#theme:finance

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Businesses operating in developing countries should use their influence to strengthen national government systems, rather than bypassing them if progress is to be made on global poverty reduction. Businesses should use their influence to strengthen national government systems instead of bypassing them. Businesses and private foundations must be included in global public policy forums. Private foundations should continue investing in innovative projects and should work more closely with civil society. Businesses should learn from aid agencies’ best practice and avoid duplicating existing development projects.

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This paper presents the ACCA Global Forum for SMEs’ recommendations for the development of a visible and consistent global agenda on SME access to finance. It calls for intergovernmental organisations to develop and support a consistent platform for sharing best practice. It also encourages national governments to engage in this process, developing a long-lasting change in SME financing across the world.

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Mobile banking is growing at a remarkable speed around the world. In the process it is creating considerable uncertainty about the appropriate regulatory response to this newly emerging service. This paper sets out a framework for considering the design of regulation of mobile banking. Since it lies at the interface between financial services and telecoms, mobile banking also raises competition policy and interoperability issues that are discussed in the paper. Finally, by unbundling payments services into its component parts, mobile banking provides important lessons for the design of financial regulation more generally in developed as well as developing economies.

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The objectives of the study were to identify the field level problems and make suggestions for resolving these problems so that financial inclusion could be expedited and completed in a time bound manner, thus paving the way for the real financial inclusion of the people in the country.

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This paper studies the impact of information and communication technologies (ICT), especially mobile phone rollout, on economic growth in a sample of African countries from 1988 to 2007. Further, it also investigates whether financial inclusion is one of the channels through which mobile phone development influences economic growth.

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The paper focuses on the public financing component of climate change actions, but also acknowledges the role played by communities, civil society, the private sector and international support. The objective of the study has been to develop an appropriate methodology and then conduct an exploratory Climate Public Expenditure and Institutional Review (CPEIR), at both the national and local level. This CPEIR reviews the financial management systems as well as the institutional arrangements and policy directives for allocating and spending climate change-related finance. The study entails:An assessment of current policy priorities and strategies as these relate to climate change.A review of the institutional arrangements for promoting the integration of climate change policy priorities into budgeting and expenditure management. A review of the integration of climate change objectives within the budgetary process, including as part of budget planning, implementation& expenditure management

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The document seeks to identify effective investment strategies in reducing the vulnerability of major crops for the Ecuadorian economy, the same as are set in the Basic Food Basket, so that the country can, on one hand, reduce risks and, on the other, invest efficiently in sustainable development. This document was produced under the Strengthening Negotiations under the framework of the Bali Road Map Project, and includes the following sections: 1. Why food safety is a key sector for the country 2. Description of the food security sector 3. Proposed adaptation measures for the food sovereignty sector 4. Key issues for assessing investment and financial flows to address climate change adaptation 5. Methodology for assessing investment and financial flows The original document is in Spanish.

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This report places climate change financing within the wider development context, and in particular in relation to the Aid Effectiveness principles articulated in the Paris Declaration (PD) and the Accra Agenda for Action (AAA). It makes no judgement on whether the external finance is classified as Official Development Assistance or not. Rather it seeks to use the experience of how external financing works as articulated in the Paris Declaration, as a benchmark. In doing so it looks at existing climate change-financing mechanisms in Ghana and assesses the extent to which principles of aid effectiveness are being applied. The analysis is based upon a review of literature and data, supported by a number of stakeholder interviews in country, with government officials, donors, civil society and the private sector. This was, however, a rapid exercise, and is not a comprehensive study. It can only begin to raise key issues and is meant to be a prompt for discussion.

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A contract was signed between the Danish Energy Agency and CARE Danmark on 10 June 2009 to carry out a pre-feasibility study for a CDM Program of Activities (PoA) on improved cook stoves in Northern Ghana. Based on the Contract a consultancy contract was signed between CARE Danmark and Energica in Ghana on 11 June 2009 to carry out information gathering and analysis in relation to the household energy part. This report is based on desk studies, field visits to Northern Ghana and analysis and interviews with a number of key people involved the stove business, rural development and the energy sector at large.

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This report presents important knowledge on Ghana’s vulnerability to climate change and various adaptation options that could be integrated into sectoral and spatial planning. It provides the needed inputs for planning a sustainable future. The need to pay attention to community-level actions/responses through direct support and mainstreaming into national policy cannot be overemphasized. This study seeks to: Identify some robust adaptation strategies and options at the local level. Provide a basis for understanding how to structure adaptation interventions so as to benefit the most vulnerable households and communities within vulnerable regions. Assess the impact of socioeconomic status, gender, and poverty in shaping a range of types of vulnerability of different social groups to climate change. Provide cost-benefit estimates for alternative adaptation responses in different agroecological zones.

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Economic risk and the economic efficiency of selected adaptation options of the DFID development assistance portfolio in Bangladesh is estimated by means of Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) accounting for uncertainty and dynamic driving forces of hazards, vulnerability and exposure. A key concept employed in this analysis is the probabilistic representation of risk and benefits of risk reduction by loss-frequency functions. For valuing benefits of public sector interventions, the expressed preference- approach was used using available market prices for goods, such as used for reconstructing a damaged building. Two frameworks for the estimation and monetary quantification of disaster risk for the purposes of a CBA were presented: (a) The more rigorous risk-based framework combining data on hazard and vulnerability to an estimate of risk and risk reduced; and (b) The more pragmatic impact-based framework relying on past damages focusing on past damages.

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This study aims to investigate adaptation requirements and their cost implications in the context of coastal agriculture in Bangladesh. The particular objectives of the study are as follows: 1. To investigate the operation of the agricultural production system in salinity-prone areas of Bangladesh and how this may be affected by climate change. 2. To devise the necessary adaptation options and investigate the roles different stakeholders at different levels have to play in implementing these. 3. To consider how these adaptation measures can be mainstreamed into national development plans. 4. To assess the costs of such adaptation measures to the different stakeholders involved.

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The study is intended to assist the government of Bangladesh in its efforts to understand how climate change may alter the physical and economic impacts of existing climate-related hazards, as well as the effectiveness and costs of available adaptation options. The study takes as its starting point the Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan (BCCSAP). It builds upon and strengthens the analytical models and quantitative assessment tools already in use in Bangladesh in support of the research and knowledge management theme of BCCSAP. This study uses these tools to (a) examine the potential physical impacts of climate change; (b) assess the associated damages and losses in key economic sectors, vulnerable populations, and in the overall economy; (c) estimate spatially disaggregated costs of adaptation options that can reduce these impacts; and (d) sequence the adaptation actions over time.

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This document is part of Project "Capacity Building for policy makers on climate change" as a contribution to strengthening Ecuador’s national capacity to assess and develop policy options on climate change in forestry, as well as an input to national public awareness workshops to be developed under the project. The document includes the following sections: (a) The importance of the forestry sector in Ecuador (b) Proposed adaptation options for the forestry sector (c) Proposed mitigation options for the forestry sector (d) Issues relevant for assessing the financial and investment flows for mitigation and adaptation to climate change for the forestry sector. The original document is in Spanish.

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The intent of this guideline is to present a simple and educational background regarding not only about carbon markets, but their current opportunities, as well as local and international procedures that a project proponent must meet to successfully incorporate the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and emit carbon certificates in the international market. The document includes the following sections: (a) The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), (b) The carbon market, (c) The CDM project cycle, (d) Key steps in developing a CDM project. (e) Projects to reduce energy emissions, (f) Financial and contractual elements of a CDM project. The original document is in Spanish.

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The study establishes a macroeconomic scenario without climate change trend against which the cost of the phenomenon is measured. It uses "bottom up" impact analysis of key sectors and areas such as agriculture, water resources, extreme events and ecosystem services, making later an economic valuation as a function of GDP. Challenges and options for adaptation and low carbon development options are explored. A future scenario to 2100 is adopted (instead of 2200) with cuts by 2020, 2030, 2050 and 2070 to estimate impacts and costs, maintaining a long term perspective in order to demonstrate that risks grow over time, particularly in the second half of this century, considering the limitations of historical data series. For mitigation options a time frame up to 2030 is adopted due to uncertainty about technological changes, with cuts by 2010 and 2020.