#thoemmes

[akademanie]

Bemerkenswerte Sätze

«Thomas wusste, dass dies nicht überall so war.

‹Aber glaube mir, draussen auf dem Land und in den Städten, sogar in anderen Klöstern, geht es bei der Fastenzeit nicht so ruhig zu wie bei uns. Der Erzbischof und Kurfürst von Trier hat erst kürzlich verlautbaren lassen: ›Ist ein Priester so betrunken, dass er die Psalmen nur noch lallt, soll er zwölf Tage von Brot und Wasser leben. Ist ein Mönch so voll, dass er speit, soll er 30 Tage Busse tun. Ist ein Bischof so besoffen, dass er in die Hostie kotzt, muss er 90 Tage büssen. Dieser Spruch hat schnell die Runde durch das ganze Reich gemacht und ist etwas dran!›»

Aus: Der Bierzauberer von Günther Thömmes, Gmeiner Original, 2008.

«Thomas war auch hier nicht um eine Antwort verlegen: ‹Eine der ältesten Regeln unseres Klosterlebens ist ›liquida non frangunt ieuneum – Flüssiges bricht das Fasten nicht.‹ Das hat uns Brauer immer beliebt gemacht.› Und gefastet wurde viel im Kloster.»

«‹Ein böses Weib, ein saures Bier, behüt‘ der Himmel uns dafür.› Das hängte Niklas ins Sudhaus seiner Brauerei.»

Der «Bierzauberer» Günther Thömmes liefert mit seinem gleichnamigen Roman eine kurzweilig-informative Geschichte zur Entstehung des Bieres und der Braukultur. Er lässt den jungen Niklas das Brauen erlernen und vor allem perfektionieren, und zwar auf allen Ebenen.

Mehr zu Günther Thömmes auch bei den «Hopfenhelden»: http://www.hopfenhelden.de/bierzauberei/

[shapesweets83-blog]

Your Bed Is Much Dirtier Than A Chimpanzee’s, Study Finds

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PHILADELPHIA (CBS) — You’re going to want to change your sheets after reading this. A study by biologists at North Carolina State University says a chimpanzee’s bed is typically much cleaner than a humans.

And get this.

The study says humans are much more likely to spend the night rolling around in fecal and skin bacteria than chimpanzees.

On the other hand, chimpanzees, who make their own beds daily, tend to keep their sleeping areas very tidy and clean.

“We know that human homes are effectively their own ecosystems, and human beds often contain a subset of the taxa – or types – of organisms found in the home,” explains lead author Megan Thoemmes, a Ph.D. student at the university, in a statement. “For example, about 35 percent of bacteria in human beds stem from our own bodies, including fecal, oral and skin bacteria.”

59 Percent Of People Say They Will Exercise More In New Year, Research Finds

Researchers in Tanzania swabbed 41 chimpanzee beds to test for microbial biodiversity. The swabs revealed that chimpanzee beds had greater a diversity of microbes of than human beds.

However, human beds tested showed much higher concentrations of fecal, oral and skin bacteria.

“We found almost none of those microbes in the chimpanzee nests, which was a little surprising,” Thoemmes said.

Source: https://philadelphia.cbslocal.com/2018/12/26/your-bed-is-much-dirtier-than-a-chimpanzees-study-finds/

[cprokansascity]

Kamehameha Schools plans would build 11K homes in Central Oahu

Kamehameha Schools is asking the Hawaii Land Use Commission to amend a previous approval for a solar farm in Central Oahu as part of its plan to develop more than 11,000 homes and more than 500,000 square feet of commercial space on more than 2,000 acres of land in Waiawa.

Trust officials, including Walter Thoemmes, Kamehameha Schools’ manager of commercial real estate, appeared Thursday before the commission, which is considering a request to amend a 2014 approval of two solar farms on 655 acres…

[catalog-drowsy]

Francis Savile, "A New Complete, and Universal Body, or System of Natural History, Husbandry, and Physick" (Thoemmes Press, 1972)

[itsbikesbikesbikes-blog]

The late 20th and early 21st Century saw a number of high level corporate and global wide scandals often based on poor ethical standards within large organisations, this can go some way to explaining the large amount of research around leadership in modern society. Leadership in its most basic form is taking a decision that a group will follow, to be able to take that decision requires leadership qualities.  These qualities have been discussed for thousands of years indeed even 508 B.C., Homer’s “Odyssey” began to teach the ancient Greeks to recognise good leadership when they saw it and to despise the alternative (Anhalt, 2017).  The answer to what good leadership looks like has created theories that have stretched over millenia. In the early 19th and 20th Century, leadership theories were based around “Great Man” and “Trait” theories. Great man theory of leadership proposes that certain men are born to lead and when crises arise these men step up to take their natural place (Coggins, 2014).  This theory has some value when you look at leaders such Churchill, Gandhi etc.  These individuals did have leadership abilities, charisma, communication skills and a presence that inspired followers. However, it can be argued that these leaders rose up because of the position they were in and the time that they were alive.  However, Juneja, in the management study guides states that this “theory implies that those in power deserve to be there because of their special endowment. Furthermore, the theory contends that these traits remain stable over time and across different groups. Thus, it suggests that all great leaders share these characteristic regardless of when and where they lived or the precise role in the history they fulfilled”(Juneja, 2017).  However, this theory does no take into account leaders that do not have whole countries to defend or thousands that believe in them.  There are great leaders in every walk of life.   This belief that there are leaders all around us may have accelerated the research into leadership styles during the late 20th and early 21st Century. The research was aimed at trying to discover and nurture leaders, whilst attempting to find the best leadership styles and what characteristics were needed for that.  The first attempts to discover if there was a benefit to discovering leaders came from a surprising source although not a leadership manual, Winslow Taylor 1911 book “ The Principles of Scientific Management theorised that “the principal object of management should be to secure the maximum prosperity for the employer, coupled with the maximum prosperity for each employee” (Taylor, 1993). This identification of the symbiotic relationship between employer and employee encouraged more employers to discover leaders within their midst.  A leader could direct workers, a leader could inspire a workforce and in turn a leader could maximise the profitability of an employer. Further work in this field was carried out by Lewin eat al in 1939, in the journal of Social Physcology Lewin described three leadership behavioural styles.  Authoritative, Parcipative and Delegative sometimes called “Laissez-Faire”(Lewin, Lippitt and White, 1939).  This leadership theory was limited in its structure because it only allowed for these three styles of leader.  However, it is still relevant today and most leaders will show behaviour reflective of these three styles. Authoritarian -  A direct style of leadership, one way of communications, fast paced decision maker.  Shoulders all responsibility.  Usually popular with managers but can be resented by employees or can lead to dependence amongst peers. Participative - Employees, are given responsibility are challenged and feel supported, the employees of a participative leaders tend to enjoy their workplace  levels can be given and feel a level of responsibility to challenge themselves. Because of the good working environment employees tend to enjoy themselves. Delegative – Employees are free to do their own work with very little engagement, the leader has very little work.  This can lead to resentment or stress amongst unsupported employees. Although these theories are over 80 years old they have stood the test of time and have formed the foundations for further study in the leadership field. In 1971 House & Mitchell first described “Path Theory” this surmised that leaders could change their style dependent on the situation.  The leader is able to recognise the situation and is influenced by the environment. The leader is able to understand the characteristics of the employees, their level of experience allowing the employee to work independently within a structured reward led driven role. (Mulder, 2018). It wasn’t until the 1990’s however that the benefits of leadership training and the recognition of the power of leaders within the workplace did research really take off.  In 1970 a small study by Robert Greenleaf focused on the theory of “Servant Leadership” helped build the foundations for modern research.  In his theory Spears suggested that “The servant-leader is servant first… It begins with the natural feeling that one wants to serve, to serve first. Then conscious choice brings one to aspire to lead” (Greenleaf, 1970). This research was furthered by Spears in 1995 when using the Goal Path Theory Spears recognised 10 traits of a Servant Leader (Spears, 2010). Listening Empathy Healing Awareness Persuasion Conceptualization Foresight Stewardship Commitment to the growth of the people Building community This ethical position of a servant leader was found wanting in many large organisations at the beginning of the 21st Century leading to a host of scholars carrying out more research using Goal Path theory as their building blocks.  This led on to the most popular and widely researched theory of “transformational leadership” first penned by Burns in 1978 and further extrapolated by Bass, B.M. & Avolio in 1994, it has become one of the main areas of leadership research in the first decades of the 21st Century.  Transformational leadership is defined “as a leadership approach that causes change in individuals and social systems. In its ideal form, it creates valuable and positive change in the followers with the end goal of developing followers into leaders” (Dionne et al., 2004). The early research of leadership focussed solely on the traits of a leader or the behaviours of a leader without taking into account the followers of that leader and whether they were performing at their best.  Later research recognised a good leader is able to achieve a task whilst developing and supporting their followers.  This has led to an increased awareness of moral and ethical values in the workplace.  This heightening of workplace and personal ethics allows employees to develop in a supportive environment and in turn support the efforts of the employer.  This in turn will maximise efficiency and profit whilst reducing costs. References Anhalt, E. (2017). Ancient Greek wisdom for today’s leadership crisis. [online] The Conversation. Available at: http://theconversation.com/ancient-greek-wisdom-for-todays-leadership-crisis-84902 [Accessed 19 Jan. 2019]. Bass, B.M. & Avolio, B.J. (Eds.). (1994). Improving organisational effectiveness through transformational leadership. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Coggins, E. (2014). The History of Leadership Studies and Evolution of Leadership Theories. [online] ToughNickel. Available at: https://toughnickel.com/business/The-History-of-Leadership-Studies-and-Evolution-of-Leadership-Theories [Accessed 19 Jan. 2019]. Dionne, S., Yammarino, F., Atwater, L. and Spangler, W. (2004). Transformational leadership and team performance. Journal of Organizational Change Management, [online] 17(2), pp.177-193. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/220041908_Transformational_leadership_and_team_performance [Accessed 19 Jan. 2019]. Greenleaf, R. (1970). What is Servant Leadership? - Greenleaf Center for Servant Leadership. [online] Greenleaf Center for Servant Leadership. Available at: https://www.greenleaf.org/what-is-servant-leadership/ [Accessed 19 Jan. 2019]. House, R. J., & Mitchell, T. R. (1975). Path-goal theory of leadership (No. TR-75-67). University of Washington Department of Psychology [Accessed 19 Jan. 2019]. Juneja, P. (2017). Trait Theory of Leadership. [online] Managementstudyguide.com. Available at: https://managementstudyguide.com/trait-theory-of-leadership.htm [Accessed 19 Jan. 2019]. Lewin, K., Lippitt, R. and White, R. (1939). Patterns of Aggressive Behavior in Experimentally Created “Social Climates”. The Journal of Social Psychology, 10(2), pp.269-299. Mulder, P. (2018). Path-Goal Theory of Leadership: a Powerful Leadership Tool | ToolsHero. [online] ToolsHero. Available at: https://www.toolshero.com/leadership/path-goal-theory-leadership/ [Accessed 19 Jan. 2019]. Taylor, F. (1993). The principles of scientific management. London: Routledge/Thoemmes Press.

[dempameat]

チンパンジーの寝床では人間のベッドで見つかった糞便・口腔・皮膚関連の細菌がほとんど発見されなかったそうで、「チンパンジーの寝床ではこれらの細菌がほとんど見つかりませんでした。これは我々研究者にとっては驚くべきことでした」とThoemmes氏は述べています。

人間のベッドはチンパンジーの寝床��りも汚い - GIGAZINE

[healthandbeauty7]

Frank Thoemmes | Experte für Functional Training und Betriebliche Gesundheitsf… Frank Thoemmes | Experte für Functional Training und Betriebliche Gesundheitsförderung Source by Marion9000

[bookloversofbath]

Bibliography of Modern American Philosophers by John G. Slater

Bibliography of Modern American Philosophers by John G. Slater

Bibliography of Modern American Philosophers by John G. Slater soon to be presented for sale on the super BookLovers of Bath web site!

Published: London & New York: Thoemmes Continuum, 2006, Hardcover.

2nd printing. [First Published: 2005]

From the cover: This is the single most important collection of bibliographical data on American philosophy in the modern period. No other reference work or…

[glmdev-blog]

The Why Behind Words

Some Thoughts on the Arbitrariness of Language

It is often said that language is completely arbitrary. While it is interesting to ponder the complexities and layers of abstraction required to translate a series of sounds and pauses into the complex concepts and implied communication we take for granted, the idea that ancient humans sat down and simply decided on an illogical set of sounds to represent objects or ideas is a bit misleading.

The world was a dangerous place for our early ancestors (circa 100,000 BCE), and their survival was dependent on their ability to coordinate with each other and communicate practical information and instructions. The earliest inklings of language sprung from this need. Through a variance of sounds, paleolithic hominids developed a primitive system that allowed them to convey an object or action to others using only sound. These primitive sounds became some of humanity’s first words. Linguists have speculated on the foundations of these words for many years — their sounds, what they were based off of, how common they were among different communities, etc. — and have distilled their speculation into a set of whimsically named theories.

The Bow-Wow Theory

The bow-wow theory submits that the earliest words were designed to mimic natural sounds. For example, the name for a specific animal sounds like the cry of that animal. This would have led to much easier adoption, as many members of the population would have been familiar with the sound of the animal and could therefore easily associate the simplified sound-word with that animal. (Take the word ‘wolf’ for example. Said aloud, it resembles the low bark of its namesake.) This enabled rapid adoption of many distinct words over a larger population. Had the words been truly arbitrary and not based on their natural sounds, it would have taken much more effort to proliferate their use, mostly due to the fact that to associate the word with the object you would need to physically show someone that object, whereas the mimicry could make use of existing knowledge of the world.

The Pooh-Pooh Theory

This theory speculates that many non-object words were adapted from primal sounds already common among the population at the time. For example, words like “ouch!” and “oh!” have their origins in sounds that were natural reactions to physical stimuli, like pain. These sounds were already commonly used among everyone and the word forms were merely the simplified verbalizations of these sounds. Again, this relied on pre-existing knowledge to enable the rapid adoption of common words — these primal sounds were instinctual and common among the majority of the population after thousands of years of use.

The Ding-Dong Theory

Popularized by the linguist Max Muller, the ding-dong theory builds on the understanding that the sound-parts of words resemble their physical counterparts. Consider the following phase: “itsy bitsy teeny weeny moon.” High pitched vowels, enunciated with the front of the mouth, evoke ideas of a constrained/small space (hence the meaning of the words). Whereas in the phrase “the enormous gargantuan elephant,” the vowels lie primarily in the large space in the back of the mouth and upper throat, hinting at a larger size. This pattern is common throughout many words, and the common evocations from the sound of the words were common among many members of the population thus allowing rapid adoption.

While this is an exhaustive list of theories (check out more of them here), it serves to illustrate that words and language were not merely created from thin air, but rather they had practical roots in physical sounds. From there, the social structure tweaked and branched words, modifying them at every turn. These adaptations added new words with new levels of abstractness and complexity which enabled richer communication between individuals. After several iterations of branching and modification, words become very distinct from each other. As populations split and migrated around the globe, isolated populations’ languages varied and continued to evolve and split into increasing numbers of subgroups that eventually became our modern day languages.

Sources

Boeree, George. “The Origins of Language.” The Origins of Language. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Feb. 2017.

Müller, Friedrich Max, and Roy Harris. Lectures on the science of language. London: Routledge/Thoemmes, 1994. Print.