#that's the kind of audience tributary attracts

[tungledotedu]

(regarding this post by miinaandeg, i didn't want to bother op)

oh my god i can't get over tributary's post and how stupid it is. they clearly didn't even read the article in question. how do you get offended over something as simple as this?

Snow is a core part of Ngarigu culture and language. Much of that intricate knowledge is lost. “I don’t know how to talk about snow in the way my ancestors would have,” Troy, a professor of Indigenous languages, said. “I can only try to do it in English.” The suppression and destruction of Indigenous languages, as well as global English dominance, is a core part of environmental destruction. Ó Séaghdha, who said many words in Irish are like “one-word poems,” finds himself fascinated by this bio-cultural knowledge. “The word for swallow is fáinleog,” he said. “It means little wanderer, because the bird migrates during winter. In our languages, we understood bird migration, thousands and thousands of years ago. We had words for phosphorus magnetism before they had scientific books.”

Clark said her mother, who grew up on a farm in North Wales, understands critical Welsh words—a language Clark said is deeply agricultural—that “have no context or meaning” for her.

As the climate crisis threatens our collective survival, English has evolved to include words—like green economy, greenwashing, paleo-energetic—to describe this existential crisis, but much of it is focused around fear, growth, or extraction. Even the Green New Deal constantly touts its ability to expand everything: jobs, infrastructure, technology.  “When English spreads across the world it often brings with it discourses of consumerism, and sweeps away local, more ecologically attended languages in its path,” said Arran Stibbe, an ecological linguistics professor at the University of Gloucestershire.

these are only excerpts, the article as a whole is good. i only wish it had more explanations in terms of etymology.

click the read more if you want to subject yourself to more brainrot. so many tags saying 'noble savage'... it's almost as if that's what they secretly want to call indigenous peoples, for the crime of discussing their languages.

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_settlement_of_Britain

me when i understand what endangered in endangered language means /s

[glittergummicandypeach]

Attraction to Covid-19 Conspiracy Theories Can Be Traced to the Christian Apocalyptic Imagination | Religion Dispatches

Among the troubling buzzwords forced into our pop culture vocabulary by the Covid-19 pandemic, one of most pertinent and perturbing is infodemic. As health experts struggled to assemble clear and trustworthy public health information about the disease, misinformation spread mouth-to-mouth with a speed rivalling the virus itself. 

Many of the half-truths and untruths involved capitalized upon the already-thriving online market for conspiracy theories. About three in ten Americans, for example, apparently think the virus was created in a top-secret lab (including four in ten conservative Republicans). Almost half of Canadian respondents believe at least one conspiracy theory about Covid-19: the virus was spread to the West on purpose, it’s a cover story for the putative baleful effects of 5G wireless technology, etc.

This epistemologically and epidemiologically disastrous phenomenon has a dimension that most people would call “political.” The poll numbers just cited above rise to 1 in 4 on “the right,” among people who identify as “conservative Republicans.” In Canada, the divide is even more dramatic: supporters of the Conservative Party (as opposed to the Liberal Party or the New Democratic Party) are four times more likely to believe conspiracy theories about Covid-19. 

The problem of the conspiracy-theory infodemic also has a dimension that most people would call distinctively “religious.” For many North Americans with Christian backgrounds, the global Covid conspiracy is a literally apocalyptic phenomenon. Agreeing to wear a face mask can amount to wearing the Mark of the Beast from the book of Revelation. The Covid-19 vaccine can contain a microchip branding people with the Mark of the Beast. By imposing such a vaccine on the world, Bill Gates can reveal himself as the Antichrist. On and on it goes.

The convergence and cross-pollination of paranoid worldviews is not a big surprise, from an academic point of view, and multiple studies have indicated in recent years that North Americans who identify as “highly religious” are more likely to believe in conspiracy theories than their non-religious neighbors. 

The fact that so many conspiracy theories about Covid-19 are ostentatiously “apocalyptic” in character points to something still more specific at play, though: conspiracy-theory thinking is in fact, I suggest, a traditional hallmark of the Western apocalyptic worldview itself, including especially the kind of paranoid imagination that drives—and is driven by—the biblical book of Revelation.

Apocalyptic literature has often been called “a literature of crisis,” because the work of “revelation” (apocalypsis) offered in the text of an Apocalypse like the book of Revelation commonly includes a vision of the proper way for a given community to understand and endure a given crisis. Real and perceived crises intermingle endlessly and effortlessly in the apocalyptic imagination: Are our minority communities suffering from socio-economic isolation, the audiences of Revelation are invited to ask, or are we being deliberately persecuted by the devil himself? 

In the wake of a pandemic like Covid-19, the majoritarian crises of death and disease, unemployment, uncertainty, anxiety and isolation can be folded seamlessly into a perceived minoritarian crisis in which the faithful few are desperately, heroically besieged by the Beast and all his worldly co-conspirators.

Conspiracy theories purport like Apocalypses to reveal the astonishing inner workings of the world to a faithful few. They allow people who feel powerless in some way to register their discontent with the status quo and their distrust of its authority figures. Conspiracy theories can in this way lend a dark but satisfyingly stark kind of meaning to confusing social problems, and make their proponents feel like members of a special group “in the know.” 

The book of Revelation speaks to and for this kind of group self-definition. The book claims to reveal the true meaning of the Jewish scriptures, for example, and complains that Christians are being victimized by “those who say they are Jews, and are not, but are lying [because they belong to] the Synagogue of Satan” (i.e., the majority of Jews who do not see the Jewish scriptures as cryptic witnesses to Jesus). 

In short, community insiders know a secret truth that’s directly opposed to the common-sense consensus, and outsider experts who disagree are the puppets of evil. This is textbook conspiracy-theory thinking. By this logic, Christian insiders are doubly ennobled as both victims and victors, by virtue of being “in the know.” This too is textbook conspiracy-theory thinking. 

When Bible-quoting Covid-19 deniers proclaim themselves eager, therefore, to be condemned by the world for not conforming to basic health guidelines, they are rushing to join Revelation’s race to be both victim and victor, for the same self-defining and self-ennobling sociological reasons.

I noted above that conspiracy theories are infamous for their polarizing insider/outsider logic. From a social-scientific point of view, it’s significant, then, that the apocalyptic imagination dependably constructs ideal community identity in contradistinction to the world “outside” the community of the elect. Are our communities unimportant and powerless due to isolation and isolationism, the audiences of Revelation are invited to ask, or are we being deliberately targeted by Satan precisely because we’re so powerful? 

For the Covid-19 deniers of the modern world, who are likewise struggling to get by and/or struggling to define satisfying identities with the help of scriptural traditions, the paranoid insider-defining strategies of Revelation are custom-made for developing new choose-your-own-adventure conspiracy theories. Covid-19 applications are a plug and play game—practically effortless and potentially endless.

The “apocalyptic” attraction of Covid-19 conspiracy theories is neither unique nor hard to understand. The lessons learned in analyzing religious apocalyptic culture from a social-scientific point of view can be usefully brought to bear in clarifying how and why conspiracy-theory thinking naturally flourishes in moments of cultural crisis like the dawn of Covid-19—especially in Christian/post-Christian contexts where people are struggling to make sense of their situations and their identities with the help of scriptural traditions like Revelation. Stemming the flood of popular conspiracy theories—including in this case literally viral misinformation posing a serious threat to public health—may require paying more attention to the conspiracist character of their “religious” and “apocalyptic” cultural tributaries.

This content was originally published here.

[topfygad]

Winter Highs: 8 Ways to Embrace the Season in India

Igloo stays, iridescent birds and ice sports—keep your gloves on for a wild winter ride through in the country.

  Adventure-seekers can go ice climbing over frozen waterfalls and cliffs in Spiti Valley. Photo By: Himanshu Khagta

Come winter, and the Himalayas shed their foliage to don a surreal winter trousseau, most of which remains largely undiscovered. The northeast puts on its festive garb too; its rivers turn teal, and birders flock to the region to spot winged creatures rarely found elsewhere. There is no dearth of options to embrace the chill in India—we’ve cherry-picked eight guaranteed to take your breath away:

  Birdsong and Bikes, Arunachal Pradesh

The lush rainforests of Arunachal are a delight to explore in the winter, humming with birders who come for a glimpse of the hornbill, shrike babbler and the endemic Mishmi wren-babbler, found only in the Mishmi Hills in the state’s east. The bird, with its black-and-brown streaked body and rust neckline, is one of the star attractions of this biodiversity haven.

Another unique way to explore Mishmi Hills and the surrounding Dibang Valley is on a mountain bike; the gently sloping terrain combined with rugged roads makes for a fine winter adventure (except during a rare, heavy snowfall). One of the best routes is the one going to the town of Anini, about 220 kilometres north of Roing in the Dibang Valley, and a three-day ride away. Apart from alluring mist-kissed forests, landscapes that leave you agape, and fabulous birding opportunities, a slow ride and some off-the-trail exploration opens doors to spot the rare red panda and hoolock gibbons, and the possibility of spotting the unique ungulate, the Mishmi takin. Tine Mena, northeast India’s first female Everester, leads mountain biking journeys to Anini, and hiking and angling trips (mishmihills@gmail.com; 8974299357). Local conservationist and passionate birder Jibi Pulu runs the Mishmi Hills camp in Roingand leads explorations in the area. (98628 56981; doubles from Rs2,000)

    A hoolock gibbon (top-left); New year celebrations in Meghalaya (top-right); Ice climbing in Spiti Valley (bottom-left); Enthusiastic birders can spend their winter searching for the iridescent Himalayan monal (bottom-right) in Himachal Pradesh. Photos By: Aditya Singh/imageBROKER/dinodia photo library (gibbon) ; Himanshu Khagta (people and ice-climbing); Alexandra Rudge/Moment Open/Getty images (Monal)

To New Beginnings, Northeast

Home to a significant Christian population, the northeast truly shines during Christmas. Squares across towns and cities in the eight states fill with roly-poly Santas, and midnight masses grace colony churches large and quaint. The festive cheer rings high right up to New Year’s Eve. Even Manipur, which has a large Hindu population in its Meitei community, brings out the conifers. In the hills of Ukhrul, the Naga community of Tankhuls flaunt their traditional attire and gather for mass at the church on the first Sunday of the New Year. Jowai in Meghalaya’s West Jaintia Hills has its own style of ringing in the New Year. Locals across the town form large groups and stay up until the wee hours, crooning originally composed songs around bonfires, one-upping each another on the best tunes. On January 1, the revelry continues in the form of large buffets of local delicacies.

  Sea of Ice, Himachal Pradesh

A slow rise up a frozen swathe, the axe gingerly finding a foothold, crampons crunching into the snow—ice climbing is for those who take their love for winters to the next level. The sport may not be for novices, but those familiar with climbing and yearning to amp it up would thoroughly enjoy it.

This January, India hosted its first edition ice climbing festival in the Spiti Valley. Piti Dharr became a playground for those who love the sight of a frozen waterfall or ice-covered cliffs, allowing the sport to reach a wider audience. Adventure companies such as Rimo Expeditions lead ice climbing expeditions to the Zanskar valley in the Ladakh Himalayas and spots around Manali (www.rimoexpeditions.com; expeditions are usually 8-10 days ex-Leh; price varies with expedition. Piti Dharr takes place between January 5—10 2020; open to all who meet the minimum requirement of beginner level skills; pittidharr@gmail.com).

  Ride to Remember, Uttarakhand

Unlike many mountain escapes in the north, Uttarakhand’s eastern part of Kumaon remains blissfully tourist-free in the winters. The long journey from the foothills of Kumaon to Munsyari could seem daunting, but it is worth the crisp views of the Kumaon Himalayas that float alongside on a sea of puffy winter clouds, and the spectacular 360-degree snowy expanse from Khaliya Top that awaits those who take the time.

Kumaon (top) is a visual treat, especially the drive down to Munsyari; Rafting down the Siang river (bottom). Photo By: Himanshu Khagta (Mountain); Photo courtesy: Aquaterra Adventures (rafting)

Split your drive into two, and begin your ascent from the foothills around the Corbett region to get initiated into these majestic mountains. Drive half the 300-kilometre distance past major towns like Nainital, and break your journey in the wilderness of the Binsar Wildlife Sanctuary. Go further only if you are confident of long-distance driving in the mountains, to places like Chaukori or Berinag as your overnight hault. Mountain views come in to focus as early as from Almora, about a 100 kilometres into your journey, and grow larger than life as you move towards Chaukori, where Neelkantha, Chaukhamba, and other 7000ers take the stage.

Continue the following morning, with the Nanda Devi peaks, main and east, Nanda Ghunti, and more, emerge. Go all the way up to the Kala Muni ridge, then begin the descent to Munsyari, a little township facing the grand Panchachuli peaks that are believed to be the spiralling path the Pandavas took on their final journey to heaven. There are limited accommodation options in Munsyari, but Himalayan Glamping Retreat in the outskirts has plush tents, cosy dining and fun board games (https://ift.tt/2IYs0kV, doubles with meals Rs14,000 plus taxes). Visit the weavers in Darkot, five kilometres away, to see how they create timeless rugs, hats, shawls and bedspreads. At the end of the day, watch the setting sun glimmer like gold over the snowy tip of Panchachuli.

  Chasing the Siang, Arunachal Pradesh

The arrival of winter on the Siang river bids goodbye to the muddy torrents of monsoon. A major tributary of northeast India’s longest river, the Brahmaputra, the mighty Siang is gorgeously blue at this time of the year. Drive along its banks, all the way from Passighat to Boleng, and take in its sweeping, azure curves. Stop on its rock and silt-filled beaches, or cross one of the traditional bamboo bridges spanning its width. An amazing architectural feat of sturdiness and technique, these bridges are the lifeline of the region, connecting several villages to roads, and smaller settlements with each other. Hear your heart beat to the sound of the Siang, for these sky-walks swing wildly. The dynamic Yabur Tatin runs a homestay in Boleng with her husband, and has great insider tips for the best spots by the Siang (94024 26343).

The river is also a favourite with rafting lovers, and winter is an ideal season to go down its length. Aquaterra Adventures organises rafting expeditions on the Siang (www.aquaterra.in; 12-day expeditions between Nov-Dec Rs1,20,600 plus tax). Along the length of the river you will also find locals selling Arunachal’s famous oranges, the state’s biggest cash crop that also lends its name to the annual winter Orange festival in Dambuk.

  An Igloo near Manali, Himachal Pradesh

Swap a regular hotel stay for an igloo, a one-of-its-kind offering in India’s Sethan village in the Hampta valley near Manali. For a night or two, think of yourself as an eskimo, and combine the experience with fun activities like snow tubing. Learn to build your own igloo with compressed snow blocks, an activity that engages adults and kids alike. It’s like having the Arctic in your backyard. Your adventure begins with the 4WD drive that leads up to the site, surrounded by stunning Himalayan views. The area also has gentle slopes ideal for skiing, should you want to try that out too. Snuggle around a log fire with a mug of hot chocolate under the stars, and go to bed in a cosy sleeping bag that will keep you coccooned from the cold. Keylinga Himlalayan Adventures’s packages come with winter sports such as snowboarding and snowshoeing, along with the stay (www.keylinga.com; Rs5,500 per person with meals).

A climb up to the Kuppad Peak could have you crossing paths with rare birds like the western tragopan. Photo By: Himanshu Khagta

Hilly hikes of Paradise, Himachal Pradesh

The Jubbal region of Himachal Pradesh remains relatively unexplored, a mere shadow to Tirthan valley, Triund, and the Hampta circuit, and wears a surreal cloak of white in winter. Go beyond the regular haunts to hit trails such as the Giri Ganga route in Jubbal, and you will be floored by the near-private outdoor experiences it offers in the winding mesh of its deodar forests. Throw in overnight camping and go all the way to Kuppad meadow, where you can spot the iridescent Himalayan monal or the elusive state bird, the western tragopan. The latter is one of the rarest pheasants and is found only in pockets of Himachal’s undisturbed forests. Chanshal peak, a five-hour drive from Baral in Jubbal, is another great option for birding. If you do not have the luxury of a multi-day hike to its top, drive from Baral to Larot for about three and a half hours and then hike four hours through virgin forests and meadows to reach the Chanshal ridge. Local operator Ashish Kalta organises these hikes and runs an apple farm homestay here with with his Ladakhi wife, Kunzes. Their cultural backgrounds come together in their kitchen. Dig into their spinach and cheese momos served with bulka, a local dish of wild greens with poppy-filled bednis or bread (kaltaashish@gmail.com; 9129033323).

  Walk on Ice, Himachal Pradesh

In winter, Gulmarg attracts skiers by the busload, so if you want to stray from the trodden slopes, try Narkanda. Few associate it with skiing, except the locals and a handful of travellers who have already discovered it. Guided lessons for beginners and rented gear are available here, and veterans can go to higher slopes closer to the Hatu peak.

A 30-minute drive from Narkanda takes you to the Shilaroo Project, a site for learning pottery and yoga, run by sisters Virangana and Shubhangana Kainthla. A quiet alternative to the popular Andretta, a weekend workshop enables guests to learn the art form along with farming and other community work. Masters in their respective art forms��pottery and hatha yoga—the sisters created this haven to seamlessly integrate physical, mental and spiritual equilibrium. It also offers stays with shared and private options, which could be your base for your Narkanda skiing adventure (theshilarooproject.com).

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source http://cheaprtravels.com/winter-highs-8-ways-to-embrace-the-season-in-india/

[dilratours]

14 days 13 nights Sri Lanka tour

http://www.dilratours.com/14-days-13-nights-sri-lanka .. Day 01 - Airport / Kalpitiya Welcome by our tour guide at the airport and transfer to Kalpitiya Visit & Activity in Kalpitiya Kalpitiya is one of the best places in the world to see dolphins & whales. Largest and the most beautiful coral reef, bar reef are located in Kalpitiya. Blue ocean and lagoon at Wind surfers and kite surfers. Dutch Bay, nesting season August through October Turtle nesting places are also visible. Swimming in ocean is safe but should be aware of occasional currents during monsoon season. Overnight stay at Hotel in Kalpitiya (Names of the hotels are MENTIONED in the quotation section) Kalpitiya 1st Night Day 02 - Kalpitiya After breakfast snorkel & Whale watching in Kalpitiya Kalpiyiya Whale Kalpitiya Sea Plants Kalpitiya Fish Overnight stay at Hotel in Kalpitiya (Names of the MENTIONED hotels are in the quotation section) Day 03 - Kalpitiya / Trincomalee After breakfast proceed to Trincomalee, Enjoy snorkeling & Whale watching in Trincomalee Trincomalee is located on the east coast of the island, Trincomalee has some of the most picturesque and scenic beaches found in beautiful Sri Lanka, relatively unspoiled and clean, very famous for bathing and swimming. In the evening visit Pigeon Island in Trincomalee. Overnight stay at Trincomalee Trincomalee Sea Trincomalee Siva Temple Day 04 - Trincomalee After breakfast sightseeing in Trincomalee Fort Fredrick - Military fortress built by Portuguese in Dutch period. Koneshwaram Kovil - Hindu Temple inside Fort Frederick. Hot Water Wells - Kanniyai - Hot water wells 5Km away from Trincomalee town. In the evening relax in Trincomalee or Nilaveli beach. Overnight stay at Hotel in Trincomalee (Names of the hotels are MENTIONED in the quotation section) Trincomalee Sea Day 05 - Trincomalee / Sigiriya After breakfast proceed to Sigiriya UNESCO world heritage & Historical Sigiriya rock fortress Sigiriya rock Was a royal citadel for Nearly twenty years. This is one hectare in extent. The rock fortress in the shape of a lion is a masterpiece of architecture. Very famous throughout the world for the frescoes on it, the advance water system and gardening. Then proceed to Hotel & Relax in Hotel. Suggest bicycle ride in Sigiriya in evening Overnight stay at Hotel in Sigiriya (Names of the hotels are MENTIONED in the quotation section) Sigiriya Day 06 - Sigiriya / Polonnaruwa / Minneriya / Sigiriya After breakfast proceed to Polonnaruwa Ancient city Archaeological Site Polonnaruwa The second MOST ancient of Sri Lanka's Kingdoms Declared the city ​​by King Vijayabahu1. Ancient City of Poluraruwa is a World Heritage Galviharaya Site, Kirivehera, Medirigiriya, Nissanka Malla's Palace, Parakramabahu's Palace, Parakrama Samudraya, Pothgul Vehera, Rankot Vehera, Royal Palace Complex, Satmahal Prasada, Thuparamaya, Vatadage, thereafter proceed to Minneriya. Minneriya National Park Minneriya is a small town famous for its Minneriya man made lake. Minneriya National park which is a hot spot for safari lovers because of the large number of Elephants, Minneriya forms one of the 70 Important Birds Areas of Sri Lanka, then proceed to hotel & relax in Hotel. Overnight stay at Hotel in Sigiriya Polonnaruwa 14 Days 13 Nights Minneriya Park 14 Days 13 Nights Day 07 - Sigiriya / Kandy After breakfast proceed to Kandy enroute visit Dambulla Temple & Matale spice garden Visit golden rock cave temple in Dambulla Dambulla a small town central location of cultural triangle. Dambulla cave temple is known as the Golden Temple of Dambulla is a World Heritage Site in Sri Lanka. It is the largest cave temple complex in Sri Lanka. Then proceed to Matale. Visit Spice Garden in Matale Mannerly is famous for Pepper, Cloves, Cinnamon & Cardamom. Visit Sri Lankan spices & herbs. Then proceed to Kandy City Cultural Kandy (Senkada gala Nuwara) & Temple of Tooth Relic The city of Udarata perform Sri Lankan culture and the most sacred city of the island. the last kingdom of Sri Lanka & in 1815 British captured Kandy is still alive. visit temple of tooth relic the holy shrine of Lord Buddha. The architecture of the Dalada Maligawa & associate buildings the audience hall, mahamaluva, are most attractive and express the tradition of Kandy, sight seeing in Kandy kandy view points, gem museum, traditional dance. Overnight stay at Hotel Kandy 14 Days 13 Nights Dambulla Temple 14 Days 13 Nights Kandy Hotels 14 Days 13 Nights Day 08 - Kandy / Kitulgala / Nuwara eliya After breakfast proceed to Kitulgala White Water Rafting in Kitulgala Experience white water rafting in the Kelani river, Modern rafts & a comprehensive safety briefing will be given by rafting instructors beforehand. the river and its surrounding area will have a great deal of experience with you, then proceed to Nuwara eliya. Nuwara eliya - (The Tea Trail) The city "Little England" gives you a different kind of country. the remaining colonial architectures has earned the name "Little England". Tea Factory and Plantation - visit tea plantation and tea factory to learn how world tastiest tea make. Buy quality and tastiest tea packets from the factory outlets. Thereafter relax in Hotel Suggest bicycle ride in evening Overnight stay in Nuwara eliya Day 09 - Nuwara eliya / Ella After breakfast to Ella Ella The heavenly place view, overlooks a spectacular gap in the southern mountain where the lands falls Scenic drop of 3,000 feet to the southern plains and sea, Suggested trekking in the evening at Little Adams' peak in Ella, Rawana Fall - A beautiful natural wonder associated with legend is the Ella Rawana, Overnight stay at Ella Hotel (Names of the hotels are MENTIONED in the quotation section) Hill Country 14 Days 13 Nights Ella 14 Days 13 Nights Ella 14 Days 13 Nights Kitulgala 14 Days 13 Nights Waterfall Watch Day 08 Tea Sri Lanka 14 Days 13 Nights Nuwara Eliya Day 09 Day 10 - Ella / Tangalle After breakfast proceed to Tangalle Tangalle - Visit the beach (Clearwater), Clear soft sandy beach and surfing, popular for bathing, sunbathing, swimming, surfing also snorkeling & Relaxed & Relaxed, Relax in Beach Overnight stay in Tangalle Tangalle Day 10 Tour Day 11 - Thangalle / Galle / Unawatuna / Bentota Breakfast Proceed to Galle & Relax in Unawatuna Beach UNESCO Heritage Galle City & Fortress The Galle Fort built by Portuguese in 1588, the Historical, Archaeological and Architectural Heritage Monuments from 423 maintained well for today. Galle fort is one of UNESCO World Heritage Site. Then proceed to Unawatuna, and relax in Unawatuna Beach, Ovana Stay overnight in Galle Fort Day Day 11 - Bentota / Hikkaduwa / Bentota After breakfast proceed to Hikkaduwa & Enjoy snorkeling Overnight stay at Hotel Bentota Day 11 Tortoise Watching Day 12 Sea Side Hikkaduwa Day 12 Fish Watching Day 12 Bentota Day 13 - Bentota / Colombo / Negombo After breakfast proceed to Colombo Shopping & City tour in Colombo Colombo like many capital cities in developing countries is fast changing its face. Almost overnight, skyscrapers come from where old buildings once stood. Yet in some parts, the Old World charm is retained. As an example there is a 100 year old British colonial built buildings. Other places of interest are the old Parliament in Fort, a Hindu and a Buddhist temple (Gangarama temple), residential areas where you find the stately homes of the tributary and the Bandaranaike International Memorial Conference Hall - BMICH, an outright gift to Sri Lanka from the People's Republic of China. Then proceed to Negombo Visit Negombo City with the best beach in the city. 100Km long canal still used for boat safaries, the Dutch fort built in 1972, old Portuguese Dutch houses, Administrative buildings, St. Mary's cathedral church are remarkable visits for tourists. About 190 species wildlife are living in Negombo lagoon. Shops with Local Handicrafts are open for shopping. Overnight stay at Hotel in Negombo Day 14 - Negombo / Airport After breakfast, this package is popular with honeymoon couple in Sri Lanka important tour destinations to visit in Sri Lanka. Galle Beach Face Colombo Day 13 Negombo Beach Day 13 Inclusions of the Package • Breakfast basis from Day 02 to Day 14 • Accommodation in air conditioned 01DBL Room in Each Hotel for 13Nights • Transportation by air-conditioned CAR from Airport on day 01 to Airport on day 14 • Service of An English speaking driver-guide • Service for All Sightseeing • Piling and Welcome to Sri Lanka at the airport • Meals for Driver, Accommodation for Driver • Excluding Taxes & Service charges Exclusions of the Package • Lunch & Dinner • Breakfast for Day 01 • Personal Expenses • Camera and Video Charges • Entrance and Ticket fees • Tips for Driver / Guide • Anything not mentioned except

[peopleoftexas]

John Milton Niles, History of South America and Mexico, 1837

Page 232: Still west and northwest of this district, lies another, far more extensive, now claimed by the government and people of Texas. It extends along the Bravo del Norte, and its great eastern branch, the Puerto, on the west, and still north along gate former to the headwaters of the Arkansaw, thence down that river to the northwest corner or the territory of the same name, thence down the west line of said territory to the Red river. It is watered by the rivers which have been mentioned as mostly forming its outlines and their numerous tributaries. It is literally a region of headwaters, having within its boundaries the sources of the Arkansaw, and its great southern branches, the Negracka, the Saline, and the two forks of the Canadian, and also this of the Red river, Brazos, Colorado, and Puerco.

Page 244: The mineral kingdom has attracted even less attention than the geological, and although in the neighborhood of some of the richest mines in Mexico, no anticipations of collecting the precious metals, otherwise than from the productions of the soil, appear to have been indulged by the inhabitants of Texas. If there are among them those who are inflamed with an inordinate desire of wealth, it is an agricultural cupidity, which of all others has been found the least injurious. both in its influence upon the individual and the body politic. Placed in a position where an opportunity is afforded them, to compare the results of a passion for “gold hunting,” and for “land hunting,” the people of Texas can scarcely fail to profit by the lesson which is so forcibly inculcated by the contrast.

Page 259: It must not be understood that the great body of the people were fully protected against acts of private oppression, from the aristocracy, the priesthood, and perhaps from officers of the federal government; yet in this respect, their condition was far better than at any former or subsequent period; and the people of Texas, far removed from the Mexican population, had felt nothing of this, but had thus far enjoyed nearly the same degree of liberty and security as would have fallen to their lot, if they had remained in the United States; their condition indeed had been much like that of the people under the territorial governments of the United States. …… We have felt constrained to be thus particular in speaking of the condition of the country, and the feelings and sentiments of the people at this period, because the progress of the settlements in Texas was checked, not to say interrupted, from this time forward, by an entire change of policy on the part of the Mexican government; and the allegiance of the people of Texas towards that government was from this time gradually weakened by frequent acts of violence and oppression, in direct violation of the constitution and laws of the country.

Page 260: One of the first acts of his administration was the repeal of the colonization laws, so far as regarded the admission of emigrants from the United States, who were forbidden to hold lands in the Mexican territories. This was sufficiently disheartening to the people of Texas, as it not only disappointed their sanguine hopes of the early settlement of their country by a kindred people, but as it served also to exhibit in no very flattering light, the sentiments with which they were regarded by the authorities of Mexico. But a still greater source of trouble and vexation, was the intelligence which was communicated to them, that a new construction had been put upon these laws by the Mexican authorities, by which many of them would be deprived of their lands, now rendered doubly dear by a recollection of the sufferings, the sacrifices, and the labor they had cost. But they were not long left to brood over the apprehension of danger. Several bodies of troops arrived in the country and took their stations at several points on the coast, and at Nacogdoches, under the pretense of aiding the revenue officers, but really to annoy the people by petty acts of oppression, in order to drive them into conduct that might afford a colorable pretext for exterminating or banishing them from the country.

Page 263: It has been supposed that some concert existed between this movement of the people of Texas and that of the garrison at Vera Cruz, which resulted in the success and elevation of Santa Anna to the presidency of Mexico. The coincidence was accidental: there was no other concert but that which originated in common suffering, and common hatred of the agents of the tyrant Bustamante.

Page 264: The time was deemed highly favorable for preferring this petition, as the members of the new congress were understood to be the ardent friends of liberty, and the character of the new president, Santa Anna, was then looked upon as a guarantee of just and liberal measures. The people of Texas were therefore sanguine in their expectations of its success; not a thought was then entertained of severing the connexion, but all looked forward to a long career of happiness and prosperity, as citizens of a free state in the Mexican confederacy. The petition represented, that “Coahuila and Texas were totally dissimilar in soil, climate, and productions. That the representatives of the former were so much more numerous than the latter, that all legislation for the benefit of Texas, could be only the effect of a generous courtesy: That laws happily adapted to the one, would on account of the great dissimilarity of their interests be ruinous to the other: That Texas is in continual danger from the aggression of Indian tribes, without any efficient government to protect her in such cases: That the present legislation is calculated to exasperate the Indian tribes by withholding their rights, whereas by doing them justice, valuable auxiliaries might be gained, instead of deadly enemies, which should be the policy of Texas. That Texas possessed the necessary elements for a state government;—and that for her attachment to the federal constitution, and the re republic, the petitioners pledged their lives and honor.

Page 267: With the fall of Zacatecas, before the arms of the supreme chief, which happened in May, 1835, ended all resistance to his authority in the old territories of Mexico. In Texas alone it remained unacknowledged; neither had it been resisted, as yet, no attempt and been made to establish it there. The wide space of uncultivated land between the settlements in Texas, and those of the other states of Mexico, and the want of any exchangeable commodities to create an intercourse by water, rendered Mexican news slow in reaching Texas. This difficulty was still increased by a difference of language, which rendered the press of Mexico a sealed book to most of the people of Texas. In this case, too, great precaution had been used by Santa Anna to disguise the character of his late movements, and suppress all accounts of their true character. So that the late events in Mexico were not fully known and understood by the people of Texas, until a very few days before the arrival of an armed force of Mexicans upon their borders. The danger could no longer be concealed; nor could the remedy be longer delayed. Nothing but a resort to arms could save them from a bondage, which, to them, appeared worse than death.

Page 269: Austin must necessarily have been minutely acquainted with the merits of the controversy between Mexico and Texas; his interest was for peace, as his all must be staked upon the unequal contest. If any error was ever imputed to him, it was that of carrying prudence to an extreme bordering upon timidity. He is now “gone to his account,” and left behind him a character which malice dare not assail; we therefore feel it due to the people, a sketch of whose history we have undertaken to pen, to pause in our narrative, while we permit the man, who, of all the world, best knew their affairs, to speak in their behalf. It is due also to the memory of Austin, of whom our limits will not permit a further notice. We therefore extract the following, from an address of the late Stephen F. Austin, delivered at Louisville, Kentucky, on the 7th of March, 1836.

“It is with the most unfeigned and heartfelt gratitude that I appear before this enlightened audience, to thank the citizens of Louisville, as I do in the name of the people of Texas, for the kind and generous sympathy they have manifested inferior of the cause of that struggling country; and to make a plain statement of facts explanatory of the contest in which Texas is engaged with the Mexican government.

“The public has been informed, though the medium of the newspapers, that war exists between the people of Texas and the present government of Mexico. There are, however, many circumstances connected with this contest, its origin, its principles and objects which, perhaps, are not so generally known, and are indispensable to a full and proper elucidation of this subject.

“When a people consider themselves compelled by circumstances or by oppression, to appeal to arms and resort to their natural rights, they necessarily submit their cause to the great tribunal of public opinion. The people of Texas, confident in the justice of their cause, fearlessly and cheerfully appeal to this tribunal. In doing this the first step is to show, as I trust I shall be able to do by a succinct statement of facts, that our cause is just, and is the cause of light and liberty:—the same holy cause for which our forefathers fought and bled:—the same that has an advocate in the bosom of every freeman, no matter in what country, or by what people it may be contended for.

Page 271: “When the federal system and constitution were adopted in 1824, and the former provinces became states, Texas, by her representative in the constituent congress, exercised the right which was claimed and exercised by all the provinces, of retaining within her own control, the rights and powers which appertained to her as one of the unities or distinct societies, which confederated together to form the federal republic of Mexico. But not possessing at that time sufficient population to become a state by herself, she was with her own consent, united provisionally with Coahuila, a neighboring province or society, to form the state of Coahuila and Texas, ‘until Texas possessed the necessary elements to form a separate state of herself.” I quote the words of the constitutional or organic act passed by the constituent congress of Mexico, on the 7th of May, 1824, which establishes the state of Coahuila and Texas. This law, and the principles on which the Mexican federal compact was formed, gave to Texas a specific political existence, and vested in her inhabitants the special and well defined rights of self-government as a state of the Mexican confederation, so soon as she ‘possessed the necessary elements.’ Texas consented to the provisional union with Coahuila on the faith of this guarantee. It was therefore a solemn compact, which neither the state of Coahuila and Texas, nor the general government of Mexico, can change without the consent of the people of Texas.

“In 1833 the people of Texas, after a full examination of their population and resources, and of the law and constitution, decided, in general convention elected for that purpose, that the period had arrived contemplated by said law and compact of 7th May, 1824, and that the country possessed the necessary elements to form a state separate from Coahuila. A respectful and humble petition was accordingly drawn up by this convention, addressed to the general congress of Mexico, praying for the admission of Texas into the Mexican confederation as a state. I had the honor of being appointed by the convention, the commissioner or agent of Texas, to take this petition to the city of Mexico, and present it to the government. I discharged this duty to the best of my feeble abilities, and, as I believed, in a respectful manner. Many months passed and nothing was done with the petition, except to refer it to a committee of congress, where it slept and was likely to sleep. I finally urged the just and constitutional claims of Texas to become a state, in the most pressing manner, as I believed it to be my duty to do; representing also the necessity and good policy of this measure, owing to the almost total want of local government of any kind, the absolute want of a judiciary, the evident impossibility of being governed any longer by Coahuila, (for three fourths of the legislature were from there,) and the consequent anarchy and discontent that existed in Texas. It was my misfortune to offend the high authorities of the nation—my frank and honest exposition of the truth was construed into threats.

Page 272: “At this time (September and October, 1833,) a revolution was raging in many parts of the nation, and especially in the vicinity of the city of Mexico. I despaired of obtaining anything, and wrote to Texas, recommending to the people there to organize as a state de facto without waiting any longer. This letter may have been imprudent, as respects the injury it might do me personally, but how far it was criminal or treasonable, considering the revolutionary state of the whole nation, and the peculiar claims and necessities of Texas, impartial men must decide. It merely expressed an opinion. This letter found its way from San Antonio de Bear, (where it was directed,) to the government. I was arrested at Saltillo, 200 leagues from Mexico, on my way home, taken back to that city and imprisoned one year, three months of the time in solitary confinement, without books or writing materials, in a dark dungeon of the former inquisition prison. At the close of the year I was released from confinement, but detained six months in the city on heavy bail. It was nine months after my arrest before I was officially informed of the charges against me, or furnished with a copy of them. The constitutional requisites were not observed, my constitutional rights as a citizen were violated, the people of Texas were outraged by this treatment of their commissioner, and their respectful, humble and just petition was disregarded.

“These acts of the Mexican government, taken in connexion with many others, and with the general revolutionary situation of the interior of the republic, and the absolute want of local government in Texas, would have justified the people of Texas in organizing themselves as a state of the Mexican confederation, and if attacked for so doing, in separating from Mexico. They would have been justifiable in doing this, because such acts were unjust, ruinous and oppressive, and because self-preservation required a local government in Texas suited to the situation and necessities of the country, and the character of its inhabitants. Our forefathers in ’76, flew to arms for much less. They resisted a principle, ‘the theory of oppression,’ but in our case it was the reality—it was a denial of justice and of our guaranteed rights—it was oppression itself.

Page 273: “Texas, however, even under these aggravated circumstances forbore and remained quiet. The constitution, although outraged and the sport of faction and revolution, still existed in name, and the people of Texas still looked to it with the hope that it would be sustained and executed, and the vested rights of Texas respected. I will now proceed to show how this hope was defeated by the total prostration of the constitution, and the destruction of the federal system, and the dissolution of the federal compact.

Page 274: “‘Had the change been elected by constitutional means, or had a national convention been convened, and every member of the confederacy been fairly represented, and a majority agreed to the change, it would have placed the matter on different ground; but, even then, it would be monstrous to admit the principle, that a majority have the right to destroy the minority, for the reason, that self-preservation is superior to all political obligations. That such a government as is contemplated by the before mentioned decree of the 3rd of October, would destroy the people of Texas, must be evident to all, when they consider its geographical situation, so remote from the contemplated center of legislation and power; populated as it is, by a people who are so different in education, habits, customs, language, and local wants, from all the rest of the nation; and especially when a portion of the central party have manifested violent religious and other prejudices and jealousies against them. But no national convention was convened, and the constitution has been, and now is, violated and disregarded. The constitutional authorities of the state of Coahuila and Texas, solemnly protested against the change of government, for which act they were driven by military force from office, and imprisoned. The people of Texas protested against it, as they had a right to do, for which they have been declared rebels by the government of Mexico.

Page 275: “These revolutionary measures of the party who had usurped the government in Mexico, were resisted by the people in the states of Puebla, Oaxaca, Mexico, Jalisco, and other parts of the nation. The state of Zacatecas took up arms, but its efforts were crushed by an army, headed by the president, Gen. Santa Anna, in person; and the people of that state were disarmed, and subjected to a military government. In October last, a military force was sent to Texas, under Gen. Cos, for the purpose of enforcing these unconstitutional and revolutionary measures, as had been done in Zacatecas, and other parts of the nation. This act roused the people of Texas, and the war commenced.

Page 276: “The justice of our cause being clearly shown, the next important question that naturally presents itself to the intelligent and inquiring mind, is, what are the objects and intentions of the people of Texas?

“To this we reply, that our object is freedom—civil and religious freedom—emancipation from that government, and that people, who, after 15 years experiment, since they have been separated from Spain, have shown that they are incapable of self-government, and that all hopes of anything like stability or rational liberty in their political institutions, at least for many years, are vain and fallacious.

“This object we expect to obtain, by a total separation from Mexico, as an independent community, a new republic, or by becoming a state of the United States. Texas would have been satisfied to have been a state of the Mexican Confederation, and she made every constitutional effort in her power to become one. But that is no longer practicable, for that confederation no longer exists. One of the two alternatives above mentioned, therefore, is the only resource which the revolutionary government of Mexico has left her. Either will secure the liberties and prosperity of Texas, for either will secure to us the right of self-government over a country which we have redeemed from the wilderness, and conquered without any aid or protection whatever from the Mexican government, (for we never received any,) and which is clearly ours. Ours, by every principle on which original titles to countries are, and ever have been founded. We have explored and pioneered it, developed its resources, made it known to the world, and given to it a high and rapidly increasing value. The federal republic of Mexico had a constitutional right to participate generally in this value, but it had not, and cannot have any other; and this one has evidently been forfeited and destroyed by unconstitutional acts and usurpation, and by the total dissolution of the social compact. Consequently, the true and legal owners of Texas, the only legitimate sovereigns of that country, are the people of Texas.

“It is also asked, what is the present situation of Texas, and what are our resources to effect our objects, and defend our rights?

“The present position of Texas is an absolute Declaration of Independence—a total separation from Mexico. This declaration was made on the 7th of November last. It is as follows:—“‘Whereas Gen. Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna, and other military chieftains, have by force of arms, overthrown the federal institutions of Mexico, and dissolved the social compact which existed between Texas and the other members of the Mexican Confederacy, now the good people of Texas, availing themselves of their natural rights, solemnly declare, ….

Page 277: It is worthy of particular attention that this declaration affords another and unanswerable proof of the forbearance of the Texians, and of their firm adherence, even to the last moment, to the constitution which they had sworn to support, and to their political obligations as Mexican citizens. For, although at this very time the federal system and constitution of 1824, had been overturned and trampled underfoot by military usurpation, in all other parts of the republic, and although our country was actually invaded by the usurpers for the purpose of subjecting us to military rule, the people of Texas still said to the Mexican nation—‘restore the federal constitution and govern in conformity to the social compact, which we are all bound by our oaths to sustain, and we will continue to be a member of the Mexican Confederation.’ This noble and generous act, for such it certainly was, under the circumstances, is of itself sufficient to repel and silence the false charges which the priests and despots of Mexico have made of the ingratitude of the Texians. In what does this ingratitude consist? I cannot see, unless it be in our enterprise and perseverance, in giving value to a country that the Mexians considered valueless, and thus exciting their jealousy and cupidity.

Page 279: “With these claims to the approbation and moral support of the free of all nations, the people of Texas have taken up arms in self-defense, and they submit their cause to the judgment of an impartial world, and to the protection of a just and omnipotent God.

Page 280: The intelligence brought by Austin from Mexico, far from relieving the apprehensions of the people of Texas, served only to create additional alarm, and confirm their worst fears of the designs of the Mexican chief. The few who were before incredulous, and who had refused to aid in preparations for the defense of the country, were now found among the foremost.

Page 296: On motion of Mr. Barrett, Resolved, That the general council feel that no better or more suitable report can be made to the people of Texas, and to the world, of the brilliant storming and taking of Bejar, than that contained in the returns of the brave officers who have communicated their achievements to the provisional government; and that the same be given to the printer for publication, and that 500 copies in handbill form be printed as soon as possible.

Page 301: Unanimous Declaration of Independence, by the delegates of the People of Texas, in General Convention, at the town of Washington, on the second day of March, 1836.

Page 303: “These, and other grievances, were patiently borne by the people of Texas, until they reached that point at which forbearance ceases to be a virtue. We then took up arms in defense of the National Constitution. We appealed to our Mexican brethren for assistance: our appeal has been made in vain; though months have elapsed, no sympathetic response has yet been heard from the interior. We are therefore forced to the melancholy conclusion, that the Mexican people have acquiesced in the destruction of their liberty, and the substitution therefore of a military government; that they are unfit to be free, and incapable of self-government.

Page 305: Constitution of the Republic of Texas. We, the people of Texas, in order to form a Government, establish justice, ensure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense and general welfare, and to secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution:

Page 316: And whereas the protection of the public domain from unjust and fraudulent claims, and quieting the People in the enjoyment of their lands, is one of the great duties of this Convention; and whereas the Legislature of the State of Coahuila and Texas having passed an act in the year 1834, in behalf of General John T. Mason, of New York, and another on the 14th day of March, 1835, under which the enormous amount of 1,100 leagues of land has been claimed by sundry individuals, some of whom reside in foreign countries, and are not citizens of the Republic, which said acts are contrary to articles fourth, twelfth, and fifteenth of the laws of 1824 of the General Congress of Mexico, and one of said acts, for that cause has, by the said General Congress of Mexico, been declared null and void; it is hereby declared that the said act of 1834, in favor of John T. Mason, and of the 14th of March, 1835, of the said Legislature of Coahuila and Texas, and each and every grant founded thereon, is, and was from the beginning, null and void; and all surveys made under pretense of authority derived from said acts are hereby declared to be null and void; and eleven league claims, located within 20 leagues of the boundary line between Texas and the United States of America, which have been located contrary to the laws of Mexico, are hereby declared to be null and void: and whereas many surveys and titles to land have been made whilst most of the People of Texas were absent from home, serving in the campaign against Bejar, it is hereby declared that all the surveys and location of land made since the act of the late consultation closing the land offices, and all titles to land made since that time, are and shall be null and void.

Page 321: The people of Texas had now put forth their pretensions to the rank of an independent nation, and published them to the world in solemn form, not from vain pride, but from stern necessity. We shall not pause here to enquire into their right. The enquiry cannot be necessary, since the measure was forced upon them; or if indeed there was an alternative presented to them, and rejected with becoming scorn; the people of Texas will never be reproached for having rejected such an alternative, by any faithful citizen of the United States; to him it must appear that the motive was imperative. Had the measure been adopted a few months earlier, in the midst of the confidence inspired by the astonishing success which had crowned the efforts of a few armed citizens, it might have been pronounced a mere ebullition of pride, from which she would shrink in the day of trial, when threatened with real dangers, or overtaken by adverse fortune; but never, in the days of the world, was Texas further from independence, than at the moment which was chosen to proclaim it. It was done in face of the chief, whose right was disputed, surrounded by a force which had been pronounced sufficient to crush the country at a blow.

Page 322: A chief whose military career had hitherto been attended with unvaried success; whose repeated victories had acquired him the reputation of the ablest general of the age, of the appellation—“Napoleon of the south.” However men may differ in opinion about the right, or the expediency of a declaration of independence by the people of Texas; all must respect the courage which called it forth in face of the dangers which surrounded them.

Page 325: The measures adopted by Travis to apprise the authorities and people of Texas, and commandant at Goliad, of his situation, that they might hasten reinforcements to his relief, will best appear from the subjoined letters; they contain also interesting details of the progress of the siege, and serve to exhibit the spirit and mind of the man; they constitute the only legacy of a brave man; and the patriot soldier who would form himself upon the most perfect model, need not look beyond the letters and the example of Travis.

Page 326: (Proclamation and Letter of Travis.) “To the people of Texas and all Americans in the world. Commandancy of the Alamo, Bejar, Feb. 24, 1836. Fellow citizens and compatriots, I am besieged by a thousand or more of the Mexicans, under Santa Anna. I have sustained a continual bombardment and cannonade for 24 hours, and have not lost a man. The enemy have demanded a surrender at discretion; otherwise the garrison is to be put to the sword, if the fort is taken. I have answered the summons with a cannon shot, and our flag still waves proudly from the walls. I shall never surrender or retreat. Then I call on you in the name of liberty, patriotism, and everything dear to the American character, to come to our aid with all despatch. The enemy are receiving reinforcements daily, and will no doubt increase to three or four thousand in four or five days. Though this call may be neglected, I am determined to sustain myself as long as possible, and die like a soldier who never forgets what is due to his own honor and that of his country. Victory or death! W. Barrett Travis, Lieut. Col. Com’t.”

Page 328: No other communications from the lamented Travis, or any of his associates in the siege, ever reached the authorities or people of Texas. Many fancy sketches of the further progress of the siege, and the conduct of individuals who composed the garrison, have been published. The following is all that can be relied upon as authentic.

Page 341: It will be recollected that the Texian convention, clothed with full powers to declare independence, and form a constitution, were then in session at Washington. And it was at this dark hour, i face of the impending storm which threatened to lay their country in utter desolation, that the delegates of the people of Texas adopted a declaration of independence, and put their names to the instrument.

Page 363: During the early part of the winter of 1836-7, the disposition of their Illustrious prisoner, a question which for several months had perplexed the minds of the authorities and people of Texas, was finally settled. A large and respectable portion of the citizens, including several officers of the civil government, and most of those of the army, strongly urged the justice and propriety of subjecting him to trial and execution, if found guilty of the imputed charge, (of the truth of which there can be no doubt,) of having ordered the massacre of the prisoners at Goliad. It was a question of policy merely, as no one doubted the right of such a proceeding.

Page 365: The question has taken us by surprise. Among the dangers which beset this union, that which would spring from the rise and growth of a new republic upon our borders never was seriously contemplated, because it was scarcely believed to be among possible contingencies. And now when it is presented, it comes in form and magnitude so little alarming, that we scarcely pause to examine it. It is but a speck in the horizon, from which it would be folly to predict the tempest. A mere handful of our own people, who left us, as it were but yesterday, looking yet with unabated fondness at the home, kindred and friends, they left behind, have today erected an independent republic upon our borders. All this we feel and know to be true, and it is this which has led them to make the offer of a surrender of that independent sovereignty, the very semblance of which, after a few years possession, has been cherished even by the most diminutive state in the world, as the dearest attribute among the gifts of heaven. And so will it soon come to be regarded by the people of Texas, when in a few years, perhaps in a few months, they shall have acquired a keen relish for the exercise of sovereign power, and when those sentiments of love and gratitude which induced an offer to surrender it, shall have been cooled by the lapse of time, or stifled by resentment for what may be deemed a contemptuous rejection of the offered boon. It is believed that every citizen of the United States, who has fairly and candidly examined the question in all its bearings, will admit that dangers of fearful magnitude may be justly apprehended form the permanent independent existence of Texas. But such an event is scarcely contemplated as possible. The annexation at no distant day is expected to happen almost in course. In the meantime no danger is apprehended from delay, because it is believed that the evil may be arrested at pleasure. the most common maxims of prudence may serve as an admonition in the present case. The delay of a manifest act of duty, an account of some lion in the path, has been the most fruitful source of ruin to nations as well as individuals. The congress of Texas met pursuant to adjournment in may, 1837, at the city of Houston, the new seat of government. The following message delivered by President Houston on that occasion, containing a brief and lucid exposition of the affairs of the country at that time, is presented, to conclude our work. 

[dopemiracletyrant-blog]

Anonymous knowledge substantiation is that the manner forward – however UN agency can get there first?

Before we tend to build any predictions for the longer term, let’s examine the teachings of 2016. If the thought media’s obsessions match those of the general public - that is their job - then privacy became associate more and more necessary within the last twelve months. Fears over the sovereignty, security and privacy of non-public info were seldom out of the news.

The year 2016 schooled United States that intrusive selling, huge Brother-style police investigation and idle knowledge losses square measure huge problems with the general public. They still hunger for info and diversion on their mobile phones and therefore the relationship with their handsets is ever additional intimate, however intimacy goes hand in hand with trust. the great news is that it’s not most the gathering of knowledge that considerations them - otherwise for certain subscribers wouldn't keep volunteering their personal details as a group, to thousands of service suppliers - however the abuse of that responsibility that's creating them lose trust. this can be why there's a boom in demand for non-personal knowledge, and why anonymous knowledge substantiation (ADM) are one in all the foremost necessary growth markets in 2017. It’s not chump-change either. Seven-figure annual contracts square measure being created with app publishers for anonymous location-based knowledge, that includes a high worth to the mobile telecoms sector.

Meanwhile, another trend of less concern to the overall public was the autumn in revenue for games developers because it became more and more troublesome to influence shoppers to pay. because the shifts in on-line advertising still concentrate power within the hands of the largest, most globally ubiquitous content suppliers, this has dealt the mobile developers a double whammy.

If these 3 trends persist into 2017 - and their momentum suggests that {they can|they're going to|they'll} - then games and apps manufacturers will have 3 doubtless decreasing sources of revenue. On one hand they will sell their apps for associate direct fee, that is more and more troublesome within the days of freemiums and volatile shifts in demand. On the opposite hand, the freemium model, that involves giving for free software package within the hope of attractive users to procure upgrades, is proving difficult and extremely competitive. The third choice, advertising, is obtaining more durable to stay up with. the great news is that there’s a fourth choice rising and it may be a lifesaver. It’s not chump-change either. Seven-figure annual contracts square measure being created with app publishers for the gathering of anonymous location-based knowledge.

Just as the general public demands that additional of the information about them is sanitized, there has been a boom in demand for anonymous location-based knowledge from the mobile business, specially mobile telecoms firms, UN agency square measure seeking insight on mobile network coverage and mobile performance. At an equivalent time, there's a growth in demand from advertisers UN agency more and more need to use location-based targeting as a part of their campaign efforts. firms like Uber making demand town by town have shown the successes to be gained by exploitation this approach. Naturally, the transport giant’s selling team is probably going to pay way more on a pay-per-click basis to focus on specific geographies as opposed toa broader and fewer focussed campaign targeting associate irrelevant  audience. This in-turn creates higher show and PPC revenues for the mobile app publishers displaying the ads.

One of the explanations that ADM is anticipated to boom in 2017 is that it hits the sweet spot between 3 sets of aspirations: the necessity for advertisers to focus on audiences supported location, the demand within the mobile and telecoms sector to raised perceive and improve network coverage and therefore the want for mobile content publishers (such as games and app developers) to search out new ways in which to form cash. once these 3 tributaries mix, they kind a strong revenue stream.

Many app developers don’t have the capability for providing or monetising this info on their own, therefore however quickly will they get on board? A games developer, as an example, may insert code into its existing apps which might collect anonymous location-based knowledge from users within the background. Since this info relates solely to the situation of the cell that the mobile device resides in and no personal or distinctive device identifiers square measure collected, no privacy problems square measure raised. However, the easy addition of this knowledge reportage capability adds massively to the worth of the software package.

It is for these reasons that our prime 3 predictions for mobile substantiation in 2017 are:

Advertisers can more and more would like to focus on their audience, together with by location As a result, location-targeted advertising can increase in worth, whereas non-location targeted advertising can decline As a byproduct, anonymous location-based knowledge will be collected, generating even additional revenue for mobile app publishers, through ADM, which is able to become the fourth major revenue stream for mobile apps. Many mobile app developers may considerably raise the worth of their company within the many hours it takes to include some code from associate enabling  ADM partner. they will faucet into this new revenue stream nearly instantly, with none investment to find and hiring programmers, developing new platforms or fitting the selling and sales resources needed to legalise the information.

With application developers and publishers needing cash, the mobile business seeking anonymous location-based knowledge and advertisers crying out for bigger geographic targeting capabilities, ADM is currently being power-driven a swell of energy. If you'll be able to catch this wave, it may be a life affirming surf for future few years.

[viewget-blog]

Today we will go to Brazil to enjoy a glimpse of the charm of nature. Brazil, the largest country in South America, has a vast expanse of natural forests, vast natural pastures and rich underground treasures. In this magical land, the Atlantic sea breeze, the Amazon River and the virgin forest of angry, nourish, nurture the fertile soil. Its dazzling colors, its picturesque cultural landscape, its charming and colorful culture, have long attracted people’s attention and impacted people’s senses.

Iguazu Falls Iguazu Falls is one of the world’s three major waterfalls, located in the border between Argentina and Brazil. In 1984, the United Nations as a World Natural Heritage. “Iguazu” in the indigenous language of South America, is “flood” means. At the Argentine-Brazilian border, the surging Iguazu River is 1,500 meters wide, like a lake. Water flow forward suddenly fell Robarna River Canyon, fault cliff divine workmanship will be under the Pentium River cut into large and small water more than 270 waterfalls, forming a spectacular semi-circular waterfall group, with a total width of 4000 meters, the average Drop 80 meters. Rainy season, when all large and small cascades converge into the world’s widest waterfall, splashing water column of more than 30 meters high, nectar splash, snow silver. Earthshaking sound of water, as far as 25 kilometers away can be heard.

Waterfalls are located on both sides of the canyon, Argentina and Brazil on the canyon as the border, the waterfall on both sides of the scenery is very different. Waterfall is part of the most beautiful part of Argentina, but things are so interesting, waterfalls in the vicinity is difficult to really appreciate its spectacular majestic, looked from the Brazilian side, the momentum is more majestic spectacular. Brazil, of course, so happy, the most beautiful part of you, you to maintain, I set up attractions in the other side of the ticket selling money, people appreciate. Iguazu Falls the most magnificent “devil throat”, in Argentina here is from the top down, 9 shares of water roaring down, the sound like thunder, thrilling. In Brazil there is from the bottom up, the water curtain falling from the sky, like the days of diarrhea Galaxy, and some feelings. The air was filled with mist, the sun out, seven-color rainbow hanging in a transparent blue sky, like a wonderland, the United States was dazzling.

Although several of us wearing a raincoat attraction free of charge, only a moment of time, all into a drowned chicken, even the camera has been carefully hides in his arms, just took out on the wet. We do not have any unhappiness, high interest to accept the strong erosion, like being baptized, used to cleanse and purify the soul.

When we penetrate heavy mist, see the waterfall in their own eyes washed down. Suddenly lost the sun, surrounded by white mist, the air is still full of water, the ear is the sound of roaring sound of water. I hold my breath, and even illusion of this rapid flow of everything is forever. Because in the magical nature of the face is too small, this moment really have the urge to cry, nature gives us so straightforward revelation: I comprehend me is me, as it is its own water, is not about, Go forward, do it silently, that is, the process of short life.

The Amazon River The Amazon River, known as the “king of the river”, more than 6400 km, thousands of tributaries and the main stream together composed of 60,000 km of the Amazon River, the watershed area of ​​7 million square kilometers, covering 40% of land in South America , Mostly in Brazil. The Amazon River in South America and the middle of the Andes Misi Xuefeng of Britain, 5400 meters above sea level. Snow falls into a stream, the waterfall falls down from the cliff, forming a stream, a series of lakes, a thousand streams of gully, plus the equatorial rain belt, abundant water all year round, making it the world’s most extensive, River, the Brazilians proudly called “Hohai.” The Amazon River to moisten the vast expanse of land in South America, making this a world recognized as the most mysterious “kingdom of life”

The Amazon River network, crisscross, it breeds a wide variety of fish. Natural scientists believe that there are more than 3,000 species of fish in the Amazon basin, where the Bila such as fish, soup fish and piranha fish is unique to the local. It is said that the fish is the world’s largest freshwater fish, body up to 2 meters, weighing 125 kg.

We ride on a speed boat, toward the bewildering tributary of the Amazon tributary, sparkling water, quiet and mysterious, many unknown shrubs grow out from the river, cast a looming shadow in the water. Along the way to see the local indigenous children, shaking a slender boat, dark strong body shining in the sun, arm wrapped around the thick snake in Shanghai. The children waved friendly to us, shouting we could not understand. According to the local escort, these Indian life is to rely on the Amazon for a living, do not know the outside world progress and wonderful.

Original tropical rain forest

Both sides of the Amazon River is a stretch of tropical rainforests, forest area of ​​300 million hectares, the resulting oxygen at least 20% of the total global oxygen, so the “Earth’s lung” in the world. Ample rainfall, hot and humid climate and a strong sunshine for a long time, the Amazon River Basin region provides a unique plant growth conditions, the rain forest almost hot and humid throughout the year, the day temperature of about 33 degrees Celsius, night temperature of about Celsius Twenty-three degrees. The Amazon Basin is home to the highest number of plant species worldwide. Many trees more than 60 meters high, blotting out the sun. Shrubs and trees have a strange plate base. In this stifling jungle, in the muddy river, the poisonous snakes, poisonous spiders, poisonous insects, poisonous mosquitoes, and Zhang Zhaoxue big mouth of the crocodile, I do not know when to let you wits!

We spent a day, to the original forest “adventure.” Before departure, the Indian friends to each of the roots of 1-meter-long stick, do Pathfinder tools and used to “arouse his suspicions.” Accompanied by repeated care, if lost in the forest, do not mess, you can hit the trunk with a stick, the sound of the echo in the forest to inform the companion, and frighten the beast. Aboriginal people here carry a knife with an exceptionally sharp, once what was bitten, immediately with a knife to cut out all the meat near the wound, improper handling may be killed immediately. Walking in the primeval forest, the ground is wet and soft weeds and leaves, the sun through the tall trees scattered under the mottled, the air is everywhere the atmosphere of corruption, hot and humid, did not take a few steps, they sweat . The forest is full of exotic flowers, beautiful insects flying in front of you, but we are still everywhere careful, step by step carefully, for fear that the foot is a trap.

Amazon rainforest is the world’s largest ecological treasure. Despite recent years of deforestation and destruction, the Amazon rainforest still accounts for more than half of the planet’s total rainforest area, three times the size of the Congo virgin forest and eight times that of New Zealand’s virgin forest. Who do not know the exact number of animal species here. According to information provided by the Brazilian Embassy, ​​the forest has now found thousands of animals, of which more than 8,000 kinds of unique to Brazil. Insects have only more than 700 kinds of butterflies, more than 600 species of beetles, ants and spiders have more than 400 species. Many plants and animals in different poses and with different expressions, one vitality.

Gobakavana Beach

There are four world famous beach: the United States Hawaii Beach, Brazil Rio Gobakovana Beach, Sydney, Australia Bondi Beach and the Gold Coast. Judge the standard beach is about: the beach gently, the degree of pollution of sea water, sand uniform thickness, whether the shark, the number of typhoons every year and so on.

Gobakavana beach along the long, blue sea, beach soft, Tianshui same color. There is no typhoon, no shark, really paradise on earth. We took off his shoes, rolled up his trousers, walking barefoot on the beach, walking in the thin sand above the sea water mild translucent, feet feel the touch of the Atlantic waters, that feeling is very pleasant. Blue sky and white clouds of water sand, lying on the beach to enjoy a lot of sunbathing visitors, colorful swimsuit, constitute a beautiful picture. Brazilians say that only at this moment, we are naked, can not tell the rich and the poor, God is fair. There are children playing on the beach playing in the water, bouncing posture in the sun to show the vitality of youth. A large group of people over there to form a circle, is watching a few girls performing samba, their light and flexible shaking ass, wonderful female curve like a snake dancing, threw himself, no one else, won the audience bursts Applause and applause.

Brazil, startling tropical style, a taste of nature’s fatal temptation was originally published on View Get

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Winter Highs: 8 Ways to Embrace the Season in India

Igloo stays, iridescent birds and ice sports—keep your gloves on for a wild winter ride through in the country.

  Adventure-seekers can go ice climbing over frozen waterfalls and cliffs in Spiti Valley. Photo By: Himanshu Khagta

Come winter, and the Himalayas shed their foliage to don a surreal winter trousseau, most of which remains largely undiscovered. The northeast puts on its festive garb too; its rivers turn teal, and birders flock to the region to spot winged creatures rarely found elsewhere. There is no dearth of options to embrace the chill in India—we’ve cherry-picked eight guaranteed to take your breath away:

  Birdsong and Bikes, Arunachal Pradesh

The lush rainforests of Arunachal are a delight to explore in the winter, humming with birders who come for a glimpse of the hornbill, shrike babbler and the endemic Mishmi wren-babbler, found only in the Mishmi Hills in the state’s east. The bird, with its black-and-brown streaked body and rust neckline, is one of the star attractions of this biodiversity haven.

Another unique way to explore Mishmi Hills and the surrounding Dibang Valley is on a mountain bike; the gently sloping terrain combined with rugged roads makes for a fine winter adventure (except during a rare, heavy snowfall). One of the best routes is the one going to the town of Anini, about 220 kilometres north of Roing in the Dibang Valley, and a three-day ride away. Apart from alluring mist-kissed forests, landscapes that leave you agape, and fabulous birding opportunities, a slow ride and some off-the-trail exploration opens doors to spot the rare red panda and hoolock gibbons, and the possibility of spotting the unique ungulate, the Mishmi takin. Tine Mena, northeast India’s first female Everester, leads mountain biking journeys to Anini, and hiking and angling trips (mishmihills@gmail.com; 8974299357). Local conservationist and passionate birder Jibi Pulu runs the Mishmi Hills camp in Roingand leads explorations in the area. (98628 56981; doubles from Rs2,000)

    A hoolock gibbon (top-left); New year celebrations in Meghalaya (top-right); Ice climbing in Spiti Valley (bottom-left); Enthusiastic birders can spend their winter searching for the iridescent Himalayan monal (bottom-right) in Himachal Pradesh. Photos By: Aditya Singh/imageBROKER/dinodia photo library (gibbon) ; Himanshu Khagta (people and ice-climbing); Alexandra Rudge/Moment Open/Getty images (Monal)

To New Beginnings, Northeast

Home to a significant Christian population, the northeast truly shines during Christmas. Squares across towns and cities in the eight states fill with roly-poly Santas, and midnight masses grace colony churches large and quaint. The festive cheer rings high right up to New Year’s Eve. Even Manipur, which has a large Hindu population in its Meitei community, brings out the conifers. In the hills of Ukhrul, the Naga community of Tankhuls flaunt their traditional attire and gather for mass at the church on the first Sunday of the New Year. Jowai in Meghalaya’s West Jaintia Hills has its own style of ringing in the New Year. Locals across the town form large groups and stay up until the wee hours, crooning originally composed songs around bonfires, one-upping each another on the best tunes. On January 1, the revelry continues in the form of large buffets of local delicacies.

  Sea of Ice, Himachal Pradesh

A slow rise up a frozen swathe, the axe gingerly finding a foothold, crampons crunching into the snow—ice climbing is for those who take their love for winters to the next level. The sport may not be for novices, but those familiar with climbing and yearning to amp it up would thoroughly enjoy it.

This January, India hosted its first edition ice climbing festival in the Spiti Valley. Piti Dharr became a playground for those who love the sight of a frozen waterfall or ice-covered cliffs, allowing the sport to reach a wider audience. Adventure companies such as Rimo Expeditions lead ice climbing expeditions to the Zanskar valley in the Ladakh Himalayas and spots around Manali (www.rimoexpeditions.com; expeditions are usually 8-10 days ex-Leh; price varies with expedition. Piti Dharr takes place between January 5—10 2020; open to all who meet the minimum requirement of beginner level skills; pittidharr@gmail.com).

  Ride to Remember, Uttarakhand

Unlike many mountain escapes in the north, Uttarakhand’s eastern part of Kumaon remains blissfully tourist-free in the winters. The long journey from the foothills of Kumaon to Munsyari could seem daunting, but it is worth the crisp views of the Kumaon Himalayas that float alongside on a sea of puffy winter clouds, and the spectacular 360-degree snowy expanse from Khaliya Top that awaits those who take the time.

Kumaon (top) is a visual treat, especially the drive down to Munsyari; Rafting down the Siang river (bottom). Photo By: Himanshu Khagta (Mountain); Photo courtesy: Aquaterra Adventures (rafting)

Split your drive into two, and begin your ascent from the foothills around the Corbett region to get initiated into these majestic mountains. Drive half the 300-kilometre distance past major towns like Nainital, and break your journey in the wilderness of the Binsar Wildlife Sanctuary. Go further only if you are confident of long-distance driving in the mountains, to places like Chaukori or Berinag as your overnight hault. Mountain views come in to focus as early as from Almora, about a 100 kilometres into your journey, and grow larger than life as you move towards Chaukori, where Neelkantha, Chaukhamba, and other 7000ers take the stage.

Continue the following morning, with the Nanda Devi peaks, main and east, Nanda Ghunti, and more, emerge. Go all the way up to the Kala Muni ridge, then begin the descent to Munsyari, a little township facing the grand Panchachuli peaks that are believed to be the spiralling path the Pandavas took on their final journey to heaven. There are limited accommodation options in Munsyari, but Himalayan Glamping Retreat in the outskirts has plush tents, cosy dining and fun board games (https://ift.tt/2IYs0kV, doubles with meals Rs14,000 plus taxes). Visit the weavers in Darkot, five kilometres away, to see how they create timeless rugs, hats, shawls and bedspreads. At the end of the day, watch the setting sun glimmer like gold over the snowy tip of Panchachuli.

  Chasing the Siang, Arunachal Pradesh

The arrival of winter on the Siang river bids goodbye to the muddy torrents of monsoon. A major tributary of northeast India’s longest river, the Brahmaputra, the mighty Siang is gorgeously blue at this time of the year. Drive along its banks, all the way from Passighat to Boleng, and take in its sweeping, azure curves. Stop on its rock and silt-filled beaches, or cross one of the traditional bamboo bridges spanning its width. An amazing architectural feat of sturdiness and technique, these bridges are the lifeline of the region, connecting several villages to roads, and smaller settlements with each other. Hear your heart beat to the sound of the Siang, for these sky-walks swing wildly. The dynamic Yabur Tatin runs a homestay in Boleng with her husband, and has great insider tips for the best spots by the Siang (94024 26343).

The river is also a favourite with rafting lovers, and winter is an ideal season to go down its length. Aquaterra Adventures organises rafting expeditions on the Siang (www.aquaterra.in; 12-day expeditions between Nov-Dec Rs1,20,600 plus tax). Along the length of the river you will also find locals selling Arunachal’s famous oranges, the state’s biggest cash crop that also lends its name to the annual winter Orange festival in Dambuk.

  An Igloo near Manali, Himachal Pradesh

Swap a regular hotel stay for an igloo, a one-of-its-kind offering in India’s Sethan village in the Hampta valley near Manali. For a night or two, think of yourself as an eskimo, and combine the experience with fun activities like snow tubing. Learn to build your own igloo with compressed snow blocks, an activity that engages adults and kids alike. It’s like having the Arctic in your backyard. Your adventure begins with the 4WD drive that leads up to the site, surrounded by stunning Himalayan views. The area also has gentle slopes ideal for skiing, should you want to try that out too. Snuggle around a log fire with a mug of hot chocolate under the stars, and go to bed in a cosy sleeping bag that will keep you coccooned from the cold. Keylinga Himlalayan Adventures’s packages come with winter sports such as snowboarding and snowshoeing, along with the stay (www.keylinga.com; Rs5,500 per person with meals).

A climb up to the Kuppad Peak could have you crossing paths with rare birds like the western tragopan. Photo By: Himanshu Khagta

Hilly hikes of Paradise, Himachal Pradesh

The Jubbal region of Himachal Pradesh remains relatively unexplored, a mere shadow to Tirthan valley, Triund, and the Hampta circuit, and wears a surreal cloak of white in winter. Go beyond the regular haunts to hit trails such as the Giri Ganga route in Jubbal, and you will be floored by the near-private outdoor experiences it offers in the winding mesh of its deodar forests. Throw in overnight camping and go all the way to Kuppad meadow, where you can spot the iridescent Himalayan monal or the elusive state bird, the western tragopan. The latter is one of the rarest pheasants and is found only in pockets of Himachal’s undisturbed forests. Chanshal peak, a five-hour drive from Baral in Jubbal, is another great option for birding. If you do not have the luxury of a multi-day hike to its top, drive from Baral to Larot for about three and a half hours and then hike four hours through virgin forests and meadows to reach the Chanshal ridge. Local operator Ashish Kalta organises these hikes and runs an apple farm homestay here with with his Ladakhi wife, Kunzes. Their cultural backgrounds come together in their kitchen. Dig into their spinach and cheese momos served with bulka, a local dish of wild greens with poppy-filled bednis or bread (kaltaashish@gmail.com; 9129033323).

  Walk on Ice, Himachal Pradesh

In winter, Gulmarg attracts skiers by the busload, so if you want to stray from the trodden slopes, try Narkanda. Few associate it with skiing, except the locals and a handful of travellers who have already discovered it. Guided lessons for beginners and rented gear are available here, and veterans can go to higher slopes closer to the Hatu peak.

A 30-minute drive from Narkanda takes you to the Shilaroo Project, a site for learning pottery and yoga, run by sisters Virangana and Shubhangana Kainthla. A quiet alternative to the popular Andretta, a weekend workshop enables guests to learn the art form along with farming and other community work. Masters in their respective art forms—pottery and hatha yoga—the sisters created this haven to seamlessly integrate physical, mental and spiritual equilibrium. It also offers stays with shared and private options, which could be your base for your Narkanda skiing adventure (theshilarooproject.com).

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[topfygad]

Winter Highs: 8 Ways to Embrace the Season in India

Igloo stays, iridescent birds and ice sports—keep your gloves on for a wild winter ride through in the country.

  Adventure-seekers can go ice climbing over frozen waterfalls and cliffs in Spiti Valley. Photo By: Himanshu Khagta

Come winter, and the Himalayas shed their foliage to don a surreal winter trousseau, most of which remains largely undiscovered. The northeast puts on its festive garb too; its rivers turn teal, and birders flock to the region to spot winged creatures rarely found elsewhere. There is no dearth of options to embrace the chill in India—we’ve cherry-picked eight guaranteed to take your breath away:

  Birdsong and Bikes, Arunachal Pradesh

The lush rainforests of Arunachal are a delight to explore in the winter, humming with birders who come for a glimpse of the hornbill, shrike babbler and the endemic Mishmi wren-babbler, found only in the Mishmi Hills in the state’s east. The bird, with its black-and-brown streaked body and rust neckline, is one of the star attractions of this biodiversity haven.

Another unique way to explore Mishmi Hills and the surrounding Dibang Valley is on a mountain bike; the gently sloping terrain combined with rugged roads makes for a fine winter adventure (except during a rare, heavy snowfall). One of the best routes is the one going to the town of Anini, about 220 kilometres north of Roing in the Dibang Valley, and a three-day ride away. Apart from alluring mist-kissed forests, landscapes that leave you agape, and fabulous birding opportunities, a slow ride and some off-the-trail exploration opens doors to spot the rare red panda and hoolock gibbons, and the possibility of spotting the unique ungulate, the Mishmi takin. Tine Mena, northeast India’s first female Everester, leads mountain biking journeys to Anini, and hiking and angling trips (mishmihills@gmail.com; 8974299357). Local conservationist and passionate birder Jibi Pulu runs the Mishmi Hills camp in Roingand leads explorations in the area. (98628 56981; doubles from Rs2,000)

    A hoolock gibbon (top-left); New year celebrations in Meghalaya (top-right); Ice climbing in Spiti Valley (bottom-left); Enthusiastic birders can spend their winter searching for the iridescent Himalayan monal (bottom-right) in Himachal Pradesh. Photos By: Aditya Singh/imageBROKER/dinodia photo library (gibbon) ; Himanshu Khagta (people and ice-climbing); Alexandra Rudge/Moment Open/Getty images (Monal)

To New Beginnings, Northeast

Home to a significant Christian population, the northeast truly shines during Christmas. Squares across towns and cities in the eight states fill with roly-poly Santas, and midnight masses grace colony churches large and quaint. The festive cheer rings high right up to New Year’s Eve. Even Manipur, which has a large Hindu population in its Meitei community, brings out the conifers. In the hills of Ukhrul, the Naga community of Tankhuls flaunt their traditional attire and gather for mass at the church on the first Sunday of the New Year. Jowai in Meghalaya’s West Jaintia Hills has its own style of ringing in the New Year. Locals across the town form large groups and stay up until the wee hours, crooning originally composed songs around bonfires, one-upping each another on the best tunes. On January 1, the revelry continues in the form of large buffets of local delicacies.

  Sea of Ice, Himachal Pradesh

A slow rise up a frozen swathe, the axe gingerly finding a foothold, crampons crunching into the snow—ice climbing is for those who take their love for winters to the next level. The sport may not be for novices, but those familiar with climbing and yearning to amp it up would thoroughly enjoy it.

This January, India hosted its first edition ice climbing festival in the Spiti Valley. Piti Dharr became a playground for those who love the sight of a frozen waterfall or ice-covered cliffs, allowing the sport to reach a wider audience. Adventure companies such as Rimo Expeditions lead ice climbing expeditions to the Zanskar valley in the Ladakh Himalayas and spots around Manali (www.rimoexpeditions.com; expeditions are usually 8-10 days ex-Leh; price varies with expedition. Piti Dharr takes place between January 5—10 2020; open to all who meet the minimum requirement of beginner level skills; pittidharr@gmail.com).

  Ride to Remember, Uttarakhand

Unlike many mountain escapes in the north, Uttarakhand’s eastern part of Kumaon remains blissfully tourist-free in the winters. The long journey from the foothills of Kumaon to Munsyari could seem daunting, but it is worth the crisp views of the Kumaon Himalayas that float alongside on a sea of puffy winter clouds, and the spectacular 360-degree snowy expanse from Khaliya Top that awaits those who take the time.

Kumaon (top) is a visual treat, especially the drive down to Munsyari; Rafting down the Siang river (bottom). Photo By: Himanshu Khagta (Mountain); Photo courtesy: Aquaterra Adventures (rafting)

Split your drive into two, and begin your ascent from the foothills around the Corbett region to get initiated into these majestic mountains. Drive half the 300-kilometre distance past major towns like Nainital, and break your journey in the wilderness of the Binsar Wildlife Sanctuary. Go further only if you are confident of long-distance driving in the mountains, to places like Chaukori or Berinag as your overnight hault. Mountain views come in to focus as early as from Almora, about a 100 kilometres into your journey, and grow larger than life as you move towards Chaukori, where Neelkantha, Chaukhamba, and other 7000ers take the stage.

Continue the following morning, with the Nanda Devi peaks, main and east, Nanda Ghunti, and more, emerge. Go all the way up to the Kala Muni ridge, then begin the descent to Munsyari, a little township facing the grand Panchachuli peaks that are believed to be the spiralling path the Pandavas took on their final journey to heaven. There are limited accommodation options in Munsyari, but Himalayan Glamping Retreat in the outskirts has plush tents, cosy dining and fun board games (https://ift.tt/2IYs0kV, doubles with meals Rs14,000 plus taxes). Visit the weavers in Darkot, five kilometres away, to see how they create timeless rugs, hats, shawls and bedspreads. At the end of the day, watch the setting sun glimmer like gold over the snowy tip of Panchachuli.

  Chasing the Siang, Arunachal Pradesh

The arrival of winter on the Siang river bids goodbye to the muddy torrents of monsoon. A major tributary of northeast India’s longest river, the Brahmaputra, the mighty Siang is gorgeously blue at this time of the year. Drive along its banks, all the way from Passighat to Boleng, and take in its sweeping, azure curves. Stop on its rock and silt-filled beaches, or cross one of the traditional bamboo bridges spanning its width. An amazing architectural feat of sturdiness and technique, these bridges are the lifeline of the region, connecting several villages to roads, and smaller settlements with each other. Hear your heart beat to the sound of the Siang, for these sky-walks swing wildly. The dynamic Yabur Tatin runs a homestay in Boleng with her husband, and has great insider tips for the best spots by the Siang (94024 26343).

The river is also a favourite with rafting lovers, and winter is an ideal season to go down its length. Aquaterra Adventures organises rafting expeditions on the Siang (www.aquaterra.in; 12-day expeditions between Nov-Dec Rs1,20,600 plus tax). Along the length of the river you will also find locals selling Arunachal’s famous oranges, the state’s biggest cash crop that also lends its name to the annual winter Orange festival in Dambuk.

  An Igloo near Manali, Himachal Pradesh

Swap a regular hotel stay for an igloo, a one-of-its-kind offering in India’s Sethan village in the Hampta valley near Manali. For a night or two, think of yourself as an eskimo, and combine the experience with fun activities like snow tubing. Learn to build your own igloo with compressed snow blocks, an activity that engages adults and kids alike. It’s like having the Arctic in your backyard. Your adventure begins with the 4WD drive that leads up to the site, surrounded by stunning Himalayan views. The area also has gentle slopes ideal for skiing, should you want to try that out too. Snuggle around a log fire with a mug of hot chocolate under the stars, and go to bed in a cosy sleeping bag that will keep you coccooned from the cold. Keylinga Himlalayan Adventures’s packages come with winter sports such as snowboarding and snowshoeing, along with the stay (www.keylinga.com; Rs5,500 per person with meals).

A climb up to the Kuppad Peak could have you crossing paths with rare birds like the western tragopan. Photo By: Himanshu Khagta

Hilly hikes of Paradise, Himachal Pradesh

The Jubbal region of Himachal Pradesh remains relatively unexplored, a mere shadow to Tirthan valley, Triund, and the Hampta circuit, and wears a surreal cloak of white in winter. Go beyond the regular haunts to hit trails such as the Giri Ganga route in Jubbal, and you will be floored by the near-private outdoor experiences it offers in the winding mesh of its deodar forests. Throw in overnight camping and go all the way to Kuppad meadow, where you can spot the iridescent Himalayan monal or the elusive state bird, the western tragopan. The latter is one of the rarest pheasants and is found only in pockets of Himachal’s undisturbed forests. Chanshal peak, a five-hour drive from Baral in Jubbal, is another great option for birding. If you do not have the luxury of a multi-day hike to its top, drive from Baral to Larot for about three and a half hours and then hike four hours through virgin forests and meadows to reach the Chanshal ridge. Local operator Ashish Kalta organises these hikes and runs an apple farm homestay here with with his Ladakhi wife, Kunzes. Their cultural backgrounds come together in their kitchen. Dig into their spinach and cheese momos served with bulka, a local dish of wild greens with poppy-filled bednis or bread (kaltaashish@gmail.com; 9129033323).

  Walk on Ice, Himachal Pradesh

In winter, Gulmarg attracts skiers by the busload, so if you want to stray from the trodden slopes, try Narkanda. Few associate it with skiing, except the locals and a handful of travellers who have already discovered it. Guided lessons for beginners and rented gear are available here, and veterans can go to higher slopes closer to the Hatu peak.

A 30-minute drive from Narkanda takes you to the Shilaroo Project, a site for learning pottery and yoga, run by sisters Virangana and Shubhangana Kainthla. A quiet alternative to the popular Andretta, a weekend workshop enables guests to learn the art form along with farming and other community work. Masters in their respective art forms—pottery and hatha yoga—the sisters created this haven to seamlessly integrate physical, mental and spiritual equilibrium. It also offers stays with shared and private options, which could be your base for your Narkanda skiing adventure (theshilarooproject.com).

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