#they can parasite microscopic algae

[mushroominawaterbottle]

The sexuality crisis has been postponed ill read papers about marine fungi again

[jomindraws]

Now we begin to approach the last few groups of our classes of animals on Jom'Gol !! We gettin into the weird ones now !!!

Superphylum Walledcytoa

A taxa of animals possessing cell walls and a nacreous filament.

(AN2 C3) Clade: Introplastidae

A clade of walledcyota that vary in symmetry and possess an external tissue of keratin.

(AN2 C3-a) Clade: Segogastra

A clade of introplastids that possess longitudinal symmetry and an orifice-based method of nutrient absorption.

PHYLUM SEGOGASTRA

Phylum of entirely parasitic or mutualistic introplastids and the only extant phylum of Clade Segogastra.

(AN2 C3-ai) Clade: Apolyptuo Pseudoserpendae

A clade of animals that have no navigational limbs after development and attach to a host via a sickle-shaped tailhook.

(AN2 C3-ai-§1) Clade: Byropolypa

A clade of apolyptuo pseudoserpendae that contain one long proboscis to absorb nutrients and detritus matter.

Class Byropolyps

Only extant class of byropolypa; attaches to floral or faunal hosts via the tailhook and extends the proboscis end to filter-feed on passing matter. Nacreous filament deposited onto the host organism during death, containing small clone-lined spicules.

(AN2 C3-aii) Clade: Brachoserpendae

A clade of animals that contain branching filaments for latching, navigation, and feeding after development.

Class Canworms

Class of segogastrans that typically attach to faunal and mobile hosts and use a crown of teeth in a can-shaped head to feed on detritus, algae, invasive organisms, and the host’s indigestible consumed matter. Class is also capable of minimal ciliary locomotion to move to different areas along its host.

Class Fellowflowers

Class of segogastrans that typically attach to floral, fungal, or sessile faunal organisms and catch passing plankton with specialized net-like fringes. Organisms in this class often accompany other organisms that cannot obtain enough nutrients from their own niche, exchanging nutrients through the nacreous filament in mutualistic symbiosis.

(AN2 C3-aiii) Clade: Macronemare

A clade of organisms that contain only two tentacled ends for navigation and sensing.

(AN2 C3-aiii-§1) Clade: Nemare

A clade of macronemare that consumes fungi, flora detritus, and bacterial mats.

Class Nemare

Class of animals that are extremely microscopic and typically consume waste matter from a host (typically inside a host that is already a parasite of a greater host) or use predatory hunting to kill and consume bacterial and fungal mats within hosts.

(AN2 C3-b) Clade: Asymmetrical Cytoplastidae

A clade of introplastids that possess no symmetry and a semi-porous method of nutrient absorption.

PHYLUM FILOMANTARII

Phylum of quasi-multicellular terrestrial cytoplastids that have no internal organization and a non-newtonian external structure. All filomantarii solidify their outer membrane when exposed to stress, force, or low humidity.

Class Surdow

Class of filomantarii that navigate terrestrial rock surfaces to scavenge for bacterial, algal, chemotrophic, or sessile animals; class species range from microscopic to fairly large and can lie dormant for long periods of time.

Class Cytocaustica

Class of filomantarri that navigate active organisms in forests, intertidal zones, reefs, and organism-rich caves; class members usually contain a neutralizing and sterilizing agent in loosely assembled cells that dissolve the cell membranes of weak or deceased microorganisms.

[sailor-hufflepuff]

Posting the full text of my Sith/Dark Side meta/headcanon.

**********

There are two sides to the Force.

This is true.

There is only one Force.

This is also true.

Those sides are the Light side and the Dark side.

This is the lie.

***********

It does not know when it began. It does not know where it began. It only knows that it is not from Here.

*******

The two sides of the Force are the Living (living, dying, growing, chaotic), and the Unifying, or Cosmic (peaceful, sterile, ordered, stagnant, beautiful).

Both are needed. Life requires order: molecules in their proper places, planets in their orbits, warmth from a star and water to drink and atmosphere to breathe. Life also requires change to grow, to evolve, to bring diversity and beauty, to become more than it was.

Neither is good. Neither is evil.

Neither is powerful. Neither is weak.

Neither is Dark.

*******

It slithers through some crack in the walls of reality, falls from some higher dimension, rises is up from some hellish universe.

It is Other.

It is Strange.

It wants to go Home.

*********

Dark is nothing. Dark is absence. The Darkside does not want war, or power, life, no matter what It tells Its victims.

It promises and promises, but only serves Itself.

It flings Itself against the edges of reality.

*********

This is a physical dimension, full of tactile beings and elementary laws. It must take on a physical form if it wishes to create the changes necessary to create a doorway.

But making one proves beyond Its capabilities, so it steals the forms of others.

Microscopic algae at first. Plants. Animals.

Then It discovers sentient life that can move and decide. This, It knows, is better, is superior. It spends a few eons jumping from host to host, reveling in all the pleasures of pains of physicality.

One day, the host is Different. The host is More. The host is connected to the universe in a way that none of Its previous hosts had been.

It discovers Force Users.

***********

The walls of reality are too strong, the laws of physics too rigid for it to create the hole it wants to.

Life too stubborn.

It must grow stronger.

It must find stronger hosts.

*******

Not all hosts can access the Force, It finds. And those that can take time to develop the abilities, like training new muscles. Easier, then, to posses a body already sufficiently strong.

It takes trial and error (and the rise and fall of a few civilizations), but eventually It settles on a system that most suits It.

One Master. The host.

One Apprentice. The next host, for when the current one brings to fail with age and decay, in that frustrating way all life-forms seem to do.

It finds a potential host and trains Its future body up, makes the body strong, promises him or her or them power and immortality. And then, when they chomp at the rules and limitations, they rise up and kill their Master, proving their body the stronger one, the faster, the better.

That is when It makes the jump, from decrepit corpse to Its new host, young and strong, swiftly smothering the existing mind/soul/being that had dwelled there before, absorbing its memories and personality, making them a part of Itself.

Immortality. Power.

From a certain point of view.

********

There are those that worship It, unaware of Its goal to destroy their very reality.

There are those that oppose it, an Order united in the cause of eradicating Its taint from existence.

It takes particular pleasure in using those as hosts.

*********

The Sith, you see, is not an order. Not a long line of beings passing on knowledge and teaching to an apprentice they know will someday kill them. No. The Sith is a single entity, a being, a life, perhaps.

A parasite, jumping from host to host over long millennia in pursuit of its goals.

Palpatine is Plageus is Zannah is Bane.

Every murder, every atrocity, every genocide blamed on that line, in truth committed by one. Single. Creature.

*********

The Dark is not death.

It is not the predator, which kills but does not hate, to feed itself.

It is not decay, which breaks down the dead into the building blocks of new life.

It is hatred. It is destruction. It is the unmaking of reality, of splitting atoms into singular molecules that will never again compose anything.

There is no death, there is the Force, each scrap of energy moving from being to being in a cycle.

This is Chaos. This is Dark.

This is Sith

******

The universe tries to fight the parasite, more and more Force users being born, being trained as Jedi, like white blood cells being sent after a virus.

It only laughs, and hides, and plots.

A child is born strong, so strong units ability to use the Force.

This, It-who-is-Sith-who-is-Palpatine, will be Its next host, finally one strong enough to destroy reality completely and free It from this prison of physicality.

It will watch him with Great Interest.

******

(The Force is life, the Force is death, the Force is predator and prey and a parasite all on its own.

The Force lays a trap.)

********

In its excitement, the Sith overplays Its hand, and the new vessel is damaged beyond use; limbs gone, skin melted, lungs burned. A mechanical monster fit only to use as a tool. A robot guard dog.

Sith is patient, though. It idly brings up a few other apprentices (failsafes), though none of them prove useful. It spends Its time waiting, sowing chaos, burning worlds, setting up systems that will collapse, wiping out entire races, building weapons more terrible than any sentient creature could even dream of.

It is so close, so tantalizingly close to the destruction of all reality when word comes.

A Child.

A Son.

A new host, to replace this body that has become broken and useless as it spends decades channeling Darkness.

Young and healthy and so strong, eyes like his father, words like his mother, It covets, It wants, It needs.

“Strike me down!” It cajoles, kill me, it does not say, so that I may kill you in turn, and take possession of the body you leave behind.

It is so close to Its goal, It can feel it.

******

The Force is Life. The Force is Death. The Force is growth and change and birth and decay.

But most of all.

The Force is Love.

******

It is not the boy that kills it.

It is the Failure.

And when It tries to make the leap anyways, to take that broken and mechanical body as better than nothing…

It can’t get a grip.

For this was the trap:

Anakin Skywalker, Chosen One, conceived of the midicloreans, Son of the Suns cannot be taken.

He can be influenced.

He can be tempted.

He can be corrupted.

But he cannot be possessed.

*******

Starved of Its host, it slips away into the darkness.

A father dies in his son’s arms.

A new Order is born.

Balance is restored.

****************************

[statecryptids]

A few years ago I wrote an article for Cryptid Culture magazine #7 about the microbial cryptids that may be lurking all around us. Since the magazine has been defunct for a while now, I thought I'd post that article in full here. 

You can still purchase copies of Cryptid Culture from Blurb. Definitely check it out. There were some great articles.

THE SHADOW BIOSPHERE

In our search for unknown creatures we often focus on large, impressive cryptids- Mothman, Sasquatch, the Jersey Devil, Nessie. Beasts that, if they do exist, would be extremely rare and inhabit the periphery of humanity’s territory.

But what if there are uncountable hordes of unidentified organisms all around us? What if they are in the soil beneath our feet? In the damp spots in our basements? Even lurking inside our very bodies? What if there are whole unknown domains of life whose existence we have never even suspected because they are too small to be seen with the naked eye and so radically different from conventional Earthly life that we do not even have the proper tools to detect them? What if there is an entire Shadow Biosphere (a term originally coined by researchers Carol Cleland and Shelley Copley of the University of Colorado in 2005) lurking all around us?  

The exact origin of life on Earth is not currently known, though scientists have posed many possibilities. Some have speculated that life coalesced out of the mineral-rich waters around hot springs or deep-sea hydrothermal vents. Others have wondered if the basic building blocks of life arose in warm tidal pools or on the surface of carbon-based matter floating in droplets of sea spray. Still others have wondered if the components of life might have been brought to Earth on icy comets. It’s possible- even likely- that simple life arose multiple times and in multiple forms in these and many other crucibles on the early Earth. 

At some point, though, one type of life predominated and took over every ecological niche on the planet. This kind of life is highly plastic in the form it takes: bacteria, amoebae, algae, jellyfish, dinosaurs, humans. Organisms very different in form and structure, yet all sharing the same fundamental building blocks. Their genetic information is wrapped up in double-helices of DNA constructed from four bases: guanine, cytosine, adenine and thymine . Their bodies are built and controlled by proteins and enzymes made of 20 different amino acids. And many of their support structures- hair, wood, cell membranes, etc- are constructed from carbohydrates.

But what if other life forms made from different sets of building blocks also developed in those dawn crucibles? What if they used a molecular structure besides DNA to hold genetic information? What if they utilized more than the familiar 20 amino acids to build their proteins? Or a different set of amino acids entirely? Even if such organisms did evolve they must surely have gone extinct early on, out-competed by life that dominates the Earth today? Otherwise we surely would have found evidence of them.

Perhaps not, though. The majority of living things on Earth are prokaryotes- unicellular microbes too small for us to see with the naked eye.  Under a microscope, most prokaryotes look fairly similar. Their cells are either shaped like pills, spheres or twisting corkscrews. You can’t tell what species a prokaryote is just by looking at it.

But this external simplicity and uniformity hides a universe of metabolic diversity. Some prokaryotes can photosynthesize like plants. Some can obtain energy from salt or sulfur. Some live off metals or oil. Some even feed on radioactive materials like uranium.  And of course, there are the more commonly known microbes that parasitize other living organisms. To identify prokaryote species, scientists have developed tools and techniques to detect the various enzymes, chemicals, and other molecular components that allow them to live and feed in these unique ways. Additionally, since prokaryotes are so small and numerous, these techniques are not performed on individual specimens. Instead, they are tested in a “shotgun” fashion on a sample of, say, soil or pond water to detect the overall presence and abundance of certain metabolic components.   These techniques assume, however, that the organisms being examined are composed of the DNA, proteins and other building blocks of regular terrestrial life.  They would not find denizens of the Shadow Biosphere if their structures and genetic material are different from what we currently know.

There is actually a precedence for discovering a completely new domain of life. Up until the late 1970s all life on Earth was placed into two broad categories based on the structure of their cells. Eukaryote cells have lots of smaller metabolism-performing structures called organelles inside them, including a nucleus to contain DNA, mitochondria to generate energy, and, in the case of plants and algae, chloroplasts to photosynthesize. All animals, plants, algae, fungi, and many single-celled organisms such as diatoms, paramecia, and amoebae are eukaryotes.

The aforementioned prokaryotes, by contrast, have no organelles. Their DNA and all metabolic enzymes float freely in the cell.  For decades all prokaryotes were assumed to be bacteria. In the late 1970s, however, researchers noticed that some prokaryotes had proteins and other chemical structures that were vastly different from those found in the majority of these microbes. What’s more, these strange prokaryotes were genetically closer to each other than they were to any other bacteria. It soon became clear that these organisms were a whole new domain of life that researchers dubbed the Archaea. 

It’s important to note that even though archaea differ from eukaryotes and bacteria in some structural ways, they still utilize DNA and the 20 amino acids found in the other two groups.  Archaea may have evolved separately from the other domains, but they are still ultimately descended from the same distant ancestor as the others. They are not part of a Shadow Biosphere. The point of this story is to illustrate the fact that that unique microbial organisms can indeed be lurking all around us without being detected.

  So, is there any evidence for a Shadow Biosphere? One possible clue to their presence is a phenomenon known as desert varnish. In arid regions around the world, exposed rock outcroppings frequently develop a thin red or black coating of iron, manganese, silica and clay particles. Native peoples around the world have created petroglyph images on these rocks by scrapping away this thin dark patina to expose the lighter rock underneath. Though desert varnish has been extensively studied, its exact origins are not known. Many scientists think it is caused by chemical weathering or by the slow action of bacteria or archaea living on the surface of the rocks. Some, though, have suggested that the dark patinas could have been deposited by the unknown organisms of the Shadow Biosphere. Testing this hypothesis would require developing techniques, which I will discuss a little later, to detect traces of non-traditional life forms.

It’s possible that some of these Earthly aliens have actually been found. In 1996 geologist Phillipa Uwins and her team discovered microscopic filament-like structures on pieces of freshly fractured sandstone they had pulled from 2-3 miles below the ocean floor. Soon, the filaments, which Uwins  dubbed “nanobes”, were found to be growing on equipment and containers in her lab that had come into contact with the samples. Experimentation found that the nanobes would also grow and even multiply on freshly fractured rock samples. Testing with DAPI staining- a technique for finding double stranded nucleic acids like DNA- produced a strong positive result, indicating that these filaments had genetic material and were thus alive.  That revelation created quite a conundrum, though, because these nanobes were one-tenth smaller than even the smallest known bacteria or archaea. At that size, a conventional organism would simply be too small to contain the genetic material and proteins necessary for life. Could nanobes have different chemical structures for carrying out life’s functions? Uwins and her colleagues are still hesitant to definitively claim nanobes are a new form of life, or even alive at all. More research is required to determine the exact nature of these structures.  Nevertheless, they are another tantalizing clue to the existence of an unsuspected Shadow Biosphere lurking all around us. 

All this speculation begs the question: how would one find evidence of the Shadow Biosphere if it’s denizens cannot be detected by techniques that target known Earth life? One possibility would be to develop experiments that look for other amino acids in the environment beyond the familiar 20. Another possible method would be to develop a chemical reagent that can distinguish between typical DNA and other genetic material that might have different bases besides guanine, cytosine, adenine and thymine. This reagent could be used to stain a sample of cells gathered from, say, a soil sample. Any cells that were not stained could potentially possess a gene-encoding structure different from typical DNA.

As I stated at the beginning, while the big, bizarre cryptids like Mothman and Thunderbirds may be the most popular, some of the strangest, truly unique organisms on Earth may be lurking under our very feet beyond the limits of what our eyes and scientific instruments can see. The trick to finding them may require looking beyond what we currently understand as life on this planet.   

REFERNECES

Cleland, C. E. (2007). Epistemological issues in the study of microbial life: Alternative terran biospheres? Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, 38(4), 847-861.

Cleland, C. E., & Copley, S. D. (2005). The possibility of alternative microbial life on Earth. International Journal of Astrobiology, 4(3 & 4), 165-173.

Uwins, P. J. R., Webb, R. I, & Taylor, A. P. (1998). Novel nano-organisms from Australian sandstones. American Mineralogist, 83(11-12, Part 2): 1541-1550.

[biling-solar]

Five Causes, Hazards, and Seven Solutions for Murky Pond Water

Physical Factors

Rainfall washes sediment from the surrounding ground and pond embankments into the pond, leading to water turbidity.

Newly excavated ponds lack organic matter at the bottom, resulting in nutrient-deficient water that hinders algae growth. Shallow water combined with wind and aerator agitation can easily cause turbidity.

Improper installation of aeration equipment, especially microporous aerators, where the aeration disc is placed too low, stirring up the bottom sediments when the aerator is turned on. This causes the water to become muddy. Shallow water combined with aeration equipment can exacerbate the issue. It's suggested to use a product like poposoapsolar.

Nutrient-deficient water: When algae are scarce, heavy rains can cause a rapid temperature change between the upper and lower water layers, resulting in density currents. These currents stir up bottom sediments, creating muddy water.

Biological Factors

Overstocking, particularly of bottom-dwelling fish such as snakehead or yellow catfish, results in biological disturbance, causing water turbidity.

Excessive growth of zooplankton: Large numbers of protozoa consume phytoplankton, preventing dominant algae species from forming, leading to water turbidity.

Severe nutrient deficiency or imbalanced water nutrients can prevent beneficial algae species from forming, resulting in persistent turbidity.

Excessive suspended organic matter: After disinfection, beneficial bacteria may not be replenished in time, leaving too much organic matter suspended, causing turbidity.

Inadequate feeding: Fish activity along the pond edges stirs up sediments, making the water near the edges turbid, while the central water remains clear. Increasing feeding can solve this issue.

Parasite infestations: Fish with surface parasites may exhibit edge-swimming behavior, which can disturb the water and cause localized turbidity. Microscopic examination and targeted treatment are necessary.

Netting operations can stir up the bottom sediments, causing water turbidity.

Effects of Pond Water Turbidity

Poor transparency hampers the growth and photosynthesis of algae, which can cause shrimp to become oxygen-deficient, often leading to red feet and tails as a sign of mild hypoxia.

Excessive suspended matter obstructs oxygen exchange in fish gills, affecting respiration and causing stress responses that can lead to endocrine imbalances, slow growth, and increased feed conversion rates.

Turbid water promotes the growth and spread of viruses, bacteria, and parasites, leading to diseases.

Turbid water worsens the aquatic environment, disrupting the balance of beneficial microorganisms, leading to harmful substances like nitrites and sulfides, which can harm fish.

Turbidity can hinder the nutrient cycling and energy conversion processes, leading to decreased production efficiency and other problems.

Methods to Improve Pond Water Turbidity

For newly modified or excavated ponds, it’s best to wait until water quality stabilizes before introducing fish or shrimp. These ponds often have unstable water quality, and close observation with timely fertilization is necessary.

If the pond experiences an outbreak of small white organisms (cladocerans), temporary feeding suspension is advised until the water clears up naturally. Fertilization should be done cautiously to avoid worsening the situation.

Maintain a reasonable water depth and reduce water exchanges. Winter ponds should have a depth of 1.2 to 1.3 meters to help stabilize the water and retain warmth. Consider using an algae-culturing water reservoir to supplement the pond water.

Regularly supplement carbon sources in the mid to late stages of farming to maintain a balanced carbon-nitrogen ratio, ensuring stable water quality. Over-fertilization at this stage, especially in ponds with muddy water, is ineffective.

Reduce stocking density in the later stages of farming when turbidity occurs. Instead of attempting to correct the water quality, reducing the shrimp density is a more effective solution.

Use chemical coagulants, like aluminum polymers, with caution. Although they may provide quick results, they often cause long-term issues, such as gill damage and poor bottom conditions, which can lead to health problems like yellow or black gills.

Consider early feeding. Contrary to the belief that early feeding is wasteful, it helps train the fish and shrimp to feed properly and promotes water stability.

source: Five Causes, Hazards, and Seven Solutions for Murky Pond Water – poposoapsolar

[medicalbiochem]

Exploring the Fascinating World of Microbiology

The Core Concepts of Microbiology

Microbiology focuses on microorganisms that remain invisible to the naked eye. These include bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and algae. Understanding these organisms and their interactions proves vital for several reasons, ranging from health to environmental sustainability.

Bacteria: The Ubiquitous Microbes

Bacteria are single-celled organisms that thrive in diverse environments, from extreme heat to intense cold. They can inhabit soil, oceans, and even the human body. These microbes play essential roles in processes such as nitrogen fixation, decomposition, and fermentation. Some bacteria benefit us by aiding in digestion and producing vitamins, while others can cause diseases.

Nitrogen Fixation

Nitrogen fixation is a process where certain bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia, making it available for plants. This process occurs in the root nodules of leguminous plants, where symbiotic bacteria, such as Rhizobium, reside. By facilitating nitrogen fixation, these bacteria contribute significantly to soil fertility and agricultural productivity.

Decomposition and Recycling

Bacteria also play a critical role in decomposing organic matter. They break down dead plants and animals, returning nutrients to the soil. This decomposition process not only recycles nutrients but also promotes soil health, making it essential for sustainable ecosystems.

Viruses: The Intricate Invaders

Viruses act as unique entities that require a host cell to replicate. They can infect all forms of life, from bacteria to plants and animals. These microscopic agents cause a range of diseases, from the common cold to more severe illnesses like influenza and COVID-19. Despite their negative impact, scientists use viruses in gene therapy and vaccine development.

Viral Structure and Function

A virus consists of genetic material (DNA or RNA) encased in a protein coat. Some viruses have an outer lipid envelope. To infect a host, a virus attaches to a specific receptor on the host cell’s surface. Once inside, it hijacks the host’s cellular machinery to replicate its genetic material and produce new virus particles.

Applications in Medicine

Researchers leverage viruses in various medical applications. For example, oncolytic viruses selectively target and destroy cancer cells while sparing healthy tissue. Additionally, viral vectors are employed in gene therapy to deliver therapeutic genes into patients’ cells, offering potential cures for genetic disorders.

Fungi: The Decomposers

Fungi, including molds and yeasts, break down organic matter. They are vital for nutrient cycling in ecosystems. Fungi contribute to soil health and plant growth through their interactions with plant roots. We use them in food production, such as baking and brewing, and they have medicinal applications, including the production of antibiotics like penicillin.

Role in Ecosystems

Fungi form symbiotic relationships with plants through mycorrhizae, enhancing nutrient uptake. This relationship benefits both the fungi and the plants, as fungi gain carbohydrates while plants receive essential nutrients, such as phosphorus.

Medicinal Uses of Fungi

The discovery of penicillin marked a groundbreaking moment in medicine, showcasing fungi’s potential in antibiotic production. Today, researchers continue to explore fungi for new medicinal compounds, including antifungal agents and immunosuppressants.

Protozoa and Algae: The Diverse Eukaryotes

Protozoa are single-celled eukaryotes that often live in water or act as parasites. They can cause diseases such as malaria, amoebic dysentery, and sleeping sickness. Algae, on the other hand, photosynthesis and contribute to oxygen production while serving as a food source for aquatic life.

Protozoan Diversity

Protozoa exhibit a wide range of forms and behaviors. Some, like amoebas, move using pseudopodia, while others, like paramecia, use cilia. This diversity allows protozoa to inhabit various environments and ecological niches.

Algal Blooms and Environmental Impact

Algae play a crucial role in aquatic ecosystems as primary producers. However, certain conditions can lead to harmful algal blooms, which produce toxins that threaten aquatic life and human health. Understanding these phenomena helps researchers develop strategies to manage and mitigate their impact.

The Impact of Microbiology on Health

Disease Diagnosis and Treatment

Microbiologists work diligently to identify pathogens responsible for infections and develop methods to combat them. Techniques such as culture methods, PCR, and serological tests allow for accurate diagnosis of infections.

Culture Techniques

Culturing microorganisms involves isolating them from clinical samples to identify the causative agent of an infection. This method enables healthcare professionals to determine the appropriate treatment based on the specific pathogen.

Molecular Diagnostics

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has revolutionized disease diagnosis by allowing for rapid and sensitive detection of pathogens. PCR amplifies specific DNA sequences, making it easier to identify infections even when pathogen levels are low.

Vaccine Development

Vaccines utilize weakened or inactive parts of the microbe to stimulate the immune system. Microbiology plays a pivotal role in designing vaccines that protect against diseases like measles, polio, and more recently, COVID-19.

Types of Vaccines

Vaccines can be classified into various types, including live-attenuated, inactivated, subunit, and mRNA vaccines. Each type has its unique mechanism of action and benefits, allowing scientists to tailor vaccines for specific diseases.

The Role of Microbiology in Vaccine Safety

Microbiologists conduct extensive testing to ensure vaccine safety and efficacy. They analyze potential side effects and monitor vaccine responses in clinical trials, ensuring that vaccines provide protection without causing harm.

Antibiotic Resistance

Overuse and misuse of antibiotics have led to the emergence of resistant strains of bacteria. Researchers study these strains to develop new antibiotics and strategies to combat resistance.

Mechanisms of Resistance

Bacteria can develop resistance through various mechanisms, including altering drug targets, producing enzymes that deactivate antibiotics, or pumping drugs out of their cells. Understanding these mechanisms helps scientists design more effective antibiotics.

Global Health Threat

Antibiotic resistance poses a significant threat to global health, making previously treatable infections harder to manage. Public health campaigns focus on promoting responsible antibiotic use and encouraging research into new treatment options.

Microbiology and the Environment

Microorganisms significantly impact the environment. They participate in nutrient cycling, biodegradation, and bioremediation, helping to clean up pollutants and waste.

Nutrient Cycling

Microorganisms play a key role in nutrient cycles, such as the carbon and nitrogen cycles. They break down organic matter and release essential nutrients back into the ecosystem.

Carbon Cycle

In the carbon cycle, microorganisms decompose organic matter, releasing carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere. This process ensures the continuous availability of carbon for photosynthesis, supporting plant life and maintaining ecosystem balance.

Nitrogen Cycle

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen into a form that plants can absorb. This process supports plant growth and sustains agricultural productivity by enriching the soil with essential nutrients.

Biodegradation and Bioremediation

Certain microbes degrade pollutants, making them invaluable for cleaning up oil spills, heavy metals, and other environmental contaminants. This process, known as bioremediation, offers a sustainable and cost-effective solution for environmental management.

Oil Spill Cleanup

Microorganisms, particularly certain bacteria and fungi, can metabolize hydrocarbons found in oil. By applying these microbes to oil spills, environmental scientists can enhance the degradation of pollutants, restoring affected ecosystems.

Heavy Metal Removal

Some bacteria can absorb and detoxify heavy metals from contaminated water and soil. Researchers explore these properties to develop bioremediation strategies that mitigate the impact of industrial pollution on the environment.

Industrial Applications of Microbiology

We harness microbes for various industrial applications, including food production, pharmaceuticals, and biotechnology.

Food and Beverage Industry

Microorganisms contribute to producing fermented foods and beverages, such as yogurt, cheese, and beer. The fermentation process enhances flavor, preserves food, and improves digestibility.

Fermentation Process

Fermentation occurs when microorganisms convert sugars into acids, gases, or alcohol. In yogurt production, lactic acid bacteria ferment lactose, creating a tangy flavor while preserving the product.

Health Benefits of Fermented Foods

Fermented foods often contain probiotics, which promote gut health. These beneficial bacteria can improve digestion, enhance nutrient absorption, and support the immune system.

Pharmaceutical Industry

Microorganisms serve as sources for antibiotics, enzymes, and vitamins. We use them in producing insulin, growth hormones, and other therapeutic agents, showcasing their versatility in medicine.

Antibiotic Production

Fungi, particularly Penicillium species, produce penicillin, the first antibiotic discovered. Today, researchers continue to explore fungi and bacteria for new antibiotic compounds, addressing the growing issue of antibiotic resistance.

Biopharmaceuticals

Recombinant DNA technology allows scientists to produce therapeutic proteins using genetically modified microorganisms. This approach enables the mass production of insulin and other vital medications.

Biotechnology

In biotechnology, scientists engineer microbes to produce biofuels, biodegradable plastics, and other sustainable products. Genetic engineering and synthetic biology advance these applications, offering solutions to global challenges.

Biofuels

Researchers use specific strains of bacteria and algae to produce biofuels, such as ethanol and biodiesel. These microbes convert biomass—like agricultural waste—into energy-rich compounds. This process not only provides an alternative to fossil fuels but also contributes to reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

Biodegradable Plastics

Microorganisms play a crucial role in developing biodegradable plastics. Scientists engineer bacteria to produce polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), which serve as eco-friendly alternatives to traditional plastics. These bioplastics can degrade naturally, minimizing environmental pollution.

Synthetic Biology

Synthetic biology combines biology and engineering, enabling scientists to design and construct new biological parts or systems. This field allows for the creation of microorganisms that can produce valuable compounds, such as pharmaceuticals or biofuels, efficiently and sustainably.

Recent Advancements in Microbiology

The field of microbiology continually evolves, with new discoveries and technologies enhancing our understanding of the microbial world.

Metagenomics

Metagenomics involves the study of genetic material recovered directly from environmental samples. This approach allows scientists to study microbial communities without the need for culturing, offering insights into biodiversity and ecosystem functions.

Applications of Metagenomics

Metagenomics has revolutionized our understanding of microbial diversity in various environments, including oceans, soils, and even the human gut. Researchers can identify novel species and understand their roles in ecosystems, contributing to fields such as ecology, agriculture, and medicine.

Human Microbiome Projects

Projects focused on the human microbiome utilize metagenomic techniques to analyze the complex communities of microbes living in and on our bodies. Understanding these communities can lead to insights into health, disease, and personalized medicine.

CRISPR and Gene Editing

CRISPR technology, derived from bacterial immune systems, revolutionizes genetics by allowing precise edits to DNA. This technology has vast implications for treating genetic disorders and developing new therapies.

CRISPR Mechanism

CRISPR-Cas9 works as a molecular scissors that can cut DNA at specific locations, allowing scientists to add, remove, or alter genetic material. This precision opens up possibilities for targeted therapies in genetic diseases, cancers, and more.

Ethical Considerations

As with any powerful technology, CRISPR raises ethical questions, particularly regarding its use in human embryos and potential long-term effects. Ongoing discussions among scientists, ethicists, and policymakers aim to establish guidelines for responsible use.

Microbiome Research

The human microbiome, consisting of trillions of microbes living in and on our bodies, remains a hot topic in research. Studies reveal its influence on health, disease, and even behavior, opening new avenues for personalized medicine.

Health Implications of the Microbiome

Research suggests that the composition of the microbiome can affect various health outcomes, including obesity, diabetes, and autoimmune diseases. Understanding these relationships can lead to innovative treatment approaches, such as probiotics or microbiome-based therapies.

Microbiome and Mental Health

Emerging studies explore the gut-brain axis, investigating how gut microbiota can influence mood and mental health. Preliminary findings suggest that certain gut bacteria may play a role in conditions like anxiety and depression, highlighting the interconnectedness of our biological systems.

The Future of Microbiology

As we look to the future, the field of microbiology promises to deliver exciting advancements that can address some of today’s most pressing challenges.

Global Health Initiatives

Microbiology plays a vital role in global health initiatives, particularly in combating infectious diseases. Vaccination programs, antibiotic stewardship, and research on emerging pathogens will remain crucial in improving public health outcomes worldwide.

Surveillance and Response

Enhanced surveillance systems for detecting and responding to outbreaks will become increasingly important. Advances in molecular diagnostics and bioinformatics will allow for rapid identification of pathogens and effective containment measures.

Environmental Sustainability

Microbiology’s contributions to environmental sustainability will continue to grow. Bioremediation, biofuels, and sustainable agriculture practices will become essential components of efforts to combat climate change and reduce pollution.

Innovations in Agriculture

Research into beneficial microbes for agriculture, such as plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), will enhance crop yields while minimizing chemical inputs. This approach can lead to more sustainable farming practices that protect the environment.

Education and Public Awareness

Increasing public awareness and understanding of microbiology will be essential in promoting informed decision-making. Education on the importance of microbes in health, environment, and industry can foster appreciation for the microscopic world.

Engaging the Next Generation

Encouraging interest in microbiology among students will help cultivate the next generation of scientists and innovators. Educational initiatives, outreach programs, and hands-on experiences can inspire young minds to explore the fascinating field of microbiology.

Conclusion

Microbiology stands as a dynamic and essential field that impacts every aspect of life, from health and industry to the environment. As research progresses, our understanding of microorganisms and their capabilities continues to grow, offering solutions to some of the world’s most pressing challenges. By embracing the potential of microbiology, we can pave the way for innovations that enhance our quality of life and protect our planet.

Whether you’re a student, a professional, or simply curious about the microscopic world, the study of microbiology offers endless opportunities for discovery and advancement. As we continue to explore and harness the power of microbes, the future of microbiology promises to be as exciting as it is vital.

[snehagoogle]

If bacteria are food for protozoa

If bacteria are food for protozoa then who eats unicellular organisms

Do unicellular predators exist?

1.7-2.0 billion years ago

The first eukaryotes evolved (unicellular organisms with a cell nuclei). Some of these would have been “predators” feeding on other organisms. These are the ancestors of all higher life forms, living on Earth today.14 Dec 2022

Can a human be a unicellular organism?

Humans are multicellular. The cells of multicellular organisms have been specialized to perform various functions.

Is human sperm unicellular?

Is the sperm or an egg is a single cell or multicellular? Each sperm is a single cell.

How Do Cells Eat? - Ask A Biologist |

Arizona State University

https://askabiologist.asu.edu › how-do-cells-eat

24 Feb 2016

How Do Cells Eat?

Just like you, unicellular creatures need to eat. Unlike you, unicellular creatures don’t have mouths to eat with, teeth to chew with, or stomachs to digest with.

Cells eat other cells by engulfing them inside their cell membrane. This is called phagocytosis. The cell membrane of the predator cell will fold in or extend out to wrap itself around the prey cell. Once engulphed, the prey cell is contained within a special membrane-bound compartment called a phagosome. The predator cell can fill the phagosome with digestive enzymes to digest whatever prey is inside. Yum.

Below are two videos of predatory unicellular organisms; a ciliate and a heliozoan. When you watch the videos, take a look at how both predator cells have evolved structures that allow them to sense and catch their prey. Once caught, the prey is phagocytosed.

Sometimes these microscopic meals don’t behave as expected. Some cells, once they have been eaten, have the ability to evade the host’s digestive system. They can then live within the predator cell as a parasite, or as an endosymbiont.

It is being said that algae used to do photosynthesis

So life started which used to eat water, air and light

So were microbes the life after algae

Who were the first organisms, microbes or algae

Translate Hindi

अगर बैक्टीरिया प्रोटोजोआ का खाना है तो एककोशिकीय जीवों को कौन खाता होगा

क्या एककोशिकीय शिकारी मौजूद हैं?

1.7-2.0 बिलियन साल पहले

पहले यूकेरियोट्स विकसित हुए (कोशिका नाभिक वाले एककोशिकीय जीव)। इनमें से कुछ अन्य जीवों को खाने वाले "शिकारी" रहे होंगे। ये आज पृथ्वी पर रहने वाले सभी उच्चतर जीवन रूपों के पूर्वज हैं।14 दिसंबर 2022

क्या मनुष्य एककोशिकीय जीव हो सकता है?

मनुष्य बहुकोशिकीय हैं। बहुकोशिकीय जीवों की कोशिकाओं को विभिन्न कार्यों को करने के लिए विशेषीकृत किया गया है।

क्या मानव शुक्राणु एककोशिकीय है?

क्या शुक्राणु या अंडा एकल कोशिका या बहुकोशिकीय है? प्रत्येक शुक्राणु एक एकल कोशिका है।

कोशिकाएँ कैसे खाती हैं? - एक जीवविज्ञानी से पूछें |

एरिजोना स्टेट यूनिवर्सिटी

https://askabiologist.asu.edu › how-do-cells-eat

24 फरवरी 2016

कोशिकाएँ कैसे खाती हैं?

आपकी तरह ही, एककोशिकीय जीवों को भी खाने की ज़रूरत होती है। आपके विपरीत, एककोशिकीय जीवों के पास खाने के लिए मुंह नहीं होते, चबाने के लिए दांत नहीं होते या पचाने के लिए पेट नहीं होते।

कोशिकाएं अन्य कोशिकाओं को अपनी कोशिका झिल्ली के अंदर समाहित करके खाती हैं। इसे फागोसाइटोसिस कहते हैं। शिकारी कोशिका की कोशिका झिल्ली शिकार कोशिका के चारों ओर खुद को लपेटने के लिए अंदर की ओर मुड़ जाएगी या बाहर की ओर फैल जाएगी। एक बार समाहित हो जाने के बाद, शिक���र कोशिका एक विशेष झिल्ली-बद्ध डिब्बे के भीतर समाहित हो जाती है जिसे फागोसोम कहा जाता है। शिकारी कोशिका फागोसोम को पाचन एंजाइमों से भर सकती है ताकि अंदर मौजूद किसी भी शिकार को पचाया जा सके। यम।

नीचे शिकारी एककोशिकीय जीवों के दो वीडियो दिए गए हैं; एक सिलिअट और एक हेलियोज़ोअन। जब आप वीडियो देखें, तो देखें कि कैसे दोनों शिकारी कोशिकाओं ने ऐसी संरचनाएँ विकसित की हैं जो उन्हें अपने शिकार को महसूस करने और पकड़ने की अनुमति देती हैं। एक बार पकड़े जाने के बाद, शिकार फागोसाइटोसिस से गुज़रता है।

कभी-कभी ये सूक्ष्म भोजन अपेक्षा के अनुरूप व्यवहार नहीं करते हैं। कुछ कोशिकाएँ, एक बार खाए जाने के बाद, मेजबान के पाचन तंत्र से बचने की क्षमता रखती हैं। इसके बाद वे परभक्षी कोशिका के भीतर परजीवी या अंतःसहजीवी के रूप में रह सकते हैं।

कहा जा रहा है शैवाल प्रकाश संश्लेषण करते थे

तो शुरू की जो जीवन खाते थे पानी हवा और रोशनी

तो क्या माइक्रोब्स शैवाल के बाद के ही जीवन थे

कौन थे पहले जीव माइक्रोब्स या शैवाल

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[seemaminerals]

Beyond Beauty: The Unseen Benefits of Silica-Rich Supplements

In the pursuit of optimal health and well-being, individuals are increasingly turning to natural and sustainable alternatives. Seema Minerals, a pioneering company in the field of minerals and supplements, is at the forefront of this movement. One of their standout products is Food grade diatomaceous earth (DE), a versatile and natural substance that holds immense potential for promoting health and wellness. 

Understanding Food Grade DE:

Diatomaceous earth is a naturally occurring, soft, sedimentary rock composed of the fossilized remains of diatoms, a type of hard-shelled algae. The food-grade variant is purified and processed to meet strict quality standards, making it safe for human consumption. We recognize the significance of using high-quality diatomaceous earth in our products, ensuring customers receive the best possible benefits.

Rich in Silica:

One of the key components of diatomaceous earth is silica, a crucial trace element that plays a vital role in various bodily functions. Silica is known for its ability to support healthy skin, hair, and nails. We source diatomaceous earth from premium deposits, guaranteeing a high silica content that can contribute to the overall well-being of individuals who incorporate it into their daily routines.

Detoxification and Digestive Health:

Food-grade diatomaceous earth is renowned for its detoxifying properties. Its microscopic particles have an abrasive quality that can help cleanse the digestive tract by gently removing accumulated toxins and parasites. We emphasize the importance of a healthy digestive system in maintaining overall health, making their food-grade diatomaceous earth an ideal choice for those seeking a natural detox solution.

Supporting Joint and Bone Health:

Silica, a prominent component of diatomaceous earth, is essential for the formation and maintenance of connective tissues such as joints and bones. Seema Minerals recognizes the significance of silica in promoting joint flexibility and bone strength, making their food-grade diatomaceous earth a valuable addition to the daily regimen of individuals looking to support their musculoskeletal system.

Natural Insecticide and Pest Control:

Beyond its internal health benefits, food-grade diatomaceous earth has proven efficacy as a natural insecticide. We promote the use of diatomaceous earth as an eco-friendly alternative to chemical pesticides. When applied to gardens or stored food products, it acts as a mechanical insect killer, disrupting the waxy exoskeletons of insects and ultimately leading to their demise without the use of harmful chemicals.

Environmental Sustainability:

Diatomaceous earth is an abundant and renewable resource, and the extraction process employed by us ensures minimal impact on the ecosystem. By choosing products that prioritize sustainability, consumers can contribute to a healthier planet while enjoying the numerous benefits of food-grade diatomaceous earth.

Usage and Safety Considerations:

We provide clear guidelines on the proper usage of their food-grade diatomaceous earth. Consumers need to follow recommended dosages and applications to ensure optimal results without any adverse effects. As with any supplement, consulting with a healthcare professional before incorporating it into one's routine is advisable, especially for individuals with pre-existing health conditions.

We have emerged as a frontrunner in harnessing the potential of food-grade diatomaceous earth for the betterment of human health. By prioritizing quality, sustainability, and transparency, the company has positioned itself as a reliable source of natural supplements. As awareness grows about the benefits of diatomaceous earth, we remain dedicated to empowering individuals on their journey toward a healthier and more sustainable lifestyle. With its commitment to excellence and innovation, Seema Minerals is paving the way for a brighter and healthier tomorrow.

Embark on your journey to enhanced well-being with Seema Minerals' premium food-grade diatomaceous earth. Elevate your health naturally – embrace the power of detoxification, joint support, and sustainable living. Contact us today to discover how our meticulously sourced and processed diatomaceous earth can make a positive impact on your life. Reach out to our knowledgeable team and take the first step towards a healthier and more sustainable tomorrow. Your well-being matters to us – let Seema Minerals be your trusted partner on the path to a vibrant and balanced lifestyle.

[garvillocom]

It can be alarming to look in your plant's water reservoir and see tiny worms squiggling around. Should you be concerned about worms in your plant's water? What are the different types of worms that can appear, and are they harmful to your plants? This guide will walk you through identifying, treating, and preventing common worms in plant water. Read on to become an expert on these creepy crawlies! What Are Worms in Plant Water? Worms in plant water refers to any type of small invertebrate animals that live in the water reservoirs of houseplants and garden plants. The most common worms found in plant water include: Beneficial nematodes - Microscopic roundworms that help break down organic matter in soil. Most species are harmless to plant roots. Root-knot nematodes - Parasitic roundworms that damage plant root systems by forming galls or knots in roots. Vinegar eels - Tiny 1-2 mm nematodes that feed on decaying plants and algae. Harmless to plants. Mosquito larvae - Immature forms of mosquitos that breed in standing water. Don't directly damage plants but are a nuisance. Aquatic worms - Small red worms in the oligochaete family that populate aquatic environments. Generally harmless. Centipedes and millipedes - Multi-legged arthropods that seek water sources in houseplant pots. Not harmful to plants. Now that you know some of the main culprits, let’s look at why these worms show up in plant water and how to identify them. Why Are Worms in Plant Water? Worms make their way into plant water reservoirs for a few key reasons: Seeking moisture - Centipedes, millipedes, and some nematodes enter plant pots looking for water sources to prevent dehydration. Breeding habitat - Mosquitos, vinegar eels, and other aquatic worms lay eggs in standing plant water, where their larvae can thrive. Attracted to decaying matter - Fungus, algae, and dead roots provide food for nematodes, annelids, and other decomposer worms. Carried on plant roots - Parasitic nematodes like root-knot worms spread to new plants via infected root cuttings or soil. Transported on pots and tools - Worm eggs and larvae hide in used pots and gardening tools and get transferred between plants. In most cases, worms wind up in plant water by happenstance, not to intentionally infest or damage plants. But some can still cause problems if left unchecked. How to Identify Worms in Plant Water Take a close look at worms in your plant's water to identify what type they are: Nematodes - Microscopic roundworms. Use a magnifying glass to view. Harmless beneficial nematodes move in a straight line. Parasitic nematodes like root-knots twist in movement. Mosquito larvae - Look for a tiny worm-like body with a large head and tail fin that propels them through water. Aquatic worms - Slender red worms around 1" long. They remain at the bottom of reservoirs. Centipedes - Multi-legged with a flattened body and one set of legs per body segment. Millipedes - Rounder body than centipedes with two sets of legs per segment. Move more slowly. Proper identification will help you know if treatment is required or if worms can be left alone. Ask an expert at your local nursery if you need assistance identifying unfamiliar worms. Are Worms in Plant Water Harmful? Not all worms require intervention when found in plant water. Here’s an overview of which are harmful vs. harmless: Harmless worms Beneficial nematodes - Help decompose dead plant matter in soil. Vinegar eels - Help control algae and fungus in plant reservoirs. Aquatic worms - Break down decaying matter; a sign of healthy micro-ecosystem. Centipedes - Do not damage live plants but can disturb small seedlings. Millipedes - Aid decomposition and are non-threatening to plants. Harmful worms Root-knot nematodes - Damage plant root systems. Mosquito larvae - Don’t harm plants directly but bite humans and transmit diseases. Use identification tips to determine which worms need to be treated or removed from your plant pots. If unsure, it's safer to remove all worms in case any are parasitic nematodes.

How to Get Rid of Worms in Plant Water If you identify harmful worms, here are organic and chemical treatment options: Organic methods Replace all reservoir water weekly. Remove worms when changing water. Apply a thin layer of food grade diatomaceous earth to the soil surface. Water plants with a diluted hydrogen peroxide solution - 2 teaspoons per quart of water. Chemical methods Insecticidal soap spray or neem oil applied to soil kills larvae and worms. Systemic pesticides like abamectin kill root nematodes.Strictly follow label directions. Mosquito dunks (BT-based) added to water poison mosquito larvae but not plants. Prevention methods Letting reservoirs fully dry out between waterings removes worm habitat. Add a thin layer of aquarium gravel to pots to prevent mosquito breeding. Take care using pesticides around edible plants, and always follow label instructions carefully. For minor worm invasions, organic remedies are safest. Tips for Preventing Worms in Plant Water Once you get rid of worms, take these steps to prevent future infestations: Use well-draining soil mixes - Avoid dense, clumping media. Water thoroughly then let dry - Don't keep soil constantly soggy. Discard old potting mix - Re-pot plants in fresh soil annually. Sterilize pots before reuse - Wash with 10% bleach solution. Use sterile tools when re-potting - Clean tools prevent spreading worms. Check new plants closely - Inspect roots and isolate, if necessary. Treat diseased plants away from healthy ones - Quarantine infested plants. With vigilance and proper care, you can keep worms out of your plant water for good. Always take action at the first sign of worms to prevent damaging plant root infections. Maintain Vigilance Against Worms in Plant Water Worms in plant water reservoirs are common but easily managed with the right approach. Monitor water sources closely, identify any worms found, and take action against harmful species. With preventative practices, benign worms can be left to aid the ecosystem. Strike a balance between control and overreacting. A few common worms won't devastate your plants. But neglecting an infestation of parasitic nematodes or mosquito larvae can be detrimental. When in doubt, remove all unfamiliar organisms from your plant pots. A worm-free water supply leads to thriving container plants and gardens.

[nayelichang]

Scientists Discover First Lifeform Known to Eat Viruses

Viruses are apparently no exception to the dog-eat-dog world that is nature. In a recent study, scientists have found evidence that some microscopic organisms actively feed on viruses. Though this may be the first “virovore” ever documented, many others likely exist, the team says.

In the simplest of terms, viruses are incredibly tiny packages of genetic material. Though they carry out many biological functions, such as replicating themselves, they need to infect and take over the machinery of cells belonging to other organisms in order to do so—a parasitic state of being that has led to fierce and ongoing debate over whether viruses should be considered living things. Regardless of their exact definition, viruses play many vital roles in the life cycle of every other creature in the world, humans included.

Researchers at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln seem to be the first to investigate whether viruses might be on the menu. Their earlier work made them familiar with chloroviruses, viruses abundant in freshwater that infect green algae. They wondered if certain water-dwelling organisms ever relied on viruses as a source of energy.

To test their hypothesis, they first collected samples of pond water. Then they moved as many distinct types of microscopic beings into the water as possible. Lastly, they introduced large amounts of chlorovirus into the water and simply waited for a day to see if anything would change.

By the end of their experiments, they identified a species of Halteria—a single-celled protozoan—that appeared to eat the chloroviruses. Not only did populations of the virus dwindle in the presence of the Halteria, but the number of protozoans grew at the same time, indicating that the microbes were using the virus as fuel. The Halteria also didn’t grow when the chloroviruses weren’t around. And when the team used fluorescent green dye to mark the DNA of chloroviruses before they entered the water, they could clearly see the “stomachs” of the Halteria light up afterward, seemingly confirming their viral diet.

It may not be too surprising that some smaller creatures would evolve to intentionally ingest viruses. But as far as the researchers could tell, their study is the first to show that some microbes can sustain themselves with viruses alone. Their findings, published late last month in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, also suggest that Halteria can feed off chloroviruses just as effectively as other microscopic organisms can feed off tiny sources of food like bacteria and algae. They estimate that Halteria in a small pond may be able to eat as many as 10 trillion chloroviruses a day.

“[Viruses are] made up of really good stuff: nucleic acids, a lot of nitrogen and phosphorous,” lead author John DeLong, an associate professor of biological sciences, said in a statement released by the university. “So many things will eat anything they can get ahold of. Surely something would have learned how to eat these really good raw materials.”

Visit medicine boxes homepage for more details.

Far from being a simple curiosity, the team’s research could have some important implications. These viruses are already known to play an integral part in their freshwater environments, since they recycle carbon and other nutrients, which effectively prevents the energy provided from these nutrients from reaching other, larger forms of life. But if living things are eating these viruses, which are then eaten by bigger organisms and so on, then some of the nutrients and energy they would normally recycle might instead work their way up the food chain.

“If this is happening at the scale that we think it could be, it should completely change our view on global carbon cycling,” DeLong said.

DeLong and his team say they’ve since identified other microorganisms that appear capable of “virovory” in the lab. But while they suspect that many creatures can feed off viruses, they plan to find out whether this regularly happens in the wild. And from there, it will take more work to know how virovores affect their surrounding environments.

[botanyshitposts]

Whats a lichen if not a plant

(Note: writing this response with Capitals™ bc its long and kind of hard to read otherwise, I’m trying to do that more with my longer posts)

Either an ecological event or a superorganism, depending on how you look at it.

To explain this. like. we do not ‘know’ what a lichen is. We know like, what they are, or at least we’re getting increasingly closer to finding out everything that makes up a lichen, but lichenologists have really struggled to define it as like, A Sole Thing. Botanists and mycologists of the past thought lichens were primarily fungi, because when you dried one out and weighed it, most of the dry weight was fungus; this is why today we still name lichens based on their fungal components, while it turns out that the give and take of all organisms in a lichen are pretty much equal.

It’s a symbiotic relationship, we’ve known that for a long time, but now we know, for instance, that some fungi can pair up with different species of algae to make different lichens. How can we reliably name something after it’s fungus if that fungus can pair up with different things to make multiple different ‘species’? And as of 2016 we know that lichens can have up to four different players: a fungus, an algae, a yeast, and (in some families) a second fungus, previously thought to be parasitic on the lichen itself. 

I will personally argue that lichens are an ecological event. To me, this theory gets down to lichen reproduction, which is….completely off the shits. 

Lichens can reproduce in a few different ways, the simplest ones being 1. a piece of lichen breaks off and lands in a fitting environment, creating a new lichen that’s a clone of the mother system, and/or 2. a lichen has special organs that release specially-made ‘mini lichens’ that have the main components packaged together into little ‘spores’ (these organs are called isidia and soridia, and look slightly different), creating a similar result to #1 with a clone of the mother system. 

Now, you may be wondering: ‘But lichens have sexual structures. can’t they have like, Lichen Sex™?’. Which. Like. This is where it gets wild, because it ties back to the ecological mystery of how lichens ‘make new lichens from scratch’ so to speak. 

The thing is, those sexual structures don’t have the components paired together. They only produce sexually-made spores of the fungus, and if these spores land in the right conditions, they won’t form a lichen, they’ll form a non-lichenized version of that fungus. So, conventionally, as we currently understand it, the way for them to form a new lichen would be for two compatible spores- one algae and one fungus, or like, one algae and one fungus or one yeast, we don’t know how those other components fit into the equation yet– to meet in the right conditions, under which case the pair recognizes each other and starts to spontaneously go down an entirely different developmental path to become a lichen. Keep in mind that lichen and algae spores are like…everywhere in the air and in the world around us, just the majority of them don’t find the proper growing conditions and die, so this does happen enough to make all the lichens we see on a day to day basis.

But. There are agonizing mysteries about this process. For example:

-We do not know how the algae and fungal spores, when they meet, know that they’re compatible in the first place. Like, on a cellular level. 

-We do know that after a certain point, the organisms involved are locked into their developmental path. They need to meet at an extremely young age (as spores) to become a lichen. If a mature fungus and a mature algae meet, nothing happens, even if they would have been compatible as spores.

-Science, to my knowledge, still has not yet been able to replicate the ‘lichens being made from scratch’ process in a lab. The spores will recognize each other and start developing on a microscopic level, and then they’ll just….stop developing and die, which is why we can only produce new lichens in a lab by growing sterilized fragments from old lichens. Whether or not we’ve just been like, missing all the ‘ingredients’ and you need a yeast or second fungus or something to finish the process, I have no idea. 

In conclusion: Lichens are mysterious soups. Lichens, to me, aren’t a thing that lives, but more like a thing that happens between living things. It’s an event of several different things coming together to proliferate on a tree or a rock or wherever, and they are everywhere, and we do not know everything about what they are or how they work. Some people, again, will call them ‘superorganisms’, which isn’t wrong either, but I personally like to think about them in a weird like…..temporal sense? Idk man they haunt me every day of my life. 

[lightkrets312]

time for a 6:30 am rant with emile, where i jabber a bunch of things about my characters and y’all get to enjoy the consequences

bonus thoughts under the cut because i’m not drawing 20 things out

(warnings: bio talk, vomit mention, blood and gore mention)

on a microscopic level, they’re basically... something. not sure what but it’s on the cellular level and it networks, so it could be something like an algae or whatever. brain doesn’t wanna pull words right now, sorry :(

visually they’re basically a really cohesive fluid that almost seems to defy gravity, but mimm’s just really good at manipulating themselves.

fresh water is a MUST for mimm, and it needs to be cycled and maintained pretty regularly. if you have proper filters and stuff, it might be possible to develop a system of constantly recycled water specifically for them, but that’d take more regular supplies than the beans currently can get.

nutrients/food aren’t as big a deal. depending on what’s included in the water, they can get away without needing another source.

blood works in a pinch if they don’t have solid access to water, but it’s really not ideal.

most of the time they prefer their privacy and don’t usually like being around people, and each one typically has their own turf. if there’s a possible threat (read: the average intruder), they pretty quickly resolve it.

fighting others of their kind is exhausting, so usually it’s avoided, but on occasion you might run into an actively battle-happy bastard. this will not end well.

most battles would go all the way down to the cellular level between two of a kind and it’d be basically two goos fighting each other. then whoever wins basically eats/assimilates the other. just like venom.

space travel’s really opened up a lot of doors for their species! a lot of them are keen to shut those doors.

mimm can, has, does, and will pretty much just jump in and out of the suit whenever they need to. makes dressing and undressing an absolute breeze.

drinking mimm is a big no-no. if they don’t tear you apart from the inside to avoid being digested or make you vomit whatever you consume back up, they’ll basically cause the world’s worst indigestion.

(un)fortunately, mimm’s subspecies isn’t particularly parasitic, so if you do happen to ingest a bit by mistake, it’s fine.

they won’t hesitate to murder someone if need be, and needs have often been. don’t test them.

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Swimmers who feel “stinging water” in some coastal seas may want to blame jellyfish snot. It’s a mucus made by at least one type of upside-down jellyfish. These animals tend to live near mangroves. (Forests of these trees can grow in warm coastal areas where saltwater bathes their lower trunks and roots.)

Upside-down jellyfish get their name for resting, belly-up, on the seafloor. At least one species (Cassiopea xamachana) can sting other creatures remotely — that is, without ever touching them. These jellies release a mucus. Inside the goo are clusters of stinging cells. These cells are known as nematocysts (Neh-MAT-oh-sists). Such cells typically show up on jellyfish tentacles. But here, the cells also turned up in snot drifting away from the jellyfish.

Researchers described the stinging goo February 13 in Communications Biology. This study provides the first explanation for why swimming near upside-down jellies can sometimes cause the skin to feel prickly or like it’s burning.

The stinging cells coat tiny mobile blobs in the mucus. The blobs are called cassiosomes (KASS-ee-oh-soams). In a lab dish, these blobs can “zoom around like a Roomba [vacuum] zapping brine shrimp,” observes Cheryl Ames, She’s a marine biologist at Tohoku University in Sendai, Japan. Her team observed brine shrimp becoming paralyzed shortly after touching a cassiosome. Shortly afterward, the animals died.

C. xamachana jellyfish tend to rest in groups on the seafloor. This lets photosynthetic algae living in their tissues produce nutrients that benefit both the algae and their host. Biologists are not sure how making stinging snot helps jellyfish in the wild. One idea: This goo might help them get prey. Or it might help fend off predators. At least in the lab, upside-down jellyfish spewed clouds of mucus when agitated or eating.

Under the microscopic, this mucus appears to be filled with what Ames calls a “spider web of things” all moving around. Those things included food bits and cassiosomes.

Rising green dye illustrates how an upside-down jellyfish moves water to glean food from the sea around it.

Puzzled, the researchers pored over publications on jellyfish. They turned up one interesting 1908 report. In it, in zoologist Henry Farnham Perkins suggested that the cell clusters in that goo might be parasites. (This was after his theory that they were embryos had been proven wrong.) In the end, Perkins conceded that he was “still quite in the dark as to the nature of these curious bits of animal life.”

Ames and her team have now shown that cassiosomes are hollow cellular masses. Lining their outer surface are those stinging nematocyst cells together with bristle-like cells. That second type of cell helps the stinging cells move within mucus. But the cassiosomes didn’t seem to need the snot. When removed from the goo, they could still move around for up to 10 days.

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Camping Water Filters Of 2020 (straw style filter)

In case you are heading out for an overnight camping trip -- or even a day hike lasting a number of hours -- a reliable camping filter is a necessity.

This straw style filter is positioned straight into water that's drawn up and by way of the purification media by suction you generate along with your mouth and lungs. The alternate options embody carrying a number of liters of water along with you, enormously including to your general gear weight, or else going through illness brought on by waterborne parasites and microorganism or dehydration and all its many unpleasant symptoms (together with death at the surface extreme). You can get a water filter that may give you protected drinking water for less than twenty dollars or you possibly can spend effectively over two hundred dollars on a system. That elevated worth tag may surprise the novice outdoorsman, but the experienced camper/hiker will nod knowingly: when it comes to washing, safe water sourced easily and in giant volumes, it is onerous to fret about value.

The usual camping water filter makes use of a hand pump to attract water up from the supply, pressure it through an incredibly high-quality filter media (often manufactured from ceramic) that removes all contaminants down to the one or two-micron degree and then via an output tube that may be positioned properly in your water bottle, cooking pot, cup, or even your mouth. Pump filters do require a bit of effort, but they can help you supply water from even the smallest trickling streams and big lakes alike, and they allow the consumer to repeatedly generate freshwater, whether you want solely a fast cupful or a number of gallons.

The bag to bag fashion of camping water filters is straightforward to use once arrange. You simply fill the elevated pouch with water collected from a pond or stream and permit gravity to carry the water down and by a filter that removes greater than 99.99% of all bacteria and protozoa. The professionals of those gravity-operated filters include minimal effort as soon as the primary bag is crammed (no repetitive pumping required) and large storage capability: when each reservoir are stuffed, you can often carry as a lot as 4 liters of water if you include the two liters yet to be purified. The drawbacks embrace the actual fact that you simply need to be able to elevate the system, which can in some circumstances mean standing there holding water aloft. You additionally should be capable of submerging the gathering bag or else have access to falling water, so some very shallow or hard to succeed in water sources may be difficult to use. The third category of water filters ought to be considered more as a survival device for emergencies or as a backup filter in case the primary filter is dirtied, broken, or just stops working. This straw model filter is positioned instantly into water that's drawn up and by way of the purification media by suction you generate together with your mouth and lungs. These filters clear hundreds of gallons of water effectively earlier than needing upkeep, but they cannot be used to fill bottles, cooking pots, and so forth. Why The Water Filter Is Your best option Beyond using a water filter, there are only two methods to reliably purify water while in the sphere. These are to boil the water or to use chemical purifying agents. Boiling water is a time-examined technique to create clean water, or at the least to create water that is protected to drink. Indeed boiling water can do nothing to take away the precise debris and microscopic bacteria and parasites within the H2O, it may merely render these latter two elements inert (or, in different phrases, useless). Iodine kills off the bacteria and protozoa in water by actually bonding iodine ions to their pathogenic cells, stopping their capacity to reproduce. Homemade straw style Water Filter video - The DIY Straw-Style Water Filter

The opposite technique of purifying water is to use iodine tablets. Iodine kills off the microorganism and protozoa in water by really bonding iodine ions to their pathogenic cells, preventing their potential to reproduce. Iodine remedy is effective, however, it requires cautious measuring of water volume to iodine tablets used, the method requires patience, and the purified water has a lower than pleasant taste. Be careful With Wild Water The sobering fact is that almost every pure source of water, from an apparently pristine mountain spring to a stream babbling by way of a meadow to a freshwater river or lake could be harboring harmful microorganisms and parasites. Drinking untreated water -- even water that looks and tastes completely clear and clean -- can lead to well-being complications starting from mild stomach discomfort to extreme nausea and diarrhea to harmful dehydration and lasting infection. Other less frequent however potentially more severe waterborne illnesses embrace cholera, typhoid, malaria, to call just a few of the maladies potentially lurking within the water. The most typical culprit of gastrointestinal discomfort or sickness brought on by drinking water from natural sources is the microscopic protozoan the parasite is often known as Giardia lamblia, extra generally referred to as simply Giardia. This unwelcome little guest takes up residence in the upper stretches of the small intestine and causes signs in as many as one-third of those it infects. Most people will expertise cramping, irregular bowel movements, fever, and fatigue; some individuals may expertise these signs at a stage of a severity necessitating skilled medical intervention. Giardia is a prolific problem, present in water sources all over the world. In actual fact, as many as 5 to seven p.c of the population of America could also be harboring the parasite at any time; as many as thirty p.c of these living within the developing world may be chronically infected. Other much less frequent but doubtlessly extra serious waterborne illnesses embrace cholera, typhoid, malaria, to call just a few of the maladies probably lurking within the water. If you're using melted snow as your supply of hydration, be especially vigilant wanting out for so-referred to as watermelon snow. Snow with a pinkish sheen is lined with a layer of Chlamydomonas nivalis, a sort of algae that thrives in cold water and that has extreme laxative properties

Related articles in this blog

Where do you get water when camping

How do you purify water when camping

What kind of contaminants will you find in your camping water sources?

How straw water filter works

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Punch out Your Water Purifier Problems at Kent Service Centre

Water is the world's most precious resource. Whatever may be, it is not exempt from certain impurities that can severely affect clean consumption and proposition. These impurities include dust, fine sand, clay, dirt, biological contaminants, and much more pure water is tasteless, colorless and odorless. Similarly, many drinking water systems also contain chlorine, with particularly high levels of calcium. With this, let’s look at some of the familiar impurities in water and learn why they are not safe for human or animal decay at Kent service centre.

Hydrogen and oxygen facilitate drinking water to become pure and render most anything it comes into touch with these include, but are not limited to:

Cholera, Guinea worm disease, Typhoid, Legionella, Dysentery, and Malaria

Types of Impurities in Water

There are distinct types of impurities in water drinking systems and reserves. Let's discuss the nature of contaminants the water could have.

●       Biological Impurities

The presence of living organisms generates biological impurities in water. These include algae, protozoa, pathogens, bacteria, viruses, microbes, and parasites along with their cysts (eggs) in contaminated water. The latter is called germs, microorganisms that can reproduce at alarming rates.

●       Colloidal Impurities

Colloidal impurities in water constitute organic waste products and amino acids. This problem occurs due to contact with suspended matter and elements like sand, rocks, and organic matter flowing in rivers, streams, and lakes that render water undrinkable or non-pure.

Why Do We Need Water Filters?

Water can incorporate with dirt, minerals, chemicals, and other impurities that make it smell and taste bad. Some of these contaminants can threaten your health, mainly when they include microscopic organisms and bacteria that can determine serious origin illness. Filtering water can assist purify water, removing these pollutants and making it secure to drink, while often improving its taste.

Questions that are mostly asked!

●       What is the best water purifier for home use?

●       Which water filter is best?

●       Can water purifiers purify saltwater?

●       Which is the best RO water purifier?

●       What is a good ppm for drinking water?

●       How does RO water purifier work?

Water Filter Problems

If your water filter isn't generating clear, great-tasting drinking water, first check to make sure that the tank isn't run-down and that it is receiving capable water pressure. Low water pressure arises from clogged incoming water pipes could prevent water from running through the tank at a high enough rate for adequate filtration. If the water pressure is excellent, check the tank for any signs of corrosion or damage that may require a water filter repair.

Some common causes for water filter problems include:

●       Low or deficient water pressure where the water comes in into and passes terminated the water filter.

●       A water filter or tank that has come to the end of its lifecycle and requires restoration.

●       Kent RO is the most superior water purifier company in India due to its excellent quality along with unrivaled Kent customer care. Kent RO offers the purest form of water and that why it is trust by Billions of users and Kent RO scheme limited as the best Kent Service Centre to help the users

Kent Service Centre

Water is a standout amongst the essential parts of human's life and furthermore the most dismissed one. We give less consideration regarding the nature of water that we expend. It is critical to utilize water purifier of the most contemporary innovation to manage a strategic distance from such sickness. You can contact Kent water purifier contact no to know to promote about the same. Kent brings the perfect answer for the concern with the Kent RO water purifiers. Kent helpline number is accessible 24*7 to help you in regards to an issue with the Kent RO Purifiers.

Kent Customer Service and Customer Care

Air and water are the three vital piece of life which is an absolute necessity to need to remain alive, and these three are additionally the wellspring of numerous destructive malady, Kent RO is a standout amongst the most confided in ones among the inhabitants of India. Kent RO customer care toll-free number is accessible 24*7 for any inquiry or objections concerning Kent RO purifiers.

Ro water purifiers are the most optimal access to get the purest type of water. The base RO adjusting charge is only 300 Rs, and you can likewise look over an extensive variety of AMC plans according to your prerequisite.

The installation of the RO water purifier ensures that your family gets the supply of the pure drinking water and the team of the Kent service centre ensures that you RO machine is performing at the best status and providing the pure and safe drinking water

The Better Features That Kent Provide:

●       Provide Affordable and effective water treatment system

●       Flexible management

●       Long term customer relationship.

●       Bacteria & virus free Filtering System

●       Provide Chemical free & user-friendly RO system.

Dominant Services for RO System Are

●       Installation

●       Repairing

●       Maintenance

Terms and Condition

●       Three Periodical services (on demand) any additional visit during AMC period by intimation.

●       The contract period of 12 months.

●       Membrane one-time change under AMC.

●       Cabinet & Tab not covered in AMC.

●       Payment in consideration of RO Care India.

●       We use only Genuine Spare Parts.

At Kent Service Centre, we are committed to helping the customers all the way. Any problem being faced in your machine, all you need to do is, punch out the service centre and it will be taken care of. Kent does not sell, rent, or loan any identifiable information at the personal level regarding its client to any third party.

This information is collected primarily to protect that we can accomplish your requirements and to transfer you a genuinely personalized shopping knowledge. When you purchase products from Kent service Customer Care or register with us for any services, you have the option of receiving e-mails regarding updates about exclusive offers, new services, and new products. We are also bound to cooperate fully should a position arise where we are required by law or legal process to provide further information about a customer.

 http://www.kent-customer-care-number.in