#ubiquinol

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Descubre los beneficios del ubiquinol, la forma antioxidante activa de la CoQ10, para aumentar la energía y proteger el corazón y el cuerpo del estrés oxidativo. Aprende más aquí.

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Ubiquinol (CoQ10) Supplement

Ubiquinol, a vital compound present in the body, plays a crucial role in various physiological functions. From energy production to antioxidant defence, its significance cannot be overstated. In this comprehensive guide, we'll explore the benefits, sources, and considerations for incorporating Ubiquinol supplements into your daily routine.

Introduction to Ubiquinol (CoQ10)

Definition and Importance

Ubiquinol, also known as Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), is a naturally occurring compound found in the cells of the human body. It acts as a coenzyme, facilitating energy production in the mitochondria and serving as a potent antioxidant.

Natural Occurrence in the Body

Our bodies produce Ubiquinol naturally, but various factors, including age and certain health conditions, can affect its levels. As we delve into the world of Ubiquinol supplementation, understanding its fundamental role is crucial.

Health Benefits of Ubiquinol

Energy Production in Cells

One of the primary functions of Ubiquinol is its involvement in the electron transport chain, where it aids in the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the energy currency of cells.

Antioxidant Properties

Ubiquinol acts as a powerful antioxidant, neutralising free radicals and protecting cells from oxidative stress. This property contributes to its role in maintaining overall health and well-being.

Heart Health Support

Numerous studies suggest that Ubiquinol may have a positive impact on heart health. From improving blood vessel function to reducing oxidative damage, its cardiovascular benefits are worth exploring.

Sources of Ubiquinol

Foods Rich in CoQ10

While Ubiquinol is naturally present in certain foods, understanding dietary sources is essential for those looking to boost their levels through nutrition.

Supplements and Their Forms

Ubiquinol supplements come in various forms, each with its unique characteristics. We'll explore these forms and their bioavailability to help you make informed choices.

Ubiquinol vs. CoQ10: Understanding the Difference

Bioavailability and Absorption

Distinguishing between Ubiquinol and CoQ10 is crucial for effective supplementation. We'll discuss bioavailability and absorption rates, helping you choose the right form for your needs.

Choosing the Right Form for Supplementation

Not all supplements are created equal. We'll guide you through the selection process, considering factors such as formulation, dosage, and intended benefits.

Recommended Daily Dosage

General Guidelines

Understanding the recommended daily dosage of Ubiquinol is vital for achieving optimal benefits. We'll provide general guidelines to help you establish a suitable routine.

Tailoring Dosage to Individual Needs

Individual factors, including age, health status, and lifestyle, can influence the ideal dosage. Discover how to tailor Ubiquinol supplementation to your specific requirements.

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The Benefits of CoQ10 Ubiquinol CoQ10 Ubiquinol is a powerful antioxidant that plays a crucial role in energy production within our cells. It is a naturally occurring compound that is found in every cell of our body. In this article, we will explore the numerous benefits of CoQ10 Ubiquinol and how it can positively impact our overall health and well-being. Improved Energy Levels One of the key benefits of CoQ10 Ubiquinol is its ability to enhance our energy levels. As we age, our natural levels of CoQ10 Ubiquinol decrease, leading to fatigue and a lack of vitality. By supplementing with CoQ10 Ubiquinol, we can replenish our energy stores and experience increased stamina and endurance. Cardiovascular Health CoQ10 Ubiquinol has been extensively studied for its positive effects on cardiovascular health. It helps support a healthy heart by promoting the production of ATP, which is essential for proper heart function. Additionally, CoQ10 Ubiquinol acts as a potent antioxidant, reducing oxidative stress and inflammation in the cardiovascular system. Antioxidant Properties As mentioned earlier, CoQ10 Ubiquinol is a powerful antioxidant. It helps neutralize harmful free radicals in our body, which can cause damage to our cells and contribute to the development of various diseases. By reducing oxidative stress, CoQ10 Ubiquinol supports overall health and protects against age-related conditions. Brain Health Research suggests that CoQ10 Ubiquinol may have neuroprotective properties, making it beneficial for brain health. It has been shown to enhance mitochondrial function and protect brain cells from oxidative damage. This, in turn, may help improve cognitive function, memory, and overall brain health. Immune System Support CoQ10 Ubiquinol plays a vital role in supporting a healthy immune system. It helps enhance the activity of immune cells, improving their ability to fight off infections and diseases. By maintaining optimal levels of CoQ10 Ubiquinol, we can strengthen our immune system and promote overall well-being. [caption id="attachment_80502" align="aligncenter" width="1500"] benefits of coq10 ubiquinol[/caption] In conclusion, CoQ10 Ubiquinol offers a wide range of benefits for our overall health and well-being. From improving energy levels to supporting cardiovascular health, brain function, and immune system support, CoQ10 Ubiquinol is a valuable nutrient that can positively impact our lives. Consider incorporating CoQ10 Ubiquinol into your daily routine to experience its numerous benefits and optimize your health. Frequently Asked Questions about the Benefits of CoQ10 Ubiquinol 1. What is CoQ10 Ubiquinol? CoQ10 Ubiquinol is the active form of Coenzyme Q10, a naturally occurring antioxidant in the body. 2. What are the benefits of CoQ10 Ubiquinol? CoQ10 Ubiquinol provides numerous health benefits, including improved energy production, support for heart health, antioxidant protection, and enhanced cellular function. 3. How does CoQ10 Ubiquinol improve energy production? CoQ10 Ubiquinol plays a crucial role in the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is the primary source of energy for cellular functions. 4. Can CoQ10 Ubiquinol support heart health? Yes, CoQ10 Ubiquinol has been shown to support heart health by promoting healthy blood circulation, maintaining optimal blood pressure, and reducing oxidative stress in the cardiovascular system. 5. What is the role of CoQ10 Ubiquinol as an antioxidant? CoQ10 Ubiquinol acts as a potent antioxidant, neutralizing harmful free radicals and protecting cells from oxidative damage caused by environmental factors and natural aging processes. 6. How does CoQ10 Ubiquinol enhance cellular function? CoQ10 Ubiquinol supports cellular function by aiding in the production of ATP, promoting efficient metabolism, and assisting in the synthesis of proteins and other essential molecules. 7. Are there any age-related benefits of CoQ10 Ubiquinol? Yes, CoQ10 Ubiquinol levels naturally decline with age, and supplementation can help replenish these levels, supporting overall vitality, cognitive function, and healthy aging. 8. Can CoQ10 Ubiquinol benefit individuals with statin medication use? Yes, statin medications may deplete CoQ10 levels in the body, and CoQ10 Ubiquinol supplementation can help restore these levels and alleviate potential side effects such as muscle weakness and fatigue. 9. Is CoQ10 Ubiquinol safe to take as a dietary supplement? CoQ10 Ubiquinol is generally considered safe for most individuals when taken as directed. However, it is always advisable to consult with a healthcare professional before starting any new dietary supplement. 10. How should I choose a high-quality CoQ10 Ubiquinol supplement? When selecting a CoQ10 Ubiquinol supplement, look for reputable brands that use a bioavailable form of Ubiquinol, have undergone third-party testing for purity and potency, and follow good manufacturing practices (GMP).

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Vegan omega-3 supplements are designed to provide plant-based sources of essential fatty acids, such as DHA and EPA, typically derived from algae. These supplements cater to individuals following vegan diets and offer the benefits of omega-3s for heart, brain, and overall health without relying on fish-based products.

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Benefits of colon cleansing on weight loss

Colon cleansing is the process of removing toxins and waste products from the colon, which is the large intestine. The idea behind colon cleansing is that the accumulation of waste products in the colon can cause various health problems, including weight gain. Proponents of colon cleansing claim that it can help to promote weight loss by removing excess waste and toxins from the body. In this article, we will explore the benefits of colon cleanse for weight loss.

Improved digestion: One of the primary benefits of colon cleansing is improved digestion. When the colon is congested with waste products, it can cause digestive problems such as bloating, constipation, and diarrhoea. These problems can make it difficult to maintain a healthy weight. By removing the waste products from the colon, colon cleansing can help to improve digestion, which in turn can help to promote weight loss. You can also go for ganoderma lucidum mushroom softgels for improving your overall health.

Increased metabolism: Another benefit of colon cleansing is increased metabolism. The colon is responsible for absorbing nutrients from food and eliminating waste products from the body. When the colon is congested with waste products, it can slow down the metabolism, which can lead to weight gain. By removing the waste products from the colon, colon cleansing can help to increase the metabolism, which can help to promote weight loss. You can also go for Herbal smoking mix to reduce your smoking habit and improve your metabolism.

Reduced appetite: Colon cleansing can also help to reduce appetite. When the colon is congested with waste products, it can cause a feeling of fullness, which can lead to overeating. By removing the waste products from the colon, colon cleansing can help to reduce appetite, which can help to promote weight loss. Another product that can have a significant impact on our overall health is Kaneka ubiquinol uk.

Improved nutrient absorption: Another benefit of colon cleansing is improved nutrient absorption. When the colon is congested with waste products, it can prevent the body from absorbing nutrients from food. This can lead to nutritional deficiencies, which can cause weight gain. By removing the waste products from the colon, colon cleansing can help to improve nutrient absorption, which can help to promote weight loss.

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CoQ10 Prices | Pricing | News | Database | Chart | Forecast | ChemAnalyst

 Coenzyme Q10, commonly referred to as CoQ10, is a naturally occurring antioxidant that plays a vital role in energy production within the body’s cells. It is also known for its health benefits, particularly in promoting cardiovascular health, improving skin elasticity, and boosting overall energy levels. As a result, the demand for CoQ10 has surged in recent years, particularly among individuals looking to supplement their diet with this powerful compound. With this increased demand, the price of CoQ10 has seen significant fluctuations, driven by various factors including raw material availability, manufacturing processes, market trends, and global economic conditions. Understanding the trends and factors influencing CoQ10 prices is crucial for consumers, manufacturers, and retailers alike.

One of the primary factors influencing the price of CoQ10 is the raw material cost. CoQ10 is typically derived from either synthetic sources or from natural fermentation of yeast or bacteria. While the synthetic method is generally less expensive, the natural fermentation process tends to produce higher-quality CoQ10, which is often marketed as more bioavailable and effective. The natural method, however, is more complex and costly, leading to higher prices for CoQ10 supplements produced through this process. Additionally, the raw materials required for fermentation, such as specific strains of yeast or bacteria, can be subject to supply chain disruptions, which may lead to price fluctuations.

Get Real Time Prices for CoQ10: https://www.chemanalyst.com/Pricing-data/coq10-1227

The global supply of CoQ10 is also heavily influenced by the manufacturing landscape. China, a major producer of CoQ10, has been a key player in setting global price trends. Chinese manufacturers often dominate the global CoQ10 market due to their cost-effective production capabilities. However, factors such as environmental regulations, labor costs, and changes in Chinese government policies can have a direct impact on production costs, and therefore, CoQ10 prices. As China ramps up its production standards to meet global environmental goals, the cost of producing CoQ10 may rise, subsequently driving up global prices. Moreover, as consumer demand grows in markets like North America and Europe, competition among producers intensifies, which can also contribute to price fluctuations.

Additionally, global economic conditions can play a significant role in CoQ10 pricing. Currency exchange rates, trade tariffs, and the cost of energy can affect manufacturing costs, thus impacting the final price of CoQ10 products. For example, if there is a rise in energy costs or raw material prices, manufacturers may pass these costs on to consumers. Similarly, fluctuations in currency exchange rates can affect the cost of imported CoQ10 in various countries. When the value of a currency falls, the price of imported CoQ10 can rise, leading to higher retail prices for consumers in that region.

The method of CoQ10 production can also contribute to price variations. The majority of CoQ10 supplements on the market are available in two forms: ubiquinone and ubiquinol. Ubiquinone is the oxidized form of CoQ10, while ubiquinol is the reduced form, which is often considered to be more bioavailable and easier for the body to absorb. Ubiquinol, due to its higher bioavailability, is generally priced higher than ubiquinone. As demand for the more absorbable ubiquinol form increases, it may lead to higher prices overall. The production process for ubiquinol is more complicated and typically requires advanced technology to convert the oxidized form into its reduced counterpart, which adds to its cost. Therefore, as more consumers seek out higher-quality CoQ10 supplements, manufacturers may adjust their prices accordingly.

In addition to raw material costs, manufacturing processes, and global economic conditions, market demand also influences CoQ10 prices. The health and wellness market has seen significant growth in recent years, with consumers increasingly aware of the benefits of supplements like CoQ10. This heightened demand for CoQ10, particularly in the form of dietary supplements, has led to a steady increase in its price. As more individuals seek to improve their health and manage chronic conditions such as heart disease, diabetes, and aging, the market for CoQ10 is expected to continue expanding. However, the surge in demand may be offset by price competition, as various manufacturers and suppliers compete for market share.

The availability of CoQ10 products in different forms, such as capsules, soft gels, powders, and topical creams, also impacts the price. For instance, CoQ10 supplements in capsule form may be more affordable compared to higher-end options like soft gels or topical products. The pricing of CoQ10 can also vary depending on the brand and the added ingredients. Premium products that include additional antioxidants, vitamins, or other complementary compounds tend to be more expensive than basic CoQ10 supplements.

Looking ahead, CoQ10 prices are expected to continue fluctuating based on several factors, including ongoing changes in global supply chains, manufacturing costs, and market demand. Advances in technology may also lead to more cost-effective production methods, which could potentially bring prices down in the long run. However, given the growing demand for high-quality CoQ10 supplements, especially those made through natural fermentation processes or containing the ubiquinol form, it is likely that the prices for premium CoQ10 products will remain high. The price of CoQ10 may also experience seasonal fluctuations, with certain periods of the year seeing increased demand due to health trends or consumer purchasing habits.

In conclusion, CoQ10 prices are subject to a variety of influences, including raw material costs, manufacturing methods, global economic conditions, and market demand. While the availability of cheaper, synthetic CoQ10 options can provide affordable alternatives, the premium prices for naturally sourced CoQ10 and ubiquinol-based supplements are likely to remain high. As consumer awareness of the health benefits of CoQ10 continues to grow, it is important for both consumers and suppliers to stay informed about market trends in order to make cost-effective decisions. With the continued growth of the health and wellness industry, CoQ10 pricing will likely remain a key area of focus for both manufacturers and consumers alike.

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 Coenzyme Q10 Detection Technology

In 1957, Prof. Grane of the Institute of Enzyme Research of the University of Wisconsin isolated a new quinone compound from the lipid extract of bovine heart mitochondria [1]. The compound is an orange-yellow crystal with a melting point of 48-49 ℃, capable of reversible oxygenation and reduction, and mainly involved in mitochondrial electron transfer. The compound is coded as Q-275 (Q is the initials of quinone, and 275 is the maximum absorption at 275 nm).

In 1958, American scholar Folkers and his team synthesized a series of coenzyme Q compounds, confirmed the structure of Q-275 and named it coenzyme Q10 [2]. In 1961, Mitchell, a British chemist, proposed the theory of "chemotaxis" in the study of energy conversion in living organisms and revealed the role of coenzyme Q10 in the energy conversion system of mitochondria [3], and was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1978. Since then, people have gradually recognized coenzyme Q10, and its applications have been widely and deeply studied.

Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), also known as ubiquinone, is chemically known as 2,3-dimethoxy-5-methyl 6-deca-isopentadienylbenzoquinone and consists of a benzoquinone ring and polyisoprene side chains. The number of isoprene units in the coenzyme Q series varies by species, with humans having 10 units. Coenzyme Q10 is available in both oxidized (ubiquinone, CoQ10, Ubiquinone) and reduced (ubiquinol, CoQ10H2, Ubiquinol) forms, and its chemical structure is shown in Figure 1.

Fig. 1 Chemical structures of oxidized (a) and reduced (b) forms of coenzyme Q10

Coenzyme Q10 is an important component of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, where it acts as an electron carrier and participates in electron transfer and ATP production. Furthermore, the cellular functions of coenzyme Q10 are multifaceted: it is present in all cell membranes, it limits the toxic effects of free radicals, it is a component of low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and it is involved in the aging process. Its deficiency is associated with a variety of diseases, such as mitochondrial disease, cardiovascular disease, age-related diseases, tumors, liver disease, kidney disease, etc. Panthenol is also a powerful antioxidant. Panthenol is also a powerful antioxidant, preventing lipid peroxidation in biological membranes [4].

With the deepening of the research on coenzyme Q10, the application of coenzyme Q10 is becoming more and more extensive. In addition to its use as a drug, it also has many applications in nutraceuticals, cosmetics and dietary supplements. Coenzyme Q10 is an endogenous substance, but its concentration in living organisms is very low. The analysis and determination of CoQ10 is important for the clinical diagnosis of diseases and the quality control of drugs and health products. In recent years, many analytical methods for the determination of coenzyme Q10 have been developed, which are summarized and discussed in this paper.

1 Coenzyme Q10 extraction and sample preparation

Coenzyme Q10 is insoluble in water and methanol at room temperature, slightly soluble in ethanol, soluble in acetone, 1-propanol, and soluble in organic solvents such as hexane and chloroform. Pharmaceuticals and dietary supplements such as tablets, capsules and softgels can be dissolved in ethanol, 1-propanol and other solvents, and analyzed by ultrasonication or filtration.

The isolation and enrichment of coenzyme Q10 from complex biological matrices is a laborious process.

Conventional liquid-liquid extraction is the most commonly used extraction method. This method is simple and has a large processing capacity, but has the disadvantage of high solvent consumption and some solvents can interfere with subsequent detection. Often the solvent is evaporated under N2 protection after extraction and redissolved in a mobile phase or other solvent. Whole blood samples were immediately dosed with the anticoagulants heparin or EDTA, and the plasma was centrifuged at low temperature and stored at -80°C. The plasma was then analyzed for the presence of coenzyme Q10 in the plasma. Coenzyme Q10 was extracted from plasma as follows [5]: Methanol was added to the plasma to precipitate the proteins, and the plasma was extracted with hexane. The mixture was rotated and shaken for 15 min, then centrifuged for 5 min, and the supernatant was extracted and the solvent was evaporated. The supernatant was dissolved in acetonitrile before analysis.

Coenzyme Q10 was extracted from animal heart tissue [6]. The extraction of coenzyme Q10 from animal heart tissue [6] was performed by precise weighing, transferring to homogenization tubes containing lysis medium A (containing garnet and zirconia beads), adding 1-propanol and the antioxidant 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT), shaking, centrifugation, and collection of the supernatant, which was analyzed immediately. The extraction of coenzyme Q10 from muscle tissue is most often done directly using muscle homogenate, or sometimes mitochondria are extracted from the tissue under ice-cold conditions, and then the mitochondrial suspension is diluted with 1-propanol, centrifuged, and the organic layer is extracted with ethanol and hexane [7]. The one-step extraction method is to use a suitable organic solvent to extract coenzyme Q10 while precipitating proteins. Yang et al. [8] studied the one-step precipitation of plasma proteins with different organic solvents (methanol, ethanol, acetonitrile, and acetone), and found that acetone was the best precipitant, and the extraction yield ranged from 71.00% to 93.07%, and was simpler than the operation of liquid-liquid extraction.

The solid phase extraction (SPE) technique can also be used for the extraction of coenzyme Q10. On-line SPE techniques are less time-consuming, less expensive, and reduce sample loss and contamination problems. The technique is usually automated using a programmable on/off valve [9]. However, protein precipitation is required prior to extraction.

Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are specialized molecular recognition techniques that have been developed in recent years. Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are formed by mixing template molecules with functional monomers, cross-linkers and initiators. After polymerization, the template molecules are removed and binding sites and cavities complementary to the templates in size, shape and function are formed [10], allowing selective recognition and adsorption of molecules structurally similar to the templates.

Contin et al. [10] synthesized MIP using coenzyme Q0 as the template, methacrylic acid as the functional monomer, acetonitrile as the pore-forming agent, ethylene glycol dimethylacrylate as the cross-linking agent, and benzoyl peroxide as the initiator. MIP was used as an adsorbent for solid-phase extraction of coenzyme Q10 from liver samples using dispersive solid-phase extraction. In addition, MIP synthesized in the same way could be used as the filling adsorbent for solid-phase extraction of coenzyme Q10 in urine. In addition, the MIP synthesized by the same method can also be used as the filling adsorbent of polypropylene columns for solid-phase extraction of coenzyme Q10 in urine, and the columns can be reused four times [11]. Compared with the traditional solid-phase extraction, MIP as a polymer adsorbent for solid-phase extraction has the advantages of simple synthesis, low cost, good stability, porous, and high selectivity for target molecules [11].

Sometimes it is necessary to maintain the original oxygenated and reduced state of coenzyme Q10 in the samples during the extraction process, which causes great difficulties due to the oxidizability of CoQ10H2. In this case, the temperature can be controlled at a low temperature of 4 ℃ during the extraction process [6,12], shortening the extraction time and using anhydrous extract will increase the stability of CoQ10H2 [13], and the use of HCl-acidified ethanol as a diluent can also prolong the stability of CoQ10H2 and prevent the auto-oxidation of CoQ10H2 [12]. BHT is an antioxidant often added in the extraction of plasma and tissue samples, which can prevent the oxidation of CoQ10H2 [6,12,14]. However, the addition of BHT to CoQ10H2 extracts from dietary supplements and pharmaceuticals was found to increase the oxidation of CoQ10H2 [13,15]. The difference in matrix composition between plasma samples and dietary supplements may be the main reason for the loss of antioxidant capacity of BHT [13].

Biological samples for coenzyme Q10 extraction include plasma, leukocytes or platelets, muscle, fibroblasts and urine [16]. Muscle biopsy is the best choice for studying coenzyme Q10 status in mitochondrial diseases, but it is very invasive; the correlation between the levels of coenzyme Q10 and tissues in plasma, blood cells and urine has been controversial, but the determination of coenzyme Q10 in these samples has an important role in therapeutic monitoring [16]. However, the determination of coenzyme Q10 in these samples is important for therapeutic monitoring [16].

The methods used to extract coenzyme Q10 from biological samples are summarized in Table 1.

Table 1 Extraction methods of Coenzyme Q10

Simple operation, large processing capacity, high solvent consumption, some solvents may interfere with the subsequent detection.

Plasma, animal heart, muscle homogenate, mitochondria

Online Solid Phase Extraction

Less time-consuming and costly, reducing sample loss and contamination.

plasma (medicine)

Molecular Blotting Techniques

Low cost, good stability, high selectivity for target molecules, and can be combined with solid phase extraction.

Animal liver, urine

2 The main assay for Coenzyme Q10

2.1 High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)

HPLC is currently the main analytical method for analyzing coenzyme Q10 in various matrices. The main detectors coupled with HPLC are ultraviolet (UV), tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), electrochemistry (ECD), fluorescence (FL), chemiluminescence (CL), etc. The separation effect of HPLC is good, and each detector has its own characteristics.

2.1.1 HPLC-UV

HPLC-UV is the most commonly used method for the determination of coenzyme Q10, and has become the national standard for drugs and health foods [17, 18]. It has been widely used for the determination of coenzyme Q10 in pharmaceuticals [15, 19-22], health foods or dietary supplements [15, 20], plasma [14, 23] and tissues [10]. Conventional C18 or C8 reversed-phase chromatographic columns can separate either one form of coenzyme Q10 (usually oxidized) or both oxidized and reduced forms.

Liposomes are a new type of pharmaceutical dosage form formed by the self-assembly of lipids (mainly phospholipids and cholesterol) with a bilayer structure similar to that of a cell membrane, which can encapsulate hydrophilic or hydrophobic drugs. Ruiz-Garcia et al. [21] prepared a small monolayer of liposomes encapsulating coenzyme Q10, phosphatidylserine, and fat-soluble vitamin C (6-o-palmitoyl-L-ascorbic acid) by thin-film hydration. The prepared samples were freeze-dried, solubilized in chloroform and determined by HPLC-DAD at two analytical wavelengths.

Clementino et al. [22] prepared lecithin/chitosan nanoparticles encapsulating simvastatin and coenzyme Q10. The chitosan-modified liposomes showed higher stability and narrower particle size distribution. The content of simvastatin, simvastatin hydroxylate and coenzyme Q10 was quantified by reversed-phase HPLC-UV method to account for possible degradation products. The encapsulation rate was determined and the in vitro release of the drugs was studied. According to the study, the serious side effects of statins, such as rhabdomyolysis, were associated with the decrease of coenzyme Q10, so the co-encapsulation of these two drugs is of great significance.

Coenzyme Q10, as a fat-soluble vitamin coenzyme, is often measured in conjunction with other fat-soluble vitamins. Franke et al. [14] analyzed 25 substances including 25-OH-vitamin D3, 25-OH-vitamin D2, retinol, tocopherols, carotenoids (including their stirrup isomers), and oxidized and reduced coenzyme Q10 in plasma on a fusion-nucleated 2.6 μm particle size C18 column in tandem with a C30 column, which is good at separating carotenoid isomers, and in conjunction with a six-pass valve. D2, retinol, tocopherols, carotenoids (including their stirrup isomers), and oxidized and reduced coenzyme Q10 in plasma. The switching of the six-way valve allows coenzyme Q10 to flow from the C18 column to the detector while the carotenoid isomers are eluted on the C30 column, avoiding the difficulty of separating these two substances on the same column. In addition, if a pressure-resistant UV-Vis detector is added between the C18 and C30 columns, it is possible to separate all substances without switching the six-way valve, but special software is required to control the two detectors and to acquire and process the data. It has also been reported that retinol, six carotenoids, two tocopherols, and coenzyme Q10 (10 fat-soluble vitamins) can be measured in human plasma using a MYC30 column, and the total amount of the oxidized form of coenzyme Q10 was measured by oxidizing coenzyme Q10H2 first with FeCl3 [23].

The HPLC-UV method is highly accurate and reproducible, with LOD generally on the order of μg-mL-1 and sometimes on the order of ng-mL-1 with highly sensitive detectors [14].

2.1.2 HPLC-MS/MS: HPLC-MS/MS has been developed rapidly and applied more and more widely. This method utilizes the high separation efficiency of HPLC for complex samples combined with the high sensitivity and high selectivity of mass spectrometry, which can detect low content samples under the background of complex matrix, and is widely used in the analysis and determination of target compounds in biological samples.

The main types of tandem mass spectrometry are triple quadrupole mass spectrometry [5,7,11,25,26], quadruple linear ion trap mass spectrometry [13,24], and hybrid quadruple orbit trap mass spectrometry [12], etc. Most of them use electrospray ionization, multiple reaction monitoring (MRM), and positive ionization mode. Due to the low sensitivity of [M + H]+ analysis of coenzyme Q10, ammonium adducts, i.e., [M + NH4]+, are often used to improve the sensitivity of the mass spectrometric response. By adding a certain amount of ammonium acetate to the mobile phase, [NH4]+ forms a stable five-membered chelated ammonium cation with coenzyme Q10 [8]. The formation of Li adducts has also been reported to greatly increase the sensitivity [24].

The electrostatic field orbitrap mass spectrometry (Otbitrap) is a new type of high-resolution mass spectrometry, which has the advantages of high resolution, high mass accuracy, and wide dynamic range, etc. Pandey et al. [12] applied HPLC-hybrid quadruple orbitrap mass spectrometry (Q-Orbitrap) to rapidly determine the redox state of coenzyme Q9 and coenzyme Q10. Two scanning modes, full MS/AIF and tSIM/data-dependent secondary scanning (tSIM/ddMS/MS), were compared, and it was found that full MS/AIF had higher signal sensitivity and good peak shape. During sample preparation, coenzyme Q9 and coenzyme Q10 were extracted with BHT-containing hexane to limit the oxidation of the reduced form, and the Kinetex C18 column, with fused-core SiO2 packing and smaller particle size (2.6 μm), was found to have higher column efficiency, better resolution, and good peak shape. Oxidized and reduced forms of coenzyme Q9 and coenzyme Q10 were analyzed in brain, heart, liver, adipose tissue, and muscle of healthy mice with a small amount of sample (<5 mg) and a very short analysis time (4 min). the LOD ranged from 0.01 to 0.49 ng mL-1 .

Due to the complexity of the biological sample matrix and the low concentration of coenzyme Q10, sample pretreatment is very important. Becerra et al. [11] analyzed coenzyme Q10 in human urine by molecularly imprinted polymer solid-phase extraction (MIP-SPE) coupled with HPLC-MS/MS. The pretreatment process concentrates the coenzyme Q10 by at least 5-fold. The high degree of sample purification reduces the ion suppression caused by the matrix effect of mass spectrometry. The analytical system does not interfere with protein or white blood cell elevations, which is important in cases of coenzyme Q10 deficiency with renal impairment.

The HPLC-MS/MS method uses a lot of internal standards, and the selection of suitable internal standards is also an effective way to eliminate matrix effects. Commonly used internal standards include coenzyme Q9 [5, 11, 25], coenzyme Q4 [12], and the isotopes of coenzyme Q10, coenzyme Q10-2 H6 [7] and coenzyme Q10-2 H9 [26], which are structurally similar to coenzyme Q10. Structural analogs of coenzyme Q10, such as coenzyme Q4 and coenzyme Q9, have many advantages. They are also endogenous ubiquinones and are present in human plasma at very low concentrations, or at least at levels that do not interfere with their use in analytes at the concentrations required for analysis, and therefore do not interfere with the quantification of analytes. In addition, it separates well from coenzyme Q10 [5]. A potential source of error in mass spectrometry is ion suppression, especially in electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, where the response signal of the analyte is altered and often suppressed if an interfering substance interferes with the ionization of the analyte on the surface of the droplet, or if there is competition. The use of an isotope internal standard is a good solution to the problem of ion suppression. By co-eluting the isotope internal standard with the analyte, the effects of various effects can cancel each other out, and the matrix effect can be minimized and the sample recovery can be better [7].

2.1.3 HPLC-ECD

Electrochemical detectors (ECDs) are widely used because of their high sensitivity, good selectivity and low price. Coenzyme Q10 can undergo a reversible redox reaction and can be detected by an ECD.

The commonly used detection methods are coulometric or voltammetric analysis. Different voltages are set according to the redox potentials of the substances to be measured. For oxidized coenzyme Q10, it is usually reduced to its reduced form first, and then oxidized as the original reduced coenzyme Q10 in the sample. This method can measure both oxidized and reduced coenzyme Q10 simultaneously.

Yubero et al. [27] used HPLC-ECD to determine coenzyme Q10 in urine and gave reference values for the pediatric population. An ESA Coulochem II electrochemical detector was used, and the cell voltages were -600 mV and +600 mV. The amount of coenzyme Q10 in urine fluctuated greatly at different times of the day, and the morning urine with the smallest fluctuation was chosen as the sample. The results were expressed as the amount of coenzyme Q10 per gram of particulate protein. The reference standards for children are: 2-10 years old: 24-109 nmol; 11-17 years old: 43-139 nmol. This assay provides a noninvasive method for assessing renal coenzyme Q10 status in patients with renal disease, but it is not currently available and requires up to 30 mL of urine per sample.

Schou-Pedersen et al. [6] determined reduced and oxidized coenzyme Q10 in canine plasma and cardiac tissue by HPLC-ECD and compared it with HPLC-MS/MS. The ECD was performed by fluid dynamic voltammetry using an RS6011 ultra-analytical cell at a voltage setting of 500 mV. A guard cell at -600 mV was used prior to the analytical cell to reduce oxidized coenzyme Q10 eluting from the column. Mass spectrometry was performed using a Waters Micromass Quattro micro API triple quadrupole mass spectrometer with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) and the internal standard CoQ10-2 H9. Both methods used the same column with slightly different mobile phase ratios and additives. The results showed that CoQ10H2 was approximately 30% lower in the HPLC-MS/MS method than in the HPLC-ECD method, which may be due to differences in the calibration stock solutions or to accelerated oxidation during storage or analysis in the LC-MS/MS system. Therefore, the two methods are not interchangeable. In terms of sensitivity, the sensitivity of the two methods was comparable for coenzyme Q10H2, whereas the sensitivity of the HPLC-ECD method was higher for coenzyme Q10.

2.1.4 HPLC-FL and HPLC-CL

HPLC with a fluorescence (FL) detector is widely used for the determination of various substances in biological samples due to its high selectivity and sensitivity. Coenzyme Q10 is not a fluorescent substance and needs to be derivatized before determination. Nohara et al. [28] measured CoQ10 and CoQ10H2 in blood by post-column derivatization using HPLC using 2-cyanoacetamide and CoQ10 and CoQ10H2 heated under alkaline conditions to produce fluorescent products. The fluorescence emission and excitation wavelengths were 442 nm and 549 nm, respectively.

HPLC coupled with a chemiluminescence (CL) detector has also been reported for the determination of coenzyme Q10.Kishikawa et al. [29] used dithiothreitol (DTT) as a reductant to reduce quinone to semiquinone radicals, and semiquinone radicals converted dissolved oxygen to superoxide anion, which reacted with luminal to form CL.Accordingly, coenzyme Q10 was determined in plasma by HPLC-CL, and other components in plasma were not interfered with. Coenzyme Q10 in plasma was determined by HPLC-CL, and other components of plasma were not interfered.

Both methods require a reaction coil between the column and the detector, and require two or three pumps to mix the various reaction reagents with the coenzyme Q10-containing eluent after the column and then into the reaction coil, which is a cumbersome operation. In recent years, the literature in this area is relatively scarce.

2.2 Spectrophotometric and fluorescent methods    

The Enzyme Labeler, also known as Microplate Reader, is an instrument for reading and analyzing the results of Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) experiments. The basic principle of ELISA is similar to that of spectrophotometer or photoelectric colorimeter, using plastic microplates instead of cuvettes, usually 48-well, 96-well, or larger, with low reagent consumption, high speed, and good repeatability. Multifunctional enzyme labeling instrument often has a variety of detection functions such as absorbance, fluorescence, chemiluminescence, etc., in the medical and health inspection has been widely used.

Fukuda et al. [30] developed a rapid microtiter plate method for the determination of coenzyme Q10 using the redox cycle of quinone. Coenzyme Q10 was reduced to ubiquinone radical by NaBH4, and then the ubiquinone radical was oxidized to ubiquinone and superoxide anion radical by dissolved oxygen. The superoxide anion radical converts 2-(4-iodophenyl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-phenyl-2H-tetrazolium chloride (INT) into a pink methanol dye. It has a strong absorbance at 510 nm, which increases with increasing concentrations of coenzyme Q10. The absorbance of Mazanine dye was measured quickly and easily by a microplate reader. As an application of this method, the content of coenzyme Q10 in cosmetics was successfully determined with an LOD of 14.8 nmol-L-1 . The proposed method can be used for the rapid high-throughput analysis of ubiquinone-containing products.

Fei et al. [31] developed a new method for the determination of coenzyme Q10 in serum and urine of Alzheimer's disease patients by fluorescence spectrophotometry, also using a microplate reader. The method is based on the fact that the chemical derivative between ethyl cyanoacetate (ECA) and coenzyme Q10 is fluorescent and can be detected by fluorescence spectrophotometer (FS-ECA) at λex/em = 450/515 nm. The results showed that serum and urine levels of coenzyme Q10 were significantly lower in Alzheimer's patients than in age-matched controls. This method has similar LOD and LOQ as the HPLC-UV method.

The FS-ECA method has some advantages over the HPLC-UV method, such as easier sample preparation, faster detection speed, and similar accuracy and specificity [31].

The important role of liposomes as a new drug dosage form for co-administration and targeted delivery was described in the literature [21,22], and liposomes can also be used as micro-containers to protect and concentrate reagents.Román-Pizarro et al. [32] prepared a new type of magnetic liposomes (MLs) containing hydrophobic magnetic gold nanoparticles (Fe3 O4 @ AuNPs) and the long-wavelength fluorophore cresyl violet for the determination of coenzyme Q10 in foodstuffs. AuNPs) and a long-wavelength fluorophore, cresyl violet, were used for the determination of coenzyme Q10 in food. First, the MLs were introduced into the flow-through system using a flow injection device and retained in front of the detector for 300 s by means of a solenoid device to achieve preconcentration. Then, a coenzyme Q10 solution containing the surfactant Triton X-100 was injected into the flow-through system. The surfactant caused the solubilization of the MLs and the release of cresyl violet, which was oxidized by coenzyme Q10, resulting in a decrease in the fluorescence signal. The concentration of coenzyme Q10 is directly proportional to the decrease in fluorescence signal. The LOD of this method is lower than that of the LC-UV method, but the equipment required is simpler and less expensive.

2.3 Electrochemical analysis    

The redox properties of CoQ10/CoQ10H2 allow the determination of coenzyme Q10 by electrochemical analysis. The methods are generally voltammetric, such as cyclic voltammetry (CV) [33], differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) [34], square wave voltammetry (SWV) [35], etc. The samples can be pharmaceuticals, dietary supplements, animal and plant tissues, etc. The samples can also be used for the determination of CoQ10/CoQ10H2. Samples can be pharmaceuticals, dietary supplements, plant and animal tissues, etc.

Li et al. [34] investigated the electrochemical reduction mechanism of coenzyme Q10 at a silver electrode and developed a DPV method for the direct determination of coenzyme Q10 in plant and animal tissues. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) revealed that the reduction of coenzyme Q10 under anoxic conditions is a reversible one-electron, one-proton reduction and forms a stable semiquinone radical (coenzyme Q10H-), which is quenched by oxygen in an oxygen-filled environment. This is the reason why coenzyme Q10H2 is able to scavenge oxygen radicals due to its antioxidant function. Under the optimized experimental conditions, the DPV method can be used to determine coenzyme Q10 in complex samples, and it is rapid, sensitive, and highly selective, with an LOD of 3.33 × 10 -8 mol-L-1 .

Graphene, a single atom thick planar sheet composed of carbon atoms heterogeneously linked by sp2 in a honeycomb lattice, is a new type of sensor material [35]. Screen printing is a practical technique for manufacturing low-cost disposable sensors [35].

The new graphene sensor developed by this technology can be used for the determination of coenzyme Q10 and α-lipoic acid. The MnO2-modified screen-printed graphene electrode (MnO2/SPGE) has a larger capacitance and electrically active surface area, which facilitates electron transfer and significantly improves the oxidation performance of coenzyme Q10 and α-lipoic acid. The MnO2-modified screen-printed graphene electrode coupled with square wave dissolution voltammetry (SWV) can be used for the simultaneous determination of coenzyme Q10 and α-lipoic acid in dietary supplements with high sensitivity and practicality.

The electrochemical mechanism of coenzyme Q10 is complicated by the different electrodes and media. In a 1.1:1 methanol-ethanol solution, the electrochemical reaction of coenzyme Q10 at the glassy carbon electrode was controlled by adsorption, and the sensitivity of the determination could be improved by pre-enrichment [33]. In anaerobic ethanol solution, the cathodic process of coenzyme Q10 at the silver electrode was one-electron-single proton reduction [34], while the oxidation on MnO2/SPGE showed two-electron-single proton transfer [35]. Michalkiewicz [36] investigated the anodic oxidation of oxidized coenzyme Q10 in acetic acid solution using a glassy-carbon electrode and a carbon-fiber microelectrode coupled with voltammetry, respectively. The oxidized coenzyme Q10 in acetic acid solution was studied by

The results show clear oxidation peaks or waves in the potential range above 1.5 V. The presence of these signals cannot be linked to the well-known redox pair CoQ10/CoQ10H2, but may be attributed to the irreversible and diffusion-controlled two-electron oxidation of methoxy in coenzyme Q10 (formation of two additional quinone groups at the 2 and 3 positions of the ring). the total number of electrons involved in the CoQ10 anodic oxidation is much greater than two, suggesting that the oxidation also takes place in the unsaturated isopentadienyl side chain. The total number of electrons involved in CoQ10 anodic oxidation is much higher than two, suggesting that oxidation also occurs in the unsaturated isoprene side chain. The oxidation of the oxidized coenzyme CoQ10 has been rarely reported, is much less readily accessible than that of coenzyme Q10H2, and the mechanism of oxidation has yet to be demonstrated.

2.4 Other analytical methods   

Supercritical fluids are substances whose temperature and pressure exceed the critical point, in a state of gas-liquid indistinguishability, with a density close to that of liquids, and a viscosity close to that of gases, and a high diffusion coefficient. Supercritical fluids with high diffusivity and low viscosity, very suitable for mobile phase. The supercritical fluid with more research and application is supercritical CO2. Supercritical fluid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (SFC-Ms/Ms) with supercritical CO2 as mobile phase can be used for the determination of coenzyme CoQ10 in rat plasma [8]. The method uses one-step acetone method to precipitate the protein and extract CoQ10 from the sample. Due to the low sensitivity of [M + H]+ of CoQ10 in mass spectrometry, methanol containing ammonium acetate was used as a post-column compensating solvent to provide [M + NH4]+ and improve the sensitivity. Supercritical CO2 is non-toxic, non-flammable, and relatively inexpensive, so it is widely used. Due to its non-polar nature, it is well suited for the analysis of fat-soluble compounds and can greatly reduce the use of organic solvents.

Other analytical methods include: high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) [37], Fourier transform near infrared spectroscopy (FT-NIR) [38], nuclear magnetic resonance hydrogen spectroscopy (1 H- NMR) [39], etc. HPTLC is simple and rapid, but the sensitivity is not very high, and can be used for the analysis of coenzyme Q10 in raw materials and pharmaceutical preparations. FT-NIR does not require complex sample pretreatment, but requires a certain number of samples to establish a calibration model and obtain results through complex statistical analysis, and is generally used for the initial screening of the target analyte. 1 H- NMR also does not require complex sample pretreatment, can be both calibrated models, and obtained through complex statistical analysis, and is generally used for the initial screening of target analytes. FT-NIR does not require complex sample pretreatment, but requires a certain number of samples to establish a calibration model and obtain the results through complex statistical analysis, and is generally used for the initial screening of target analytes.1 H-NMR also does not require complex sample pretreatment, and can be used both qualitatively and quantitatively, with low sensitivity, and can be used for routine analysis of preparations. These methods can be used as a useful supplement to the quantitative analysis of coenzyme Q10.

3 Simultaneous determination of oxidized and reduced coenzyme Q10

In many methods, the total amount of coenzyme Q10 is determined by adding oxidizing agents such as FeCl3 to oxidize coenzyme Q10H2 to the oxidized form, and then the total amount of the oxidized form is determined. However, coenzyme Q10 coexists in both oxidized and reduced forms in biological matrices, and sometimes it is necessary to determine the two forms of coenzyme Q10 in biological samples, drugs and supplements separately. Commonly used methods include HPLC-UV [14, 15], HPLC-MS/MS [12, 13, 24, 25, 40], HPLC-ECD [6, 41], HPLC-FL [28], and so on.

Coenzyme Q10H2 standards are sometimes not readily available and can be obtained by reducing oxidized coenzyme Q10 with reducing agents such as NaBH4 [12-14,24,25,28,40,41]. The reduction of coenzyme Q10 at low concentrations may be incomplete, even if the amount of NaBH4 is 8800-fold excess [13], so the reduction process needs to be controlled at a certain concentration range. The reaction is usually carried out at low temperature and in the dark, and sometimes ED-TA is added to the solution after the reaction [12,13,15,25,41], which mainly binds to the metal ions that catalyze the oxidation process and acts as an antioxidant. Even if a standard of coenzyme Q10H2 is available, it may be partially oxidized and needs to be reduced before use [15], or the absorbance of the stock solution (ε = 4010) can be measured spectrophotometrically at 290 nm to determine the exact concentration [6].

Whether the quantitative results were expressed as the total amount of coenzyme Q10 or as the oxidized and reduced amounts, respectively, could affect the sample preparation. In order to maintain the reduced state of coenzyme Q10H2, in addition to the rapid operation at low temperature and the addition of antioxidants such as BHT during the preparation process, researchers have different opinions on whether the extracted solution should be re-dissolved by evaporating the solvent in the presence of N2. Some of them evaporate the solvent and re-dissolve it during sample pretreatment [12,14,15,24], while some scholars believe that there will be significant oxygenation of Coenzyme Q10H2 during solvent evaporation, so the extracted solution should be immediately dissolved in the presence of N2 [12,14,15,24].

Determination [6 ,13 ,25 ,28 ,40 ,41].

In fact, coenzyme Q10H2 is highly unstable during extraction and determination.Yamashita et al.[41] found that coenzyme Q10H2 was stable only at -78 °C, and the rate of oxidation of coenzyme Q10H2 to coenzyme Q10 increased with increasing storage time and temperature.Claessens et al.[25] found that significant oxidation of coenzyme Q10H2 to coenzyme Q10 occurred after 2 h in 1-propanol extracts of human plasma, so routine analysis was limited to 12 samples per batch in order to keep the total run time within 2 h. In addition, coenzyme Q10H2 is not stable at the same temperature as coenzyme Q1010. Claessens et al. [25] found that in 1-propanol extracts of human plasma, significant oxidation of coenzyme Q10H2 to coenzyme Q10 occurred after 2 h. Therefore, routine analyses were limited to 12 samples per batch in order to keep the total run time within 2 h. The results of this study are summarized below.

Due to the uncontrolled nature of oxidation, it has been suggested that almost all mitochondrial coenzyme Q10H2 is oxidized during sample pretreatment, and therefore quantification of total coenzyme Q10 in isolated mitochondria does not require ubiquinol oxidation [7]. Nevertheless, attempts have been made to control the rate of oxidation of coenzyme Q10H2 during analysis or to know the extent of oxidation. The choice of internal standards has helped to realize this desire. Structural analogs of coenzyme Q10 and coenzyme Q10H2, such as diethyl- or dibutyl-coenzyme Q10 [14] and dipropoxy-coenzyme Q10 [40], are sometimes used as internal standards in the analysis of coenzyme Q10 and coenzyme Q10H2. They are structurally very similar to CoQ10 and CoQ10H2 and exhibit the same chemical behavior as the analytes, especially with respect to artificial oxidation, which makes it possible to accurately back-calculate the original CoQ10H2/CoQ10 ratio [14].

The CoQ10H2/CoQ10 ratios in biological tissues varied, and Claessens et al. [25] showed that the plasma CoQ10H2/CoQ10 ratios in healthy volunteers without nutrient supplementation ranged from 22.3 to 64.4, with an average of 41.7, whereas Yamashita et al. [41] showed that the plasma CoQ10H2/CoQ10 ratio was about 95/5, suggesting that plasma coenzyme Q10 is mainly in the reduced form. These results indicate that plasma coenzyme Q10 exists mainly in the reduced form.

Changes in the CoQ10H2/CoQ10 ratio have important physiological significance and are associated with many functional disorders and diseases. Measurement of the CoQ10H2/CoQ10 ratio is useful in exploring the mechanisms of many diseases. Oxidative stress has been defined as a disturbance of the pro-oxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, and is considered to be a causative factor in aging and degenerative diseases such as cardiac diseases, diabetes mellitus and cancer [41]. There is a consensus that the CoQ10H2/CoQ10 ratio is an important parameter in the assessment of oxygenation stress [24, 25, 41].

Another study showed that 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TC-DD) damaged mouse liver in a dose-dependent manner. Tang et al. [40] investigated the mechanism, and found that exposure of mouse liver samples to TCDD resulted in a decrease in the total amount of coenzyme Q10, a decrease in the level of coenzyme Q10H2, and an increase in the CoQ10H2/total CoQ10 ratio. This may be due to the inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase in the electron transport chain. In addition, the decrease in the total amount of CoQ10 implies that CoQ10 is degraded by external environmental influences, which was confirmed by Temova Rakua et al [42]. They found that oxidized coenzyme Q10 was degraded during storage of dietary supplements and drugs containing coenzyme Q10, and that oxidized coenzyme Q10 was converted to reduced coenzyme Q10H2, especially in the presence of antioxidants such as vitamin C.

4 Summary

Coenzyme Q10 is an important electron carrier and antioxidant component of the mitochondrial respiratory chain and is widely found in human cells. Coenzyme Q10 deficiency may be associated with a variety of diseases. Although it is an endogenous substance, it can be used as a drug or dietary supplement to treat or ameliorate certain related diseases. Therefore, the selection of efficient isolation and analytical methods is of physiological and clinical importance. Liquid-liquid extraction is the most common method for the extraction of coenzyme Q10, while the extraction of reduced coenzyme Q10H2 requires temperature control and the addition of antioxidants. Solid-phase extraction and molecular blotting techniques have also been applied in the extraction of coenzyme Q10 from biological samples, which have greatly improved the extraction efficiency and detection sensitivity.

Coenzyme Q10 can be detected by a variety of methods, and currently the most commonly used method is HPLC. In clinical and pharmaceutical analysis, miniaturization of instrumentation by reducing column diameter and length and particle size is one of the major trends in improving separations [43]. HPLC-UV is easy to use as a standard method, has good stability, is not very sensitive, but is generally sensitive enough to meet the requirements for the simultaneous analysis of a variety of components.

HPLC-MS/MS has high sensitivity and good selectivity, and has unique advantages for the analysis of coenzyme Q10 in complex matrices, such as biological samples, but the operation of the instrument is complicated and the price is expensive. The electrochemical analysis method is simple, fast and sensitive, and has certain applications in the analysis of coenzyme Q10. The HPLC-ECD method is convenient for the simultaneous determination of oxidized and reduced Coenzyme Q10. Coenzyme Q10 co-exists in both oxidized and reduced forms in almost any sample. Some analytical methods are capable of determining both the total amount of coenzyme Q10 and the oxidized and reduced forms, while others can only determine the total amount, depending on the HPLC separation. The characteristics of the various methods, their determination formats and their applications in samples are shown in Table 2.

Table 2 Comparison of different analytical methods for Coenzyme Q10

Easy and fast to use, sometimes requires color development or derivatization, matrix may be interfering

Coenzyme Q10 is mainly present in reduced form in organisms, and the ratio of CoQ10H2/CoQ10 is clinically important, with greater bioavailability of CoQ10H2 in drugs and dietary supplements. Therefore, the simultaneous determination of oxidized and reduced coenzyme Q10 is a future development. The distribution of the two forms, their interconversion and their biological significance will be a focus of future research, which also brings opportunities and challenges to the study of extraction and analytical methods for both forms of coenzyme Q10.

In order to meet the clinical needs, coenzyme Q10 can be prepared by microbial fermentation [44] or chemical synthesis in addition to extraction from biological samples. Chemical synthesis is divided into total synthesis [45] and semi-synthesis [46], and the intermediate of semi-synthesis is ganiol. Microbial fermentation can be used for large-scale industrial production.

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[45] Nguyen T,Mac H,Pham P. Preparation of Key Intermediates for the Syntheses of Coenzyme Q10 and Derivatives by Cross-Metathesis Re- actions [J]. Molecules,2020 ,25 :488.

[46] Atla SR,Raja1 B ,Dontamsetti BR.A new method of synthesis of co- enzyme Q10 from isolated solanesol from tobacco waste [J]. Int.J.Pharm.Pharm.Sci,2014 ,6(8) :499-502.

#coenzymecoq10 #Coenzyme Q10 #Q10 #coq10

[equilibriumnatural]

Descubre los beneficios del ubiquinol, la forma antioxidante activa de la CoQ10, para aumentar la energía y proteger el corazón y el cuerpo del estrés oxidativo. Aprende más aquí.

[wellnessvitamine]

Ubiquinol Geranylgeraniol: Unveiling the Secrets of a Health Superstar

In today's fast-paced world, prioritising health and wellness is more crucial than ever. Among the myriad of supplements claiming to enhance well-being, one that stands out is Ubiquinol Geranylgeraniol. This compound, with its unique name, holds immense promise for various aspects of health. Let's delve into the world of Ubiquinol Geranylgeraniol and explore its benefits, sources, mechanisms, and how to incorporate it into our daily routines.

Introduction

A. Definition of Ubiquinol Geranylgeraniol

Ubiquinol Geranylgeraniol, often abbreviated as UGG, is a compound gaining attention for its potential health benefits. It belongs to the family of coenzyme Q10, playing a crucial role in various physiological functions.

B. Importance of Ubiquinol Geranylgeraniol in Health

Research suggests that Ubiquinol Geranylgeraniol is essential for cardiovascular health, has anti-aging properties, supports the immune system, and may contribute to improved cognitive function.

Benefits of Ubiquinol Geranylgeraniol

A. Cardiovascular Health

Studies indicate that Ubiquinol Geranylgeraniol may support heart health by promoting proper blood flow and reducing oxidative stress.

B. Anti-Aging Properties

As an antioxidant, Ubiquinol Geranylgeraniol may help combat free radicals, potentially slowing down the ageing process and promoting skin health.

C. Immune System Support

The compound is believed to play a role in supporting the immune system, contributing to the body's defence against infections and diseases.

D. Cognitive Function Improvement

Some research suggests a positive impact on cognitive function, making Ubiquinol Geranylgeraniol a potential ally against age-related cognitive decline.

Food Sources

A. Natural Sources

Ubiquinol Geranylgeraniol can be found in certain foods, with spinach, broccoli, and fish being notable examples.

B. Supplements Containing Ubiquinol Geranylgeraniol

For those looking to boost their intake, supplements are available in various forms, offering a convenient and concentrated source.

How Does it Work?

A. Biochemical Mechanism

Ubiquinol Geranylgeraniol functions at the cellular level, participating in the production of energy and serving as an antioxidant.

B. Absorption in the Body

Understanding how the body absorbs and utilises this compound is crucial for maximising its benefits.

[beeapothecary]

Parkinson's Honey Research Update 1

Time for a (lengthy) research update!

This is a project I've been working on with a friend of mine and another neuroscience peer for a program at out university. I intend on presenting the finished proposal to a couple of institutions for an internship. We finished up the grant proposal draft and presentation, and it's about 97% complete barring some minor tweaks! So here's what we've learned doing the grant research:

To begin, here's a basic overview of Parkinson's and the neuroscience behind it

Parkinson's is a progressive neurodegenerative disease which most people know for its motor symptoms. Its onset usually begins way before the motor symptoms like the tremors even manifest. The first symptoms are typically behavioral changes

To make it easier, I'll be using some of the presentation slides. Mental health struggles include depression and anxiety.

By the time you start manifesting symptoms, you've lost around 90% of your dopamine neurons. I need to reread the study which found that to see if it's the motor neurons or behavioral symptoms that signals 90% dopaminergic neuron loss.

This cell death is caused by a combination of mitochondrial dysfunction and alpha synuclein protein fibrils building up in neurons, creating the characteristic Lewy bodies.

All this seems pretty bad, because it is, BUT the caveat is that PD (Parkinson's disease) won't kill you like Alzheimer's or a prion disease like CJD. People with Parkinson's usually die of old age and due to things like falls (because older populations). They're more likely to die due to an accident as a result of the PD (depression, dopamine seeking behaviors, impulsivity, motor symptoms leading to accidents), not neuron death.

Average age of onset is ~60, but people don't get diagnosed until ~80 on average. Usually diagnosis is due to motor symptoms, and a couple of studies found that PD sufferers tend to die ~2 years after diagnosis at 82.

Honey might have some merit to help with PD treatment for a couple of reasons!

Mitochondrial dysfunction

This article found it could help reverse the mitochondrial damage found in neurotoxicity models of Parkinson's. Basically, this model uses pesticides to induce some of the symptoms seen in PD without viral vectors, seeding of the pathogenic alpha synuclein proteins, or genetically engineering PD genes. We think PD might be triggered by oxidative stress, genetics, and mitochondrial dysfunction so it's helpful in that regard!

There's a lot of other studies looking into the mitochondria, buuuuut considering I racked up 300 articles researching all of this, I'll just use 1 for now.

Cognitive decline and oxidative stress

Honey also offers protection against cognitive decline

and it's a well known anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory agent. PD patients have high amounts of inflammation and oxidative stress due to cell death and pathogenic alpha synuclein essentially being a giant oxidant.

(Tualang Honey Protects the Rat Midbrain and Lung against Repeated Paraquat Exposure, Suk Peng Tang et al.) The table is just showing different markers in rat midbrains. N was given water and saline (negative control), TH was given honey (negative control), PQ was given a pesticide (control), PQ + TH was pesticide and honey, PQ+QH was pesticide and ubiquinol. You don't need to know too much to see that the honey group was closer to the negative control groups than the pesticide control group, which is kind of insane.

Polyphenols

Flavonoids have a lot of benefits, especially when protecting against oxidative stress and damage. People normally mention tea, coffee, wine, and chocolate when talking about polyphenols but honey has A TON.

I love this graphic, it's from this review. It's showing which polyphenols research has found to help different disorders. Absolutely beautiful

This is the study if you want to read it

Here's some of the polyphenols found in some honey. Basically, something that isn't Manuka is pretty good here, making it less expensive.

Study the table is from

So yea! Pretty promising!

Especially when you consider a lot of people with PD don't have access to treatment, either because it's too expensive or because they live somewhere without it. Plus, if we find it to be particularly promising, we can try tweaking it so that it gives stronger protection. Since honey is really just honey, it also means caretakers will have an easier time treating patients resist treatment (either due to fear, denial, or whatever else).

I'll figure out how to link all the studies for next time. Very cool, super excited to work on this project more :)

[wellologyco]

Exploring Vegetarian Algal Omega-3 Supplements: A Comprehensive Guide

Omega-3 fatty acids have garnered significant attention for their numerous benefits, ranging from heart health to brain function. Traditionally sourced from fish oil, these essential nutrients are now also available in vegetarian-friendly forms, primarily derived from algae. In this article, we delve into the world of vegetarian algal omega-3 supplements to unravel their efficacy, benefits, and considerations.

Which Algae is Best for Omega-3?

Algae, particularly microalgae like Schizochytrium and Ulkenia, are rich sources of omega-3 fatty acids, specifically EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid). These microalgae are carefully cultivated and harvested to extract the omega-3 oils, ensuring a sustainable and environmentally friendly source of this vital nutrient.

How Can I Get Omega-3 as a Vegetarian?

For vegetarians and vegans, obtaining omega-3 can be a challenge since traditional sources like fish oil are not an option. However, algal omega-3 supplements offer a convenient and effective solution, providing a bioavailable source of EPA and DHA without the need for animal products.

Can Humans Absorb Omega-3 from Algae?

Yes, humans can efficiently absorb Vegetarian Algal omega 3. The molecular structure of omega-3 in algae is similar to that found in fish, making it readily absorbable and bioavailable for the body.

Is Omega-3 from Algae as Good as Fish Oil?

Research suggests that omega-3 from algae is comparable in efficacy to that derived from fish oil. Both sources provide EPA and DHA, which are essential for maintaining overall health. Furthermore, algae-based omega-3 supplements offer a sustainable and ethical alternative to traditional fish oil.

What is the Best Vegetarian Omega-3?

The best vegetarian omega-3 supplements are those derived from high-quality, sustainably sourced algae. Look for supplements that are certified organic and undergo rigorous testing for purity and potency to ensure you're getting the most out of your supplement.

Should I Take Omega-3 Supplements as a Vegetarian?

Omega-3 supplements can be beneficial for vegetarians and vegans to ensure adequate intake of EPA and DHA, which are crucial for heart health, brain function, and overall well-being. Incorporating algae-based omega-3 supplements into your daily routine can help bridge the gap in essential nutrient requirements.

Is Omega-3 from Algae Effective?

Numerous studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of omega-3 from algae in supporting cardiovascular health, cognitive function, and inflammation management. As with any supplement, consistency and quality are key factors in achieving optimal results.

[livewellnutritionuk]

Why should we take high quality supplement and vitamin for our overall well-being?

Everything we consume today is either artificial or they have chemical preservatives mixed with them. We hardly ever get 100% pure and natural products. These chemical products come with some side-effects. So, by consuming these products, you are curing your health problems and bringing some new problems with it. If you have already tried a lot of products but you did not get the exact outcome that you require, then it might be time to switch to herbal products. But before you do so, you must know why herbal nutritional products are better than any chemical artificial products.

Here we will discuss the benefit of herbal smokable products:

Herbal products help to quit addiction:

In today's stressful life, people try to reduce stress by smoking and after some time, it turns into an addiction. Some of us try hard to get out of this unhealthy habit. For those who are trying hard to quit smoking but aren't acquiring much success from the process. You might never have thought that smoking can have positive effects on your health, but this may be the case, depending on what you’re smoking. Now, don’t get me wrong, I’m not saying smoking is great for your health, but there are many herbs that have been traditionally smoked over the centuries that have health benefits. Smoking medicinal plants has also been commonly practiced helping people quit smoking Tobacco. In this post, you’ll learn the history of smoking herbs, a few of the most smoked herbs, and their potential health benefits.

The Many Uses of Herbal Smoking 

There are many reasons people smoke herbs, for ceremony, ritual, spiritual practices, recreation, and healing and therapeutic purposes. Some people simply enjoy the act of smoking and want to smoke something subdued, non-addictive or habit forming. Smoking certain herbs can also help reduce the urges of Tobacco or Cannabis use by incorporating them into mixtures, and possibly slowly transitioning to only smoking non-addictive herbs. 

The History of Smoking Plants 

It’s believed that smoking plants has been present in every human society in history. In the Bronze Age, about 5,000 years ago, the inhalation of burned plants was used in magic, ritual and medicine in India, Mesopotamia, and Egypt.

Mugwort/Artemesia

Mugwort is most notoriously smoked for its effect on dreams. When the smoke of mugwort is inhaled, especially before bedtime, it can promote vivid and lucid dreams. It has also been said to help reveal and even alter areas of psychic unconsciousness. Mugwort’s aromatic leaves have a strong, pungent flavor when smoked. 

Lobelia (Lobelia inflata)

Inhaling Lobelia smoke can be calming and relaxing. It is considered an expectorant, like Coltsfoot. Lobelia is commonly smoked as a substitute for Tobacco because it contains an alkaloid called lobeline that your body easily mistakes for nicotine. Therefore, when Lobelia smoke is inhaled, receptors in your body think that it’s nicotine and that you just smoked Tobacco. Lobeline is not addictive like nicotine when used properly and acutely. Chewing gums used to quit smoking include lobeline as one of the main ingredients.

Summary

People have been smoking herbs for thousands of years across nearly every culture for a wide variety of purposes, from ceremonial to quitting smoking. We covered five of those plants and their potential health benefits in this post, but there are many more traditionally smoked herbs out there. If you’re feeling drawn to try smoking herbs, keep your body’s unique constitution in mind. Not all herbs affect everybody in the same way. 

One of the best products for a good immune system:

Because of environmental changes and eating so much junk every day, our body is extremely vulnerable to diseases. That's why we need some extra supplements that help us lead a healthy life. Reishi Mushroom (Ganoderma lucidum mushroom softgels) is a powerful immune modulator. Ganoderma lucidum has anti-oxidative effects when supplemented. It also has a therapeutic effect on insulin resistance, reduces the risk of prostate cancer, and can help treat a variety of conditions associated with metabolic syndrome. The lingzi mushroom is well known for its anti-cancer effects.

Summary

It is able to activate natural killer cells, increasing their activity and the body’s ability to fight tumours. Supplementing Ganoderma lucidum reduces the chances of metastasis, which is when cancer spreads to another part of the body. Ganoderma lucidum has a variety of mechanisms, but they are focused on moderating the immune system.

lingzi mushroom can reduce immune system activity when the system is overstimulated and bolster the immune system when it is weakened. In general, Ganoderma lucidum increases the amount of active immune system cells. Though further research is needed to confirm these effects, Ganoderma lucidum shows promise for a wide variety of cancer-related therapies.

It has been shown to be an effective adjunct therapy, which means it improves health when taken alongside other medications, for breast cancer, hepatitis, fatigue syndrome, and prostate cancer. There are not many promising supplements with anti-cancer properties available over the counter but Ganoderma lucidum appears to be one of them.

For more info:-

Organic Turmeric Curcumin with Liposmal Vitamin C

Nicosa Pilll Immune Support for Smokers

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[openintegrative]

CoQ10:

What Is It and Why Is It Important?

CoQ10 (Coenzyme Q10) is an antioxidant produced by the body, essential for energy production in cells.

Levels of CoQ10 naturally decrease with age and can be further reduced by certain medications and health conditions.

Supplementing with CoQ10 can improve heart health, support brain function, and help manage conditions like migraines and high blood pressure.

Dietary sources of CoQ10 include fatty fish, organ meats, and some nuts and seeds.

CoQ10 supplements are generally safe, but it’s important to consult a healthcare provider before starting them, especially if taking other medications.

Introduction to CoQ10

CoQ10, or Coenzyme Q10, is an antioxidant that the body produces naturally. It plays a key role in generating energy within cells by aiding in the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the main energy carrier in the body.

CoQ10 is found in every cell, with the highest concentrations in organs that require the most energy, such as the heart, liver, and kidneys.

How CoQ10 Works in the Body

CoQ10 is primarily located in the mitochondria, the energy-producing structures within cells. It helps convert nutrients into ATP, which fuels cellular processes.

CoQ10 also acts as an antioxidant, protecting cells from damage caused by harmful molecules known as free radicals.

This dual role makes it vital for maintaining cellular health and overall well-being.

Health Benefits of CoQ10

Heart Health: CoQ10 is known for supporting cardiovascular health. It improves the efficiency of energy production in heart cells and reduces oxidative stress, which can damage blood vessels and contribute to heart disease.

CoQ10 is often recommended for individuals with heart conditions, including heart failure and high blood pressure.

Energy Levels: By enhancing ATP production, CoQ10 can help boost energy levels and reduce fatigue.

This is particularly beneficial for individuals with chronic fatigue syndrome or those recovering from illness.

Brain Health: CoQ10 may have benefits for brain health, including improving cognitive function and potentially slowing the progression of neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s.

Its antioxidant properties help protect brain cells from damage.

Migraine Prevention: Some studies suggest that CoQ10 can help reduce the frequency and severity of migraines.

It’s believed to improve mitochondrial function, which may be impaired in people who suffer from migraines.

Blood Pressure Management: CoQ10 has been shown to help lower blood pressure, which is crucial for maintaining cardiovascular health and reducing the risk of heart attack and stroke.

Factors Affecting CoQ10 Levels

Aging: Natural production of CoQ10 declines with age, which can affect overall health and energy levels.

This decline may contribute to the increased risk of chronic diseases in older adults.

Medications: Certain medications, particularly statins used to lower cholesterol, can reduce CoQ10 levels in the body.

This reduction can lead to side effects like muscle pain and fatigue, which CoQ10 supplementation may help alleviate.

Health Conditions: Conditions such as heart disease, diabetes, and neurodegenerative disorders can lead to lower CoQ10 levels.

Supplementation may be necessary to maintain optimal levels and support overall health.

Sources of CoQ10

Dietary Sources: CoQ10 is naturally found in foods such as fatty fish (e.g., salmon, tuna), organ meats (e.g., liver, kidney), and certain nuts and seeds.

However, the amount of CoQ10 obtained from food is relatively low, making supplementation a practical option for many.

Supplements: CoQ10 supplements are available in two forms: ubiquinone (oxidized) and ubiquinol (reduced).

Ubiquinol is more easily absorbed and is generally recommended for older adults or those with specific health conditions.

It’s important to take CoQ10 with a meal containing fat to enhance its absorption.

CoQ10 in Disease Management

Heart Disease: CoQ10 supplementation has been shown to improve symptoms of heart failure, reduce the risk of repeat heart attacks, and improve survival rates in patients with heart disease.

It supports the heart’s energy production and reduces oxidative stress, both of which are crucial for heart health.

Diabetes: CoQ10 can help improve insulin sensitivity and manage complications associated with diabetes, such as neuropathy.

CoQ10 may help mitigate some of the effects of diabetes by reducing oxidative stress and supporting mitochondrial function.

Neurodegenerative Diseases: CoQ10 may protect against the progression of neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s.

Its role in reducing oxidative stress and supporting mitochondrial function is particularly important in the brain, where energy demand is high.

Safety and Side Effects of CoQ10

General Safety: CoQ10 is generally safe and well-tolerated by most people, even at high doses. It has a good safety profile, but it’s always best to start with a lower dose and increase gradually if needed.

Potential Side Effects: Some individuals may experience mild side effects, such as digestive discomfort, nausea, or headaches.

These effects are typically temporary and can often be managed by adjusting the dosage.

Interactions: CoQ10 may interact with certain medications, such as blood thinners and chemotherapy drugs.

It’s important to consult with a healthcare provider before starting supplementation, especially if taking other medications.

Conclusion

CoQ10 plays an essential role in cellular energy production and overall health. It supports heart health, brain function, and may help manage conditions like migraines and diabetes. As we age, and particularly if taking certain medications, maintaining adequate CoQ10 levels becomes increasingly important. Whether through diet or supplementation, ensuring sufficient CoQ10 intake can contribute to better health and improved quality of life.

FAQ

What is CoQ10 and why is it important? CoQ10 is an antioxidant that plays a key role in cellular energy production and overall health.

How does CoQ10 benefit heart health? CoQ10 supports cardiovascular health by improving energy production in heart cells and reducing oxidative stress.

Can CoQ10 help with migraines? Yes, CoQ10 has been shown to reduce the frequency and severity of migraines in some individuals.

What foods are rich in CoQ10? Fatty fish, organ meats, and certain nuts are rich dietary sources of CoQ10.

Are there any side effects of taking CoQ10 supplements? CoQ10 supplements are generally safe but may cause mild side effects like digestive discomfort. It’s important to consult a healthcare provider before starting supplementation.Research

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Alf, D., Schmidt, M.E. and Siebrecht, S.C., 2013. Ubiquinol supplementation enhances peak power production in trained athletes: a double-blind, placebo controlled study. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 10, pp.1-8.

Bentinger, M., Brismar, K., & Dallner, G. (2007). The antioxidant role of coenzyme Q. Mitochondrion, 7, S41-S50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mito.2007.02.006

Carlos, J., Cortés, A. B., M., D. J., & Navas, P. Biochemical Assessment of Coenzyme Q10 Deficiency. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 6(3), 27. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm6030027

Diaz-Castro, J., Mira-Rufino, P.J., Moreno-Fernandez, J., Chirosa, I., Chirosa, J.L., Guisado, R. and Ochoa, J.J., 2020. Ubiquinol supplementation modulates energy metabolism and bone turnover during high intensity exercise. Food & function, 11(9), pp.7523-7531.

Doimo, M., Desbats, M.A., Cerqua, C., Cassina, M., Trevisson, E. and Salviati, L., 2014. Genetics of coenzyme q10 deficiency. Molecular syndromology, 5(3-4), pp.156-162.

Emmanuele, V., López, L.C., Berardo, A., et al., 2012. Heterogeneity of Coenzyme Q10 Deficiency: Patient Study and Literature Review. Arch Neurol., 69(8), pp.978–983. https://doi.org/10.1001/archneurol.2012.206.

Forsberg, E., Xu, C., Grünler, J., Frostegård, J., Tekle, M., Brismar, K. and Kärvestedt, L., 2015. Coenzyme Q10 and oxidative stress, the association with peripheral sensory neuropathy and cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Diabetes Complications, 29(8), pp.1152-1158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2015.08.006.

Gutierrez-Mariscal, F.M., Arenas-de Larriva, A.P., Limia-Perez, L., Romero-Cabrera, J.L., Yubero-Serrano, E.M. and López-Miranda, J., 2020. Coenzyme Q10 supplementation for the reduction of oxidative stress: Clinical implications in the treatment of chronic diseases. International journal of molecular sciences, 21(21), p.7870.

Ho, C.-C., Chang, P.-S., Chen, H.-W., Lee, P.-F., Chang, Y.-C., Tseng, C.-Y. and Lin, P.-T., 2020. Ubiquinone Supplementation with 300 mg on Glycemic Control and Antioxidant Status in Athletes: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Antioxidants, [online] 9(9), p.823. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9090823.

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Langsjoen, P. H. and Langsjoen, A. M., 2014. Comparison study of plasma coenzyme Q10 levels in healthy subjects supplemented with ubiquinol versus ubiquinone. Clinical Pharmacology in Drug Development, 3(1), pp.13-17. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpdd.73.

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Potgieter, M., Pretorius, E., & Pepper, M. S. (2013). Primary and secondary coenzyme Q10 deficiency: The role of therapeutic supplementation. Nutrition Reviews, 71(3), 180-188. https://doi.org/10.1111/nure.12011

Quinzii, C.M., Hirano, M. and DiMauro, S., 2007. CoQ10 deficiency diseases in adults. Mitochondrion, 7, pp.S122-S126.

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Sarmiento, A., Diaz‐Castro, J., Pulido‐Moran, M., Moreno‐Fernandez, J., Kajarabille, N., Chirosa, I., Guisado, I.M., Javier Chirosa, L., Guisado, R. and Ochoa, J.J., 2016. Short‐term ubiquinol supplementation reduces oxidative stress associated with strenuous exercise in healthy adults: A randomized trial. Biofactors, 42(6), pp.612-622.

Samimi, F., Namiranian, N., Sharifi-Rigi, A., Siri, M., Abazari, O. and Dastghaib, S., 2024. Coenzyme Q10: A Key Antioxidant in the Management of Diabetes-Induced Cardiovascular Complications-An Overview of Mechanisms and Clinical Evidence. Int J Endocrinol., 2024:2247748. https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/2247748.

Zhang, Y., Liu, J., Chen, X.Q. and Chen, C.Y.O., 2018. Ubiquinol is superior to ubiquinone to enhance Coenzyme Q10 status in older men. Food & function, 9(11), pp.5653-5659.