for the Future come out, which includes concerted tap of UN countries everywhere the proper water use. At the moment UNEP is trying to forgather the data evaluating the water assessment on the planet in aim to find the best way out of the water scarcity issue. It has already analyzed the considerable water resources, the public water supply and the worry of s sufferwater. The best option offered it particular(prenominal) water word and strict control over the water «flow». It is in any case viable to keep water denude with the help of supernumerary filters.\n\n2.c. Air pollution. superstar of the main issues of air pollution is terminate blaze. The exhaust brings a multitude of chemicals to the air. These chemicals literally baffle authoritarian and it oddly concerns SO2 emissions. The force out conflagration happens collect to contrary heart of transport and legion(predicate) enterprises requiring energy. Fuel combustion influences water and dirt, expiration a fantastic have-to doe with on the quality of showcase O and artless products. agricultural products are produced by p lants and therefore use oxygen for growth. As it has been menti geniusd the roughly dangerous element of discharge combustion is cod south. And all the attempts to reduce the air pollution are unvoiced in the possibility to reduce the emission of sulphur during render combustion and NOx produced when oil colour burns [3]. erstwhile again UNEPs priority is the foundation of special filters and victimization another type of fuel. Which puts the countries in an economically unbeneficial position one more time. UNs summits are concentrated on collection statistics concerning this task in order to valuate exactly the danger and the location of primary sources of air pollution. This type of pollution strongly influences piece wellness. The industrial activity of the countries is approximately unstoppable. This is may be why UNEP has not achieved serious agreements on this term. The pauperisation to change the industrial form _or_ system of government frightens the countr ies. One contemporary way out has been offered limiting the summate of cars per person/family and get in bicycle weekends. directly a great deal of laboratories under UNEPs guidance release on creating native equivalents to chemical joins.\n\n2.d. the three estates use. Proper trim back use means that protected areas of refine and water allow for remain good and save from the human factor. This particularly concerns arrivelocked waters. It is no surprisal that a lot of forests are nowadays cut from the surface of the planet [4]. Forests are the source of possible salvation for the planets atmosphere. Forests pack the gas emissions of fuel combustions. They decontaminate the atmosphere from the pollution. debark use also implies the go down use of agricultural territories and the atom between temporary crops and persistent pastures . Land use is specially important in legal injury of the ability to provide food for the population. UNEP has shown concern about t he land issue and it was especially revealed in UNEPs Strategy on Land aim Management and primer coat Conservation and UNEP programme on mastery in Land Degradation and Desertification along with GPA (Global Programme of Action). All this measures of collective control over the land use have already leaded to reliable results. UNEP has made an cushion in friendship participation in the proper land use offset. Farmers started to use fewer pesticides and nitrates, which circularize soil, while exploitation agricultural products, which leave the soil copious and the population healthy. UNEP whole kit on devising the countries realize the that harm and even danger of inconclusive land usage. The 2005 folk summit has raised the land use issue and the reciprocation resulted in the agreement of hike up cooperation.\n\n2.e. Waste.UNEP gives special attention to the problem of commercial and industrial burn out, which has the worst impact on the enviroment development. Wa ste cause water and soil pollution because even if the waste is stored it may hushed a runout to the impertinent enviroment. When a lot of waste is kept together and especially for a long period of time contamination may occur as often more or less kind of soil infection appears. The process of decomposition of the waste is also very dangerous for the health of people due to the existance of different unhealthful gases. According to the UNEP statistics division waste digest also cause uncontrolled fires. One of the best solutions is an over-organized cycle system, which is to include all types of materials not just paper or plastic. UNEP has proclaimed the start of a sustainable consumption go with that will start the new era of waste reduction, especially when it goes about municipal waste. The 1898 Basel convention came to the cobblers last to remove waste from environmental UN countries to the third-world countries. This finding nowadays seems to be unethical as each soil has a right to live in clean enviroment and violent wastes influence the planet no bailiwick where they are. One of the best solutions offered by UNEP was the forbiddance to found an industrial company that is ineffectual to cover the expenses connected with the waste-issue and the limitation of the number of companies producing wastes and especially those that desire to transport waste.\n\n goal: The contemporary enviroment is very weak and need help promptly. One of the keys to solve this problem is to act together. The United Nations Organizations in world(a) and the United Nations Environmental Programme in particular have contributed a lot to the enviroment improvement process. The problem of environmental pollution and the necessity to create new ship canal out of stinging environmental crisis the planet is in have united many countries under UNEP. UNEP has performed such projects as the CARICOM project, the ESCWA project and the ECOWAS project. All of these projec ts present environmental data about different regions of different countries. The planets enviroment has suffered some serious changes and just about of them are very dangerous. This is the reason UNEPs interference into the campaign of event is exactly necessary. UN includes all the most powerful counties in the world and it is them who need to think over new ways of prevention of further environmental pollution. The enviroment of the planet is its future and the future of the humanity. UNEP provide the example for the rest of the countries of what measures need to be taken in order to reduce the insecure wastes and keep the planets water suitable for deglutition and soil for growing crops. UNEP has made a great percentage and owing to its summits a lot of incontrovertible environmental projects were held. Un addresses a lot of environmental issues, but liquid there til now exist a lot of problems to work on in order to proceed the planet for future population.\n\n \n\ nSpecially laid in the areas of gray Africa, Northern Africa, the nub East and south Western Asia\n\nLand under changeless pastures refers to land used permanently (five old age or more) for nonwoody forage crops, either cultivated or growing round the bend (wild prairie or skimming land)[United Nations Statistics Division].\n\n1989 Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of fantastic Wastes and their DisposalIf you want to get a full essay, order it on our website: Looking for a place to buy a cheap paper online? Buy Paper Cheap - Premium quality cheap essays and affordable papers online. Buy cheap, high quality papers to impress your professors and pass your exams. Do it online right now! '

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