#there were 60 men and 23 penetrations
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1 Kings 4: 20-25. "Grains of Sand."
Solomon’s Daily Provisions
20 The people of Judah and Israel were as numerous as the sand on the seashore; they ate, they drank and they were happy.
Never again will you see in a religious script a story about people who were happy. Certainly no one is going to look back and say this about us.
To count the grains of sand on the beach refers to the conversation between God and man, men and their leaders, men an deach other. So long as we are literate and conversant, and each grain of sand has its place along the shore, there is no reason we can't all get along and contribute the accumulation of one another's happy times.
According to the principals of Judais, the real one, this is what religion is for, to emphasize the importance of this one thing. In the Gospels, Jesus said, "I want mercy not sacrifice."
In the Tanakh, God says "I want happiness."
Sacrifice without happiness is forbidden. A Jew may not be ceremonially unhappy if he is to have any hope of pleasing God or himself:
21 And Solomon ruled over all the kingdoms from the Euphrates River to the land of the Philistines, as far as the border of Egypt. These countries brought tribute and were Solomon’s subjects all his life.
To rule from the Euphrates to the Philistines to Egypt means "To break through the bulkhead of the young heiffer and penetrate Temple of Speech."
Our success at civilization requries such an intensity of education and levels of literacy. As the Tanakh says, the process must start in Eden and continue life long.
We see, every day, the impact of even a few Philistines, the low born, and Egyptian gods, who worship each other and the afterlife on the rest. Suffer them not to live, fully educate the rest with all determination.
22 Solomon’s daily provisions were thirty cors[a] of the finest flour and sixty cors[b] of meal,
Cors are where the horns go- the head. As for the rest of the verse, we need to turn to Gematria, =5999, הטטט tatt, "To embroider in black and white." 30 cors of flour double into 60 cors of meal like a shekel becomes 1 after God provides half and we provide the other.
The universe begins in black and white when we are able to learn about the Letters and read. God provides the Writing, we must provide the effort and grind it down into what eventually becomes intelligence. Solomon did this every day.
The same meme proceeds in the next verse as we see how the feedstocks contributed to the rearing of various aspects of the mind:
23 ten head of stall-fed cattle, twenty of pasture-fed cattle and a hundred sheep and goats, as well as deer, gazelles, roebucks and choice fowl.
Ten heads of stall fed cattle= the Ten Decrees. A righteous man will submit to the decrees like a beef or cow submits to the stall.
Twenty pasture fed cattle= 2+10= 12, AKA the Twelve Tribes or Noble Skills which must be inculcated outside the self with the help of other skilled workers.
A hundred sheep and goats=100= 1+10+10= equal 21, the age a boy is conscripted into temple service as a Levite. By age 21, there should be very few mysteries about the goals of the Religion.
Next are the stages of les animalia, which correspond roughly with the Four Directions.
Deer= Deer are the raw material we start with in the EAST, the age of awakening.
Thus, the deer (as well as the gazelle, which more than any other antelope resembles the deer) became a symbol of beauty, glory, and swiftness in our Holy Tongue. The Hebrew word for deer is Tzvi, and our Prophets used it to describe our Holy Land, the Land of Israel. They referred to it as "Land of the Deer," "the Glory of All Lands,"
Gazelles=Gazelles represent what is called Benjamin, "sons of the south" who are able to reason.
The gazelle is unique in that when he runs, he turns his head back to the place from which he is running
— Zohar II, 14a
Roebucks= roebucks are mountain sheep with curly horns. They represent the Age of Enlightenment.
Choice Fowl= Birds of Prey are able to find what is hidden by God by soaring up without the limitations of the ground to confine their ascent. These are sages and seers.
So out of the barbarians in the gorge, the Philistines, and the delusional folks in the Temple of Speech, who crane their ears towards all the wrong voices, Solomon exacted tribute and created a race of exceptionally learned men, who were able to travel as far as the Northwest:
24 For he ruled over all the kingdoms west of the Euphrates River, from Tiphsah to Gaza, and had peace on all sides.
25 During Solomon’s lifetime Judah and Israel, from Dan to Beersheba, lived in safety, everyone under their own vine and under their own fig tree.
From the Euphrates, there was teaching and learning from Eden to Tiphshah, "from the understanding of a toddler" to Gaza, "powerful and mighty like a bird of prey."
And for so long as there was complete peace in the field and sound reason in the government, everyone was able to make their own way and keep their own traditions.
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Holy Day Meditation, 4/4/21 e.v.
April 4, 2021 æ.v. Dies Solis,
☉︎ 15° ♈︎ : ☽︎ 21° ♑︎ : ☉︎ : Ⅴⅴⅰⅰ æ.n.
Do what thou wilt shall be the whole of the Law.
The Day of Zayin, the Day of the Lovers
Hebrew Letter: Zayin
Numerical Value as Letter: 7
Numerical Value as Word: 67/717 (Zayin+Yod+Nun or Zayin+Yod+Nun [fin.])
Meaning: Sword, ornament, weapon.
Thoth Card: The Lovers (Atu VI)
Alternate Title: The Brothers, The Children of the Voice, The Oracle of the Mighty Gods.
Image:

Correspondences:
Tree of Life Path Association: Key 17 - Tiphareth to Binah (from Sephira 6-3)
Astrological Sign: Gemini
Element: Air
Egyptian Godforms: Various twin Deities, Rekht, Merti, Heru-Ra-Ha
Geomantic Figure: Albus
Gemstones: Alexandrite, Tourmaline, Iceland Spar
Perfumes: Wormwood, Mastic
Plants: Hybrids, Orchids, Laurel, Bending Vervain
Animals: Magpie, hybrids, Parrot, Zebra, Penguin
Colors:
King Scale – Orange
Queen Scale – Pale Mauve
Prince Scale – New yellow leather
Princess Scale – Reddish grey inclined to mauve

The Secret Instruction of the Master:
The Oracle of the Gods is the Child-Voice of Love in thine own Soul! hear thou it! Heed not the Siren-Voice of Sense, or the Phantom-Voice of Reason: rest in Simplicity, and listen to the Silence!
Mnemonic:
To each his Understanding sooth discovers Wordless: your mode, immortal Twins and Lovers!
Recommended Text for Meditation:
Liber Cordis Cincti Serpente Sub Figura LXV, cap. 2
Liber Cordis Cincti Serpente
A.˙.A.˙. Publication in Class A. Imprimatur: N. Fra A.˙. A.˙.
II
1.I passed into the mountain of lapis-lazuli, even as a green hawk between the pillars of turquoise that is seated upon the throne of the East.
2. So came I to Duant, the starry abode, and I heard voices crying aloud.
3. O Thou that sittest upon the Earth! (so spake a certain Veiled One to me) thou art not greater than thy mother! Thou speck of dust infinitesimal!
Thou art the Lord of Glory, and the unclean dog.
4. Stooping down, dipping my wings, I came unto the darkly-splendid abodes. There in that formless abyss was I made a partaker of the Mysteries Averse.
5. I suffered the deadly embrace of the Snake and of the Goat; I paid the infernal homage to the shame of Khem.
6. Therein was this virtue, that the One became the all.
7. Moreover I beheld a vision of a river. There was a little boat thereon; and in it under purple sails was a golden woman, an image of Asi wrought in finest gold. Also the river was of blood, and the boat of shining steel. Then I loved her; and, loosing my girdle, cast myself into the stream.
8. I gathered myself into the little boat, and for many days and nights did I love her, burning beautiful incense before her.
9. Yea! I gave her of the flower of my youth.
10. But she stirred not; only by my kisses I defiled her so that she turned to blackness before me.
11. Yet I worshipped her, and gave her of the flower of my youth.
12. Also it came to pass, that thereby she sickened, and corrupted before me. Almost I cast myself into the stream.
13. Then at the end appointed her body was whiter than the milk of the stars, and her lips red and warm as the sunset, and her life of a white heat like the heat of the midmost sun.
14. Then rose she up from the abyss of Ages of Sleep, and her body embraced me. Altogether I melted into her beauty and was glad.
15. The river also became the river of Amrit, and the little boat was the chariot of the flesh, and the sails thereof the blood of the heart that beareth me, that beareth me.
16.��O serpent woman of the stars! I, even I, have fashioned Thee from a pale image of fine gold.
17. Also the Holy One came upon me, and I beheld a white swan floating in the blue.
18. Between its wings I sate, and the æons fled away.
19. Then the swan flew and dived and soared, yet no whither we went.
20. A little crazy boy that rode with me spake unto the swan, and said:
21. Who art thou that dost float and fly and dive and soar in the inane? Behold, these many æons have passed; whence camest thou? Whither wilt thou go?
22. And laughing I chid him, saying: No whence! No whither!
23. The swan being silent, he answered: Then, if with no goal, why this eternal journey?
24. And I laid my head against the Head of the Swan, and laughed, saying: Is there not joy ineffable in this aimless winging? Is there not weariness and impatience for who would attain to some goal?
25. And the swan was ever silent. Ah! but we floated in the infinite Abyss. Joy! Joy!
White swan, bear thou ever me up between thy wings!
26. O silence! O rapture! O end of things visible and invisible! This is all mine, who am Not.
27. Radiant God! Let me fashion an image of gems and gold for Thee! that the people may cast it down and trample it to dust! That Thy glory may be seen of them.
28. Nor shall it be spoken in the markets that I am come who should come; but Thy coming shall be the one word.
29. Thou shalt manifest Thyself in the unmanifest; in the secret places men shall meet with thee, and Thou shalt overcome them.
30. I saw a pale sad boy that lay upon the marble in the sunlight, and wept. By his side was the forgotten lute. Ah! but he wept.
31. Then came an eagle from the abyss of glory and overshadowed him. So black was the shadow that he was no more visible.
32. But I heard the lute lively discoursing through the blue still air.
33. Ah! messenger of the beloved One, let Thy shadow be over me!
34. Thy name is Death, it may be, or Shame, or Love.
So thou bringest me tidings of the Beloved One, I shall not ask thy name.
35. Where is now the Master? cry the little crazy boys.
He is dead! He is shamed! He is wedded! and their mockery shall ring round the world.
36. But the Master shall have had his reward.
The laughter of the mockers shall be a ripple in the hair of the Beloved One.
37. Behold! the Abyss of the Great Deep. Therein is a mighty dolphin, lashing his sides with the force of the waves.
38. There is also an harper of gold, playing infinite tunes.
39. Then the dolphin delighted therein, and put off his body, and became a bird.
40. The harper also laid aside his harp, and played infinite tunes upon the Pan-pipe.
41. Then the bird desired exceedingly this bliss, and laying down its wings became a faun of the forest.
42. The harper also laid down his Pan-pipe, and with the human voice sang his infinite tunes.
43. Then the faun was enraptured, and followed far; at last the harper was silent, and the faun became Pan in the midst of the primal forest of Eternity.
44. Thou canst not charm the dolphin with silence, O my prophet!
45. Then the adept was rapt away in bliss, and the beyond of bliss, and exceeded the excess of excess.
46. Also his body shook and staggered with the burden of that bliss and that excess and that ultimate nameless.
47. They cried He is drunk or He is mad or He is in pain or He is about to die; and he heard them not.
48. O my Lord, my beloved! How shall I indite songs, when even the memory of the shadow of thy glory is a thing beyond all music of speech or of silence?
49. Behold! I am a man. Even a little child might not endure Thee. And lo!
50. I was alone in a great park, and by a certain hillock was a ring of deep enamelled grass wherein green-clad ones, most beautiful, played.
51. In their play I came even unto the land of Fairy Sleep.
All my thoughts were clad in green; most beautiful were they.
52. All night they danced and sang; but Thou art the morning, O my darling, my serpent that twinest Thee about this heart.
53. I am the heart, and Thou the serpent. Wind Thy coils closer about me, so that no light nor bliss may penetrate.
54. Crush out the blood of me, as a grape upon the tongue of a white Doric girl that languishes with her lover in the moonlight.
55. Then let the End awake. Long hast thou slept, O great God Terminus! Long ages hast thou waited at the end of the city and the roads thereof.
Awake Thou! wait no more!
56. Nay, Lord! but I am come to Thee. It is I that wait at last.
57. The prophet cried against the mountain; come thou hither, that I may speak with thee!
58. The mountain stirred not. Therefore went the prophet unto the mountain, and spake unto it. But the feet of the prophet were weary, and the mountain heard not his voice.
59. But I have called unto Thee, and I have journeyed unto Thee, and it availed me not.
60. I waited patiently, and Thou wast with me from the beginning.
61. This now I know, O my beloved, and we are stretched at our ease among the vines.
62. But these thy prophets; they must cry aloud and scourge themselves; they must cross trackless wastes and unfathomed oceans; to await Thee is the end, not the beginning.
63. Let darkness cover up the writing! Let the scribe depart among his ways.
64. But thou and I are stretched at our ease among the vines; what is he?
65. O Thou beloved One! is there not an end? Nay, but there is an end. Awake! arise! gird up thy limbs, O thou runner; bear thou the Word unto the mighty cities, yea, unto the mighty cities.
Love is the law, love under will.
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I have a number of posts already scheduled by Tumblr for the coming days, this is an add on as I just discovered it while Rummaging around, I think it's only right to post it and take a few moments to remember all those in the emergency services that work through the festive season, and indeed all year to keep us safe.
Disaster struck on Christmas Eve 1927 when four firemen were killed during a warehouse fire on Graham Street.
49-year-old James Conn , Morrison Dunbar, 23, 31-year-old Harry W. McKellar and David Jeffrey, 24 died in the Gallowgate blaze.
Heartbroken colleagues worked through Christmas and for the next three days to recover their bodies.
The following is taken from The Glasgow Herald Tuesday, December 27, 1927.
FOUR FIREMEN PERISH
Christmas Eve Tragedy in Glasgow
EAST END WAREHOUSES GUTTED
ESTIMATED LOSS, £50,000
Four members of Glasgow Fire Brigade lost their lives while on duty at a fire in the East end of the city on Saturday night.
The scene of the fire was a six storey warehouse in Graham Square, and owing to the threatening circumstances many tenants of adjoining dwellings were warned out.Some of the tenants were absent at the time of the outbreak, and on return – carrying with them, in numerous instances, their parcels got in the course of Christmas shopping – were surprised and alarmed when informed that it was unsafe to enter their houses.A touching feature of the fire tragedy is that the men of the Eastern Division were enjoying Christmas festivities with their families in the Fire Station when the call which was to mean death to some of their colleagues in the Central.
FROM JOY TO SORROW
In the long history of the Fire Brigade of Glasgow many deeds of heroism stand to the credit of the men. In the great majority of cases their bravery has gone unnoticed or been known to a limited few – the instances of calm courage and of grave risks taken to save property and frequently life have come in the ordinary course of duty when no eye was there to see or pen to chronicle. It is only when such a tragedy as that of Christmas Eve shocks the community that full light is thrown on the dangerous nature of the fireman’s calling and recognition is paid to the magnificent manner in which he carries out his trying and difficult work.
While the Fire Brigade in Glasgow has enjoyed a remarkable immunity from loss of life when a period of, say, half a century is scanned, nevertheless death with unwelcome frequency has exacted a grim toll.
Surely never was the toll made under more distressing circumstances than on Saturday evening. The Eastern Division men, with their children and friends, were in the midst of Christmas rejoicings when the call came. The men are used to such breaks in the social round, and cheerfully they responded to the summons to duty, which is taken as a matter of course. With the celerity characteristic of the Brigade, the men from this and other Divisions with their equipment quickly set out for the scene of the fire, and the civilians remained behind to continue the happy entertainment, not dreaming of the dreadful fate that was soon to overtake four members of the Brigade, who, in the face of obvious danger, carried on till death overtook them.
The missing firemen are:–
James Conn (49), married, and with three of a family, who had 23 years’ service with the brigade.
H. W. M’Kellar (31), married.
David Jeffery (24), single.
Morrison Dunbar (23), single.
SCENE OF THE FIRE
The fire was located in Graham Square, a cul-de-sac on the north side of Gallowgate, which leads to an entrance to the Corporation Cattle Market. The east side of the square consists, starting from the Gallowgate end, of a modern tenement and of a brick building of six storeys with a frontage of 135ft, and a depth of 30ft. This building, which was totally destroyed, along with corrugated iron sheds, and a warehouse at the rear, contained business premises, workshops, and an hotel. The tenants of these premises are Messrs P. and R. Fleming, engineers 8-16 Graham Square; David Arthur, auctioneer, 12 Graham Square; Alexander Jack and Son (Limited), implement makers 20 Graham Square; Wilson, Ronald and Co. (Limited), wholesale grocers, 26-30 Graham Square; A. M’Vean and Co., manufacturers, 30 Graham Square; Thomas Dunlop, implement maker, 38 Graham Square; Pringle, Logan and Gallocher, seed merchants, 38 Graham Square; and James Houston, cabinetmaker, 12 Graham Square.
THE ALARM
About 8pm two constables on duty in Graham Square observed that fire had broken out in the premises occupied by James Houston. Further examination revealed that the outbreak had originated in a hoist at 34 Graham Square, which was used by several of the firms in the block. The constables smashed the fire alarm and turned out several detachments of the Fire Brigade. By this time the fire was extending to other parts of the building. On the arrival of the first two detachments of the Fire Brigade from the Central Station great volumes of smoke pouring from the building indicated that the flames had taken a firm hold, and further reinforcements were summoned, along with four pumps and the fire escape, Firemaster Waddell took charge of the operations.
FIREMEN WITHDRAWN
Immediately, the fire was attacked both from the interior of the building and from the street. The intense heat, the density of the smoke, and the general threat to the structure, made it obvious at an early stage of the operations that it was highly perilous for the firemen to remain for long periods inside the building. Therefore, adopting what methods they could, the firemen continued the main attack from the roadway in Graham Square, from the roofs of buildings to the east and south of the endangered premises, and even from the top of the fire escape. It soon became apparent that the entire structure was doomed and that any measures adopted by the Fire Brigade would be futile except to restrict the area of devastation.
TRAM SERVICE STOPPED
The flames were being strongly fanned by a north easterly breeze, and showers of sparks and poisonous clouds of smoke were causing much alarm in Gallowgate towards which they were drifting, and in which large crowds of spectators had gathered. The pungent smoke hung in dense clouds over the streets and sparks floated thickly down. The tramcar service, interrupted owing to the lines of hose across the street, was diverted for a period, and then was ultimately resumed over rail bridges. The tenants of houses, who had been Christmas shopping when the fire occurred, mingled with the crowd, their arms full of parcels. Some of them were unable to reach their homes, and experienced grave anxiety as the flames darted ominously higher and seemed to endanger the tenement.
TENANTS WARNED OUT
This tenement building, which adjoins the ruined warehouses was considered at this time to be within the danger zone, and the tenants were advised to consult with their own ultimate safety and desert their homes. There are nine families in the tenement, and the alarm was raised when most of the children had hung up their stockings and retired early to bed in eager expectation of Christmas morning. Some of the tenants elected to leave, and these assembled in the street to watch the battle with the flames, but others stayed in their homes during the entire course of the fire.
COLLAPSE OF WALLS AND ROOF
A thrill ran through the watching crowd when the roof of the burning building collapsed amid an awesome pyrotechnic display of flame and sparks, to be followed a few minutes later by the thunderous crash of large portions of the walls into the interior of the structure. Dust and smoke arose in suffocating clouds. With this fresh development the career of the fire was checked, however, and half an hour later – that is, two hours after the raising of the first alarm – the outbreak was under control, and the occupiers of the tenement were informed that they might return to their homes. Lines of hose were in use all through the night, however, as a precaution against further outbreak.
FATE OF THE FIREMEN
About ten o’clock the fire was so far extinguished that several detachments of the Fire Brigade were ordered to prepare to return to their stations. The discovery was then made as the motors were about to depart that four firemen from the Central Division were missing. An exhaustive inquiry was at once begun, but it was early feared that the men had been trapped in the building when the walls and flooring had collapsed. So far as can be ascertained the four missing men, along with others, were on the third floor at the south end of the building when the flames were first attacked. At that time the fire was confined largely to the northern end of the building, and it is assumed that with great fortitude the men had pressed some distance through the building towards the seat of the fire so as to be of greater service.
INSTANTANEOUS DEATH
Suddenly, it appears, there was a loud crash and the north end of the structure, towards which the men had gone, tumbled inwards, carrying several floors in a downward rush of destruction. Several of the firemen who were inside managed to get clear, and at that time it was thought that all of the firemen had emerged safely. When the first collapse occurred one of the officers at once dashed into the building and up the stairways right to the top flat to warn out the men. He met one fireman who was under the impression that he was the last to leave. Jeffrey was last observed when he called for more hose, and it is one theory that, furnished with the extra length of hose, he and his colleagues had courageously penetrated towards the seat of the fire unknown to their comrades – numbering 60, and widely dispersed – who were all actively at work. There seems no doubt, at all events, that they were caught in the devastating fall of beams and brickwork and hurled down to be buried in the immense heap of debris. It is certain, whether due to injuries or fire, that their death must have been practically instantaneous.
THE SEARCH BEGINS
As portions of the remaining walls were in an extremely dangerous condition, it was recognised, reluctantly, that it would be unwise to risk the lives of other firemen in an immediate endeavour to extricate the missing men from among the still smoking wreckage during the darkness of the night. Several firemen were posted on duty, and immediately daylight broke on Christmas morning a well equipped rescue party of firemen were dispatched to take up the tragic task of attempting to recover the bodies of their unfortunate comrades. A preliminary search was conducted with the assistance of a ladder and the fire escape, but it was found impossible to interfere to any great extent with the debris until the dangerous tottering and smoke blackened walls which marked the site of the destroyed building had been taken down. Accordingly another unavoidable hitch occurred in the work of retrieving the bodies while a gang of workmen, under the supervision of Mr Thomas Somers, Master of Works, demolished the dangerous walls.
THE DAMAGE
The loss caused by the fire is provisionally estimated at between £40,000 and £50,000.
SOCIAL FUNCTIONS CANCELLED
All of the social functions which usually take place at this time of year at the various fire stations in the city have been cancelled owing to the tragedy at Graham Square.
IN THE RUINS
SEARCHING FOR THE MISSING MEN
Throughout the day on Sunday gangs of firemen, working in relays, continued their tragic task of endeavouring to locate the bodies of their unfortunate comrades. They dug amongst the broken masonry with picks and shovels until darkness descended, but no trace of the bodies could then be found. Flare lamps were obtained in order that the work of the rescue might not be interrupted.
OXY-ACETYLENE BURNERS
Portions of shafting and heavy machinery had become so intertwined when the floors collapsed that it was extremely difficult to separate and remove the twisted metal from the debris. A number of skilled operators armed with oxy-acetylene burners were obtained from the Corporation Tramway Department. Many pieces of metal were cut through, and the task of removal was thus made less difficult. As the broken masonry, charred timber, and twisted machinery were taken from the building these were removed to the street by a large number of workmen. All night long the firemen laboured heroically, but their efforts to reach the entombed men were unsuccessful when daylight broke yesterday.
FRESH RELAYS OF WORKERS
Another batch of firemen took up the search, and were engaged all day in removing the tons of debris which separated them from their unfortunate comrades. By the afternoon they had succeeded in penetrating to a considerable depth in the centre of the ruined building, and they were hopeful of being able to reach the flooring at that point before darkness came on. The search is being continued.
Further articles tell us that the mens "badly ,mutilated" bodies were discovered on the Sunday and only identified by personal affects and remains of their uniforms, their funeral took place on December 30th The second pic is the grave in the city's Necropolis.
It's fair to say Glasgow has been blighted by fire much more than any other Scottish town or city, the Cheapside Street whisky bond fire in Glasgow on 28 March 1960 was Britain's worst peacetime fire services disaster. The fire at a whisky bond killed 14 fire service and 5 salvage corps personnel. The Kilbirnie Street fire, on Friday 25 August 1972, was a warehouse fire in the Port Eglinton area, on the south side of Glasgow cost seven firefighters their lives.
Thankfully the recent fires at most notably The Glasgow School of Art, even in the past week 40 firefighters were needed to extinguish a fire at Pitt Street in the city centre.
Nearby Paisley has not been immune either with the death toll at Glen Cinema disaster in 1929 being 71, I will post more on this very sad disaster on December 31st.
I sourced this story from this page which details The History of Scottish Fire Brigades http://www.graemekirkwood.co.uk/
I must add a shout out to Jennifer at Random Scottish History, a must read page for anyone interested in Scottish history https://randomscottishhistory.com/
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YOUNGEST INDIAN ENTREPRENEURS
FOLLOWING ARE SOME OF THE YOUNGEST IN LIST TO BE THE BEST OF TOMORROWS LEADERS, SHAKERS AND MOVERS FOR INDIA — A LIST OF YOUNGEST INDIAN CEOS AND ENTREPRENEURS IN INDIA
Ritesh Agarwal — Age 26
Ritesh started his entrepreneurial journey when he was 17 years old. He dropped out of college and launched his first start‐up Oravel Stays Pvt. Ltd. in the year 2012. Oravel was designed as a platform to enable listing and booking of budget accommodation. Being an avid traveler, he soon realized that the budget hospitality sector lacked predictability. Therefore, he pivoted Oravel to OYO Rooms in 2013 with the key proposition of offering affordable and standardized accommodation. Ritesh Agarwal has benefited the society in more than one ways. He has also managed to achieve what most of the people only think of. Below listed are some of the accomplishments of this teenager. He has been named among the top 50 entrepreneurs by the TATA first dot awards in 2013. Finalist of the global student Entrepreneurship Awards India. He has been named one of the 8 hottest teenage startup founders in the world by a BusinessInsider in the year 2013. He is the World’s youngest CEO at 17
Shravan and Sanjay Kumaran — Age 17 & 19
Shravan and Sanjay, siblings aged 17 and 15 respectively are the youngest upcoming entrepreneurs of India. Together, they are the brain behind GoDimensions. The aim of the company is to develop a simple technological solution for the digital world. They are the youngest Mobile Application Developers in India. When asked about how they managed to achieve this feat, the brothers responded by saying “reading books and solving the problems given to them”. These two develop applications for both, Android as well as IOS platforms. \”We’ve always believed that we must do something for society,\” says Sanjay, on the thinking behind their latest app GoDonate, which facilitates the donation of food to local charities that would otherwise go to waste. \”In Central Asia itself, about 500 millions tons of food is being wasted each year,\” says Shravan. The dynamic duo has already developed 11 apps which have about 60,000 downloads across 60 countries! In 2017, they were listed in Forbes 30 Under 30.
Arjun Rai — Age 20 years
Arjun is the CEO of OdysseyAds and was always said to be highly inspired by TV shows like ‘The Oprah Show’ and ‘The Big Idea with Donny Deutsch’ and thought for ideas which changed the way of advertising and marketing in the tech space and today with the help of social platforms like LinkedIn, he met with other entrepreneurs who helped him to broaden his horizon and become one of the youngest and successful entrepreneurs in his field and he started working towards his company in 2009 and today he is the CEO of OdysseyAds.
Farrhad Acidwala — Age 23 years
Starting at the just age of 16 by borrowing 500 bucks from his father for buying a domain name he started building a web community particularly devoted to aviation and aero-modelling. After the website took off to success, he sold the community for a pretty high return. Today, Farrhad is the CEO of a web development, marketing, advertising and branding company called Rockstah Media. Despite being a very young company of 3 years, it has its own team of developers, marketers and designers across the globe and have marked its success in corporate. He had been featured in several best under 30 business leader rankings.
Rohan M Ganapathy (Age 27 years) & Yashas Karanam (Age 25 years)
Rohan and Yashas, are the young men behind the brand Bellatrix Aerospace, a company that have received their first high profile order from ISRO couple of years ago. Their order was for a satellite propulsion system and the company is now working on ambitious CHETAK, a 2 stage launch vehicle, which is planned to be aired by 2023. It is really a difference made by these entrepreneurs to get into such complex and challenging business industry at such young age and made a mark of their own
4. Deepanjali Dalmia — Age 28 years
Deepanjali is a young woman who represent ‘beauty with wisdom’, who took the leap of faith by quitting her top dollar job with E&Y in New York and decided to work for women’s health segment in India. She heads Heyday Care that produces organic sanitary pads made out of bamboo fiber and corn. She visions the product as effective, cheap and safe, making them perfect for women who either don’t have access to sanitary pads or don’t realize the harmful impact of ingredients in the regular off the shelf products and is a major social change maker in India
Kavita Shukla — Age 31 years
Kavita is the founder of FreshPaper which keeps the produces fresh for longer hours than today’s conventional methods. She has patented her innovation. FreshPaper was in a handful of co-ops and farmers’ markets by 2012, when Whole Foods placed a big order for two regions. Today the product is sold in groceries nationwide, and in over 35 countries fulfilling Kavita’s global aspirations.
Jeffin Ani Johns — Age 29 years
Jeffin is a young entrepreneur who chose to take the path of entrepreneurship instead of lucrative corporate job after his MBA. His entrepreneurship journey started in 2012 with an online reselling platform business and have ventured into several startups later. Currently, Jeffin Ani Johns is a serial entrepreneur major known for being the CEO & co founder of leading consulting firm BrandKeeda, a brand which have helped several micro startups to create their own brands through various innovative methods. He had been featured in several best under 30 business leader rankings. Despite being a very young company and young entrepreneur he have gained over 150 clients in over 3 countries and have been nominated to represent the country in several international startup summits.
Arushi Jain — Age 26 years
Arushi Jain is the founder of StayHappi Pharmacy. The idea behind starting StayHappi Pharmacy was to ensure that everyone in the country gets quality medicine at an affordable price. The brand aims to serve humanity and build its offline channels where it could reach consumers/patients and provide them with the authority to make a smart choice and choose the right medicine at a reasonable cost. It is a noble initiative, effectively marrying business acumen with human compassion. It is directed at one of the most pressing concerns of the society today, ie., availability of affordable and quality medication to all those are in need; a true societal cause to it very core. Arushi is planning to open around 2,000 more stores in different locations by 2020. As our aim is to offer medicines to the people across India at affordable prices without compromising on the quality of the products, we will continue to strengther. Being young also Arushi have made it into headlines of corporate world with her achievements in recent years
Amir Rao — Age 31 Years
Amir is a studio director at Supergiant Games. He also a co-creator of role-playing action video game Bastion which has won many awards and so far, as sold around 2.2 million copies. Amir tries to create continuous innovation in his business to stay ahead in his game
Pranav Yadav — Age 30 years
Pranav is the CEO of Neuro-Insight. It is a neuro-marketing firm that has designed and developed brain mapping technology to understand and improve the quality of commercials on TV. Pranav Yadav is an inspirational entrepreneur decided to make a difference in his industry
Bala Sarda — Age 28 years
Bala Sarda is the founder of Vahdam Teas, a brand which is even appretiated by global personality Oprah. Founded In 2015 By Bala Sarda, a fourth-generation tea entrepreneur, Vahdam Teas’ mission is to build a global tea and superfoods brand. With direct sourcing from estates across India and local distribution in key markets like the US, Vahdam is India’s largest premium homegrown tea brand for the world. At the age of 23, Bala started Vahdam Teas and in 4 years, it has taken India Tea to the global stage under a grown label and also build the world’s truly vertically integrated global brand, with its subsidiaries and presence in the US and Europe. He had been featured in several best under 30 business leader rankings.
Kshitij Marwah — Age 31 years
Kshitij Marwah is a design master who is yet to hit 35 but has made a big impact with his cutting edge ventures. First with MIT Media Lab India Initiative and then Tesseract Inc, he made waves in the industry. The latter saw him get on the fast moving Make In India wagon and has led to innovative products that have become the talk of the town. Voxel, first holographic headset for Smartphones and Quark 360, the smallest 360 degree virtual reality camera have brought him and his company much acclaim and even made to forbes list
Neil Mehta — Age 31 years
Neil is the founder of Greenoaks Capital which is an investment firm. At present, he is managing around $600 million by investing in various industries ranging from insurance to e-commerce. Prior to Greenoaks Capital, Neil was responsible for global special situation investments in Asia for OPG Ltd., a Hong Kong-based investment firm financed by a fund managed by D.E. Shaw & Co., L.P. Neil previously invested in private businesses in the general business and technology sector at Kayne Anderson Capital Advisors. Neil holds a BSc from The London School of Economics.
Trishneet Arora — Age 25
At the age of 25, Trishneet Arora is an author, a self-described friendly hacker and the founder and CEO of cyber security startup TAC Security Solutions. The India-based company performs Vulnerability Assessment and Penetration Testing for corporates identifying weaknesses in their cyber security. He has received funding from angel investor Vijay Kedia and support from former VP of IBM, William May. In 2017, Arora was listed among the 50 Most Influential Young Indians by GQ Magazine, while August 25, 2017 was proclaimed Trishneet Arora Day, by the Mayor of Santa Fe, New Mexico.
Akash Shukla — Age 30
Akash Shukla is the co founder of Uprise India Foundation, a one of a kind and highly appreciated venture. “Uprise India Foundation provided the platform for women who are trying to achieve their entrepreneurial dreams. Women who will enrol with the program would be getting 360 business training, support & guidance for making their dream career successful. Any women can enrol irrespective of any business/profile, any women who own start-up, SME’S or two individual professionals,” shared Dudeja.
Under the initiative, Uprise India will organize monthly workshops in distinct towns to train women entrepreneurs. Their goal is to cover maximum metro cities and other important commercial enterprise towns of India. Notably, more than 100 women entrepreneurs were addressed at the conference.
Uprise India Foundation is an initiative taken by Akash Shukla along with his co-founder, to help women make their diverse identity in the world. Talking at the event, Shukla said, “In today’s time, we are missing the mindset of seeking out new knowledge and challenges and most importantly, we are missing long term development plans.” He had been featured in several best under 30 business leader rankings.
Abhishek Singh — Age 24
Abhishek Singh is the founder of Rankethon. The venture was created from his vision as from childhood he used to spend hours in a home-made lab and try various things. This urge to work in a state-of-art-lab which was his passion paved ways to make the venture. Rankethon is in a way a realization of the dream. Since 2014, he had been conducting number of program linked to this sector across the country in different level.
Rankethon provide high tech industry oriented lab at the student’s convenience point’s right from school to colleges. A-cadre college pass out student learns basics from them, after they are asked to solve problems by using their core engineering skills. Later, they are deployed in top companies. With all this, we also provide webinars from professors & professionals at top companies.
Future plan of Abhishek when asked was that he is launching an online program called HomeRancho where students can get the complete training in a pre-designed portable lab at their doorstep in a completely practical manner. Currently, stalwarts in online education are doing at theoretical level but we want to give complete practical exposure to students in this segment, here we are in process to raise the funds to implement this at a next level.
Vaibhav Khandelwal — Age 28
Vaibhav’s is the Co-Founder & CTO, Shadowfax. He holds a graduate degree from IIT Delhi and his tech venture, Shadowfax, which he co-founded in 2015, at barely 23 years of age is one of leading ventures in their space.
Being is a problem solving entrepreneur by nature, he found logistics to be a challenging sector and decided to solve problems in to create his opportunity.
Shadowfax is a logistics platform which is a unique combination of technology and people to provide the last mile logistics service. Vaibhav is the tech genius and he uses technology as a medium of interaction with people. Vaibhav firmly believes that technology can solve many big problems. He had been awarded several national recognitions for his venture
Deepak Ravindran — 25
Deepak Ravindran is the Co-founder and CEO of Innoz Technologies. He is considered one of the youngest entrepreneurs of India who successfully co-founded and is currently running three companies who provide services of mobile messaging; Innoz, which is having a mission to connect the unconnected people by providing offline services through Innoz which is the world’s largest offline search engine along with SMS.
Another one is Quest, which is a mobile messaging platform which is used in 500+ startups to send offline SMS, and most recently is Lookup, an app which provides the conversation between customers and retailers so they can chat too, funded by Khosla and Biz Stone.
Recognized as one of the outstanding innovators under 35 by MIT Technology, And one of Asia’s 21 emerging leaders under 40 according to Asia Society.
Sarvesh Shashi — Age 25
All of 25 years of age, Sarvesh Shashi is the youngest CEO in the yoga and wellness fraternity. Sarvesh believes in the philosophy of consciousness through yoga and the emotion of happiness that stems out of yoga practices. He wants to spread this yoga happiness to thousands. At a young age of 21 he gave up a bright career in his father’s sprawling businesses and set out to touch the lives of many with yoga. Hence he is fondly called The CEO among Monks by many.
Disclaimer :: All content are not owned by us and have been collected from various public sources and we shall not be responsible for any claims regarding same. For removal of content write to [email protected]
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All of them you friggin Lovely lady ily
1: Kitchen Counter, Couch, or on top of the dryer?
Kitchen counter if I could ever find a counter the right height. Gonna be a requirement for our house babe, good counter fucking height.
2: Your last sexual encounter: Good or Bad and why:
Hella good cause it was with you!
3: A fictional person that you think would be good in bed:
Harley Quinn
4: Something that never fails to make you horny:
Rain......
5: Where is one place you would never have sex:
Probably public restrooms and kitchens
6: The most awkward moment during a sexual experience was when ______________
My partner had been going down on me for like an hour and a half and their mouth was starting to get sore/tired and it was my first time. They told me they were starting to get sore and asked me if I was close and I had to say, “I didn’t know if it was polite to cum or not.” Then proceeded to have trouble cumming because I’d edged myself so long and was really nervous/embarrassed.
7: Weirdest thing that ever made you horny:
One of my exes fingers.... they were just so long and I couldn’t stop imagining all the new places they could reach.
8: What is the best way to sexually bind someone: Handcuffs, Rope, or Other [if other please explain]:
Other. Pulling the other person’s t-shirt over their head so it blindfolds and binds them.
9: What is the fastest way to make you horny:
Push me against a wall or do that low sexy whisper in my ear telling me what you want to do to me.
10: Top or bottom?
Switch
11: We were about to ____________ but then ______________ [example: we were about to have sex but then his mom walked in]
We were about to send people home so we could have sex but then it turned into a birthday orgy.
12: Is one orgasm enough? Are multiple orgasms necessary?
One can be enough but I like a lot of foreplay in that case and it has to be one of those really strong O’s that leaves you breathless and just wanting to curl up into them and sleep. Not necessary but definitely appreciated.
13: Something that you have hidden in your room that you don’t want anyone to find:
Idk, both my parents have seen my sex toys so whatevs. I guess me.
14: Weirdest nickname a significant other has ever called you:
Little butter cause she was big butter.
15: Two things you like [or dislike] about oral sex:
1) The textures! Oral gives so many more textures than anything else. The hardness of teeth, the dexterity of a soft tongue, the pressure of the lips/suction.
2) That moment when they stop for a second and you have your hand on the back of their head. Your eyes meet and then you push them back into you.
16: Weirdest sexual act some has performed [or tried to perform] on/with you:
Probably the time an ex stripped me down to just underwear in front of guests not really with anyones’ permission.
17: Have you ever tasted yourself? [If no, would you?] [If yes, what did you think?]
Yes, was less flavorful than I thought it would be. Mostly just salty with a slight tang I guess but ever so slight.
18: Is it ever okay to not use a condom:
Yes. For me there is zero chance of pregnancy and I trust my long-term committed partners as I always have people get tested first.
19: Who was the sexiest teacher you ever had?
7th grade English teacher. She gave off strong plant filled house, lesbian vibes and was adorably quirky.
20: A food that you would like to use during a sexual experience:
Maybe whipped cream?
21: How big is too big:
Vaginally around 7 inches. Anally I have not really found a limit yet. Seems to be if I’m in the mood for it it’s gonna fit.
22: One sexual thing you would never do:
Gun play
23: Biggest turn on:
See 9.... same question basically.
24: Three spots that drive you insane:
1) Spot slightly to the left of my bellybutton (feels so good I have to be extremely comfortable with the person because too much and sex has to stop I cramp so bad).
2) To the left and right of the vulva, where my inseam meets my pelvis.
3) Neck
25: Worst possible time to get horny:
Never?
26: Do you like it when your sexual partner moans:
YYYYYYEEEEEEEESSSSSSSSS
27: Worst sexual idea you ever had:
Anal in a shower no lube.... yeah.
28: How much fapping is too much fapping:
When I start wanting to strangle someone from the noise.
29: Best sexual complement you ever got:
I’ve never cum from oral before, I can’t believe you did that to me.
30: Bald, landing strip, Jumanji:
I’m more of a trimmed natural V line of the genitals. It’s fun to have a little something to hold onto down there.
31: Is it good sex if you don’t nut:
Oh definitely. It’s not always about you. Sometimes it’s about your partner.
32: Fill in the blank: “If they ____________, we are fuckin”
Put their hand under my shirt
33: What’s your favorite part of your body:
Right now my vagina.
34: Favorite foreplay activities:
Scratch me up.
35: Love (>,
..........what?
36: What do you wear to bed?
T-shirt and panties.
37: When was the first time you masturbated:
Someone did my first time for me at like 12 or 13.
38: Do you have any nude/masturbating pictures/video of yourself?
If you want the answer look at my twitter. Shameless plug: https://twitter.com/SkylightsofLife
39: Have you ever/when was the last time you had sex outside?
It’s been a hot minute. When I was 20? Somewhere around there.
40: Have/would you ever have sex outside?
I have and would again.
41: Have/would you ever had a threesome?
I have and would again.
42: What is one random object you’ve used to masturbate?
Nothing?
43: Have/would you ever masturbate at work/school?
Have and would again. It’s such the exhibitionist dream.
44: Have/would you ever have sex on a plane?
Probs not. Maybe some up the skirt action with the GF masturbating for me if we could hide it well enough.
45: What is one song you’d like to have sex to?
Desire by Meg Myers. Yes, I am a freak.
46: What is something nonsexual that makes you horny?
Rain
47: Most attractive celebrity?
Chyler Leigh
48: Do you watch gay/lesbian porn? why/why not?
Yes, but it has to be actual lesbian targeted porn. Not that crap for cis men.
49: If a child was born on the occasion of the last time you had sex, how old would that child be right now?
About three months old.
50: Has anyone ever posted nude pictures of you online?
Probably. Not that it matters. I’ve already “leaked” my own nudes.
51: What is one thing that NEVER makes you horny?
A dirty dish being in the room while my partner tries to do anything.
52: Do you have stretch marks? (How do you feel about them? Has anyone ever had a problem with them?)
Yes. Quite fond of the ones on my legs. Not to fond of the ones on my upper butt. Nobody has ever had a problem with them and if they did I wouldn’t keep them around long for shaming something so natural.
53: Do you like giving head? (why/why not)
FUCK YES. It’s just so much fun. Not really sure why I just know it’s one of my favorite things to do.
54: How do you feel about tattoos on someone you are interested in?
Please. Just all of them.
55: How would you feel about taking someones virginity?
I’m perfectly okay with doing it but I want to know first so I can make it special and we are going to talk about it to make sure no lines are crossed. Just want the person to have a good first experience.
56: Is there any food you would NOT recommend using during a sexual encounter?
Anything sticky. When you’re trying to make things slide easy sticky is the enemy.
57: Is there anything you do on Tumblr that you would not like your significant other to see?
Nope. She sees it all. She can see anything I do I don’t care. We trust each other completely. It’s why we work so well together in my opinion.
58: Do you own any sex toys? (what is it? (how long have you had it?)
Yes. Too many to list. Basic gist things that go vvvvbbbbbb, clamps, vaginal and anal penetratives, and bondage stuffs.
59: Would you give your significant other unrestricted access to your Tumblr for a day?
Sure. Have at it baby. I shit blog most of the time anyways but people seem to like it.
60: Would you be offended if your significant other suggested you get plastic surgery?
No. They need to do whatever makes them happy. I don’t get a decision in that. I’m here to supplement their happiness not control it.
61: Would you rather be a pornstar or a prostitute?
Pornstar. I can’t do casual sex.
62: Do you watch porn?
Yes, we already covered this. Who wrote these redundant questions?
63: How small is too small?
Everybody has fingers and can use a dildo so nothing.
64: Have you ever been called a freak? Why?
Hell yes. For so many things. Being gay, being trans, my love of fluid play.
65: Who gave you your last kiss? Did it mean anything?
The lovely Jessica. Hell yes. I kissed her as she was leaving to get on a plan knowing I wouldn’t see her for months. I cried lots.
66: Would you switch phones with your significant other for a day?
On a non-workday yes. I need mine for work.
67: Do you feel comfortable going “commando”?
Haven’t tried yet but in the right clothes probably. Don’t want something that’s gonna rub too hard.
68: Would you have a problem with going down on someone if they hadn’t shaved their pubic hair?
Nah. I can get down and dirty with the best of them.
69: If you could give yourself head, would you?
Probably not. Solely for the reason it’s the one thing I can’t do to myself so it feels more special when someone else does it and it’s the one thing I don’t get into a routine of so every experience with it is different and new.
70: Booty or Boobs?
Can I not have both??? Boobs more though just cause they are so good to lay on.
71: If you had a penis, what would you name it?
Firehouse, cause everyone wants to slide down the pole in them. ;) I’m dumb. Ignore me.
72: Have you ever been on an official date?
Yeppers.
73: Have you ever cheated on someone? (Why?)
Nope. That shit sucks and too many people have done it to me for me to ever put someone else through that pain.
74: If you were a stripper, what would your name be?
Luna, cause I’m as pale as the moon.
75: Have you ever had sex in your parents bed? (Would you?)
Not my parents but an exes parents. Was actually an orgy....
76: How would you react if you found out your parents had sex in your bed?
Burn it.
77: What was your reaction the first time you saw a penis/vagina
Holy crap that’s huge. I love it.
78: If you had a penis/vagina for a day, what are five things you would do?
As a person who’s had both I don’t feel the need to answer this.
Ps, fuck you Jess. That’s a lot of freaking questions. You owe me a night of you topping as punishment.
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Tracking the Regiment: On September 29 and 30, 1918, Allied forces including the men of Seventh Regiment executed their attack at The Hindenburg Line. With tanks exploding around them, the men of Companies B and C encountered the enemy within 25 yards of launching their attack at great loss of life. Company D followed and captured 60 prisoners within the first ten minutes of battle. Trench after trench, the men pressed forward at great expense: more than half of the Regiment were either killed or injured on the first day of battle and only 5 officers remained, making it the largest daily loss in any American Regiment during WWI.
Included among the casualties was Captain Fancher Nicoll (Company L), a 39-year-old lawyer and father of two who joined the Regiment in 1900 and was part of two old New York families who dated back to the Revolutionary War. It was reported in The New York Times that even as Captain Nicoll himself was dying, he reached out his hand to comfort the wounded beside him.
Sgt. John C. Latham, Sgt. Alan Eggers and Cpl. Thomas O'Shea of Machine Gun Company, 107th, became separated from the regiment during the Battle of the Hindenburg Line. They took cover where they could, which ended up being in a shell hole within enemy lines. Hearing a cry for help, they realized it was coming from a disabled American tank nearby. All three left the safety of their shelter and headed toward the tank, despite the heavy machine-gun fire. The 23-year-old O'Shea was hit along the way and died. Latham and Eggers made it to the tank, where they were able to rescue a wounded officer and help two other soldiers find cover in a nearby trench. They headed back to the tank, despite the heavy fire, and wrestled the machine gun off, taking it back to the trench with the wounded men. They were able to use that gun to fend off German attackers for the rest of the day. When darkness fell, all of the surviving men were able to make it back to Allied lines. For their bravery and quick thinking, Latham, Eggers and O'Shea all earned the Congressional Medal of Honor.
By the end of the second day of battle, the Regiment sustained 335 casualties and 884 wounded men, having captured nearly 2,000 enemy troops. By October 1, the last major German defense line was penetrated, and the Allies continued to advance and attack the fleeing German troops in the open country beyond.

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Holy Day Meditation for April 4, 2020 æ.v.
April 4, 2020 æ.v. Dies Saturnii, Sol 15° Aries, Luna 25° Leo An Vvi æ.n.
Do what thou wilt shall be the whole of the Law.
The Day of Zayin, the Day of the Lovers
Hebrew Letter: Zayin
Numerical Value as Letter: 7
Numerical Value as Word: 67 / 717 (Zayin+Yod+Nun or Zayin+Yod+Nun [fin.])
Meaning: Sword, ornament, weapon.
Thoth Card: The Lovers (Atu VI)
Alternate Title: The Brothers, The Children of the Voice, The Oracle of the Mighty Gods.
Image:

Correspondences:
Tree of Life Path Association: Key 17 - Tiphareth to Binah (from Sephira 6-3)
Astrological Sign: Gemini
Element: Air
Egyptian Godforms: Various twin Deities, Rekht-merti-neb-Maati, Heru-Ra-Ha
Geomantic Figure: Albus
Gemstones: Alexandrite, Tourmaline, Iceland Spar
Perfumes: Wormwood, Mastic
Plants: Hybrids, Orchids, Laurel, Bending Vervain
Animals: Magpie, hybrids, Parrot, Zebra, Penguin
Colors:
King Scale – Orange
Queen Scale – Pale Mauve
Prince Scale – New yellow leather
Princess Scale – Reddish grey inclined to mauve

The Secret Instruction of the Master:
The Oracle of the Gods is the Child-Voice of Love in thine own Soul! hear thou it! Heed not the Siren-Voice of Sense, or the Phantom-Voice of Reason: rest in Simplicity, and listen to the Silence!
Mnemonic:
To each his Understanding sooth discovers
Wordless: your mode, immortal Twins and Lovers!
Liber Arcanorum Verse:
6. Here then beneath the winged Eros is youth, delighting in the one and the other. He is Asar between Asi and Nepthi; he cometh forth from the veil.
Genius of the House of Mercury:

Zooωasar
Genius of the Prison of the Qliphoth:

Zamradiel
Recommended Text for Meditation:
Liber Cordis Cincti Serpente Sub Figura LXV, cap. 2
Liber Cordis Cincti Serpente
A.˙.A.˙. Publication in Class A. Imprimatur: N. Fra A.˙. A.˙.
II
1. I passed into the mountain of lapis-lazuli, even as a green hawk between the pillars of turquoise that is seated upon the throne of the East.
2. So came I to Duant, the starry abode, and I heard voices crying aloud.
3. O Thou that sittest upon the Earth! (so spake a certain Veiled One to me) thou art not greater than thy mother! Thou speck of dust infinitesimal!
Thou art the Lord of Glory, and the unclean dog.
4. Stooping down, dipping my wings, I came unto the darkly-splendid abodes. There in that formless abyss was I made a partaker of the Mysteries Averse.
5. I suffered the deadly embrace of the Snake and of the Goat; I paid the infernal homage to the shame of Khem.
6. Therein was this virtue, that the One became the all.
7. Moreover I beheld a vision of a river. There was a little boat thereon; and in it under purple sails was a golden woman, an image of Asi wrought in finest gold. Also the river was of blood, and the boat of shining steel. Then I loved her; and, loosing my girdle, cast myself into the stream.
8. I gathered myself into the little boat, and for many days and nights did I love her, burning beautiful incense before her.
9. Yea! I gave her of the flower of my youth.
10. But she stirred not; only by my kisses I defiled her so that she turned to blackness before me.
11. Yet I worshipped her, and gave her of the flower of my youth.
12. Also it came to pass, that thereby she sickened, and corrupted before me. Almost I cast myself into the stream.
13. Then at the end appointed her body was whiter than the milk of the stars, and her lips red and warm as the sunset, and her life of a white heat like the heat of the midmost sun.
14. Then rose she up from the abyss of Ages of Sleep, and her body embraced me. Altogether I melted into her beauty and was glad.
15. The river also became the river of Amrit, and the little boat was the chariot of the flesh, and the sails thereof the blood of the heart that beareth me, that beareth me.
16. O serpent woman of the stars! I, even I, have fashioned Thee from a pale image of fine gold.
17. Also the Holy One came upon me, and I beheld a white swan floating in the blue.
18. Between its wings I sate, and the æons fled away.
19. Then the swan flew and dived and soared, yet no whither we went.
20. A little crazy boy that rode with me spake unto the swan, and said:
21. Who art thou that dost float and fly and dive and soar in the inane? Behold, these many æons have passed; whence camest thou? Whither wilt thou go?
22. And laughing I chid him, saying: No whence! No whither!
23. The swan being silent, he answered: Then, if with no goal, why this eternal journey?
24. And I laid my head against the Head of the Swan, and laughed, saying: Is there not joy ineffable in this aimless winging? Is there not weariness and impatience for who would attain to some goal?
25. And the swan was ever silent. Ah! but we floated in the infinite Abyss. Joy! Joy!
White swan, bear thou ever me up between thy wings!
26. O silence! O rapture! O end of things visible and invisible! This is all mine, who am Not.
27. Radiant God! Let me fashion an image of gems and gold for Thee! that the people may cast it down and trample it to dust! That Thy glory may be seen of them.
28. Nor shall it be spoken in the markets that I am come who should come; but Thy coming shall be the one word.
29. Thou shalt manifest Thyself in the unmanifest; in the secret places men shall meet with thee, and Thou shalt overcome them.
30. I saw a pale sad boy that lay upon the marble in the sunlight, and wept. By his side was the forgotten lute. Ah! but he wept.
31. Then came an eagle from the abyss of glory and overshadowed him. So black was the shadow that he was no more visible.
32. But I heard the lute lively discoursing through the blue still air.
33. Ah! messenger of the beloved One, let Thy shadow be over me!
34. Thy name is Death, it may be, or Shame, or Love.
So thou bringest me tidings of the Beloved One, I shall not ask thy name.
35. Where is now the Master? cry the little crazy boys.
He is dead! He is shamed! He is wedded! and their mockery shall ring round the world.
36. But the Master shall have had his reward.
The laughter of the mockers shall be a ripple in the hair of the Beloved One.
37. Behold! the Abyss of the Great Deep. Therein is a mighty dolphin, lashing his sides with the force of the waves.
38. There is also an harper of gold, playing infinite tunes.
39. Then the dolphin delighted therein, and put off his body, and became a bird.
40. The harper also laid aside his harp, and played infinite tunes upon the Pan-pipe.
41. Then the bird desired exceedingly this bliss, and laying down its wings became a faun of the forest.
42. The harper also laid down his Pan-pipe, and with the human voice sang his infinite tunes.
43. Then the faun was enraptured, and followed far; at last the harper was silent, and the faun became Pan in the midst of the primal forest of Eternity.
44. Thou canst not charm the dolphin with silence, O my prophet!
45. Then the adept was rapt away in bliss, and the beyond of bliss, and exceeded the excess of excess.
46. Also his body shook and staggered with the burden of that bliss and that excess and that ultimate nameless.
47. They cried He is drunk or He is mad or He is in pain or He is about to die; and he heard them not.
48. O my Lord, my beloved! How shall I indite songs, when even the memory of the shadow of thy glory is a thing beyond all music of speech or of silence?
49. Behold! I am a man. Even a little child might not endure Thee. And lo!
50. I was alone in a great park, and by a certain hillock was a ring of deep enamelled grass wherein green-clad ones, most beautiful, played.
51. In their play I came even unto the land of Fairy Sleep.
All my thoughts were clad in green; most beautiful were they.
52. All night they danced and sang; but Thou art the morning, O my darling, my serpent that twinest Thee about this heart.
53. I am the heart, and Thou the serpent. Wind Thy coils closer about me, so that no light nor bliss may penetrate.
54. Crush out the blood of me, as a grape upon the tongue of a white Doric girl that languishes with her lover in the moonlight.
55. Then let the End awake. Long hast thou slept, O great God Terminus! Long ages hast thou waited at the end of the city and the roads thereof.
Awake Thou! wait no more!
56. Nay, Lord! but I am come to Thee. It is I that wait at last.
57. The prophet cried against the mountain; come thou hither, that I may speak with thee!
58. The mountain stirred not. Therefore went the prophet unto the mountain, and spake unto it. But the feet of the prophet were weary, and the mountain heard not his voice.
59. But I have called unto Thee, and I have journeyed unto Thee, and it availed me not.
60. I waited patiently, and Thou wast with me from the beginning.
61. This now I know, O my beloved, and we are stretched at our ease among the vines.
62. But these thy prophets; they must cry aloud and scourge themselves; they must cross trackless wastes and unfathomed oceans; to await Thee is the end, not the beginning.
63. Let darkness cover up the writing! Let the scribe depart among his ways.
64. But thou and I are stretched at our ease among the vines; what is he?
65. O Thou beloved One! is there not an end? Nay, but there is an end. Awake! arise! gird up thy limbs, O thou runner; bear thou the Word unto the mighty cities, yea, unto the mighty cities.
Love is the law, love under will.
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I can't sleep so i'm just going to answer all of these ✌
1. First time ever was with a girl. Horrible. First time with a guy was also horrible. My first time with a guy was worse though.
2. Yes
3. Yes, mainly vanilla guy/girl, girl/girl, and some guy/guy, gentle femdom when I can find it and occasionally hentai if I can manage to find one that isn't rapey.
4. Probably this 1970s Alice in Wonderland porno I watched with a few of my friends back in high school
5. Porn is an awesome group activity in the same way watching bad movies together is, so yes. Lots of times.
6. If it looks like the people involved are genuinely having a good time, I don't care
7. I don't have a favorite tbh
8. I have no idea, i've been doing it for as long as I can remember
9. A lot
10. It depends on my mood
11. Yes. Extremely overrated. Not a fan.
12. Multiple times but I prefer not to
13. Yes
14. Yes
15. I haven't really done it in any super weird places sooo I guess the weirdest if I had to pick would be the locker room at a six flags with my ex-girlfriend years ago
16. Like all of the sex I had between the ages of 26-29 🤢
17. Surprisingly not yet
18. I have a whole arsenal
19. Currently, my new Satisfyer Yummy Sunshine
20. Oh god, so many
21. Not yet. I'm open to it but the thought of it kind of skeeves me out because potential shit
22. No, but I would 100% try it if I had the opportunity
23. The coach from Mean Girls told me not to, but I did it anyway
24. Possibly maybe
25. Lots of times, a few of them regrettable
26. No thanks
27. First time on a pussy, amazing. First time on a dick, pretty awesome.
28. A little weird
29. Hell yes
30. Also hell yes
31. Solo, clitoral. With a partner, penetrative.
32. Yesss
33. Yes and I can't get off from it for whatever reason
34. Yes
35. No. Not into that at all.
36. Never actually tried it but I like the idea of it
37. Most definitely
38. Nope
39. Yes and they've all been insanely weird
40. Physically, no. Emotionally, yes. And no I don't regret it because the relationship(s) in question were abusive and close to ending anyway.
41. Not really
42. With a decent partner, too many to count. With myself, same.
43. Yesss
44. Yes and no, it was definitely not intentional -_-
45. Like a year I think? It wasn't a good year.
46. Last night and you can use your imagination ✌
47. I don't know if microtears count buuut my first time having sex with a dude I was so dry and the sex was so bad that I bled weird orangey blood, pissing felt like burning needles and I couldn't sit normally for like a week. It was gr8. Other than that I have some mental scars that will last a lifetime i'm sure.
48. Thankfully no
49. Thankfully also no because that is my absolute worst nightmare
50. Definitely night. Fuck morning sex, i'm nocturnal.
51. Hell no. If you wake me up and it's not a life or death "i've spontaneously combusted and freddy krueger is chasing me" emergency, i'll kick you out of bed.
52. Like every day
53. Does a random okcupid hookup count?
54. Simply being in a moving car is stressful enough for me, so no.
55. Nothing? 30 minutes minimum of foreplay or gtfo
56. Yes
57. I've never found any teacher of mine sexually attractive
58. Closed I guess?
59. No I have not and yes I absolutely want to but everyone who offers backs out every single time.
60. No, and again, yes I want to
61. I have not
62. It depends on who's doing it
63. Lots of times
64. No, but I wouldn't mind it
65. Dom, especially with men
66. Fuck no
67. Cowgirl, upright missionary (I don't know what it's actually called), and doggie
68. A makeshift dildo that I made with a sharpie wrapped in duct tape and covered with a condom. Probably not the safest thing i've done
69. I don't have a dick but i've gotten turned on in a lot of awkward situations/places
70. Once or twice
71. It depends
72. Again, no dick. But i've had plenty of times where I wasn't turned on
73. Yes and yes, a lot
74. Not sure
75. Yes, but I waited until I got home
76. Two, usually
77. Loud but I can be relatively quiet if I need to be
78. I like it to start gentle and work up to rough
79. Top
80. I haven't gotten off from it but I do love dry humping
81. Yes, and usually both at the same time
82. Generally I like my metal or industrial playlists
83. Yes, a few times. It was a little awkward but I was into it
84. Yes
85. Spanked
86. Uh, both?
87. Neither. I've been cheated on and still have massive trust issues from it 12 years later
88. Crush. Who the fuck wants to be caught by their parents??
89. Obvious orgasm. There's no shame in that
90. Pffff that's been like...the majority of my sexual encounters unfortunately.
91. I'm super open about sex, so none
92. I would try out a tenga egg for sure
93. Preferably like 4-5. I've fucked on the first or second date and it's always weird and awkward and feels rushed
94. Actually enjoying all aspects of sex, not just the "stick dick in hole" aspect, making sure their partner is well taken care of, respecting boundaries with no questions asked, and in general treating sex as a something you do together with someone, not something that you do to someone
95. I usually just get compliments on my tits
96. Depends on what type
97. Time kind of ceases to exist when i'm having a good orgasm so I have no idea
98. Probably my neck, collarbones and nipples
99. Choking, deepthroating, or anything else that restricts breathing, scat play, food play, road head or anything involving a moving car, and dd/lg
100. Thank you for reading if you made it this far 😂💜
100 Sex Questions
1. What was your first time having sex like?
2. Are you into BDSM?
3. Do you watch porn, and if so what kind?
4. What’s the weirdest porn you’ve watched?
5. Have you ever watched porn with another person?
6. Do you prefer professional or amateur porn?
7. Add a link to your favorite porn video.
8. What was your first experience with masturbation like?
9. How often do you masturbate?
10. What’s your favorite way to masturbate?
11. Have you ever had shower sex?
12. Have you ever had period sex?
13. Have you ever had sex in someone else’s bed that didn’t belong to anyone involved? (Not including shared spaces like hotels, Airbnb, etc.)
14. Have you ever had sex in a public place?
15. What’s the weirdest place you’ve had sex?
16. What’s your most embarrassing sex story?
17. Have you ever been caught masturbating or having sex?
18. Do you have any sex toys?
19. What is your favorite sex toy?
20. Are there any sex toys that you really want to try?
21. Have you ever tried anal, and if so do you enjoy it?
22. Have you ever used a sex swing?
23. Have you ever had sex standing up?
24. Have you ever recorded yourself having sex or masturbating?
25. Have you ever taken a nude and sent it to someone?
26. Write out a real or made up sexting conversation. (At least 4 lines)
27. What was your first time giving oral like?
28. What was your first time receiving oral like?
29. Do you like giving oral?
30. Do you like receiving oral?
31. Do you prefer clitoral stimulation, penetration, or both?
32. Do you enjoy penetration?
33. Have you ever masturbated in front of another person?
34. Have you ever masturbated with another person?
35. Have you ever masturbated in a public place?
36. Do you enjoy voyeurism? (Being watched or watching other people)
37. Does cross-dressing turn you on?
38. Do you have any kinks that you’re embarrassed about?
39. Have you ever had a sex dream or wet dream? If so, pick one and describe in detail what it was about.
40. Have you ever cheated? If so, do you regret it?
41. Are you into cuckolding?
42. How many orgasms do you typically have in one session?
43. Do you enjoy edging?
44. Have you ever had a ruined orgasm? Was it intentional?
45. What’s the longest you’ve gone without an orgasm?
46. When was the last time you masturbated? Describe what you did in detail.
47. Have you ever gotten injured during sex? If so, what happened?
48. Have you ever contracted any STIs?
49. Have you ever had unprotected sex and accidentally gotten pregnant?
50. Do you prefer to have sex in the morning, afternoon, or night?
51. Have you ever woken up in the middle of the night to have sex or masturbate?
52. How often do you wake up horny?
53. Have you ever had sex with a complete stranger without knowing anything about them?
54. Have you ever done anything sexual while driving?
55. What is your favorite thing about quickies?
56. Have you ever had a sex dream about someone unexpected and freaked out about it? If so, who was it?
57. Have you ever fantasized about having sex with one of your teachers?
58. Do you usually have sex with your eyes open or closed?
59. Have you ever had a threesome? Do you want to?
60. Have you ever had group sex? Do you want to?
61. Have you ever masturbated with a group of people?
62. Do you enjoy dirty talk? If so, give an example of something you would say or would want to hear.
63. Have you ever given a blow job to someone who was wearing a toy?
64. Have you ever had someone give you a blow job while wearing a toy?
65. If you had to choose, would you rather be a dom or a sub?
66. Have you ever done anything sexual with an animal?
67. What is your favorite sex position(s)?
68. What is the weirdest object you’ve masturbated with/humped?
69. What’s the worst place you’ve ever gotten an erection? (Bonus: What’s your most embarrassing story of getting an erection?)
70. Have you ever been so wet that you soaked through your clothes?
71. Do you get really wet, an average amount, or not wet enough?
72. Have you ever had trouble getting it up?
73. Have you ever squirted or made someone squirt?
74. What’s the naughtiest fantasy you’ve ever had about a stranger?
75. Have you ever been so horny in an inappropriate place that you’ve had to excuse yourself?
76. How many fingers do you prefer inside you?
77. Are you loud or quiet?
78. Do you like it rough or gentle?
79. Do you enjoy being on top or bottom?
80. Have you ever dry humped someone while being fully clothed until you had an orgasm?
81. Have you ever had sex while drunk or high?
82. Do you have a specific playlist for sex?
83. Have you ever role played? If so, tell the story.
84. Have you ever kept going even when you were too sensitive?
85. Would you rather have your hair pulled or be spanked during sex?
86. Would you rather be handcuffed or blindfolded?
87. Would you rather cheat or be cheated on?
88. Would you rather get caught masturbating by your parent/guardian or your crush?
89. Would you rather have an obvious orgasm every time you meet someone new or never have an orgasm again?
90. Have you ever had sex with someone who couldn’t satisfy you?
91. What’s something you’ve always wanted to ask about sex but was too afraid to ask?
92. Describe what you would do sexually if you had different genitals for a day.
93. How many dates do you typically need to go on until you feel ready to have sex with someone?
94. In your opinion, what makes someone good in bed?
95. What’s the most flattering thing someone has said about your naked body?
96. Do genital piercings turn you on?
97. How long was the longest orgasm you’ve ever had?
98. What’s the most sensitive part of your body?
99. Is there anything you won’t do in bed?
100. Ask any question you want!
Reblog if you’re brave enough 😈
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Labyrinth of Virtue
“Does this elegance serve a purpose beyond itself?[1] Beauty cannot be its sole purpose. [2] Every form has its practical purpose.”[3]
“No one knows for sure, although we may safely attribute these structures to inheritance. [4] She had given the simple explanation that she "did not believe in the institution of private inheritance.[5] Gone is the incentive to pass on property in the form of an inheritance to offspring of marriage—the purpose for which the male dominated institution of monogamy was ultimately created, and without which there is no more reason for the continuation of [6] an internal heritage. It’s my heritage.[7] But it shall be an external heritage, not an internal one.[8] A more democratic and egalitarian form of legitimacy. [9] Therefore my inheritance will be shared with any who are worthy."
“Utilizing the concept of earthly fame in order to honour a specific figure or family. [10] I guess the most amazing philanthropists are people who are actually making a significant sacrifice. [11] But for what purpose?[12]”
“Its purpose is not to create a false belief but to undermine established beliefs and convictions.[13] Its driving and motivating force, its determining purpose, is therefore exchange value.[14] Though inheritance used to be the most widely criticized source of inequality, it is today probably no longer so. [15] On that day she proclaimed:”What is the devil’s treasure? [16] You may ask: What have I done to deserve such a gift? [17] I do not deserve it. [18] I do believe that we make the future sustainable when we invest in the poor, not when we insist on their suffering. [19] Compassion is the greatest virtue.[20] But not just anyone will be granted my patronage. Boldness and tenacity attain the most difficult goals.[21] There is no problem so difficult that study and persistence cannot overcome it. [22] By effort man's ingenuity learned to conquer all. [23] The different degrees of hardship endured, and of ingenuity exercised, must be taken into account. [24] Both equally deserve applause if successful.[25]” After that she became ethereal and vanished, reappearing only to men of great virtue. [26]”
“What do you think the inside is like?”
“The overseer sleeps near the main entrance, the labourers in the places that are close to their duties. [27]“
“You’ve been inside?” [28]
“Yes. First I entered a singular corridor. There was no one in the corridor.[29] Shortly, The corridor took a turn and became dark.[30] Sometimes I heard the sound of passing cars, but they were always in the next corridor, and however fast I rushed the corridors were always empty. [31] You see, there are two types of skin, the inner and the outer.[32] The outer skin is a labyrinth. The labyrinth raises its walls, digs its tunnels, lays down its corridors.[33] It is monodromic and unicursal, universal, and does not turn back on itself. [34] If the unicursal labyrinth were to be “unrolled,” we would find we had a single thread in our hands—the thread of Ariadne which the legend presents as the means of extricating oneself from the labyrinth, whereas in fact all it is is the labyrinth itself. [35] A terrestrial labyrinth, it is also a spiritual labyrinth. [36] It serves as an architecture metaphor for serene self meditation: the primal intersection of sky, earth, water, and human limitation. [37] The Labyrinth cannot be dominated.[38]
After making it through the labyrinth I reached a dining hall of all things. Into this Hall I entered through a handsome Vestibule, fronting to the South, from which I passed into another smaller Vestibule or Lobby, and so into the great Hall. [39] The Dining Hall was turned towards the East, to the end, I assume, that being covered from the great force the Sun hath when it is near Setting, it may be cooler about the time it is to be made use of. [40] It is difficult to imagine a more picturesque spot.[41] On the pavement of the dining hall is a labyrinth, indicated by the arrangement of black and white stones which compose it. [42] It is said to be a league, measured along all its folds; a countryman applied to me to know if this was true.[43] Sadly i had not measured it.
From the dining hall several corridors led further in, unfolding into more Labyrinths. In short, both exterior and interior are interior to the stratum.[44]”
“Are they differentiated only by their function or use?”[45]
“I’m not sure, I investigated further but soon found myself trapped in a great labyrinth where I had to ponder how far [46] I could go on. How was I to find my bearings in that black labyrinth? [47] I tried learning the proper pathway through the labyrinth to some food supply,[48] back to the dining hall, but I lost my way by the twists and turns of the labyrinth.[49] I do not know how long I wandered but when I woke up I was back outside the entrance and no pleading would persuade them to let me back in.
As for what’s further inside, at the end of the labyrinth or labyrinths, there are rumors. There is, too, a very general rumor, which many have verified by their own experience, or which trustworthy persons who have heard the experience of others corroborate, that [50] at a small square there is a fountain centered in a plot of lawn.[51] the plants are green and have probably never felt drought. [52] They say the water shines like the light of a thunderbolt and, if you put in it a salted fish, the fish would return to life and dart off, a sign that this is the fountain of eternal youth.[53] Though doubtful, one thing however is for sure, one can always drink from the fountain of youth, plentiful and irreversible, its level never goes down. [54]
Although, the biggest mystery, the one most speculated about, still remains unsolved. What is at the center of the labyrinth? As soon as it was built the Mystery began. [55] No matter how many tried, they did not penetrate.[56] The labyrinth will always evade full apprehension, will always hold in its depths inexhaustible mystery.[57] Down there infinity has a tendency to fill the mind with that sort of delightful horror, which is the most genuine effect and truest test of the sublime.[58] In some circles, the maze is rumored to be the sum of a man’s life. At its center lies a man who has been killed over and over—only to come back to life. To keep out his oppressors, he built the maze.[59]”
“Thank you.”
“I neither want any thanks, nor merit any.”[60]
[1] Schumacher, The Autopoiesis of Architecture Vol 2
[2],[3] Frankl, The Gothic
[4] Darwin, On the Origin of Species
[5],[20],[56] Rand, The Fountainhead
[6] Teige, The Minimum Dwelling
[7],[8],[12],[28],[31],[48],[51],[52] Asimov, Complete Robot Anthology
[9] Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man
[10] Whitehead, Castles of the Mind
[11],[19] Bill Gates
[13],[35] Eco, From the Tree to the Labyrinth
[14] Marx, Capital Volume One
[15] Hayek, The Constitution of Liberty
[16],[29],[30],[47] Hugo, Les Miserables
[17] Borges, Collected Fictions
[18] Austen, Pride And Prejudice
[21],[25] Harrison Wood Gaiger, Art in Theory 1648 1815
[22] Lovejoy Boas, Primitivism and Related Ideas in Antiquity
[23] Holt, Literary Sources of Art History
[24] Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations
[26] Barber, A Companion To World Mythology
[27] Williams, Daniele Barbaros Vitruvius of 1567
[32] Alberti, On the Art of Building in Ten Books 1988
[33],[49],[54] Serres, The Five Senses
[34] Serres, The Birth of Physics
[36] Eco, The Name of the Rose
[37] Mallgrave, Modern Architectural Theory
[38] Hays, Architecture Theory since 1968
[39] Alberti, 10 books of architecture 1755
[40] Perrault, An Abridgment of the Architecture of Vitruvius 1692
[41] Humboldt, Equinoctial Regions of America
[42],[43] Woods, Letters of an Architect from France Italy and Greece 1
[44] Deleuze Guattari, A Thousand Plateaus
[45] Deleuze, Expressionism in Philosophy
[46],[58] Mallgrave, Architectural Theory
[50] Augustine, The City of God
[53] Eco, Baudolino
[55] Hugo, Notre Dame de Paris
[57] Braidotti Hlavajova, Posthuman Glossary
[59] Westworld
[60] Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities
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Russia Signs Contract to Build a Monster Nuclear Icebreaker the Size of a Supercarrier
Twice the size and power of the currently largest and most powerful atomic icebreaker (also Russia's)
— Xavier Vavasseur | June 10, 2020 | Tass | Enti-Empire.Com


Rosatom Press Release:
On April 23, Rosatom subsidiary FSUE Atomflot and shipbuilder Zvezda LLC remotely signed a contract on the construction of the nuclear icebreaker Leader (project 10510); the parties were respectively located in Murmansk and Vladivostok.
The document was signed by FSUE Atomflot general director Mustafa Kashka and Zvezda LLC general director Sergey Tseluyko. Zvezda shipbuilding complex is the sole contractor for this Rosatom-commissioned project. As per the terms of the contract, the vessel is expected to be commissioned in 2027.
The nuclear icebreaker, Leader, will be built in accordance with technical specifications delineated by the central design bureau Iceberg and will be equipped with RITM-400 nuclear reactors developed by Rosatom subsidiary, JSC Afrikantov OKBM.
Main characteristics of project 10510’s nuclear icebreaker:
Power capacity: 120 MW (on propeller shafts);
Maximal speed: 22 knots (in clear water);
Length: 209 metres; – Width: 47.7 metres;
Maximal ice penetration: 4 metres;
Displacement: about 69,700 tonnes.
Main power equipment of project 10510:
A nuclear power system equipped with two RITM-400 reactors;
A steam turbine unit equipped with four turbo-generators, each with a power capacity of 37 MW;
An electric propulsion system equipped with four propeller motors, each with a power capacity of 30 MW.
Rosatomflot operates the world’s only nuclear icebreaker fleet. The Zvezda shipbuilding complex is based in the city of Bolshoi Kamen of Russia’s Primorsky Territory and is overseen by Rosneft.

At 70,000 tons its displacement will be equal to that of a Forrestal-class supercarrier
Naval News Comment:
According to Russian media, the Leader will be able to break through ice with maximum thickness of 4.3 meters and lead cargo vessels at a speed of 11 knots in two-meter thick ice thus ensuring efficient navigation along the Northern Sea Route. Thanks to the vessel, Russia will be able to turn the sea route into a permanently operating waterway as it would provide year-round support to vessels on schedule regardless of weather conditions and ice situation. The icebreaker will be crucial for transporting oil from Yamal deposits to Asian and Pacific Ocean countries.
The new icebreaker will have a capacity of 120MW and will be the only vessel in the world to operate all year round along the Northern Sea Route in over 4-meter thick ice. At present the most powerful icebreaker is the LK-60 (60MW) of project 22220. The lead nuclear icebreaker of project 22220, “Arktika” started sea trials in December 2019.
— Source: Naval News
TASS Report:
The icebreaker has to become operational in 2027 when the economic crisis is likely to end and the competition of the global players for Polar resources and the shortest Northern Sea Route from the Pacific to the Atlantic would resume.
Historically, Russia enjoys a priority in the Arctic development, but other countries may ignore it if there is nothing to back the claim. The Russian Defense Ministry copes with the task and is rebuilding military infrastructure in the Arctic. Another argument is a powerful icebreaker fleet to ensure full-scale activities in the Arctic in conditions of global warming.

An unequalled group of icebreakers has ensured Russian economic interests in Arctic latitudes until recently. The United States and China announced the construction of icebreakers and ice-class vessels, including warships for Arctic operations.
Iceberg Design Bureau produced the project of a new Russian nuclear icebreaker. It will be powered by RITM-400 reactor created by OKBM Africantov bureau in Nizhny Novgorod. It is a leading enterprise of Rosatom nuclear corporation.
Project 10510 icebreaker will lead big-displacement vessels with a deadweight of over 100000 tons and a width of over 50 meters along the Northern Sea Route year-round. The propulsion is provided by four four-blade fixed-pitch propellers. The Leader can break 4.3-meter thick ice at the minimal stable speed of 1.5-2 knots. The speed in 2-meter thick ice is 12 knots. The food stocks allow the icebreaker to sail for eight months. The crew comprises 127 men. The life cycle is 40 years, the displacement is close to 71380 tons.
The Leader is the first icebreaker in the world capable of operating in the Northern Sea Route year-round. Rosatom plans to build three icebreakers by 2033. The Industry and Trade Ministry estimated the first Leader to cost 127.5 billion rubles. [Under $2 billion at the current exchange rate.] The construction of two other icebreakers is to be jointly financed by the federal budget and Rosatom. Concession is another option, as all Arctic developers, including private enterprise, are interested in the protection of their Arctic interests, expert Vasily Dandykin said.
The Leader is to be the most powerful vessel of the class in the world. Besides, three icebreakers of project 22220 are being built in St. Petersburg and the lead one is undergoing trials. They belong to the third generation. The fourth-generation Leader does not fear 4-meter thick ice along the whole Northern Sea Route which will be in demand after the crisis. It is the shortest and cheapest way from Asia to Europe.
“It is clear that the Leader and other icebreakers will lead not only tankers and container carriers along the Northern Sea Route. The year-round navigation gives the Defense Ministry an opportunity to redeploy forces from the west to the east and back in a period of threat. It is important on the background of growing military ambitions of the United States and NATO. The Leader icebreaker is thus a major argument for Arctic claims,” Dandykin said.
Much depends on the shipbuilding industry which lost a lot after the Soviet collapse and is experiencing hard times. However, the revival trend has shaped out. The Arktika icebreaker has to begin operations shortly followed by the Sibir and the Ural icebreakers which have been floated. The Yamal and the 50 Years of Victory icebreakers operate in Arctic latitudes. The Ilya Muromets diesel-electric icebreaker of project 21180 and the Ivan Papanin ice-class escort ship of project 23550 were built for the Navy.
The construction of the Leader icebreaker by Zvezda Shipyard means the enterprise is capable of building supertankers and aircraft carriers, the Zvezda said.
— Source: TASS
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Youngsters Log On To Matrimonial Sites
Survey finds that most of Kannadigas youngsters log on to matrimonial sites and manage their own profiles online. A report by KannadaMatrimony.com says young Kannadigas are now taking decisions related to their marriages into their own hands. Unlike a few years ago, when profiles on matrimony websites were made and managed by family members, youngsters are now registering themselves on these sites and managing it themselves. As per the report, 70 percent of the total profiles were created by the individuals themselves; out of which, 55 percent (in the age-group of 23 to 27) were female and 45 percent (in the age-group of 26 to 30) were male. Why this cultural change? With better decision-making ability and greater access to technology, the decision of marriage has moved from parents to the younger lot themselves on online matrimony sites. “Internet penetration and the mobile boom has led to better access and online control among the younger generation. They also have a better understanding of the behavioral eco-system than the older generation,” says Saichithra Swaminathan, chief portal and mobile officer, Matrimony.com Young Kannadigas are not just looking at traditional aspects of match-making, like horoscope compatibility, equations between the families and professionals, but also other aspects like hobby and lifestyle choices of their prospective partners. Matrimony sites in the age of dating apps “There is a clear demarcation in the way both function, as well as the intent. Dating apps are preferred by a younger age group who are in an exploratory phase. In matrimony sites, the users come with a clear and serious intent of marriage, a long-term relationship with a pre-defined time limit for the search. I don’t think both these platforms overlap so much,” Saichitra points out. Saurabh Goswami, Founder, Ultra Rich Match, a matrimonial platform for the elite, points out that the trend is similar even among the very affluent. “The rich are now more open and flexible in marrying someone outside their community. Also, educational qualification of both the bride and groom are of great interest to the families now,” he says. “People between the ages of 22 to 60 have registered online on our platform. There has been an increase in the number of users above 50 years, who are looking for a life companion. By this age, they are well-settled and healthy but perhaps have lost their partner and that has created a vacuum,” he adds. Offline matrimony: Personalised match-making Mishi Sood, the co-founder of MatchMe, an offline, matrimonial platform, says that youngsters are searching for partners themselves offline also and are open to people from different communities. “This generation is well-traveled and educated. They meet new people and experience new cultures when they go out of the country for higher studies, jobs or trips. This helps them keep an open mind and be comfortable with different types of people,” she observes. For an offline portal, the average age of a user is 30 and onwards. “It is the age when the thought of settling down creeps in and they start looking for personalized match-makers. We have inquiry coming in for overseas partners too; South Africa, London, Singapore, Canada, and the US are preferred countries,” says Mishi. A noticeable trend in the offline space is that of women in their 40s and men in their 50s coming forward for their own marriage. “This is the age group which is not comfortable about hunting for life partners online,” she says. Unlike online platforms, the demand here is more for chartered accountants, lawyers and people from a similar industry. Wallet factorMatchMe - Rs 50,000 Ultra Rich Match - Rs 29,500 (for standard package)Matrimony.com - Rs 49,000 for 3 months (basic package)
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1-100 SIR
1. I don’t think looks are that important in a relationship, but there obviously must be SOME attraction to your partner
2. They can be!
3. Nope
4. Nope, I’m single
5. Nope!
6. Yup! And I’m TIRED
7. I believe so. I’ve never tried to commit to multiple people at once
8. ?
9. Just someone who is a genuinely kind person who I can get along with pretty well
10. NOPE IT HAS NOT HAPPENED TO ME YET
11. Honestly... no
12. Yes because I’m stupid but it also depends what it is...
13. yes
14. ?
15. I have two! I want another one but on my tongue
16. Noooo I’m too scared
17. Being a GAY man, no, I do not like kissing in public. I feel so uncomfortable
18. Nope! I do not shower everyday. But when I start working in a nursing home, I will. Idc if that sounds dirty either I don’t have TIME BRO
19. ?
20. Nope!
21. Yes. I was in a relationship for YEARS and didn’t cheat once. I would never
22. No, but I think I’ll be in a committed LTR
23. This year is ending... but yeah, if it happens 🤷🏽♂️
24. Yes, but not in a relationship type of way
25. Nope!
26. Not that I know of. And I thank god for that.
27. NO
28. No, I haven’t (thankfully)
29. Yes. All the time!
30. Yes. My last boyfriend who was completely trash and really ruined me for a long time omfg
31. A boy* (at the time obvs)
32. No! Pussy 🤮
33. Yes. Everyone I’ve ever been with has been older than me
34. Yes!
35. Like a guy? I wouldn’t say they HATE him, they just are annoyed/frustrated with him... so yes
36. Honestly... no
37. Yes! Straight men! :(
38. Never for someone... but about someone, I have
39. No bitch
40. Ummmm.... I don’t know?
41. My longest relationship with a guy? Two and a half years. With a girl? Four years
42. I have had 3 girlfriends... and REAL boyfriends I’ve had two.
43. Bitch?? I don’t remember??
44. I believe I had sex with my ex last year or the year before I can’t remember...
45. 18
46. I would be like “I could’ve told you that one” TBH
47. N/A
48. Honestly yes FUCK
49. Yesss
50. Not recently in the past two months maybe, but I have. Because I realize that I was wasting my time and a part of me still feels that way abt the situation so that’s WHY
51. No?
52. Like a partner? Yes.
53. Well I’m just going to talk about this guy I dated for two years. This was towards the end of our relationship and we were off and on mind you. So anyways. We were going to start dating *again* this one day and then I was hesitant as I usually was so then we were talking about it the next day and he ask me if he could date someone else.... bitch I was so hurt omgg
54. 1) I’m 6’1. 2) I’m fat. 3.) I have a bunch of small birth marks in the most random places. 3.) my eyes are brown. 4.) my hair is brown. 5.) I’m hairy? 6.) I have an innie. 7.) my thighs are fat as fuck. 8.) I’m light skin.
55. Lemme suck ya dick again 😭 kidding. I wouldn’t say anything because at this point in my life, I don’t care about them anymore!
56. I’m not really sure but I think just reassuring me that you want me will do it
57. Bitch I am not posting no picture
58. Two... so sad, I know. I really want an older man who has like 10+ years on me but I’m ugly so that won’t happen smh
59. What they’re wearing or their nose. Not in a bad way but I usually have to look DOWN when I’m talking to someone so
60. Girl...
61. This is hard because I’ve only ever have had penetrative sex. But I think sex can really be anything you and your s/o make it.
62. In my opinion cheating is sexting, flirting (aggressively), preforming sexual acts, etc.
63. We’re laying there... just rubbing and feeling on one another. Idk bitch. Just taking our time?? IDFK
64. Hmm I don’t know tbh
65. I don’t really have a perfect date idea in my head. I think a REALLY GOOD date would just be watching a movie and cuddling but idk??
66. Gay
67. I hate when dudes are too into themselves... like that is my biggest turn off ever
68. I love when dudes are shy. For some reason that’s a turn on to me LMFAO but also I like when they look well AND CAN CARRY A CONVERSATION. Oh and when they smell good too 🧐
69. My kinkest dream was years ago. My mom had dropped me off in a forest by her job and I was surrounded by like 20 men and I was tied up to a tree and I just blew them... but it was hot 😭
70. To be honest.... “baby” does it for me
71. I think it would be sweet if someone got me food and we cuddled and watch one of my favorite movies
72. The most superficial characteristic that I look for in a man is probably their height LMFAO
73. This isn’t the sweetest thing that anyone has ever done for me but I’ll never forget it. My crush in middle school got my milk for me... like bro I will never forget that shit. It made my heart SO happy
74. I don’t know actually.
75. I think age differences are good. I want a MAN.
76. It wouldn’t be a secret anymore if I told you 😜
77. A couple of days ago. Over something stupid but I was just like “oh word??” And then I stopped thinking about it
78. Like an hour ago
79. What kind of question is this? Bitch I can’t choose!
80. The last person I hugged was probably my best friend
81. A girl
82. Because it just ran it’s course and they were really abusive emotionally/mentally.
83. Yes...?? As in across the states kinda thing? No.
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The world of social media is dynamic and constantly changing. We have gathered all of the of the freshest numbers for 2019 to make sure you are up to date on the trends that will drive social media marketing in the coming year.
There are 3.48 billion social media users in 2019, with the worldwide total growing by 288 million (9 percent) since this time last year.
Social Media Marketing Statistics in General
Social media just keeps growing and growing. At the end of 2018, Facebook had 2.32 billion monthly active users. And most of the other social networking platforms and apps also continued to grow past 2018 levels.
1. Online adults aged 18-34 are most likely follow a brand via social networking (95%). (Source: MarketingSherpa) Think about your audience and see where they are most likely to follow your brand.
1. 71% of consumers who have had a good social media service experience with a brand are likely to recommend it to others. (Source: Ambassador) Use social media as an effective customer service tool to increase brand engagement and win new customers.
2. 63% of customers actually expect companies to offer customer service via their social media channels, and 90% of social media users have already used social media as a way to communicate with a brand or business. (Source: Smart Insights). Don’t neglect social media as a crucial customer care channel.
3. 80% of companies online are under the impression that they deliver exceptional social media customer service, while only 8% of their customers say that they agree. (Source: Smart Insights) Strive to be one of the companies that does social media customer care right.
4. The active number of global mobile social media users is 3.3 billion global equaling 42% penetration (Source: Statista). Nearly 1 million people used mobile social media for the first time each day in 2018 (Source: We Are Social). Make sure to optimize your mobile social media campaigns and since mobile ads are relatively cheap and easy to produce, test multiple versions to see what works the best. Users spend on average 69% of their media time on smartphones (Source: comScore).
5. 96% of the people that discuss brands online do not follow those brands’ owned profiles. (Source: Brandwatch) Companies need to go beyond their own channels and monitor those unbranded conversations to gain valuable insights and manage brand health. Radium One estimates that 84% of sharing of content is happening outside of social networks, on channels like email, instant messenger and SMS (Source: RadiumOne)
6. Visual content is more than 40 times more likely to get shared on social media than other types of content. (Source: HubSpot) Flying Point Digital has a great post on how to create an innovative content strategy on social media.
Facebook statistics
6. In 2015 Facebook influenced 52 per cent of consumers’ online and offline purchases, up from 36 per cent in 2014. (Source: The Drum) This shows the importance for retailers to manage their social media channels which will have a direct impact on purchase behaviour.
7. There are now more than 50 million small businesses using Facebook Pages to connect with their customers (Source: Facebook). 4 million of those businesses pay for social media advertising on Facebook. (Source: Forbes) The social media advertising statistics show that small-sized companies should consider paying for Facebook ads in order to gain visibility and surpass competitors relatively easily.
8. There were over 4.4 million videos uploaded directly to Facebook in February 2016, generating over 199 billion views. (Source: ReelSEO) Video marketing is a powerful tool that personalizes your brand and increases conversions. 68% of marketers have published video content on Facebook, and 70% of marketers plan to use Facebook Video this year (wyzowl.com). 34% of marketers have used Facebook Live and 37% plan to use Facebook Live.
9. Only 20% of Facebook posts generate an emotional response while no ads did. (Source: AdEspresso) Instead of using Facebook as an emotional medium, delivering dynamic and tailored messaging to people in specific stages of at key times can yield much better results.
10. The best time to post on Facebook is 3:00 p.m. on Wednesday. Other optimal times include 12:00–1:00 p.m. on Saturdays and Sundays and 1:00–4:00 p.m. on Thursdays and Fridays. (Source: HubSpot) Try using tools like Buffer or Timely to auto schedule your posts.
Twitter statistics
11. Link clicks account for 92% of all user interaction with tweets. (Source: HubSpot) Link clicks are the your easiest and strongest chance of gaining views and shares for your content.
12. 78% of people who complain to a brand via Twitter expect a response within an hour. (Source: Lithium) Customers are turning to social media outlets to unleash their frustration or questions. Make sure you are actively engaged on your social networks.
13. There is a total of 1.3 billion accounts, but 336 million are active. (Source: Business Insider) According to Content Marketing Institute, as Twitter’s sign-up growth has slowed down, it will boost its stock price by making ads more prominent, so be ready to start paying for visibility.
Twitter has a serious competitor now. Reddit is fighting to become the same number 3 number 3 social networking site in the Top 10 Social Networking Sites by Market Share of Visits. But for now, Twitter has found new growth and reached all-time highs. The growth also shows on Twitter’s stock price that’s moving steadily up during the last year or so.
14. Latest study by Locowise found that adding hashtags had no effect on engagement rates. In fact, tweets without hashtags outperformed tweets with hashtags. (Source: Adweek) Therefore, it is better to focus on the quality of your original content instead of overly relying on hashtags for increasing engagement.
Instagram statistics
15. Top brands on Instagram are seeing a per-follower engagement rate of 4.21% which is 58 times higher than on Facebook and 120 times higher than on Twitter (Source: Hootsuite) Instagram has become a powerful platform for marketers and its potential cannot be overlooked any longer.
16. Media brands are the most active whereas business services, financial services, and fast moving consumer goods have the lowest percentage of brands represented on Instagram. (Source: Simply Measured) Also, the increase in business activity on Instagram the brand posting frequency is becoming more normalized and standardized to highlight the increase in a more measurable approach. 41% of marketers have used Instagram video and 44% plan to use Instagram video (wyzowl.com).
17. 90% of Instagram users are younger than 35 (Source: ScienceDaily) Instagram has become the social media network for targeting millennials. 32% of teenagers consider Instagram to be the most important social network. Female internet users are more likely to use Instagram than men, at 38% vs. 26%.
18. Products were the top content types for the top 200 global brands in terms of engagement, at 60% in 2015 beating lifestyle category by over 20%. (Source: Hootsuite) This is great news for marketers since people who follow brands on Instagram are aware and accept the fact that they’re going to see offers of products, services, and general marketing messages.
19. Posts tagged with another user (56%) or location (79%) have significantly higher engagement rates (Source: Simply Measured) So don’t forget to add ‘with whom’ and ‘where’ to your Instagram posts.
Youtube statistics
YouTube is the main channel for moving pictures. Even YouTube on mobile alone, reaches more 18-34 and 18-49 year-olds than any cable network in the U.S.
20. There are 1.8 billion logged-in Youtube monthly active users visiting the website at least once a month. “Logged-in” part is important as there may be a lot of people coming to YouTube who aren’t using Google Accounts to do so. (Source: Youtube official blog)
21. In 2015 YouTube posted the figure of 40 billion all-time views for branded content. (Source: ReelSEO) That means video marketing has gone from nice-to-have to must-have, one that will set the pace for the foreseeable future. 87% of marketers say they plan to use Youtube this year (wyzowl.com).
Bonus 22. More than half of YouTube views come from mobile devices, and the average mobile viewing session lasts more than 40 minutes. (Source: YouTube) As mobile captures consumers’ full attention, at home or on the go, brands now have the opportunity to reach people anywhere. Combined people spend over an hour on Youtube every day.
Bonus 23: 2018 was a breakout year for LinkedIn video. The number of marketers sharing video content on LinkedIn is around 55% right now – this is set to rise to 65% in 2021
https://www.dreamgrow.com/21-social-media-marketing-statistics/
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Muslim Men Making History In Germany This Year
The true scale of Germany's honor crime problem is currently being swept under the rug. Empirical evidence indicates that honor violence, primarily the product of Muslim culture and Islamic law has metastasized since Angela Merkel allowed in some two million migrants from Africa, Asia and the Middle East.
The typical response is to deny the link but what else could explain these findings: In the Max Planck Institute landmark study on honor killings in Germany, the study analyzed all crimes between 1996 and 2005 and found that there were two honor killings in 1998 and 12 in 2004. By 2016, however, the number had jumped to more than 60, an increase of 400%. Coincidence? Or are we just too afraid to tell the truth?
With the increased mass censorship by the police and the media, aimed at stemming anti-immigration sentiments makes it impossible to know the names and national origins of many victims or perpetrators or how many more Islamic honor murders are being downplayed as "domestic disputes." 2017 is nevertheless on track to be a record year for honor violence in Germany; in the first five months of this year alone, there have been at least 30 honor killings.
The trial of a Kurdish man who tied one of his three wives to the back of a car and dragged her through the streets of a town in Lower Saxony has drawn attention to an outbreak of Muslim honor violence in Germany. Honor violence, ranging from emotional abuse to physical and sexual violence to murder, is usually carried out by male family members against female family members who are perceived to have brought shame upon the family or religion. “Offenses” include refusing to agree to an arranged marriage, entering into a relationship with a non-Muslim, refusing to stay in an abusive marriage or living a Western lifestyle.
On May 22, a court in Hanover heard how a 39-year-old Turkish-born Kurd named Nurettin B. attempted to murder his second wife after she asked him to provide financial support for their two-year-old son. The State Prosecutor reconstructed Nurettin's actions: Nurettin had a knife, an ax and a rope in the trunk of his car. Sitting on the back seat of the car was their two-year-old son, who had spent the weekend with him. On the street, the former couple got into an argument and he begins hitting her. Then he takes the knife and plunges it into her chest. The 12.4 centimeter long blade penetrates the pericardium and heart muscle. A second stab opens the left abdominal cavity. He then pulls out the ax. With the blunt side he hits her head and upper body, cracking her skull. Then he grabs the rope. On one end he ties a gibbet knot around her neck, then he ties the other end to the trailer hitch on the back of his black VW Passat. He then steps on the gas. He races through the streets at 80 km/h (50 mph). After 208 meters (680 feet) the rope breaks. She is hurled against the curb. The child is still sitting in the back seat."
On May 9, a 35-year-old Turkish man shot his wife in both knees, permanently laming her, in the hope that she would be unattractive to other men. The court heard how the man took his wife to the back of a local mosque after Friday prayers, accused her of offending his honor and shot her, saying: "Now you can no longer walk. You will stay at home." In court, the woman was forced by her family and her mosque to tell the court that the couple had reconciled and would attend marriage counselling. The German court allowed the man to return home with his wife, awaiting his sentence.
In Münster, a 36-year-old Lebanese man named Amer K stabbed his wife to death. The court heard how he stabbed 26-year-old Fatima, the mother of his three children, in the chest and neck more than twenty times with a large kitchen knife because he thought she wanted to divorce him. Meanwhile, a court in Hanau sentenced a 22-year-old Syrian refugee to prison for stabbing to death his 30-year-old sister with a kitchen knife. She was 23 weeks pregnant and was accused of having brought shame to her family. Her unborn child also died in the attack.
May 18. In Berlin, a 32-year-old Bosnian man murdered his girlfriend, a 35-year-old German woman after she ended their abusive relationship. He also abducted and tortured her 12-year-old son, who was forced to watch his mother's murder. Neighbors said they had repeatedly alerted the police about the man’s violent behavior, but of course when a Muslim is involved, the police did nothing as that would be Islamophobic.
May 17. In Pforzheim, a 53-year-old Tajik man stabbed to death his 50-year-old wife at her place of employment, a Christian daycare center.
May 17. In Wardenburg, a 37-year-old Iraqi man stabbed to death his 37-year-old wife while she was asleep in her bed. The couple's five children, between the ages of four and 15, were at home at the time of the murder and are now living with relatives.
May 8. In Neuendettelsau, a 24-year-old Ethiopian asylum seeker, Mohammed, stabbed his 22-year-old girlfriend in the stomach at a restaurant after she allegedly "provoked" him. The woman was five months pregnant; the unborn baby died in the attack.
May 4. In Freiburg, a 33-year-old Syrian asylum seeker stabbed his 24-year-old wife, a Kurdish Christian who had moved out of the couple's apartment, but had returned to collect some personal belongings. The couple's three children, aged six, three and ten months, are now in protective custody.
April 29. In Prien am Chiemsee, a 29-year-old Afghan man stabbed to death a 38-year-old Afghan woman who had converted to Christianity. The attacker ambushed the woman as she was exiting a grocery store with her two children.
April 23. In Syke, a 32-year-old Iraqi man strangled his 32-year-old wife in front of the couple's three children, ages one, two and nine.
April 23. In Dresden, a 29-year-old Pakistani refugee murdered his girlfriend, a 41-year-old Vietnamese woman. Police say the man, who arrived in Germany in December 2015, became enraged after he noticed that the woman had not posted any photos of him on her Facebook page, and suspected that she may have had another boyfriend.
April 16. In Mainz-Finthen, a 39-year-old Egyptian asylum seeker stabbed to death his 32-year-old wife. Their two children are being held in protective custody.
April 5. In Leipzig, a 34-year-old Syrian man stabbed his 28-year-old wife because she wanted a divorce. The couple's two children witnessed the attack; they are being held in protective custody.
March 31. In Gütersloh, a 43-year-old Syrian man burned his 18-year-old daughter with a cigarette and threatened to kill her. When the police intervened, the father refused to allow his daughter to leave the house. After police succeeded in bringing the girl to safety, the father and son attacked the police, who used pepper-spray to fend them off. The girl is being held in protective custody.
March 15. In Kiel, a 40-year-old Turkish man stabbed to death his 34-year-old Turkish wife in front of a daycare center. Neighbors said the couple, who were separated, had quarreled about moving their three children to Turkey.
March 4. In Duisburg, a 30-year-old Syrian asylum seeker, Mahmood Mahrusseh, stabbed his 32-year-old girlfriend. The woman survived but the police are yet to find Mahmood.
March 3. In Mönchengladbach, a 32-year-old asylum seeker, Ahmed Salim, murdered a 47-year-old German woman after she ended a relationship with him. The man, who also uses the alias Jamal Amilia, was arrested in Spain. In his asylum application, he had written that he was from Israel. In another asylum application filed in another country, he had written that he was from Morocco. He is really from Iraq, proving the state of the West’s vetting system.
March 2. In Scheeßel, a 42-year-old Iraqi man stabbed to death his 52-year-old wife, also from Iraq. Police described the murder as an honor killing. The couple's children are now in protective custody.
February 25. In Euskirchen, a 32-year-old German-Turkish man stabbed to death his former girlfriend, a 32-year-old German woman who had begun dating someone else.
February 17. In Offenbach, a 32-year-old Turkish man shot to death his former girlfriend, a 40-year-old woman. The man said he was angry that the woman, who had two children, had ended her relationship with him.
February 15. In Bielefeld, a 51-year-old Iraqi man tried to murder his 51-year-old wife by attacking her with a hammer while she was attending a German class at a local language academy. The man was angry that his wife was mixing with other language students.
February 10. In Ahaus, a 27-year-old Nigerian asylum seeker stabbed to death a 22-year-old woman after she seemingly offended his honor by rejecting his romantic advances. The woman, a Hindu, was employed at the same asylum shelter where her attacker lived. He was arrested in Basel, Switzerland.
February 7. In Hanover-Mühlenberg, a 21-year-old Serbian man stabbed his girlfriend after she ended their relationship and had begun dating someone else.
February 1. In Hamburg, a 26-year-old Afghan man stabbed his estranged 28-year-old wife during an argument; she survived the attack.
January 15. In Bremen-Vegesack, a 39-year-old Turkish man murdered his 40-year-old Syrian wife, who was nine months pregnant, because she wanted to divorce him. The unborn baby also died during the attack.
January 5. In Waldshut-Tiengen, a 47-year-old Turkish man stabbed his wife as she was walking with a friend. When she tried to run away, he pursued her and plunged a knife in her back.
January 4. In Köln-Buchheim, a 44-year-old Iraqi man murdered his 19-year-old daughter because he did not approve of her boyfriend. Two days later, he called police. "I killed my daughter," he said. The man may never face justice; he is believed to have fled to Iraq.
These are only just a few of the cases of Islamic violence so far this year alone and restricted only to Germany. It does not even begin to scratch the surface and mention the acid attacks, sexual assaults, child rape gangs or the murder of non-Muslims being committed especially throughout refugee riddled European countries such as France, Sweden and the United Kingdom.
Regardless of which side of the fence you sit on, shouldn’t we all be talking about this horrifying epidemic? Especially our feminists? Yet, there is complete silence and a concerted effort to conceal it. Why? Because it’s Islamophobic to be honest and it’s racist to want to stop violence.
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About you: 11, 12,13,23,33,34, 39,41,45 Masturbation: 1, 2, 3, 8, 9, 14, 23, 38, 39 Porn and Sex industry: 1, 5 - 25, 28 Sex: 5, 6, 14 - 18, 36, 38, 60, 61, 62, 72, 73, 82, 85, 94, 98, 101, 102 Toys: 1 - 7 Fetishes: 1 - 5 This or that: 1, 4, 11, 19, 22, 23, 26, 39, 43, 44, 55, 59, 60, 75, 81, 83, 93 (there you go. You asked for it and Tony wants to know all the stuff)
The Most Comprehensive NSFW Ask Around @snarkofstark ⚜(accepting)
❛ First of all, goddammit stop being so curious, Tony!! ❜
About You
Explain your ultimate fantasy.
It’s starts out soft and loving. Tender touches, soft kisses and sweet love-making. However, it doesn’t stay like this the whole time but it builds up to a rough. Changing positions, I’m bend over first, taken roughly with some spanking - just before it’s my turn to be in control. With me on top I start with some teasing just until my partner can’t bear it anymore. It’s a rather long session but definitely worth it.
What are your turn-ons?
Dominance, but not in abusive way but rather in a sexy and sensual way. Something less sexual: intelligence, assertiveness, a certain charm… I like to be impressed in a different manner.
What are your turn-offs?
(see more in the other categories…) Try to have control over me without my permission and I’m out. Disrespect, heavily kinky stuff…
What was your latest sex dream about?
That was a rather pleasant one. Tony and I were at the beach, of course we were alone, and decided to go for a swim. So, one thing led to another and we ended up having sex at the beach. Simple as that.
Are you open about your sex-life andsexuality?
I prefer to keep things to myself. Not everyone needs to know every detail about me. I value my privacy a lot.
Do you orgasm easily?
Usually, I don’t. However, if I have the right partner and it is under certain circumstances, it can be very easy.
Do you shave your pubic hair?
Notcompletely, just to bring some form into it and keeping it neat.
Do you prefer clean shaven or unkept?
I prefer something in between.
Whats your favorite lingerie outfit?
Ivery much prefer to keep it simple, preferably black. (take a look)
Masturbation
Do you masturbate?
Sometimes,yes. Doesn’t everyone?
How old were you when you firstmasturbated?
I think it was aroundthe age of 16 or something? I don’t really remember.
How often do you masturbate?
Notthat often. Basically because I’m in a stable relationship and don’t need to do it that often
Have you walked in on or caught someonemasturbating?
Yes…more than once. Back then I would have preferred not to see it!
Have someone ever walked in on or caughtyou masturbating?
No,no one ever did. That would have been so embarrassing!
Are you loud or quiet when you masturbate?
It dependson the situation, but usually I tryto keep it quiet.
Whats your most embarrassing masturbationstory?
And if I don’t have an embarrassing masturbation story of my own? The most embarrassing thing for me had been walking in on Tony masturbating - no one should see their boss like that.
Describe a typical masturbation session.
I create a nice atmosphere for myself, like I would with a partner. Starting of with some light touches, I start with my breasts, slowly making my way to the southern regions. I like to tease myself before getting to the actual act and in the end….
How often do you usually last?
… it last for aroundten to fifteen minutes I would say - depending on how much time I take.
Porn & Sex Industry
Do you watch porn?
Notexactly…I’ve never really been into it.
How do you feel about hentai (Anime Porn)?
Urgh,no. Why would someone watch anime porn?!
How do you feel about gang-bang porn?
Nope,that’s very much a turn-off.
How do you feel about cumshot porn?
It’sokay…
How do you feel about lesbian porn?
Oneof the few things that I’m fine with.
How do you feel about amateur porn?
It’sfunny to watch them try… and fail more often than not.
How do you feel aboutcuckold/cuckqueen/swinging porn?
Okayno, that’s a no-go.
How do you feel about threesome porn?
I’mnot much a fan of it… but it’s still better than most of the stuff above.
How do you feel about teen porn?
Justno. Definitely no.
How do you feel about Japanese/Asian porn?
Somehowthis always reminds me of Anime Porn…
How do you feel about mature porn?
I’mfine with that one.
How do you feel about ebony porn?
Goodfor them.
How do you feel about bondage porn?
Thiscan be really interesting.
How do you feel about masturbation/soloporn?
Idon’t know, actually I think it’s weird.
How do you feel aboutrough/violent/humiliating porn?
I’mreally not a fan of this one. I mean, I’m okay with rough sex but… no.
How do you feel about BBW porn?
Not really my thing but well.. others can enjoy it!
How do you feel about orgy/party porn?
No.You should get it by now.
How do you feel about trans/shemale porn?
Ifeel really uncomfortable with shemale porn. This is just a big trigger for me.
How do you feel about POV porn?
That’sreally okay with me.
How do you feel about blowjob porn?
I’mconflicted right here.
How do you feel about bukkake?
Goddammitno.
How do you feel about extreme porn?
…I said something like that before. What was it? Not much of a fan.
Has a partner ever used porn to show youwhat they like/want?
Once.Can’t say it was a pleasant experience.
Sex
How many sexual partners have you had?
I had four. This wasn’texactly my priority.
Who was your best sex partner?
That self-proclaimedplayboy slash idiot the whole world knows and the majority of women already slept with.
Do you like dirty talking?
If it’s done right,very much so.
Do you like being called names?
Depends on the names.
Do you like being called obscene names? (Bitch/Slut/Whore/Sissy/etc)
Not really… Badexperiences with that one.
Are you loud or quiet in bed?
I’m usually ratherloud. Then again it depends on my partner.
Whats your favorite position?
I’m a fan of theclassic one, but I also love to be on top. Actually, I’m open to try outdifferent things.
Are you on birth control?
Right now? Yep.
Have you ever faked an orgasm? Describe the experience(s).
Yeah…Honey, I’m still sorry about it. I didn’t want to hurt you… Also with my ex… it was better than telling him I didn’t like it.
Has someone ever “titty-fucked” your breasts?
Once. My ever soterrible ex begged until I agreed to it.
Do you prefer your partner to be vocal/moan loudly?
If it’s notexaggerated, let them be vocal.
Do you enjoy having your nipples played with?
Very much so.
Would you like to have a threesome?
Nope. Had one once andit was terrible.
Who would you like to have a threesome with?
You know this makes nosense now that I already said no to a threesome.
Do you like cum or is it gross?
Depends on where itgoes.
Have you ever had sex while on a period/with someone on a period?
Nope. And that willprobably never happen.
Is it gay for a man to enjoy anal stimulation from a woman?
Why should that be gay?I get that a man has his needs.
Do you prefer sex with a man or with a woman?
I prefer it with menbut it’s nice with women too.
Have you ever gotten cum in your eye?
Thank god, no!
Has anyone ever cum inside you on accident? How did you feel about that?
Yep… my first seriousboyfriend. It was so gross given the situation, and I was really uncomfortable…
Toys
Have you ever bought a sex toy?
I don’t have to.People buy them for me.
What is the last sex toy you bought?
Something Tony broughtor build by himself.
What sex toy do you currently want?
Ican’t really think of one now.
Would you let someone buy you a sex toy?
Ikeep saying no to it but my friends do it anyway to tease me…
How many toys do you own?
Tellme Tony, how many toys do I own by now?
What kind of toys do you own?
Vibrators/Dildos,and Tony please stop making me more…
What is your favorite toy?
CanI say the real thing is my favorite toy??
Fetishes
What fetishes do you have?
Dom/sub, but not in a really intense way. I’m not exactly experienced with this category…
What is your favorite fetish?
See my previous answer please.
Have you indulged in all your fetishes?
Yep.
What fetishes are you yet to experience?
All that I’d be willing to try?
Are there any fetishes you don’t have yet, but may beinterested in?
Honestly, I have no idea, I’d be open to try whatever my partner comes up with…. or at least most of it.
This or That
Vaginal or Anal
Vaginal
Handjob or Oral
Oral
Spit or Swallow
Spit
Facial or Creampie
Creampie
Circumcised orUncircumcised
Circumcised (not biased noooo)
Boxers or Briefs
Slighttendency towards boxers.
Vaginal or Clitoral Orgasm
Vaginal Orgasm
Real Cock or Sex Toy Cock
Realcock, always.
Dirty Talk or Loud Moaning
Dirty Talk
Faked Orgasm or Premature Ejaculation
Prematureejaculation
Length or Girth
A good mix of both?
Beard or Shaven
Beard.
Pubic Hair or None
Some pubichair
Hair Pulling or Spanking
Spanking
Giving Head or Receiving Head
Receiving head
Pussy and Anal Penetration or Ass and MouthPenetration
Pussyand anal
Veiny Dick or Curved Dick
Curved.
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Head and Neck Paragangliomas: a Narrative Review by Diego Duminy-Luppi in Open Access Journal of Biogeneric Science and Research

Abstract
Head and neck neoplasms arising in the paraganglion tissue, comprising carotid body, vagal and temporal bone paragangliomas, account for a small part of extraadrenal paragangliomas. They represent, however, a challenging diagnosis that is often made quite late, appearing in some of the most complex anatomical areas with regards to surgery. Morbidity is also high, with often permanent cranial nerves damage or audio-vestibular injury, both by the tumours themselves or as a consequence of late surgery. Therefore, it is important for physicians to be informed as much as possible on this subject. Throughout a vast and thorough assessment of the state-of-the-art advances, as well as some previously published remarkable takes on the matter, this narrative review aims to cover what is needed to know about the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of this otorhinolaryngological condition.
Keywords: Head and neck paraganglioma; Paraganglioma; Carotid body tumour; Vagal paraganglioma; Temporal bone paraganglioma; Jugulotympanic paraganglioma; Tympanomastoid paraganglioma; Otorhinolaryngology; Head and neck surgery; Narrative review.
Introduction
Paragangliomas are traditionally poorly defined in literature, as the definition varies depending on the sources. Some more specific designations have recently been revised, such as non-chromaffin (parasympathetic) and metameric (sympathetic), and the term chemodectoma is no longer used [1]. The 2017 WHO classification of tumours of the endocrine organs defines ‘extra-adrenal paraganglioma’ as both functional (catecholamine secreting) and non-functional, sympathetic or parasympathetic-derived neoplasms arising in extra-adrenal paraganglion tissue. Tumours with the same characteristics originated inside the adrenal glands would be referred to as pheochromocytomas [2], although in clinical practice the term ‘paraganglioma’ generally refers to head and neck tumours with these characteristics [3].
In this review, we will focus on the epidemiology, pathophysiology and clinical manifestations, as well as the diagnosis and treatment of three specific and most frequent types of head and neck paragangliomas (HN-PGLs), consisting of carotid body paragangliomas (CBPs), vagal paragangliomas (VPs) and temporal bone paraganglioma (TBPs), which includes both tympanomastoid (TMPs) and tympanojugular paragangliomas (TJPs). All of them are parasympathetic-derived paragangliomas, with CBP arising from the carotid body at the carotid bifurcation, VP arising mainly (but not only) from the nodose ganglion or inferior ganglion of the vagus nerve. TBPs arise from Jacobson’s nerve (i.e. the tympanic branch of CN IX), Arnold’s nerve (the auricular branch of CN X) and intravagal paraganglia inferior to foramen jugulare [4]. The apparition near the jugular bulb describes TJPs whereas the apparition in the tympanic or mastoid canaliculi describe TMPs [5]. They are indolent slow-growing tumours, mostly non-secreting, in a complex anatomical area [6].
The description of temporal bone paragangliomas has been highly inconsistent, coming from the lack of consensus terminology. The distinction between tympanomastoid and tympanojugular paraganglioma is often unavailable, mentioning ‘jugulotympanic paraganglioma’ as a sole entity, leaving unclear to the reader if the first is simply dismissed or included in the latter. Others have adopted the terminology ‘middle ear paraganglioma’, without specifying up to which extent nearby paragangliomas outside of the middle ear are considered. It is however consistent that glomus tympanicum and glomus jugulare are now both included and referred to as jugulotympanic paraganglioma. We will therefore mention as temporal bone paraganglioma all tympanomastoid paragangliomas, tympanojugular or jugulotympanic paragangliomas, temporal paragangliomas and jugular foramen paragangliomas, specifying the subtype only when the information refers to that specific subtype exclusively. Finally, ‘Head and neck’ is commonly defined as the anatomical area delimitated inferiorly by the clavicle and superiorly by the cranial vertex, and so does this review [7].
Methods
Resource publications for this narrative review were identified and selected through searches of PubMed and MEDLINE, using ‘cervical paraganglioma’, ‘paraganglioma’, ‘head and neck paraganglioma’, ‘vagal paraganglioma’, ‘carotid body paraganglioma’, ‘carotid body tumor’, ‘glomus jugulare’, ‘temporal bone paraganglioma’, ‘jugular foramen paraganglioma’, ‘middle ear paraganglioma’, ‘glomus tympanicum’ and ‘jugulotympanic paraganglioma’ as search terms. Studies selected for this review include the most recent advances in research until November 2019, they were published in high-impact, peer-reviewed journals, and showed results based on satisfactory numbers of study participants, covering a relevant population.
Epidemiology
The incidence of head and neck paragangliomas in the general population ranges from 1/30.000 to 1/100.000 per year. CBPs account for approximately 60% and TBPs account for 30% of them, leaving approximately 10% to VPs. Laryngeal paragangliomas are extremely rare, with less than 100 cases reported in literature. The remaining ones (non-head and neck) are mostly found in the abdomen region [8-11]. Only 10% of paragangliomas do not occur in the adrenal paraganglia and are thus not pheochromocytomas. Of these, 97% arise in non-head and neck locations [12].
60% of HN-PGLs are sporadic, although the remaining 40% are familial inherited cases associated with succinate dehydrogenase subunits mutations [10]. These familial cases are more likely to be bilateral and multiple (10-25% for CBPs and 20-40% for VPs, 30% for TBPs). Only 5% of cervical paragangliomas are catecholamines producers. Malignant behaviour isn’t predictable by clinical manifestations nor histology, although familial cases are associated with higher rates of malignancy than sporadic ones [8-10] The pathologies most associated with paragangliomas are type 2B Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia (MEN), type 1 neurofibromatosis and Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome [8,9].
CBPs appear between the 5th and 6th decade of life, show approximately 2:1 (female:male) gender predilection and are rarely bilateral if sporadic (5%) [10] VPs usually appear during the 5th decade of life, also show 2:1 (female:male) gender predilection and have higher chances of being bilateral/multifocal or metastatic than CBPs [10].
TBPs also usually appear between the 5th and 6th decades of life and exhibit female gender predilection with a female:male ratio of 3:1 [10,12] Jugular paragangliomas have their peak incidence in the 6th decade, and some authors point at a higher female to male ratio, as high as 4:1 or 6:1 [10,13,14]. Bimodal distribution of cases in tympanic paraganglioma has been mentioned, with a first smaller peak around the 4th decade [15] Malignant TBP cases are lower than in other HN-PGLs, and often associated to SDHB mutations. These range from 2-5% and come from the presence of metastases, as proliferative index Ki67 is almost always very low, around 1-2% [5,13,16] Interestingly, the incidence of cervical paragangliomas is higher in people living above 1.000m over the sea level, as encountered in a single cohort study, postulating a potential role of chronic hypoxia as a risk factor for CP [17].
Pathophysiology
Cervical paragangliomas are a rare group of tumours, originated from the chromaffin cells of the extra-adrenal paraganglionic system (derived originally from the crista neuralis), following the autonomous system chain over the head and neck. They are slowly growing and invasive to nearby structures, and consist of highly vascularized structures, getting its blood supply mainly from external carotid artery branches [18].
To elucidate the aetiology, it’s mandatory to separate between the familial and the sporadic cases. As mentioned before, the familial cases are related to succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) mutations in 4 locus: 11q23 (SDHD gene causing PGL1), 11q13 (PGL2), 1q21 (SDHC gene causing PGL3) and 1p36.1p35 (SDHB gene causing PGL4 [19] The inheritance pattern is autosomal dominant, with incomplete penetrance [20] SDH plays a role in the tricarboxylic acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation located in the mitochondrial complex II. The mutation in SDH produces similar effects as chronic hypoxia in paraganglionic cells [21]. Mutations in SDHD and SDHB increase intracellular concentrations of hypoxia molecular mediators (HIF) and stimulate angiogenic genes (VEGF) that translate into an increased hyperplasic proliferation, causing the neoplasia [19]. SDHD mutations are more common in multifocal paragangliomas, including non-functional ones, whereas SDHB mutations are more associated with malignant behaviours [22]. Finally, the SDHA subunit mutation hasn’t been related with paragangliomas nor other tumours, but with the autosomal recessive young encephalopathy [23].
Macroscopic pathology of paragangliomas appears as well-circumscribed reddish-brown masses usually ranging from 2 to 6 centimetres at resection [6]. Rarely, the tumour can be pigmented [14] Jugular paragangliomas had an average size of 3.5 centimetres in a large retrospective study, whereas tympanic paragangliomas had considerably a smaller size with a mean of 0.7 centimetres [11].
Microscopic pathology shows a characteristic ‘Zellballen’ pattern composed by nests of neuroendocrine chief cells and peripheral glial-like sustentacular cells, surrounded by delicate vascular septae. Both types of cells are positive to immunochemistry staining with chromogranin, synaptophysin, neuron-specific enolase, CD56 and CD57 (chief cells) and S-100 (sustentacular cells). Antibodies against proteins encoded by recognised susceptibility genes (as previously mentioned) may also be used to establish an increased risk of germline mutations of these genes [24].
Clinical Manifestations
Clinical manifestations of head and neck paragangliomas are not so obvious, and whereas functional tumours are often suspected with the presentation of otherwise unexplained fluctuating or persistent specific symptoms such as headache, profuse sweating, palpitations, tachycardia, hypertension or anxiety, these only represent 1% of HN-PGLs, as even catecholamine secreting tumours often don’t reach high enough levels to produce symptoms [25,26] Most CBPs and VPs are thus non secreting at a clinically-significant level and grow on average at a rate of 0.83mm/year. Clinical manifestations mostly come from the compression or invasion of nearby structures, depending on the direction of the growth [6] TBPs also exhibit a similar slow growth, but often present in a symptomatic fashion. However, diagnosis is usually made after a considerable time, with patients waiting on average around 30 months before consultation [12,27].
The most common presentation of CBPs is that of an asymptomatic, pulsatile cervical mass, with a limited mobility in the cephalocaudal axis and good mobility in the lateral axis (classically referred to as Fontaine’s sign). In some cases, headache and syncope have also been reported as main complaints [28] Early detection through physical examination or self-detection may be challenging especially in obese patients. Bulging of the oropharyngeal wall is present in approximately 10% of tumours, originating hoarseness, dysphagia or foreign body sensation. Larger CBPs may cause vagal and hypoglossal palsy, and the compression of arteries may result in a noticeable bruit. Differential diagnosis of these masses includes carotid aneurysms and neurilemmomas [14].
VPs also present as painless cervical masses, and occasionally patients will show dysphagia and hoarseness. Oropharynx may be deviated following the occupation of parapharyngeal space. Cranial nerve (CN) dysfunction occurs more frequently than with CBPs, with preoperative weakness of CN X occurring in one third of patients [14,29]. In some cases, other CNs may be involved, such as CN IX, and although rare, the involvement of the sympathetic chain can cause Horner’s Syndrome. Also rare but of major importance, VPs may reach the skull base and extend intracranially (dumbbell-shaped tumour), or involve the jugular foramen and the atlas [6] Polymyalgia rheumatica is a described paraneoplastic syndrome associated with benign VP [30].
TBPs usually present as symptomatic tumours. Depending on their location and extension, symptoms may vary, as these appear based on the structure they alter by compression or erosion. Jugular paragangliomas will have higher rate of CN dysfunction, whereas tympanic paragangliomas will have significantly higher hearing symptoms. Both can however extend into the other’s anatomical area, ultimately behaving in a similar manner [11]. Most commonly reported symptoms are pulsatile tinnitus ranging from 60 to 80% of patients, and hearing loss, in 55 to 80% of patients [5,13-15,27] Conductive hearing loss is predominant, whereas neurosensorial hearing loss is less frequent and shows itself in extended tumours with vestibular involvement [13,27]. Aural fulness is also frequently reported, in up to 70% of patients [10,15] CN abnormalities are often present, in up to 40% of patients [5,16] These will show up in a clinical examination, or through a wide variety of symptoms such as dysphonia, dysphagia, dysarthria, tongue weakness, hoarseness and shoulder pain or weakness [12-15,31] Specifically, CN VII is affected in up to 39% of patients, CN IX and X in up to 40% of patients, and CN XI and XII in up to 30% of patients [5] Both Vernet syndrome (CN IX, X, XI abnormality) as well as Collet-Sicard syndrome (CN IX, X, XI, XII abnormality) have been described associated to TBPs, with the latter in up to 10% of jugular paragangliomas [13].
Some authors have considered the presence of a red, vascular middle-ear mass as pathognomonic of TBP, whereas others simply describe it as very common finding [5,14]. This mass can also be pulsatile [5,14,15] Other characteristic sings are Brown’s sign, described as a blanching of the lesion when pneumatic pressure is applied, revealing the vascular nature of the tumour, and the rising sun sign, presenting as an inferior semi-circular red-blue lesion behind the tympanic membrane [5,15] Rarer presentations may be vertigo (in up to 20%), otalgia (3%), otorrhagia (1.5-9.6%) and epistaxis (uncommon) [15,27]. Horner’s syndrome can also be seen [16].
CBPs’ malignancy rate is estimated between 5-10%. Pain, young age and rapid enlargement are the most predictive features. Although a retrospective cohort study reported a CBP with aggressive soft tissue invasion which affected the brachial plexus and cervical nerve roots, this is generally not accepted as a malignant CBP; malignancy requires the presence of regional or distant metastasis [11,29].
Metastatic CBP and VPs are rare but represent a challenging medical management. VPs are more like to become malignant and metastasize than CBPs [32] Described locations of metastatic CBP include peripheral lymph nodes or distant organs such as liver, bone, kidney, lungs, breast, pancreas, brain and thyroid gland [28,33]. Wang et al. mentioned what they believe to be the first case of CBP brain metastasis, with the particularity of having an endocrine activity [33]. The symptoms described were right limb weakness, dizziness, vomiting, hypertension and hyperglycaemia, resolving after the tumour extirpation. Needless to say, these are not the common rule. TBPs have even lower metastatic rates than CBPs, although some cases have been reported, especially in bone, lungs, lymph nodes and liver [5].
Differential diagnosis of CBPs include lymph nodes, which may or may not contain metastatic disease, mainly from other neuroendocrine tumours such as neuroendocrine carcinomas, Merkel cell carcinoma and medullary thyroid carcinoma. For VPs, differential diagnosis can be established with schwannomas, vascular tumours and parotid gland salivary tumours. When investigating a possible TBP, clinicians should keep in mind that meningioma, middle ear adenoma and haemangioma can present in a similar manner and share part of neuroendocrine markers [10]. Also, an inflammatory polyp, an aberrant internal carotid artery, an anatomic variation of the jugular bulb, a CN VII neuroma, an osteoma, a cholesteatoma or a cholesterol granuloma can be misdiagnosed as a TBP [27].
HN-PGLs may be hard to distinguish from atypical carcinoids, although some characteristics may help differentiate both: atypical carcinoids usually appear during the 6th-7th decade, metastasize frequently and primarily affect male patients (3:1 M:F), although they have the same clinical manifestations and ultimately require histologic analysis [10].
Diagnosis
As mentioned before, although clinically non-secreting, HN-PGLs may secrete catecholamines, which justifies why biochemical tests such as plasma free metanephrines or urinary fractionated metanephrines are recommended as initial investigation for paragangliomas [34]. Imaging studies should be performed once a positive biochemical test occurs, and include both contrast enhanced CT or Magnetic Resonance Imaging [34]. MRI is preferred in HN-PGLs, with a sensitivity of 90-95% (higher than CT), and it helps differentiate HN-PGLs from other tumours (such as Schwannoma, neurofibroma, carotid artery aneurism), and provides excellent details on extension and vascularization [4,34,35]. CBPs and TBPs show a characteristic salt-and-pepper image in contrast in T1 MRI, distinguishing areas with subacute haemorrhage and slow blood flow (‘salt’) from serpent-shaped flow voids (‘pepper’). Gadolinium intensively enhances these lesions, and T2 shows mildly and heterogeneously hyperintense, well defined mass [4-6,15,35].
If the invasion of the skull base is suspected, contrast enhanced CT provides excellent spatial resolution. MRI can be, and usually is, complementary to CT [6]. CBPs appear as a hypervascular mass that spreads between the internal and the external carotid arteries. However, it is usually located at the same level or below the carotid bifurcation, not above. Digital subtraction angiography may be performed to evaluate internal carotid infiltration or preoperatively if embolization is considered. The image is classically described as a ‘lyre sign’, and CBPs show a slow and prolonged blush. VPs can also appear as CBPs but they usually present behind the internal carotid artery and push the vessels in an anteromedial direction [4,6,29,35] Another characteristic is that they may separate the jugular vein from the carotid sheath [29].
In TBPs, radiologic studies are also paramount in order to further classify the tumour and determine the most appropriate approach to treatment. High-resolution CT scan with contrast is both sensitive and specific, usually showing localized irregular bone destruction at the jugular foramen, with sometimes enlargement of the latter. This pattern is traditionally described as ‘moth-eaten’ [4,5]. TBPs are a soft tissue mass, enhanced by contrast [35]. The erosion of the jugular plate suggests that the tumour is a jugular paraganglioma [36]. MRI is preferred and complementary to CT in order to precisely determine intracranial involvement, especially in those tumours reaching outside of the middle-ear [5,15,35]. Furthermore, MRI differentiates more accurately tympanic paragangliomas from jugular paragangliomas [5,12]. Angiography is not always performed, but can be considered in case of suspected invasion of the internal carotid artery, or the anterior vertebral artery [5]. Tympanic paragangliomas may grow inside the tympanic cavity without destroying the ossicles, but being attached to them [4,15].
Ultrasound, if performed, shows solid hypoechoic lesions [35]. Biopsy of suspected PGLs is contraindicated because of the high risk of bleeding [37]. For metastatic cases, 18FDG PET-CT is preferred because of its higher sensitivity when compared to other techniques, especially in SDHB-related PPGLs [34].
Treatment
There is widespread consensus in the literature with regards to surgery as the only available option for treatment. There is no effective medical therapy.
Shamblin et al [38]. suggested a classification in 1971 based on CBP tumour size and carotid artery invasion to assess resection possibilities:
Shamblin 1: Less frequent group, containing small size (<4cm) and well localized tumours, without invasion of major vessels and easily resectable.
Shamblin 2: Nearly 50% of the cases, containing of mid-size (>4cm) tumours, adhered to or partially surrounding major vessels. They compress the internal and external carotid artery but can be removed through a cautious subadventitial dissection.
Shamblin 3: More than 25% of the cases, containing big size tumours, invading carotids and nearby structures. In order to be completely removed, partial or total resection of these structures is needed.
The reasons to resect a cervical paraganglioma include the following: [39]
Some HN-PGLs could eventually become malignant, although it’s not possible to know before or after the surgery.
There is no true consensus on an optimal follow-up strategy.
No cases of spontaneous regression, even correcting hypoxemia, have been published.
The risk of vascular injury in experienced surgical teams intervening a Shamblin 1 tumour is minimal.
All tumours can become symptomatic.
The basic surgical technique consists of an incision over the anterior edge of sternocleidomastoid muscle. The deep anterior fascia is dissected in order to expose the common carotid artery, which is important for an early vascular control. The dissection plane then extends anteriorly until the carotid bifurcation. This way the subadventitial plane or ‘white line’ as described by Gordon-Taylor can be identified, which allows a fine separation of the tumour and the artery due to a relatively avascular plane [39,40].
The risk of an arterial injury during the resection increases with tumour size, but without a significative increase of brain ischaemic events. Adjacent CN lesions are one of the major risks during surgery, mainly accessory spinal nerve (XI), vagus nerve (X) and hypoglossal nerve (XII). Again, the risk increases with tumour size, but locating, isolating and carefully dissecting these structures prior to tumour resection decreases the risk. In vast tumours, where surgical resection could entail bigger morbidity, or in suboptimal basal patients, either because of age or because of concomitant pathologies, radiotherapy is indicated, with 45Gy in 25 fractions showing good results in/at stopping tumour progression at 5 and 10 years of follow-up (only 4 to 6% recurrence at 5 and 10 years respectively), but sometimes leaving an asymptomatic residual mass [39,41,42]. Regarding potential complications of radiotherapy, histologic examination has shown that chief cells are minimally affected by irradiation, although the distinctive vascular structure of the tumour is replaced by fibrous connective tissue, raising awareness over the appearance of malignant tumours such as fibrosarcoma [43-45]. 15% of patients who underwent radiotherapy suffered at least one complication, which include inflammation of the external auditory canal and middle ear, skin loss with bone exposure, osteoradionecrosis, cranial nerve neuropathies (specially hearing and taste loss, in <3%) and direct injury to brain tissue, among others. Additionally, it is worth mentioning that if radiotherapy fails, surgery will be more difficult [40,42,45-47] For CBPs, 14% of <5cm tumours extirpation entail CN disfunction as compared to 67% of >5cm tumours [12].
Another alternative worth mentioning is embolization, a technique consisting in introducing a catheter (generally through a percutaneous approach to the femoral vessels with Seldinger technique) to deploy coils in tumour’s vascularisation that will form a clot and interrupt blood flow, reducing blood loss and facilitating tumour resection. The procedure is usually undergone 48h before surgery to avoid intraoperatory inflammatory phenomena. There have been some controversial discussions regarding its efficacy, since it also entails some risks (distal embolization, necrosis, cerebral or ocular infarcts, etc.), so there is no real general consensus over the existing evidence [48].
For VPs, the same management options are generally considered. However, surgery isn’t supported by high levels of evidence, especially when compared to small CBPs, because an intervention almost always (93%) implies complete resection of the vague nerve which causes serious side effects such as unilateral vocal fold paralysis, pharyngeal plexus deficit, pharynx numbness and soft palate dysfunction, resulting in dysphagia and dysphonia among others, often worse than the tumour itself would cause. The typical approach is lateral, transcervical and preauricular, sometimes superiorly extended. Damage to other CNs is also possible, with numbers ranging from 21% to 39%. When compared to Radiotherapy (RT) and Stereotactic Radiosurgery (SRS), results are similar to surgery but with less damage to CN, postulating the option of an observation ± RT ± SRS as a reasonable alternative to surgery in selected patients [12]. A recent study has shown that immediate selective laryngeal reinnervation using the phrenic nerve and the ansa cervicalis as donor nerves after VP excision improves both dysphagia and dysphonia. [49] However, further evidence is needed to define management algorithms for VPs.
Regarding TBPs, the modified Fisch and Mattox classification is used to divide them based on their extension, which at the same time determines the optimal surgical approach (presented between brackets). Tympanomastoid paragangliomas, on the one hand, can be classified as class A, if they are confined to middle ear, and then further subdivided into A1 if the tumour margins are clearly visible on otoscopic examination (transcanal approach) or into A2 if margins are not visible on otoscopy (retroauricular-transcanal approach, glove finger flap technique). An emerging new technique, consisting of transcanal endoscopic minimally invasive surgery, has demonstrated feasibility and promising results among this class [50-52]. They can also be classified as class B if they are confined to the tympanomastoid cavity without bone destruction in the temporal infralabyrinthine compartment, and then further subdivided into B1 if they extend to the hypotympanum alone (canal wall up mastoidectomy with posterior tympanotomy), into B2 if they extend to the hypotympanum and the mastoid (canal wall up mastoidectomy with posterior tympanotomy and subfacial recess tympanotomy) or into B3 if they erode the carotid canal (subtotal petrosectomy with middle ear obliteration).(27) Major postoperative complications such as CN deficits are usually not expected, but minor complications such as postoperative conductive hearing loss may occur [53].
Tympanojugular paragangliomas, on the other hand, can be classified as class C if they extend beyond the tympanomastoid cavity, destroying bone of the infralabyrinthine and apical compartment of the temporal bone and involving the carotid canal, with further subdivisions C1-C4 depending on the degree of invasion (C1, tumours with limited involvement of the vertical portion of the carotid canal; C2, tumours invading the vertical portion of the carotid canal; C3, tumours with invasion of the horizontal portion of the carotid canal; C4, tumours reaching the anterior foramen lacerum). They can also be classified as class D if they extend intracranially (De1, tumours up to 2 cm dural displacement; De2, tumours with more than 2 cm dural displacement; Di1, tumours up to 2 cm intradural extension; Di2, tumours with more than 2 cm intradural extension; Di3, tumours with inoperable intradural extension) or as class V if they involve the vertebral artery (Ve, tumours involving its extradural portion; Vi, tumours involving its intradural portion) [5]. They are usually resected via an infratemporal approach, but C1, C2, De1, De2, Di1 and Di2 may demand a variant of the juxtacondylar approach [54] Because these tumours are adherent and occasionally CN IX-XII are involved, higher rates of CN deficits are anticipated for the postoperative outcome, and thus possibly requiring further surgical procedures attempting to correct them.(55,56) Di1 and Di2 tumours should be generally resected in a two-stage multidisciplinary procedure involving neurosurgeons, whereas in Di3 tumours palliative radiotherapy is advocated. Although some inconsistencies regarding Fisch classification and follow-up intervals among different studies must be taken into account, long-term success rate following surgical therapy of tympanojugular paragangliomas is 72-95% [54].
Conclusion
Paragangliomas are functional or non-functional, sympathetic or parasympathetic-derived neoplasms arising in extra-adrenal paraganglion tissue. Amongst these, HN-PGLs are mainly composed by CBPs, VPs, and TBPs. Some genetic associations have been described. Clinical manifestations are diverse although some signs and symptoms strongly suggest the diagnosis. Biochemical screening is the first complementary step when investigating a possible HN-PGL, followed, if positive, by the best available imaging technique, which usually narrows down the differential diagnosis. Surgical intervention, with or without previous embolization, is the best and only approved therapeutic option for CBPs and TBPs, whereas for VPs further evidence is needed to determine whether surgery with reinnervation or a combination of RT and SRS is the best therapeutic management strategy. For some tympanomastoid paragangliomas, endoscopic surgery is emerging with promising results.
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