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socialwicked · 2 years

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Will Europe Force a Facebook Blackout?

“My guess is that Meta is going to have to glance at some sort of geo-siloing if they want to continue to operate in the EU,” claims Calli Schroeder, world wide privateness counsel at the Digital Privacy Data Center, a nonprofit electronic legal rights investigation organization. Schroeder, who beforehand labored with companies on international knowledge transfers, claims this strategy could suggest Meta would have to develop its possess servers and knowledge centers in the EU that aren’t linked to its broader databases.

Harshvardhan Pandit, a computer system science exploration fellow at Trinity College Dublin who is researching the GDPR, claims that as information authorities are still thinking of Meta’s circumstance and a final determination hasn’t been revealed nonetheless, they could contain several caveats or techniques that Meta should really take to tumble in line. For instance, one particular current info safety choice in Europe gave a six-thirty day period period for a firm to make variations to its enterprise.

“I think the most pragmatic option would be for them to create the European infrastructure, like Google or Amazon, which have really a few data facilities here,” Pandit states, including that Meta could also introduce additional encryption to how it shops data and maximize how significantly it keeps in the EU. All these steps would be expensive, though. Jack Gilbert, director and associate general counsel at Meta, states that the problem “is in the method of getting fixed.” Facebook did not reply specifically to thoughts about its strategy to reply to the Irish choice.

European officers have two times dominated that techniques set in place to share details in between the EU and US really do not thoroughly shield people’s data—the problems have been ongoing since the early 2010s . European courts dominated that intercontinental information-sharing agreements weren’t up to scratch 1st in 2015 and then all over again in July 2020, when the Privacy Shield agreement was dominated illegal .

“All that the EU is inquiring for when companies transfer data to other international locations is to protect that knowledge in line with the GDPR,” suggests Nader Henein, a investigate vice president specializing in privacy and details defense at Gartner. “The problem is that legislation in the US that defend the information of ‘nonresident aliens’ are woefully insufficient and make it very hard for organizations like Fb to comply with nearby law and the GDPR.”

Whilst Meta is the concentration of the most high-profile complaint, it is not the only enterprise impacted by a deficiency of clarity on how organizations in Europe can deliver info to the US. “The data transfer concern is not Meta-specific,” David Wehner, Meta’s main technique officer, claimed in a July earnings phone . “It relates to how in basic knowledge is transferred for all US and EU providers back and forth to the US.”

The impacts of the July 2020 determination to get rid of Privacy Protect are now being felt. Because January of this year, a number of European details regulators have dominated that employing Google Analytics , the company’s site visitors-monitoring service for sites, falls foul of the GDPR . Danish authorities went even further more: Schools cannot use Chromebooks with no constraints getting place in area . “There is a ton of legal uncertainty, and there is a sizeable compliance possibility,” suggests Gabriela Zanfir-Fortuna, vice president of world wide privacy at Future of Privateness Forum, a nonprofit imagine tank.

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ericfruits · 7 years

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Why Africa’s poor pay high prices

“WE FEEL so hungry,” says Agatha Khasiala, a Kenyan housekeeper, grumbling about the price of meat and fish. She has recently moved in with her daughter because “the cost of everything is very high”. The data back her up. The World Bank publishes rough estimates of price levels in different countries, showing how far a dollar would stretch if converted into local currency. On this measure, Kenya is more expensive than Poland.

This is surprising. The cost of living is generally higher in richer places, a phenomenon best explained by the economists Bela Balassa and Paul Samuelson. They distinguished between goods that can be traded internationally and many services, like hairdressing, that cannot. In rich countries, manufacturing is highly productive, allowing firms to pay high wages and still charge internationally competitive prices. Those high wages also drive up pay in services, which must compete for workers. Since productivity is low in services, high pay translates into high prices, pushing up the overall cost of living.

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Among developing economies, however, the relationship between prices and prosperity is less clear-cut. Prices in Chad, for instance, are comparable to those in Malaysia, where incomes are 14 times higher. Fadi Hassan of Trinity College Dublin finds that in the poorest fifth of countries, most of them in Africa, the relationship goes into reverse: penniless places cost more than slightly richer ones. A paper in 2015 from the Centre for Global Development (CGD), an American think-tank, accounts for various factors which could explain differences in prices, including state subsidies, geography and the effects of foreign aid. Even then, African countries are puzzlingly expensive.

One explanation is dodgy statistics. African countries may be richer than they seem. When Nigeria revised its figures in 2014 to start counting industries such as mobile phones, GDP almost doubled. They may also be less pricey than economists reckon, because poor people buy second-hand clothes or grow their own food.

A more intriguing explanation comes from food prices. The relative cost of food, compared with other goods, is higher in poor countries. In Africa, the absolute cost is sometimes high, too. Nigerians would save 30% of their income if they bought their food at Indian prices, finds a recent study by the OECD, a think-tank. Meat costs more in Ghana than in America.

Mr Hassan thinks that low agricultural productivity explains the puzzle. In much of Africa farmers scratch away at thin soils, with little fertiliser and no irrigation. An Asian-style Green Revolution is only slowly taking root. Weak infrastructure also drives up prices, as can be seen in Wakulima, a wholesale food market in Nairobi. Moses Mungai has driven a maize lorry for four hours to get here, from a border town in the foothills of Kilimanjaro. But he says it took four days to collect the crop from local farms. When the rains come he has to hire a tractor to navigate soupy roads. Counties charge levies on commodities passing through. Middlemen take a cut.

Whereas Balassa and Samuelson divided economies into two (manufacturing and services), Mr Hassan divides economies into three, by also distinguishing agriculture. Like manufacturing, agricultural productivity can grow vigorously. But like services, this fresh farm output is sold locally, he assumes, which drives down prices. Thus when farm productivity rises, the poorest countries become both richer and cheaper.

The CGD researchers note an interesting corollary: manufacturing wages in Africa, though low, are higher than in Asian countries at similar levels of income. African workers need more dough to buy their daily bread.

If that is right, then cheaper food may boost manufacturing by making wages more competitive. From 18th-century Britain to 20th-century Asia, industrial revolutions are often preceded by agrarian ones. Poor countries must hope for a repeat.

This article appeared in the Middle East and Africa section of the print edition under the headline "Overpriced"

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brajeshupadhyay · 4 years

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Isolated abroad during coronavirus outbreak, how some Indian students are dealing with the crisis

With universities across the globe shut down because of the coronavirus outbreak, a large number of Indian students continue to live away from family at a time they need an emotional anchor the most.

On 12 April, Indian National Congress spokesperson Jaiveer Shergill questioned the Centre why Indian students stranded abroad are not being evacuated, while the government is in "active mode" to help foreign nationals stuck in India. "The BJP (Bhartiya Janata Party) government is in 'active mode' for foreign nationals and is in 'sleep mode' for Indian students stranded abroad in this hour of global crisis," Shergill said in a statement.

Away but not 'stranded'

But a lot of the Indian students still in their dorms, private accommodations or at a relative's place, away from their immediate families, claim they are not feeling 'stranded' or 'stuck.' Some of them claim they are used to living by themselves for they left their parents' shelter years ago.

Certainly, during a global crisis like this, they admit they feel the need to be in constant touch with their parents but technology has bridged the gap. Apps like Facetime and WhatsApp video calling have allowed them and their parents to combat emotional distancing.

If given a choice, would they have taken the plunge and returned to India rather than stay away from family? Many were not in favour of doing so, at least under the circumstances they were in when they had a choice.

"I think it's much safer for everyone, including me, to stay put where they are. Going back would've put the safety of my parents, as well as (that of) potentially society, at risk, and definitely mine too. Moreover, I'm not facing any problems here so I don't see any reason for me to go back. It's just a matter of coping with living alone, and I think that's a small challenge compared to the risk I'll be putting everyone at if I went back," says Mayank Sehgal, currently pursuing MBA from HEC Paris.

Aditya Tank, who studies at the Kelley School of Business at Indiana University in the United States, reasons that even if he braved the risk of infected airplanes and airports, it was too late for him to escape the state quarantine. "By the time I could travel, it was already 16 March, when India had made 14-day state quarantine compulsory for anyone coming from the US. So even after going through all the hassle, I'd have to spend two weeks away from family. My parents were obviously worried but they got my decision when I explained the above point to them. So as of now, we're looking forward to the time when there are no restrictions, and I can come back without having to stay in the state quarantine."

Another hurdle that is stopping the students abroad to return to their parents' comfort is the time difference between both the countries. Since a majority of the colleges across the globe have converted the classes online (through Zoom or similar conference video calling app), they will have to wake up at odd hours in order to 'attend' the classes. "My classes and assignments are still going on so I didn't want to go back to India only to operate on a 9.5-hour time difference. It didn't make sense," says Varun Natu, currently in Pittsburgh, who believes he would barely get the time to spend quality time with parents in that case.

State intervention

Besides these technical and logical reasons, many also have the administration, either the government or the college, to blame for not acting well within time. "You know how lax the US has been about their response to the pandemic. When my parents had asked me to fly back, at that point, my university had declared the online class setting till only 6 April," says Aditya Tank. Even after the change was made subsequently to extend the online classes till the end of the semester, it was already too late to travel.

Pranati Sharma, pursuing MBA in Trinity College in Dublin, Ireland, recalls the college administration initially took drastic steps to curb the spread of coronavirus, which resulted in complete chaos among the students. "We got a mail from college on the night of 15 March, giving us three days to vacate all the student accommodations under Trinity, even the private ones. However, the college sent a clarification mail a day later, allowing students to stay. This created a lot of chaos, and 90 percent of the people, including Indians, booked flights on 15 March itself for the very next day to return to India."

While Pranati chose not to travel even after the college's rather knee-jerk approach, Amishi Agrawal, studying at the University of Tokyo in Japan, has a different story to tell. "We haven't had a lockdown yet. A state of emergency was declared a few days ago but there are no rules in place. Most places are open, and you can go out if you want to. The greater challenge here is to ensure you're safe since the government isn't doing much on that front, and also the linguistic barrier. For now, we're just reading up more, and pushing for stricter rules within our dormitories."

ALSO READ: Under lockdown in Europe, Indian students go online to protest inequalities back home, keep up with academics

She explains how the lack of awareness by the state can make the pandemic even worse, if not for the information coming in from other countries. "I thought at the start that Japan was handling it very well. It turned out that was a lie as Japan was trying to conceal information because they wanted to host the Olympics (which was later pushed tentatively to 2021). Had I known the situation in Japan was so grave, I'd have definitely gone back to India then."

Even Sweden seems to be not taking the crisis as seriously despite rising cases in the country. Sarthak Prakash, currently pursuing a Master's degree in Biomedical Technology from Chalmers University in Gothenburg, Sweden, says the lockdown is not as stringent as the one in India despite similar graphs in coronavirus infections in both the countries. "There are no restrictions at all. All the pubs and restaurants are open. The only change I'm facing is online classes and virtual group meetings. People are advised to maintain social distancing. The population of Sweden is about 10 million, and they have 10,000 cases now (by the time his input was taken). It's mostly concentrated in Stockholm so the rest of the economy is open. They (government) fear bad repercussions if the restrictions are imposed for an extended time."

Mayank, however, is grateful to the French government for its transparency in dealing with the crisis. "They're communicating with us very clearly what's happening and what's going to happen (as far as they know). The confinement has been extended till 11 May, after which things will gradually open up again. Even alcohol and cigarettes are available. We're allowed to go for a walk within 1 km radius of our residence."

Daily chores, increasing constraints

Besides the occasional long queues outside grocery stores in Paris and ordering grocery for a week in advance in Pittsburgh, regular supplies has not been the primary issue for most of the students abroad. But Taruna Venkat, currently pursuing a Master's in Science Degree (Tropical Biology and Conservation) from James Cook University in Townsville, Australia, says constant delay in the lifting of lockdown will only worsen the situation for students monetarily. "I'm concerned about stretching out my savings, and avoiding asking family for money given they also require to save up. I'm also concerned about them, since they're aged and live in Mumbai, which is rapidly becoming a hotspot of the coronavirus spread."

Tasheev Bagga, enrolled in a Master's course in Fashion and Entrepreneurship at RMIT University in Melborune, Australia, still gets chills thinking about the day he realised the graveness of the epidemic. "I remember I went to a supermarket to get grocery but there was absolutely nothing there because of panic buying. All the racks you think will never be seen empty were like that. It's the basic requirement, and it wasn't available. That hit me hard when I went back home. Things are much better now."

Apart from the daily chores of cooking, clean, and buying grocery, what is keeping all the students busy are the online classes by the university and work from home for any internship or training they were employed in beside the college. Naman Jain, working as a Master's student at Max Planck Institute of Nuclear Physics in Heidelberg, Germany, explains why despite the lockdown period being "an introvert-heaven," the lack of interpersonal contact is getting to his nerves now. "Research groups are incredibly important for reasons more than just academic discussions. It's getting limited because of the 'indirect-ness' over mails or video calls. The productivity isn't as much if one doesn't discuss or collaborate," he says.

He adds he did not contemplate going back since he had only two months of training left after working there for over nine months. "My parents have spent most of the time mulling I should've come back when I could. But I get their concern. They don't know it's safe around here, groceries and medical help are easily available, people are cooperative, and there aren't as less number of people on the streets as I'd expected."

Life-altering events stand altered

It is certainly not easy to withdraw when one is so close to the finishing line. Both Purushartha Singh (BSc in Computer Science from Pennsylvania State University) and Aditya Tank were days away from their respective convocation ceremonies. "My parents were scheduled to come here from India, and then we had a little tour planned. But obviously now, all that has gone for a toss. After online classes, home assignments, and online exams, the university is even planning an online convocation," says Purushartha.

As strange as online convocation sounds, Aditya is hopeful his university will have a flesh-and-blood ceremony whenever the situation is completely normal. "But my visa is expiring soon so I'm planning to go back to India at the end of May, hopefully."

Representational image. Reuters

As some are busy getting to the end, others starting their journey have their own issues to deal with. Arunima Gitai, studying Counselling and Psychotherapy at Edith Cowan University in Perth, Australia, details her struggles to find accommodation. "I landed in Perth on 29 February, and the lockdown started here in the first week of March. Everyone was already on the edge about the virus. Most of the people were wary to give rented accommodation to people, especially who had arrived in the country recently. Everyone whom I spoke to would ask me when I landed, ask me to show my travel documents, ask if I got tested, or if I had a connecting flight from China."

She adds a "sweet man" empathised with her situation and asked him to move into a rented accommodation immediately. But she confesses she had a terrible time putting up at a temporary accommodation for a week. "It was very hostile to live among aggressive people who would ask me, sometimes even in every couple of hours, when I'd move out, or who told me I should go back to India. The epidemic was bringing out the worst in people. Humans are mean, aggressive, and self-preserving by nature, and the circumstances just happen to bring that out more openly."

Logistical issues like these only tend to add to the mental and emotional toll a young person goes through, particularly in the absence of a familiar environment. But all students across the globe that this writer talked to were on the same page of not returning to India especially because of the risks in travel involved. They would end up making their 'new home' more inhabitable, and are determined to get through with the crutch of technology, creative pursuits, and by just observing nature heal itself.

Naman's hopeful words give many like him hope that the spring is not far behind. "Nature was incredibly beautiful since I came here. Nothing has changed (on that front). It's just that spring has come around, so it's more pretty out here, but nothing else."

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elhmtalimustaphastupha · 5 years

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The master of business administration degree (MBA): opening doors to interviews and prospects

A rich representative visits a little Pacific island where he sees an angler getting his catch. Inspired, he asks him to what extent it took.

The angler says he was adrift for around two hours and when asked what he does with the remainder of his day he says he goes through it with family and companions, mingling late into the night.

"In any case, in the event that you complete a master of business administration (MBA), contribute your time, build up a field-tested strategy and scale your activity you could have an armada of vessels and extraordinary riches inside 15 years," the puzzled businessperson entreats him.

"And afterward what?" asks the angler. "Well," the agent considers, "you could resign to a little tropical island and invest all your energy with family and companions."

The joke shows a typical discussion about the idea of accomplishment, the most ideal approaches to achieve it and whether the end ever legitimizes the methods.

Best quality level

In any case, notwithstanding when there is a need to jab fun, there has for quite a while been a premium on advanced education and MBAs (Masters in Business Administration) have been the highest quality level of affirmation in a harsh business world.

They are costly, select and profitable – utilized by people to scale the last rungs of an undeniably elusive vocation stepping stool and by organizations to confine ability. In the most astounding compasses of the corporate world, among its best individuals, Masters in Business Administration degree (MBAs) is a big deal.

For bosses, they offer a sign of a few appealing characteristics in a hopeful – graduates invest a lot of energy concentrating corporate and business structures outside of their own field of mastery; they figure out how to take care of issues; and, maybe most urgently, they examine the significant specialty of authority.

"You most likely need a pioneer as opposed to only a supervisor," clarifies Claire McGee, the senior official for development and training arrangement at the businesses entryway bunch Ibec.

McGee contends that while Masters in Business Administration degree are not basic – there is, for instance, a parallel contention for PhDs in upper administration and a need to guarantee not every person has been squeezed from a similar form – their significance has not been weakened or clearly harmed by multiplication of courses and graduates.

"I think they are still in all respects profoundly respected; a Masters in Business Administration degree will give a person that essential business preparing," she says.

"While they may have different specialized capabilities, this will supplement that to give them a larger administration point of view."

A key method of reasoning

This is the key method of reasoning for undertaking a Masters in Business Administration degree. Most understudies – particularly those in low maintenance courses most appropriate to full-time representatives with significant experience – are hoping to increase their specific range of abilities with a general comprehension of business. Just as being a flag of purpose and exhibiting information of the executive's applications, the Masters in Business Administration degree impact is very direct: it opens ways to prospective employee meet-ups and prospects that would somehow or another frequently be excessively a long way from reach. The interest for such finessing – from the two businesses and understudies – is likewise the reason Masters in Business Administration degree has been duplicating throughout the decades.

In Ireland today there are something like 10 seminars on offer over a scope of third-level establishments, contrasting in rough expenses from under €6,000 to nearly €35,000.

The estimation of and thinking behind the Masters in Business Administration degree – as an augmentation of more extensive business colleges – can be followed through their history. The principal such bosses have been certifying to better places, essentially Harvard Business School and Dartmouth College, and such early brand affiliation is conceivably a piece of the reason they are viewed as noteworthy capabilities

The US keeps on commanding the market. In 2014, Fortune magazine revealed the Masters in Business Administration degree had turned into the nation's main decision of post-graduate capability.

"The astounding development of the Masters in Business Administration degree – generally because of its far-reaching acknowledgment by businesses and the nearly guaranteed rate of profitability of the degree – has been genuinely consistent amid the past 50 years, making the degree the best instructive result of the previous 50 to 100 years," it detailed.

That section exemplifies a great part of the reasoning in Ireland. Those searching for an emerge Masters in MBA here are well on the way to consider either UCD or Trinity College Dublin, the nation's most noteworthy positioned and generally costly.

The UCD Smurfit Business School MBA is positioned 89th in the 2019 Financial Times worldwide MBA list and 74th on the QS University rankings. Trinity College Dublin is at 96 on the last mentioned.

Compensation profit

As indicated by the UCD Smurfit Business School, graduates normally advantage from compensation increments of 63 percent inside three years and 90 percent secure occupations because of the capability inside a quarter of a year.

"There are two sorts of candidates that we see – one is the profession elevator where they are merging what they definitely know. What's more, regularly they can be in very senior jobs however have constrained ability to collaborate with the money related individuals or the bookkeeping individuals," clarifies Prof Cal Muckley, who heads up the program.

The second kind, he says, "are doctors, engineers, statisticians, veterinary specialists and they are hoping to change far from the specialized to an administrative core interest".

The course helps construct trust in these territories, to fill in holes so somebody with a significant expert foundation or potential may "try for those driving jobs at board or just underneath board level".

Concerning its incentive to bosses, Prof Muckley discusses delivering agents with the capacity to associate capability over an assortment of aspects inside an association while keeping an assortment of partners fulfilled – the fantasy work hopeful. This is set up by causing authority, systems administration, and critical thinking abilities. On the off chance that everything tends to veer toward "business-talk", it whets the hunger of potential managers.

The methodology is intended to challenge understudies – who are set in organizations and who face administrative situations – and adapt them to working in elevated standard conditions.

"We truly are putting these MBA understudies into a sort of weight tank. They truly are occupied when they are here."

Trinity graduates can hope to profit through comparative results. As per information from the college, 44 percent get a compensation increment inside one year of consummation and there is a normal three-year "restitution" length on charges. It likewise says that 65 percent of the individuals who experience the MBA include changed occupations inside the accompanying three months.

Prof Amanda Shantz, MBA chief at TCD Business School, says the two kinds of understudies they normally experience are the useful specialists who comprehend what they need from the course and where they are going, and those arranging a vocation "360" – effectively fruitful in their specific field, it is the ideal opportunity for something totally extraordinary, perhaps beginning their very own organization.

What makes an understudy emerge? "For me, it's being interested . . . somebody who has an energy for learning, for understanding their new condition," Prof Shantz says. "These are [the]people who truly get me energized as an instructor."

Similarly, as with numerous different MBAs, Trinity has an emphasis on structure authority and systems administration aptitudes, discovering understudies who can contribute, hold their weight in a room and encouraging them to do as such. But then frequently the explanations behind seeking after Masters in Business Administration degree are undeniably increasingly direct.

"A ton of hopefuls reveal to me when I ask them what spurred them to do [the course]that they are not going to get the advancement in the event that they don't complete a Masters in Business Administration degree. AMBA has a lot of stores," Prof Shantz says.

That is positively valid – Masters in Business Administration degree involve a double reality, both as qualifiers and as marking works out. Regardless of whether hopeful looks to learn or to just turned out to be progressively unmistakable in a jam-packed field, the program offers the two results at the same time.

Skepticism and disdain

It is a situation that has prompted some skepticism and contempt – Masters in Business Administration degree don't draw in widespread commendation among the individuals who know the domain, especially when they have developed exponentially in number and the volume of alumni alongside them.

One ongoing Dublin-based Masters in Business Administration degree understudy mirrors that the course did not speak to an incentive for cash but rather was more an impression of "capability expansion" – what was at one time the highest quality level of business skill is currently the absolute minimum necessary in trying for profession height.

"The main individual's benefit's identity the training division. I feel that a Masters in Business Administration degree was thought of as a lot of devices and bits of knowledge to enable an official C-to level individual; to give them the devices to help them in the system and make arrangements for a medium to a huge undertaking," the alumni says, mentioning secrecy.

"Presently it appears as though it is just an approach to enable you to get that group chief job."

Composing a year ago, Prof Martin Parker, a veteran business college speaker of 20 years and a long-standing pundit of the framework, made his perspectives evident in the title of his most recent book – Shut Down the Business School.

Taking note of typical analysis of the model from inside resources themselves, he stated: "Toward the finish, all things considered, most business college graduates won't become abnormal state administrators, at any rate, simply dubious work area rambles in mysterious office squares."

It is the potential reputational harm such conclusions speak to, just as a quickly moving work and professional workplace – tech organization representatives setting their very own working hours and abstaining from customary office settings – that make advancement fundamental to the survival of the Masters in Business Administration degree course. It is a significant exercise for instructive organizations and it isn't lost on them.

Notwithstanding the particular reasons delineated above, both UCD and Trinity have distinguished manners by which a changing world can be grasped by their courses. New California Referencing an ongoing article, Prof Shantz says Ireland is rising as "another California" in tech terms, and there is a need to mirror that. Trinity has presented a "Main in a 4.0 World", applying the natural and dependable authority ethos to a rising scene. The UCD Smurfit Business School's development isn't too unique – a budgetary financial specialist in terms of professional career, Prof Muckley has pushed information investigation to the fore of his foundation's MBA, a move he accepts will oblige a developing interest in the business world. Adjust or bite the dust is a natural prosaism in a universe where "survival of the fittest" is a pillar of reasoning. MBAs try to do only that and managers will watch.

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architecdura-blog · 6 years

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The Deanes: 200 Years of Architectural Heritage

The Museum Building of Trinity College in Dublin (1853-7) is a seminal work of Victorian architecture, long regarded as the first expression of Ruskinian principles in stone, and famous for its pioneering structural use of Irish marble. This website presents new research on the building’s architecture and stonework, visualised using 3D laser scans, 360 photography and photogrammetry. Visitors can see the building as never before, explore its interior, stonework, and the rich carvings of the O’Shea brothers, as well as read in-depth accounts of the widespread sources that served to inspire the architects, Deane, Son & Woodward. A short video describes the transformative use of Connemara and other Irish marbles in the building.

The Museum Building of Trinity College Dublin

The Project

Making Victorian Dublin is an exciting and innovative collaborative project between geologists and architectural historians at Trinity College Dublin which has revealed the building industry responsible for Ireland’s Victorian architecture. Funded by the Irish Research Council, the project aims to open new interdisciplinary horizons for the research of Ireland’s past. For too long the craftsmen and quarrymen who cut, carved and constructed splendid buildings in Ireland’s towns, cities and countryside have been lost to history, overshadowed by the architects and patrons who designed and commissioned them. But without the marble masons, stone cutters, carvers and builders these richly coloured and impeccably detailed buildings simply could not have been achieved.

Focused on Ireland’s most significant and influential building of the period, the Museum Building of Trinity College Dublin, researchers have uncovered the remarkable network of quarries, craft communities and transport routes which enabled its construction. A few strides within this building displays the full range of Ireland’s remarkable stone resources. The Museum Building pioneered the patriotic use of native coloured stone and established a taste for Connemara marble and Cork Red limestone which spread across Ireland to Britain and the United States. Connemara marble with its distinctive green and white colour banding would become emblematic of Irish identity. Further nationalistic emphasis is provided by elaborate stone carvings of the building that reveal a rich and diverse flora and fauna with a significant Irish-flavour.

The project will culminate in a book to be published in the Summer of 2019.

Principal Investigator and Architectural Historian, Prof Christine Casey:

“Architecture is the stage upon which our daily lives are conducted, from the splendid buildings of city and town to the more modest houses, public buildings and boundary walls which punctuate the Irish countryside. Too often we remember those who paid for these buildings and those who designed them. Architectural history is strong on patron and architect and weak on those who translated design and ambition into reality. Ireland’s historic buildings were created by generations of craftsmen from raw materials extracted and cut by quarrymen and stone carvers. This project has sought to illuminate this largely hidden history by foregrounding the history of building materials and craftsmanship. The local built environment can tell us much more about history and science than the standard narratives of architectural history. The colour, markings and texture of building stones provides a vivid and tangible snapshot of the earth’s infancy. Regions are characterised by the nature of their geology and building stone. The familiar and endearing walls of field and farmyard are composed of rubble stone which speak not only of our forbears but of our locality’s prehistoric formation .

As an architectural historian I have been humbled by my ignorance of stone. Hitherto focused only on its aesthetic qualities, I now understand the impact of geology on building history, why some stones are chosen and others not, why particular stones are so widely used, why certain stones are so highly valued, and why superlative architecture relied upon the highest quality of materials and craftsmanship. I look at buildings with new eyes and have brought this new perspective to every aspect of my research.”

Co-Principal Investigator and Geologist, Dr Patrick Wyse Jackson:

“The Museum Building at Trinity College Dublin has been dissected by geologists and architectural historians as part of the Making Victorian Dublin project funded by the Irish Research Council. This is a unique and innovative collaboration that has drawn together two distinctive areas of the sciences and humanities, and has generated a deeper understanding of each as exemplified by the Museum Building. Built in the 1850s at a time of directed promotion of dimension and decorative stone, a significant component of Ireland’s natural resources, this building demonstrated the versatility of this material for structural building but also for decoration, particularly through utilisation in columns in the hallways. Nine different decorative marbles and polished limestones assail the senses of the visitor and provide a geological lesson that reveals the underlying lithological foundations of our country. Connemara Marble and Cork Red Limestone are dominant but ably supported by stone varieties from Armagh, Fermanagh, Offaly, Galway, and Kilkenny.

Multidisciplinary projects such as the Making Victorian Dublin initiative demonstrate the value of close examination of a building such as the Museum Building. Importantly an understanding of how the characteristics of different rock types and how they are quarried dictates how they are utilised in architectural practice but at the same time an appreciation of the aesthetics conceived of by the architects can inform the stone types used. The Museum Building admirably demonstrates this blending of disciplines that led to its design and erection.”

The Research Team

The team uniquely comprises researchers in Architectural History and Science. This collaboration depicts the vital links between geology and architecture and renews the fruitful transdisciplinary approach adopted and celebrated by pioneering Victorian polymaths.

Principal Investigators: Professor Christine Casey and Dr Patrick Wyse Jackson

Co-Principal Investigator, Patrick Wyse Jackson, is an Associate Professor in Geology and Curator of the Geological Museum in the Department of Geology, School of Natural Sciences, TCD.

Principal Investigator, Christine Casey, is a Professor in Architectural History in the Department of History of Art and Architecture, School of History and Humanities, TCD.

Research Assistants: Dr Andrew Tierney and Ms Louise Caulfield

Andrew Tierney is a research assistant in the Department of History of Art and Architecture, School of History and Humanities, TCD.

Louise Caulfield is a research assistant in the Department of Geology, School of Natural Sciences, TCD.

Associated Researchers

A network of specialists and practitioners have been consulted on the carving, architecture, conservation and digital presentation of the building and links were established with international scholars of architecture and decorative stone in advance of an Autumn think-tank on 3rd October 2017 and an international symposium on 9th-10th February 2018. Both events took place on Trinity College Dublin’s main campus.

Paul Arnold, Paul Arnold Architects

Leila Budd, Carrig Conservation International

Dr Susan Galavan, University of Leuven

Dr Tony Hand, EIT RawMaterials

John Hussey, Independent Researcher

Dr Edward McParland, Trinity College Dublin

Dr Fredrick O’Dwyer, Architect and Architectural Historian

Prof Roger Stalley, Trinity College Dublin

Prof Roland Dreesen, University of Ghent

Dr Hazel Dodge, Trinity College Dublin

Acknowledgements

We are grateful for the contributions to the project made by the following people:

Funded by The Irish Research Council New Horizons Interdisciplinary Research Project Award Estates and Facilities, Trinity College Dublin Dublin City Council Heritage Office

Photography Ray Keaveney Adrian Lantry Andrew Sheridan Paul Tierney, courtesy of Dublin City Council Heritage Office Katie Wyse Jackson

Digital Consultation Prof Marie Redmond, Digital Humanities, Universita Ca’ Foscari Venice Niall Ó hOisín, Breffni O’Malley and Alan Clifford, Noho Conor Dore, Bim and Scan Limited Cora McKenna, Trinity College Dublin

Industry, Artistic and Architectural Consultation Ambrose Joyce, Connemara Marble Industries Limited Prof Martin Feely, NUI Galway Niall Kavanagh, McKeon Stone Yvonne McKeon, McKeon Stone John and David McEvoy, McEvoy and Sons Stone Masons Terry O’Flaherty, Ballyknockan Tim O’Connell, O’Connell Stone Stephen Burke, sculptor Jason Ellis, sculptor Sean Lynch, artist Charles Duggan, Dublin City Council Dr Lynda Mulvin, UCD Prof Peter Wyse Jackson, Missouri Botanical Garden Prof Paul Smith, Oxford Museum of Natural History Prof John Holmes, University of Birmingham

Trinity College Dublin Colleagues Mike Clark Ron Cox Elaine Cullen Una Farrell Estelle Gittins Frank Hendron Gordon Herries Davies Monica Janson Peter Keogh Paul Mangan David Naylor Michael Philcox George Sevastopulo Fiona Tyrrell

Source: https://makingvictoriandublin.com/

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