#ural minerals

[minerali-list]

Chrysocolla and  malachite

Nizhny Tagil, Sverdlovsk region, Middle Urals

Photo:  Ekaterina  Pakhneva

[russianfolklore]

Vitaly Volovich's illustration for russian tale "The Mistress of the Copper Mountain" by Pavel Bazhov.

The Mistress of the Copper Mountain, also known as The Malachite Maid, is a Russian fairy tale character, the mountain spirit from the legends of the Ural miners and the Mistress of the Ural Mountains of Russia. In the national folktales and legends, she is depicted as an extremely beautiful green-eyed young woman in a malachite gown or as a lizard with a crown. She has been viewed as the patroness of miners, the protector and owner of hidden underground riches, the one who can either permit or prevent the mining of stones and metals in certain places.

[nobrashfestivity]

Finds of the Shigir peat bog

This peat bog is located in a vast natural basin. In ancient times, the Shigir peat bog was a system of lakes, on the banks and peat bogs of which our distant ancestors lived. Now its length is about 17 kilometers, and its width is more than 10 kilometers. In the center of the peat bog is the gradually overgrown Shigirskoye Lake. In the middle of the 19th century, the "gold rush" dominated the Urals. Gold deposits were also found on the Shigir peat bog - under peat layers up to 8 meters deep. The developments at these mines were carried out in open cuts.

Shigir Lake was partially drained. The miners who worked here found unusual objects every now and then. Unfortunately, before archaeologists appeared on the Shigir peat bog, many unique items were irretrievably lost. It is possible that among them were no less sensational finds than the Shigir idol.

these results were googletranslated but are from interesting site megalithica.r

[evilios]

The Mountain Craftsman

Created in the traditional style of Palekh miniature, this panel by a Palekh-born artist Kaleria Kukulieva features scenes from Pavel Bazhov's collection of fairy tales about the Malachite Maid also known as "The Mistress of the Copper Mountain".

She is a prominent figure of general Russian fairy tales and local Ural folk tales coined around the area of one of the oldest Ural-based copper mines. Having been in use since around mid-2nd millennium BCE, this mine would receive the folk name "The Copper Mountain".

The Malachite Maid is described differently in various sources. Most frequently she is a stone woman in a dress of malachite who guards the mines and the ore reserves deep in the heart of the Ural mountains. She is a benefactor of respectful miners and seems to favor talented craftsmen, but she is also a protective spirit of the mountain region that punishes those who take her patronage for granted.

In Bazhov's fairy tales, she's a woman of medium height, not very tall, and beautiful to look at. Her hair is black and braided, heavy and going straight down her back; the ribbons in it are presumably made of copper. In other tales, she can transform into or is inherently a green lizard with a golden crown on her head (currently depicted on the coat of arms of the town where the Copper Mountain is located).

Photo source: 🏺

[blueiscoool]

Siberian Cave Filled with Mammoth, Rhino and Bear Bones is Ancient Hyena Lair

Siberian locals have discovered an incredible prehistoric time capsule in what paleontologists believe is the largest ancient hyena lair ever found in Asia. The cave contained a whole menagerie of animal bones that had been undisturbed for about 42,000 years.

Paleontologists found the bones of both predator and prey animals from the Pleistocene epoch (2.6 million to 11,700 years ago), including brown bears, foxes, wolves, mammoths, rhinos, yaks, deer, gazelles, bison, horses, rodents, birds, fish and frogs.

The researchers posted a video of the discovery (in Russian) on June 20.

Residents of Khakassia, a republic in southern Siberia, discovered the cave five years ago, according to a translated statement from the V. S. Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy. However, due to the remoteness of the area, paleontologists weren’t able to fully explore and examine the remains until June 2022.

They collected around 880 pounds (400 kilograms) of bones, including two complete cave hyena skulls. The paleontologists suspect the hyenas lived in the cave because the bones had gnaw marks consistent with hyena teeth.

“In addition, we came across a series of bones in anatomical order. For example, in rhinos, the ulna and radius bones are together," Dmitry Gimranov, senior researcher at the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, said in the statement. "This suggests that the hyenas dragged parts of the carcasses into the lair."

The researchers also found the bones of hyena pups — which tend not to be preserved as they are so fragile — indicating they were raised in the cave. "We even found a whole skull of a young [hyena], many lower jaws and milk teeth," Gimranov said.

Siberia is rich with the remains of Pleistocene animals. Their remains are not old enough to be fossilized, or replaced with rock through a mineralization process. The bones, and sometimes skin, flesh and even blood of these animals are often not much different than they were the year they died. This is thanks — in large part — to the cold weather preserving the remains.

The bones have been sent to Yekaterinburg for further analysis.“[T]he finds will also tell us about the flora and fauna of that time, what animals ate, what the climate was like in this area,” Dmitry Malikov, senior researcher at the Institute of Geology and Mineralogy of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, said in the statement.

“We will also get important information from the coprolites,” the fossilized feces of the animals, he added.

By Kristin Hugo.

[pwlanier]

Ulupov Mark Ivanovich (1924-1997). Bridge on the Angara. Irkutsk. 1967.

Paper, mixed media. 60.2 x 42.5 cm.

On the back: "Bridge on the Angara // M.Ulupov 1967 // Irkutsk".

Graphic artist. Member of the Union of Journalists of the USSR, member of the Union of Artists

USSR, member of the Moscow Union of Artists, member of the Art Fund of the USSR. Since 1992 - member of the International Association of Artists at UNESCO, Honored Worker of Culture. He studied at the Art and Graphic Faculty of the Moscow Art Teachers' Institute. In 1942, he was drafted into the army, took part in battles on the front line in parts of the North-Western and Western fronts. He made drawings published in the military press. He was wounded, contused, awarded combat awards. After demobilization, he continued his studies at the institute. From 1949 to 1951 he studied in graduate school. Since 1948, he has been a permanent exhibitor of art exhibitions. Since 1952, he began teaching at the Moscow Regional Art School "In Memory of 1905". He collaborated with the editorial offices of various periodicals - Trud newspaper, Vokrug Sveta, Culture and Life magazines, Agitator, Znanie-power, Family and School, Youth Naturalist, Altai, Soviet-Chinese Friendship, Soviet Miner, Labor Protection and Social Insurance, Inventor and Innovator and Many others. He traveled a lot in the Urals, the Volga region, the North and North-West of Russia, the Caucasus, Buryatia, Altai, Khakassia, the Baltic States.

Nikitskiy

[lelanida]

? 👀👀

Ognivo was inspired by Urals' folktale "Ognivushka-poskakushka" (or «The Dancing Fire Maid» in translation ). Ognivushka is a fire spirit that shows miners where lies gold. That explains Ognivo's warm colors and usage of gold accessories.

[materiallugy]

What is the perovskite?

Perovskite refers to a class of materials that share the same crystal structure as the mineral calcium titanium oxide (CaTiO₃), which was first discovered in the Ural Mountains of Russia by Gustav Rose in 1839 and named after the Russian mineralogist Lev Perovski. Perovskite materials have the general formula ABX₃, where 'A' and 'B' are cations of different sizes, and 'X' is an anion, typically oxygen.

Perovskite solar cells

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) represent a rapidly advancing technology in the field of photovoltaics, offering a promising alternative to traditional silicon-based solar cells. They are named after the perovskite-structured compound used as the light-absorbing layer, typically a hybrid organic-inorganic lead or tin halide-based material. This overview covers their structure, working principle, advantages, challenges, and future prospects.

[merlersoda]

Alexandrite

Did you know?

That Alexandrite is a mineral that can change color depending on different light sources.

The term Alexandrite came from Emperor Alexandria ii.

Alexandrite that comes from the Ural Mountains of Russia is colored green in daylight to red in incandescent light.

Other varieties of alexandrite may be yellowish or pink in daylight and a columbine or raspberry red by incandescent light.

This chameleon-like color shift is the result of its uncommon chemical composition which includes traces of chromium, the same coloring agent found in emerald. The unlikelihood of these elements combining under the right conditions makes alexandrite one of the rarest and most expensive gemstones on Earth.

The alexandrite mined from Russia’s famed deposits set the quality standard for this gemstone. Today, most alexandrite comes from Sri Lanka, Brazil, and East Africa, generally paling in comparison to the vivid colors of Russian gemstones.

With a hardness of 8.5 on the Mohs scale, alexandrite is softer than sapphire and harder than garnet—the other gemstones that can change color. However, due to its scarcity, alexandrite is more valuable than most gemstones, including rubies and diamonds.

[giacoloredstones]

10 Rarest Gems: Rare to Find, Hard to Possess

Gemstones have captivated humans for millennia, but while diamonds, sapphires, and rubies enjoy the spotlight, other rarer, more exotic stones remain hidden treasures. These gems, formed under unique conditions, are not only difficult to find but also hard to acquire, even for the most avid collectors. If you’re a gem enthusiast, these rare and stunning stones may soon be on your radar.

1. Painite – The Rarest Gemstone in the World

Painite has the unique distinction of being the rarest gem on earth. Discovered in Myanmar in the 1950s, this mineral was so scarce that only a handful of specimens were found for several decades. Its deep red-brown hue, somewhat resembling garnet, belies its extreme rarity. What makes painite truly unique is its chemical composition, containing boron, calcium, zirconium, and aluminum, which isn’t found in any other mineral.

Why It’s Hard to Possess: Due to its rarity, painite specimens are held by museums or extremely wealthy collectors. Even though more samples have been found in recent years, they still remain one of the most expensive and elusive gemstones.

2. Alexandrite – The Color-Changing Wonder

Alexandrite is celebrated for its remarkable ability to change colors depending on the lighting. In daylight, it appears green or bluish-green, but under incandescent light, it turns a reddish-purple. This color shift makes alexandrite a true gemological marvel. Found initially in the Ural Mountains of Russia, high-quality alexandrite is now mined in Brazil, Sri Lanka, and East Africa, though the finest examples still come from Russia.

Why It’s Hard to Possess: Genuine alexandrite in its natural form is extremely rare. Synthetic versions exist, making it critical for buyers to authenticate any alexandrite purchase to avoid being duped.

3. Tanzanite – Only Found in One Place on Earth

Discovered in 1967, Tanzanite is a relatively new gem, yet its allure has skyrocketed due to its rich violet-blue color. What makes this gemstone even more fascinating is that it is found only in one location on Earth: the foothills of Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania. Its rarity is compounded by the limited mining area, which may be exhausted within the next two decades.

Why It’s Hard to Possess: Tanzanite’s availability is declining, driving up its price and making high-quality stones an investment for the future.

4. Black Opal – The Most Prized of the Opals

Opals come in various forms, but none are as revered as the black opal. Originating primarily from Lightning Ridge in Australia, black opals display an incredible play of color, with vibrant flashes of red, green, and blue dancing across a dark background. The rarity of these color patterns makes black opal one of the most desirable gems in the world.

Why It’s Hard to Possess: The scarcity of black opals, combined with the fact that each stone’s play of color is unique, makes them highly prized and difficult to source, particularly in large sizes with rich color patterns.

5. Musgravite – Rare and Relatively New

Musgravite was first discovered in the Musgrave Ranges of Australia in 1967, and it remains one of the rarest gemstones to this day. It belongs to the same family as taaffeite, another rare gem, and can be found in colors ranging from grayish-green to purple. The main sources of musgravite are Greenland, Antarctica, and a few regions in Madagascar, though its limited supply ensures it remains rare and expensive.

Why It’s Hard to Possess: Musgravite’s limited sources and the complexity of mining it make it one of the most expensive gemstones, with few available on the market.

6. Red Beryl – Often More Expensive Than Diamonds

Also known as bixbite or “red emerald,” red beryl is a striking red gemstone that comes from the Wah Wah Mountains of Utah, USA. Unlike its green cousin, emerald, red beryl is much rarer, with only one gem-quality deposit found to date. This vibrant stone is highly prized by collectors.

Why It’s Hard to Possess: Red beryl’s rarity and limited mining area make it much more expensive than many other well-known gems, including diamonds.

7. Jeremejevite – Elusive and Exquisite

Jeremejevite, discovered in Siberia in 1883, is an extremely rare mineral that comes in shades of pale yellow, blue, or colorless. Gem-quality stones have been found in Namibia and Myanmar, but they remain incredibly scarce and highly sought after by collectors.

Why It’s Hard to Possess: Jeremejevite’s rarity, combined with the difficulty of cutting it due to its perfect cleavage, makes it a challenging gem to own. High-quality stones are almost impossible to find in mainstream markets.

8. Grandidierite – A Stone of Glowing Beauty

Discovered in Madagascar in 1902, Grandidierite is named after French explorer Alfred Grandidier. This gemstone exhibits a mesmerizing blue-green hue and is one of the most pleochroic minerals, meaning it shows different colors when viewed from different angles. While small deposits have been found in Sri Lanka and Namibia, Madagascar remains the main source of this rare gem.

Why It’s Hard to Possess: The mining of Grandidierite is labor-intensive, and its pleochroism complicates the cutting process, making high-quality stones extremely rare and valuable.

See Also: 7 Crystals to Boost Confidence and Empower Yourself

9. Serendibite – As Rare as It Gets

Serendibite was first discovered in Sri Lanka and is one of the rarest gemstones in the world, with only a few specimens known to exist. This dark, almost black stone often has slight blue or green tints. Serendibite is mainly used for collection purposes due to its rarity rather than for use in jewelry.

Why It’s Hard to Possess: Serendibite’s scarcity ensures that only the wealthiest collectors have access to it, and its limited deposits mean that prices are extremely high.

10. Poudretteite – One of the Rarest Pink Gems

Named after the Poudrette family, who owned a quarry in Quebec where it was first discovered, Poudretteite is a rare pink gemstone with excellent clarity. The discovery of gem-quality Poudretteite in Myanmar in the 2000s increased its visibility, but it remains one of the rarest gems globally.

Why It’s Hard to Possess: Poudretteite is prized for its beautiful pink hue, but only a small amount of gem-quality material has been found. As a result, its availability is limited, and collectors often pay a premium for even modest-sized stones.

Why These Gems are Worth Pursuing

Rare gems like these are coveted not only for their beauty but also for the allure of their scarcity. Owning a rare gemstone isn’t just a symbol of luxury; it’s also an investment. As the availability of these stones declines due to limited deposits and mining restrictions, their value will only increase. For collectors, investors, and enthusiasts, these gems represent the ultimate prize.

Tips for Buying Rare Gems:

Verify Authenticity: Due to their scarcity, many of these gems have synthetic or imitation counterparts. Always seek certifications and buy from reputable dealers.

Consider Future Value: Rarity often drives value, so while these gems may be expensive today, their price is likely to rise over time.

Check Quality: Ensure that the gemstone’s cut, color, clarity, and carat are up to par. High-quality examples of these rare stones are exceptionally valuable.

Whether you’re a seasoned collector or new to the world of gemstones, rare gems offer an enticing combination of beauty, rarity, and value. Tracking down one of these elusive treasures may take time, effort, and investment, but the reward is a truly unique piece that few others will ever own.

[adityacmi]

Potash Market Extravaganza: Elevating Farming to New Heights of Success

Potash Industry: Understanding the Essence of Potash and its Importance in Agriculture

Introduction to Potash

Potash is the common name for various potassium-containing salts and minerals, specifically those water-soluble salts containing potassium ions. Potassium is a mineral that is essential for humans, animals and plant growth. It helps in regulating the water balance inside the cells of a plant and activates various enzymes that are involved in photosynthesis, protein synthesis and starch formation. Plants need potassium to build strong cell walls, send sugars to different parts of the plant and tolerate environmental stress.

Uses of Potash in Agriculture

One of the main uses of potash is in agriculture as a fertilizer. Potassium is one of the three primary plant nutrients, along with nitrogen and phosphorus. Potash chemicals are enriching agriculture globally as they improve both crop quality and yield. Application of potash industry helps in:

- Increasing Crop Yields: Potash application significantly increases crop yield by 10-30% depending on the crop and soil type. It plays a key role in improving root growth, stem strength and disease resistance of plants.

- Improving Produce Quality: Potassium helps in improving the size, color, texture, taste and shelf life of produce. It enhances produce sugar levels and nutrient density. Crops like fruits, vegetables, potatoes and tobacco see significant quality benefits from potash application.

- Disease and Pest Resistance: Potash allows plants to better resist environmental stresses like drought, heat, frost and diseases. It improves protein synthesis and allocation within plants thereby enhancing their immunity.

- Water Use Efficiency: Proper potassium levels in soil and plants results in efficient uptake and use of water. It regulates water balance in cells allowing for improved yields under water stress conditions.

- Protein and Starch Formation: Potassium activates numerous enzymes required for photosynthesis and production of starches, oils and proteins in plants. It maximizes yields by optimizing plant metabolism.

Sources of Potash

Some of the major natural mineral sources of potash that are commercially extracted and processed as fertilizers include:

- Potash Salt or Sylvite (KCl): Found as beds of evaporite mineral deposits primarily in Germany, Canada and Russia. It contains approximately 50% K2O.

- Carnallite (KMgCl3.6H2O): Hydrated potassium magnesium chloride mineral found in Germany and the USA. It contains approximately 23% K2O.

- Langbeinite (K2SO4.2MgSO4): Double sulfate potash mineral mined in Germany, Israel and the USA containing approximately 22% K2O.

- Polyhalite or Sylvinite (K2Ca2Mg(SO4)4.2H2O): Double sulfate potash-magnesium mineral mined in the UK, Israel and Russia containing approximately 11-15% K2O.

All these minerals undergo processing to become potash chemicals suitable for agriculture and horticulture applications in the form of muriate of potash (KCl), sulphate of potash (K2SO4) etc.

Major Producers and Consumers

Some major global producers and exporters of potash include Canada, Russia and Belarus.

- Canada is the largest producer and supplier of potash globally, mining over 20 million tons annually primarily from Saskatchewan region reserves.

- Russia is the second largest producer extracting potash from the Urals and central Siberia. It exports significant quantities of potash worldwide.

- Belarus is another large potash producer and exporter located strategically between Russia and Europe.

On the consumption front, top potash importing countries include United States, Brazil, India and China as they have huge agricultural sectors. Developing countries in Asia and Latin America have been steadily increasing their potash fertilizer usage to boost farm productivity to feed their growing populations. Global potash consumption is projected to rise further with growing food security concerns.

Potash Industry Dynamics

The global potash market is dominated by a few large producers and is influenced by politics, trade policies and crop price fluctuations across regions. Major dynamics shaping the potash fertilizer market include:

- Threat of Substitute Products: Emergence of bio-stimulant products and organic fertilizers pose threat to potash, however, their uptake is still marginal compared to conventional potash chemicals.

- Trade Policies of Major Producers: Decisions of Canadian, Russian and Belarusian governments regarding export quotas and duties significantly impact global potash prices.

- Energy Costs: Rising natural gas prices impact the energy intensive potash mining and processing operations of producer countries.

- Currency Exchange Rates: Currency values of major potash trading countries like Canada, Russia and the US determine FOB and landed costs of potash imports.

- Monsoon and Crop States: Good monsoons and positive outlook of major consuming regions like India and China boost global potash demand during planting seasons.

- Mergers and Acquisitions: Large deals re-shape the production capacities and market shares of top potash mining companies over time.

In summary, potash industry continues to be an essential input for sustainable agriculture globally. Its production, trade and consumption dynamics are influenced by multiple macroeconomic and geopolitical factors across regions.

[russianfolklore]

Alexander Koshkin's illustration for russian tale "The Great Snake" by Pavel Bazhov.

The character of Poloz the Great Snake is based on the Ural legends, miner's omens, and on the superstitions of the Khanty, the Mansi people, and the Bashkirs. The legends about Poloz, a giant serpent 6–10 meters long, still exist at the Urals. In the Bashkir folklore there is the character the Master of Gold, which can appear as various animals, including the snake. At the Urals he is also called The Serpent or The Snake King (Russian: Змеиный царь, Zmeinyj tsar). It is believed that the grass turns yellow where he touches the surface. Poloz and the snake trails in general indicate the location of gold. Slowworms are his servants.

[molsons112000]

This new material may significantly drop the cost of solar energy and increase the efficiency of solar panels....

The perovskite family of solar materials is named for its structural similarity to a mineral called perovskite, which was discovered in 1839 and named after Russian mineralogist L.A. Perovski. The original mineral perovskite, which is calcium titanium oxide (CaTiO3), has a distinctive crystal configuration.Jul 15, 2022

https://news.mit.edu › perovskites-...

Explained: Why perovskites could take solar cells to new heights

Where does perovskite come from?

The mineral was discovered in the Ural Mountains of Russia by Gustav Rose in 1839 and is named after Russian mineralogist Lev Perovski (1792–1856).

https://en.m.wikipedia.org › wiki

Perovskite - Wikipedia

So this material that will help create efficiencies in the solar industry will help create efficiencies in drug delivery to humans... So yes, this may help the delivery of medication and may help the delivery of vitamin nutrients to human cells, and by the way pharmaceutical companies can produce this product to supply the solar industry for solar panel production.... So yes pharmaceutical companies can work with engineering bioproducts for technology industries as well.... So the pharmaceutical industries can diversify. See the link below related to this material and drug delivery. And like I said, this could help deliver vitamin supplement material to humans as well.

"This study suggests that calcium titanate nanofibers can offer a promising platform for localized drug delivery."

This Is material can be used in Mechanical and optical application as well...

Stanford Advanced Materials

https://www.samaterials.com › calci...

CA4438 Calcium Titanate Powder (CaTiO3) (CAS No. 12049-50-2)

Calcium Titanate Powder (CaTiO3) is a basic inorganic dielectric material with excellent dielectric, temperature, mechanical and optical properties.

Scholarly articles for CaTiO3 in optical applications

… , characterization and applications of nano CaTiO3 …

Manjunath · Cited by 15

Structural and optical properties of CaTiO3 perovskite- …

Moreira · Cited by 253

What is the application of CaTiO3?

CaTiO3 is one of the important components for the immobilization of high level radioactive wastes and is extensively used in electronic ceramic materials. CaTiO3 has been investigated for biocompatible and luminescent material and exhibits a combination of high permittivity and modest dielectric loss.

https://www.eurekaselect.com › article

Studies on Synthesis, Characterization and Applications ...

What are the applications of calcium titanate?

Calcium Titanate is generally immediately available in most volumes. High purity, submicron and nanopowder forms may be considered. Titanate compounds contain a form of Titanium Oxide and have various applications including electronics, ceramics, and batteries (in the case of Lithium Titanate).

https://www.americanelements.com › ...

Calcium Titanate | AMERICAN ELEMENTS 

ScienceDirect.com

https://www.sciencedirect.com › pii

Structural and optical properties of CaTiO3 perovskite-based ...

by ML Moreira · 2009 · Cited by 253 — CT crystallizes in an orthorhombic perovskite structure Pbnm space group, in a single phase

Scholarly articles for CaTiO3 in mechanical applications

Mechanochemical synthesis of CaTiO3 from CaCO3- …

Vukotić · Cited by 10

Mechanical milling of hydrothermally obtained CaTiO3 …

Stoyanova · Cited by 17

ScienceDirect.com

https://www.sciencedirect.com › pii

Mechanical milling of hydrothermally obtained CaTiO ...

by D Stoyanova · 2019 · Cited by 17 — Abstract. Nanosized calcium titanate (CaTiO3) powders were prepared for the first time by combination

So it looks like this. Chemical structure can help with vitamin D As well as calcium carbonate delivery.

National Institutes of Health (NIH) (.gov)

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov › pmc

The Rationale Behind Topical Vitamin D Analogs in ...

by GK Kim · 2010 · Cited by 57 — Vitamin D3 acts mainly on the vitamin D receptor (VDR) to regulate cell growth, differentiation, and immune function

WebMD

https://www.webmd.com › details

Calcium Carbonate-Vitamin D3 Oral: Uses, Side Effects, ...

This combination medication is used to prevent or treat low blood calcium levels in people who do not get enough calcium from their diets

So here is a youtube video that brought up using this material in solar panels....

[gemsbuild]

Discovering June's Birthstones: Pearl, Moonstone, And Alexandrite

By Gems Build 

Are you a June baby looking for a special birthstone? Look no further than Pearl, Moonstone, and Alexandrite - the three birthstones associated with June. Each of these gemstones possesses unique characteristics and is believed to bring a range of benefits to those who wear them. In this article, we will delve into the world of Pearl, Moonstone, and Alexandrite to explore their symbolism, significance, and the qualities they are said to enhance in their wearers. 

Overview of Pearl, Moonstone, and Alexandrite 

Pearl, Moonstone, and Alexandrite are all exquisite gemstones that hold a special place in the hearts of those born in June. Let's take a closer look at each of these birthstones to understand their history, symbolism, and significance. 

History and Symbolism of Pearl 

Pearls have been treasured for centuries for their natural beauty and rarity. They have long been associated with purity, innocence, and femininity. In ancient civilizations, pearls were believed to be tears of the gods and were often worn by royalty and nobility. 

Characteristics and Properties of Pearl 

Pearls are unique among gemstones as they are formed inside the shells of certain mollusks. They are organic gems, created when an irritant such as a grain of sand enters the mollusk, and the creature secretes layers of nacre around it. This process gives pearls their lustrous appearance. 

Benefits of Wearing Pearl as a Birthstone 

Wearing pearls as a birthstone is believed to bring several benefits. Pearls are said to promote emotional balance, relieve stress, and bring a sense of calmness and purity to the wearer. They are also thought to enhance one's intuition and foster a harmonious relationship with loved ones. 

History and Symbolism of Moonstone 

Moonstones have captivated people's imaginations for centuries with their ethereal glow and mystical allure. They have been associated with the moon and its cycles, often seen as a symbol of femininity and intuition. 

Characteristics and Properties of Moonstone 

Moonstones belong to the Feldspar family of minerals and are known for their unique adularescence, which gives them a captivating play of light. This phenomenon creates a shimmering effect reminiscent of moonlight, hence the name "moonstone." 

Benefits of Wearing Moonstone as a Birthstone 

Wearing moonstone as a birthstone is believed to have several benefits. Moonstones are said to enhance intuition, promote emotional well-being, and encourage creativity. They are also believed to provide protection during travel and bring good fortune to the wearer. 

History and Symbolism of Alexandrite 

Alexandrite is a rare and mesmerizing gemstone known for its remarkable color-changing properties. It was discovered in the early 19th century in the Ural Mountains of Russia and was named after the Russian tsar, Alexander II. 

Characteristics and Properties of Alexandrite 

One of the most fascinating aspects of Alexandrite is its ability to change color under different lighting conditions. In daylight, it appears green or bluish-green, while under incandescent light, it transforms into a reddish or purplish hue. This phenomenon is known as pleochroism. 

Benefits of Wearing Alexandrite as a Birthstone 

Alexandrite is associated with good fortune, love, and personal growth. It is believed to bring balance to one's life and strengthen relationships. Alexandrite is also thought to enhance creativity and intuition, making it an excellent choice for those seeking personal transformation and self-discovery. 

 Choosing the Right June Birthstone for You 

Whether you are drawn to the timeless elegance of Pearls, the mesmerizing glow of Moonstones, or the captivating color-changing properties of Alexandrite, there is a June birthstone that suits your unique personality and desires. Each of these gemstones carries its own symbolism, characteristics, and benefits, making them meaningful choices for those born in June. 

As you explore the world of Pearl, Moonstone, and Alexandrite, consider the qualities you wish to enhance in your life. Whether it's emotional balance, intuition, or personal growth, your June birthstone can serve as a beautiful reminder of your aspirations and a source of positive energy in your journey. 

Choose your June birthstone with care and wear it with pride, knowing that you are carrying a piece of natural beauty and symbolism with you. Let the magic of Pearl, Moonstone, or Alexandrite inspire you and bring joy to your life as you embrace the unique qualities they are believed to offer. 

So, whether you choose the iridescent beauty of Pearls, the ethereal glow of Moonstones, or Alexandrite's captivating color-changing properties, let your June birthstone reflect your personality and be a source of positive energy in your life. Embrace the enchantment and symbolism of these gemstones and let them shine bright on your journey. 

Birthstone magic blooms! Beyond your own gem, discover garnet's fire, amethyst's calm, and aquamarine's hope. Find strength in diamond, love in emerald, and magic in alexandrite. Ignite passion with ruby, seek peace in peridot, and wisdom in sapphire. Embrace tourmaline's vibrancy, topaz's warmth, and let tanzanite or turquoise guide you.

[jok3rgg]

Batu Termahal di Dunia, Ada yang Harga Selangit Capai Rp841 Miliar per Karat

Batu mulia hadir dalam beberapa jenis dengan warna warni yang begitu cantik dan mempesona yang diaplikasikan pada sebuah perhiasan atau aksesoris lainnya.

Namun, tahukah kamu kalau batu mulia itu memiliki harga yang sangat mahal? Bahkan, ada batu mulia yang harganya mencapai Rp841 miliar per karat, loh!

1. Batu termahal di dunia ada Alexandrite

Alexandrite merupakan jenis chrysoberyl dan pertama kali ditemukan di Pegunungan Ural, Rusia pada tahun 1830-an.

Menariknya, batu ini bisa berubah warna ketika dalam kondisi tertentu, misalnya seperti zamrud dalam cahaya dan merah ruby jika dalam kegelapan. Batu Alexandrite memiliki harga sekitar 12.000 USD per karat atau setara dengan Rp172 juta.

2. Berlian

Berlian adalah salah satu batu permata dalam kategori termahal di dunia. Meskipun saat ini sudah banyak orang yang memilikinya.

Tapi tahukah kamu, jika berlian ditemukan dalam kimberlite dingin yang terbentuk selama 1 hingga 3 miliar tahun. Hal inilah yang membuat harganya sangat mahal.

Harga berlian bisa mencapai 15.000 dollar Amerika Serikat per karat atau setara dengan Rp215 juta.

3. Red Beryl

Untuk batu permata termahal di dunia adalah Red Beryl. Batu ini merupakan mineral yang terdiri dari berilium, alumunium, dan silikat.

Red Beryl ditemukan dalam tuf mineralisasi riolit di daerah Thomas Range, Utah. Batu permata ini memiliki harga mencapai 10.000 USD atau setara dengan Rp143, 5 juta per karat.

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Denisov-Uralsky Alexey Kuzmich. "The Kosva River." 1902.

Oil on canvas, 66.3×104.5 cm.

At the bottom right is the signature and date: "Adenisov-Uralsky. 02.".

The artist has repeatedly painted the banks of the Kosva River, located in the Perm region. It is known that in 1904 he took part in the World Exhibition in St. Louis (USA). The exhibition catalog contains the painting "Noon. The Kosva River from the Nizhne-Gubakhinsky railway bridge" (cat. № 482). It can be assumed that this picture was exhibited at the exhibition. The work has unconditional museum significance.

Expert opinion of NINE named after P.M. Tretyakova (N.S. Ignatova, A.B. Dergachev).

After the exhibition in St. Louis of six hundred paintings (among them were paintings by Repin, Roerich, Vereshchagin, as well as works by Ural and Siberian artists), they were moved to New York. A St. Petersburg fur trader, a certain Greenwaldt, was going to arrange the first exhibition of works of Russian art in America in New York, but got confused in debt. Under the pretext of non-payment of the fee, American customs officers seized the paintings. A number of financial frauds and legal battles followed, as a result of which most of the paintings were transferred to California. Eventually, with the sanction of U.S. President Taft in 1912, the paintings were sold at auction for forty thousand dollars to a large capitalist from the city of Oak Havens, who then sold them to various museums and private collections with great profit.

Alexey Kuzmich Denisov-Uralsky (1864-1926) - Russian painter and stone cutter. The debut of the young master was the All-Russian Art and Industrial Exhibition of 1882 in Moscow. Alexey Kuzmich presented at the exhibition minerals from the Ural ridge, a painting and a stalactite grotto of Ural minerals, which were awarded an honorary diploma. In the late 1880s, a master stone cutter and self-taught artist went to conquer the Northern Capital, having experience of participating in major national and international exhibitions in Moscow (1882), Yekaterinburg (1887), Copenhagen (1888), Paris (1889). He masters the art of painting and watercolor at the Drawing School of the Imperial Society for the Encouragement of Arts, creates drawings for periodicals, works part-time as a graphic designer at the Baron Stieglitz School of Technical Drawing. After his success at the World Exhibition of 1900 in Paris, he opens the first solo exhibition "Ural in Painting" in Yekaterinburg. In the spring, the exhibition moves to the provincial city of Perm.

In 1912, Denisov-Uralsky became one of the co-founders of the "Society for the Promotion and Improvement of Handicrafts and Grinding "Russian Gems", on the basis of which the famous St. Petersburg enterprise specializing in the processing of ornamental stones appeared.

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