#tetramethyl lead

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The Science Research Folios of S. Sunkavally. Page 281.

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Chemicalsupplier15821839875@proton.me

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2-Cyclohexyl-4,6-dimethyl-5-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolan-2-yl)-pyrimidine - Oceanic-Pharmachem-Pvt-Ltd

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Global Isophytol Market Trends, Application and Regional Forecast to 2021-2027

Bharat Book Bureau Provides the Trending Market Research Report on “Global Isophytol Market, 2021-2027” under Chemical & Materials Market Research Reports Category. The report offers a collection of superior market research, market analysis, competitive intelligence and Market reports.

Isophytol, or 3,7,11,15-Tetramethyl-1-hexadecen-3-ol, is a terpenoid alcohol with the Formula C20H40O. It is primarily used as an intermediate in the synthesis of vitamins E and K1. Isophytol is also used as a fragrance and cosmetics ingredient. According to latest analysis by our Company, the global isophytol market is estimated to increase at the rate of 5.7% each year in the period from 2021 to 2027.

The report provides in-depth analysis and insights regarding the current global market scenario, latest trends and drivers into global isophytol market. It offers an exclusive insight into various details such as market size, key trends, competitive landscape, growth rate and market segments.

The isophytol market is segmented on the basis of application, and region. The isophytol market is segmented as below:

By application: vitamins fragrance & flavor

By region: Asia Pacific Europe North America Rest of the World (RoW)

The global isophytol market report offers detailed information on several market vendors, including BASF SE, Koninklijke DSM N.V., PKU Healthcare Corp., Ltd., Zhejiang Medicine Co., Ltd., Zhejiang NHU Co. Ltd., among others.

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Historical & Forecast Period This research report provides analysis for each segment from 2017 to 2027 considering 2020 to be the base year.

Scope of the Report To analyze and forecast the market size of the global isophytol market. To classify and forecast the global isophytol market based on application, and region. To identify drivers and challenges for the global isophytol market. To examine competitive developments such as mergers & acquisitions, agreements, collaborations and partnerships, etc., in the global isophytol market. To identify and analyze the profile of leading players operating in the global isophytol market.

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[kenresearchcompany]

Global Pentane-1, 2-Diol Market 2021 by Types, End Users 2027

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Pentane-1,2-diol is a special kind of chemical ingredient, found naturally in some plants (for instance sugar beets & corn cobs). This product is most frequently lab-derived when used in the cosmetics. It is a humectant, which means it adheres well to water, making it a good moisturizer and solvent to help other ingredients penetrate. It also helps to improve the consistency of skin-care formulas and has gentle additive properties when used in the amounts between 1-5%. In terms of application, the pentane-1, 2-diol market is divided into personal care, agrochemicals and cosmetic products.

Pentane-1, 2-diol has two -OH groups. The product has a natural tendency for attracting the water. It also retains water, which is mainly helpful for dry skin. It has all essential characteristics of the solvent. It is a non-reactive and can dissolve many other compounds. Owing to its natural ability to preserve the moisture in the skin, it also conditions skin & hair. It is also recognized to have anti-microbial properties. It offers a double benefit by protecting the skin from harmful bacteria that could otherwise cause body odor and acne problems on the skin. The second benefit is to protect the product from any microbial growth so that the product can be of the same quality during the usage and shelf life. It is used in formulations of moisturizers, cleansers, creams, lotions, and other skincare products.

Referring to the study, “Global Pentane-1,2-Diol (CAS 5343-92-0) Market, 2021-2027” the key companies operating in the global pentane-1,2-diol market include Jiangsu First Chemical Manufacture Co., Ltd.,  Taizhou Dezheng Chemical Factory, Evonik Industries AG, Zhejiang Realsun Chemical Co., Ltd., Xinxiang Jujing Chemical Co., Ltd. and among others. Renowned players are integrating mergers and acquisitions, partnerships, expansions, collaborations and product launches in order to increase their competitive advantage in the global market and maintain their market position. These players compete with each other on prices and services. The players operating in the market strive to provide the best quality products and services based on new technologies and best practices. The players make a substantial investment in research and development (R&D) and in securing a defined resource for customers.

Rise in demand from cosmetic and personal care product industry, followed by increase in need for air care products and growth in young population are some major factors, which are responsible for growth of the pentane-1, 2-diol market. Apart from this, high price of these chemical products may impact the market.

Based on regional analysis, the North-America is a leading region in global pentane-1, 2-diol market owing to rise in demand from cosmetics & personal care products across the region. The Asia-Pacific and Europe regions are estimated to witness higher growth rate due to growth in urbanization and improvising the living standards of people in the advancing countries over the forecast period. It is projected that future of the Global Pentane-1, 2-Diol Market will be bright on account of growth in population in the advancing countries and rise in disposable income during the forecast period.

For More Information, refer to below link:-

Global Pentane-1, 2-Diol Market Outlook 2021-2027

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[sinosil]

Cyclosiloxanes

SiSiB SILICONES is a leading manufacturer of silanes & silicones for over 30 years. Cyclosiloxane is the most important intermediate for silicone materials.

 SiSiB is a worldwide leading manufacturer of organosilanes for over 30 years.

 Cyclosiloxane is the most important intermediate for silicone materials. It is composed of repeating units of silicon (Si) and oxygen (O) atoms, which are individually combined to form a ring. It is produced by acid hydrolysis of silanes (e.g. dimethyldichlorosilane, diphenydichlorosilane) and purification by distillation.

 SiSiB is offering a wide range of cyclosiloxanes, include SiSiB® PC9240 Hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane (D3), SiSiB® PC9100 (Octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane, D4), SiSiB® PC9105 (Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane, D5) SiSiB® PC9106 (Dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxanee, D6), SiSiB® PC9150 (Tetramethylcyclotetrasiloxane, D4H), SiSiB® PC9110 (Tetramethyltetravinylcyclotetrasiloxane, ViD4), SiSiB® PC9180 (Octaphenylcyclotetrasiloxane, PhD4), SiSiB® PC9718 (3,3,3-Trifluoropropyl methyl cyclosiloxane, D3F) and SiSiB® PC9181 (Phenyl methyl cyclosiloxane).

 D3, D4, D5 and D6 are usually used as monomers in the production of different ranges of silicone materials and play an important role in a wide range of applications.

D5 and D6 are a non-alcoholic, transparent, colorless and odorless silicone liquid, used as a carrying and wetting agent for personal care products. It can be used as a body spray or as a substitute for petroleum-based solvents.

 D5 and D6 are the main cyclomethicones in cosmetics and personal care products because of their excellent skin and hair care properties. The cyclomethicone ingredients are used in cosmetics that require the siloxane carrier liquid to eventually evaporate completely. In this way, they are useful for products that need to be applied to the skin, such as deodorants and antiperspirants, but do not remain to the skin. They also can be found in sunscreens, shampoos, conditioners, moisturizers, lotions, etc.

 D4H, ViD4, PhD4 and D3F are used for the production of reactive silioxane polymers and improve the performance (e.g. phenyl side groups provide oxidative stability; trifluoropropyl side groups provide high resistance to solvents).

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High active content 2,4,6,8-Tetramethyl-2,4,6,8-tetravinyl-cyclotetrasiloxane, CAS No. 2554-06-5. It is a very effective inhibitor for a platinum catalyzed addition-curing Two-Part RTV.

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High purity 1,3,5,7-Tetramethylcyclotretasiloxane (D4H), CAS No. 2370-88-9. Widely used in cosmetics, deodorant, water repelling windshield coating, food additives and some soaps.

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High purity Octaphenylcyclotetrasiloxane (Ph-D4), CAS No. 546-56-5. It is used in phenyl silicones.

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High active content Phenylmethylcyclosiloxanes, CAS No. 68037-54-7. It is used in phenyl silicones.

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High purity Hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane (D3), CAS No. 541-05-9. It is used to synthesize many kinds of organic silicone products, likes silicon rubber and silicone fluid.

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Bempedoic Acid a Small Molecule Drug Process and Synthesis, Innovation And /Or Advantages, Development Status And /Or Regulatory Status| Lupine Publishers

Journal of Surgery| Lupine Publishers  

Abstract

 Bempedoic acid (ETC-1002), a small molecule drug, promotes low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor mediated clearance of LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) by inhibition of adenosine triphosphate citrate lyase (ACL), a mechanism complementary to those of existing lipid-modifying therapies. Bempedoic acid is a pro-drug activated specifically within the liver where it inhibits ACL, a regulatory checkpoint within the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway. By inhibiting ACL, bempedoic acid reduces cholesterol synthesis in liver cells and triggers compensatory LDL receptor upregulation. Inhibiting ACL with bempedoic acid complements other mechanisms targeted by current therapies, resulting in additional lowering of LDL-C, without leading to increases in adverse events (AEs).b In the phase III clinical trials (NCT02666664, NCT02991118) of patients with high cardiovascular risk and elevated LDL-C not adequately controlled by their current therapy, patients are given a daily dose of 180 mg bempedoic acid as an oral tablet, whilst remaining on ongoing lipid-modifying therapy. The present paper describes the process and synthesis, innovation and /or advantages, development status and /or regulatory status of Bempedoic acid. 

Keywords: Cardiovascular Disease; Hyperlipidemia; ETC-1002; Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol; Synthesis; Statin Associated Muscle Symptoms; Statin Intolerance; Regulatory Status 

Introduction 

The current standard of care for patients with hypercholesterolaemia is primarily statins which can reduce LDL-C. However, some patients, particularly those with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia, coronary heart disease (CHD), CHD-risk equivalents, and other clinical manifestations of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease [1] (ASCVD), require additional LDL cholesterol lowering on top of what can be achieved with maximum tolerated statin therapy. Additionally, there are patients who are unable to tolerate statins due to adverse advents such as muscle pain, or increased blood glucose. There is an unmet medical need for patients unable to achieve sufficient reduction in LDL cholesterol with existing treatment options and thus remain at increased risk of cardiovascular disease and the consequences thereof. Bempedoic acid requires activation by a specific enzyme acyl-CoA synthatase (ACSVL1), which is largely restricted to the liver. Therefore, it is believed that unlike statins, myotoxicity is unlikely to occur with bempedoic acid because it does not inhibit cholesterol biosynthesis in skeletal muscle due to the absence of ACSVL1 in these cells. The effect of bempedoic acid is additivenot redundant-to that of statins, because the target of bempedoic acid, ACL, is a distinct regulatory checkpoint on the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway than HMG-CoA reductase, the primary target of statins. Inability to tolerate statins because of muscle symptoms contributes to uncontrolled cholesterol levels and insufficient cardiovascular risk reduction. Bempedoic acid, a prodrug that is activated by a hepatic enzyme does not present in skeletal muscle, inhibits ATP-citrate lyase [2], an enzyme upstream of βhydroxy β-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase in the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway. Statins are widely prescribed for lowering LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) and reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease. However, many patients are statin intolerant and unable to achieve sufficient LDL-C lowering due to muscle-related side effects. Bempedoic acid (ETC-1002)’s mechanism of action is similar to that of statins, but because it does not inhibit the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway in skeletal muscle, myotoxicity is unlikely to occur. ETC-1002 was first discovered at the original Esperion Therapeutics, which was acquired by Pfizer in 2004 and subsequently spun-out as Esperion Therapeutics in 2008 along with ETC-1002 and other assets. Esperion continues development of ETC-1002 [3], which is currently in phase III trials as an LDL-Clowering agent in patients with hypercholesterolemia. This review discusses the drug candidate’s mechanism of action, effects, safety and clinical data. This paper explaining how the process of synthesis was carried and conclusion of Bempedoic acid offers a safe and effective oral therapeutic option for lipid lowering in patients who cannot tolerate statins. a) The phase 3 CLEAR (Cholesterol Lowering via Bempedoic acid, an ACL-Inhibiting Regimen) Serenity clinical trial demonstrates the lipid‐lowering efficacy of bempedoic acid, a first‐ in-class, prodrug, small-molecule inhibitor of ATP-citrate lyase, among patients with established statin intolerance and elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol who were receiving stable background therapy. b) Muscle-related symptoms contributed to the history of statin intolerance for almost all patients. c) Although bempedoic acid acts on the same cholesterol biosynthesis pathway as statins, the muscle-related adverse event rate in CLEAR Serenity with bempedoic acid, which is not activated in skeletal muscle, did not differ from placebo, even among patients who had experienced muscle-related symptoms while on statin therapy [4]. 

Development Status And/or Regulatory Designations

Bempedoic acid does not currently have Marketing Authorisation in the EU/UK for any indication. Bempedoic acid or bempedoic acid with ezetimibe in a fixed-dose combination are in phase III clinical trials for the treatment of primary hypercholesterolaemia [5] (heterozygous familial and nonfamilial) or mixed dyslipidaemia in patients who are statin-intolerant, or for whom a statin is   contraindicated. Bempedoic acid monotherapy and bempedoic acid with ezetimibe in a fixed-dose combination is also in phase III clinical trials for the treatment of primary hypercholesterolaemia (heterozygous familial and non-familial) or mixed dyslipidaemia in patients unable to reach LDL-Cholesterol goals with the maximum tolerated dose as an adjunct to diet in combination with a statin or statin with other lipid lowering therapies. Esperion Therapeutics was founded in April 2008 by former executives of, and investors in, the original Esperion Therapeutics which was founded in July 1998 and was bought by Pfizer for $1.3 billion in 2004 and then spun out in 2008. ETC-1002 was first discovered at the original Esperion [5],  and Esperion subsequently acquired the rights to it from Pfizer in 2008. Esperion own the exclusive worldwide rights to ETC-1002. Preparation Bempedoic acid [5,6] was prepared by condensation of 1,5-dibromopentane (I) with ethyl isobutyrate (II) by means of LDA in THF in the presence of DMPU at −78 °C to give ethyl 7-bromo-2,2-dimethylheptanoate (III), which is dimerized with tosylmethyl isocyanide (IV) in the presence of NaH and Bu4NI in DMSO to yield diethyl 8-isocyano-2, 2,14,14-tetramethyl-8-(tosyl) pentadecanedioate (V). Reaction of intermediate (V) with aqueous HCl in CH2Cl2 affords 2,2,14,14-tetramethyl-8-oxopentadecanedioic acid diethyl ester (VI), which is hydrolyzed with aqueous KOH in refluxing EtOH/H2O to provide the dicarboxylic acid ESP-15228 (VII) (1-4). Ketone (VII) is finally reduced by means of NaBH4 in MeOH (1). Scheme 1[6].   

 7-Bromo-2,2-Dimethylheptanoic Acid Ethyl Ester 

7-Bromo-2,2-dimethylheptanoic acid ethyl ester [5] 

Under argon atmosphere and cooling with an ice-bath, a solution of lithium diisopropylamide in THF (1.7 L, 2.0 M, 3.4 mol) was slowly dropped into a solution of 1,5- dibromopentane (950 g, 4.0 mol) and ethyl isobutyrate (396 g, 3.4 mol) in THF (5 L) while keeping the temperature below +5 DC. The reaction mixture was stiπed at room temperature for 20 h and quenched by slow addition of saturated ammonium chloride solution (3L). The resulting solution was divided into three 4-L portions. Each portion was diluted with saturated ammonium chloride solution (5L) and extracted with ethyl acetate (2 ‘2L). Each 4-L portion of ethyl acetate was washed with saturated sodium chloride solution (2L), 1 N hydrochloric acid (2L), saturated sodium chloride solution (2L), saturated sodium bicarbonate solution (2L), and saturated sodium chloride solution (2L). The three separate ethyl acetate layers were combined into a single 12-L portion, dried over magnesium sulfate, and concentrated in vacuo to give the crude material (1.7L) which was purified by vacuum distillation. Two fractions were obtained: the first boiling at 88 – 104 °C / 0.6 ton (184.2 g), the second at 105 – 120 °C / 1.4 ton (409.6 g) for atotal yield of 60 %. 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDC13 / TMS): δ (ppm): 4.11 (q, 2 H, J = 7.2 Hz), 3.39 (t, 2 H, J = 6.8 Hz), 1.85 (m, 2 H), 1.56 – 1.35 (m, 4 H), 1.24 (t, 3 H, J = 7.2 Hz), 1.31 – 1.19 (m, 2 H), 1.16 (s, 6 H). 13C NMR (75 MHz, CDCI3 /TMS): δ (ppm): 177.9, 60.2, 42.1, 40.5, 33.8, 32.6, 28.6, 25.2, 24.2, 14.3. HRMS (El, pos): Calcd. for CπH22Brθ2 (MH+ ): 265.0803, found: 265.0810.6.18.

2,2,14,14-tetramethyl-8-oxo-pentadecanedioic acid diethyl ester 

Under Air atmosphere, to a solution of 7-bromo-2,2- dimethylheptanoic acid ethyl ester5 (26.50 g, 100 mmol), tetra-nbutylammonium iodide (3.69 g, 10 mmol) and p- toluenesulfonyl methyl isocyanide (9.80 g, 50 mmol) in anhydrous DMSO (300 mL) was added sodium hydride (4.80 g, 20.5 mmol, 60 % dispersion in mineral oil) at 5 – 10o C The reaction mixture was stiπed at room temperature for 20 h and quenched with ice-water (300 mL). The product was extracted with dichloromethane (3D 100 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with water (200 mL), half-saturated NaCl solution 100 mL), and saturated NaCl solution (200 mL), dried over MgS04, and concentrated in vacuo to get the crude 8-isocyano-2,2,14,14-teframethyl-8-(toluene-4- sulfonyl)-pentadecanedioic acid diethyl ester (36.8 g) as an orange oil, which was used in the next step without purification. To a solution of this crude product (36.8 g) in dichloromethane (450 mL) was added concentrated hydrochloric acid (110 mL) and the mixture was stiπed at room temperature for 1h. The solution was diluted with water (400 mL) and the aqueous layer was extracted with dichloromethane (200 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with saturated NaHC0 solution (2 x 150 mL) and saturated  NaCl solution (150 mL). The organic solution was dried over Na2S04 and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was subjected to column chromatography (silica gel, hexanes: ethyl acetate = 11:1) to give 2,2,14,14-tetramethyl-8-oxo-pentadecanedioic acid diethyl ester (12.20 g, 66 % over two steps) as a colorless oil. l H NMR (300 MHz, CDC13 /TMS): δ (ppm): 4.11 (q, 4 H, J – 6.9 Hz), 2.37 (t, 4 H, J – 7.5 Hz), 1.58 – 1.47 (m, 8 H), 1.35 – 1.10 (m, 8 H), 1.24 (t, 6 H, J = 7.2 Hz), 1.15 (s, 12 H). 13C NMR (75 MHz, CDC13/TMS): δ (ppm): 211.6, 178.3, 60.5, 43.1, 42.5, 40.9, 30.1, 25.5, 25.1, 24.1, 14.7. HRMS (LSIMS, nba): Calcd. for C23 IL3 O5 (MH+ ): 399.3110, found: 399.3129.

8-OXO-2,2,14,14-Tetramethylpentadecanedioic Acid 

A solution of KOH (25 g) in water (50 mL) was added to a solution of 2,2,14,14-tetramethyl-8-oxo-pentadecanedioic acid diethyl ester [6] (10.69 g, 155 mmol) in ethanol (400 mL), then heated at reflux for 4 h. After cooling, the solution was evaporated to a volume of ca. 50 mL and diluted with water (800 mL). The organic impurities were removed by extracting with dichloromethane (2 x 200 mL). The aqueous layer was acidified to pH 2 with concentrated hydrochloric acid (50 mL) and extracted with methyl tert. -butyl ether (MTBE, 3 x 200 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo to give the crude product (9.51 g) as an oil. Crystallization from hexanes / MTBE (50 mL: 25 mL) afforded 8-oxo-2,2,14,14- teframethylpentadecanedioic acid (6.92 g, 79 %) as waxy, white crystals. M.p.: 83 – 84 °C. 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCI3 /TMS): δ (ppm): 12.03 (s, 2 H), 2.37 (t, 4 H, J = 7.3 Hz), 1.52 – 1.34 (m, 8 H), 1.28 – 1.10 (m, 8 H), 1.06 (s, 12 H). 13C NMR (75 MHz, CDCI3 /TMS): δ (ppm): 210.5, 178.8, 41.7, 41.2, 29.1, 25.0, 24.4, 23.1. HRMS (LSIMS, gly): Calcd. for C19H3505 (MH+ ): 343.2484, found: 343.2485

8-Hydroxy-2.2.14,14-Tetramethylpentadecanedioic Acid 

Under nitrogen atmosphere, sodium borohydride (0.06 g, 1.6 mmol) was added to a stiπed solution of 8-oxo-2,2,14,14- tetramethylpentadecanedioic acid (1.18 g, 3.4 mmol) in methanol (50 mL) at 0 °C. The reaction progress was momtored by thin layer chromatography (silica; hexanes: ethyl acetate = 50: 50). Additional sodium borohydride was added after 1h (0.48 g, 13 mmol). After 8 h, the reaction mixture was hydrolyzed with water (50 mL) and acidified with concentrated hydrochloric acid (3 mL) to pH 1. The solution was diluted with water (50 mL) and exfracted with dichloromethane (4 x 25 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with saturated sodium chloride solution (2 x 30 mL), dried over magnesium sulfate, concentrated in vacuo, and dried in high vacuo to give 8-hydroxy-2,2,14,14-tetramethylpentadecanedioic acid (0.7 g, 60 %) as a very viscous oil. 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDC13 /TMS): δ (ppm): 7.42 (br. s, 3 H), 3.59 (br. s, 1 H), 1.65 – 1.00 (m, 20 H), 1.18 (s, 12 H). 13C NMR (75 MHz, CDC13 /TMS): δ (ppm): 184.5, 71.8, 42.1, 40.5, 37.0, 29.8, 25.2, 25.1, 24.9, 24.8. HRMS (FAB): Calcd. for Cι9 H3705 (MH+ ): 345.2635, found: 345.2646. HPLC: 83.8 % purity. Keto-substituted hydrocarbons with 11−19 methylene and bis-terminal hydroxyl and carboxyl groups have been synthesized and evaluated in both in vivo and in vitro assays for their potential to favorably alter lipid disorders including metabolic syndrome. Compounds were assessed for their effects on the de novo incorporation of radiolabeled acetate into lipids in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes as well as for their effects on lipid and glycemic variables in obese female Zucker fatty rats [Crl:(ZUC)-faBR] following 1 and 2 weeks of oral administration. The most active compounds were found to be symmetrical with four to five methylene groups separating the central ketone functionality and the gem dimethyl or methyl/aryl substituents. Furthermore, biological activity was found to be greatest in both in vivo and in vitro assays for the tetramethyl-substituted keto diacids and diols (e.g., 10c, 10g,14c), and the least active were shown to be the bis(arylmethyl) derivatives (e.g., 10e, 10f,14f). Compound 14c dose-dependently elevated HDL-cholesterol, reduced triglycerides, and reduced NEFA, with a minimum effective dose of 30 mg/kg/day. Compound 10g dose-dependently modified non-HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, and no esterified fatty acids, with a minimum effective dose of 10 mg/kg/day. At this dose, compound 10g elevated HDL-cholesterol levels 2−3 times higher than pretreatment levels, and a dose-dependent reduction of fasting insulin and glucose levels was observed.

Only Keto Compd Described 2,2,14,14-Tetramethyl-8-oxopentadecanedioic Acid [6] (10g).

 According to the procedure given for 10f, 9g (8.54 g, 21.4 mmol) was saponified with KOH (85%, 4.53 g, 68.6 mmol) in EtOH (13 mL) and water (5 mL) at reflux for 4 h. The solid product obtained after usual workup was recrystallized from Et2 O/hexanes (50 mL/50 mL), affording 10g (4.16 g, 57%) as colorlessneedles. Mp:  82−83 °C. 1 H NMR (CDCl3 ):  δ 11.53 (br, 2H), 2.39 (t, 4H, J = 7.3), 1.60−1.50 (m, 8 H), 1.30−1.20 (m, 8 H), 1.18 (s, 12 H). 13C NMR (CDCl3 ):  δ 211.7, 185.0, 42.8, 42.3, 40.4, 29.7, 25.1, 24.8, 23.8. HRMS (LSIMS, gly):  calcd for C19H35O5 (MH+ ) 343.2484, found 343.2444. HPLC:  Alltima C-8 column, 250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm; 60% acetonitrile/40% 0.05 M KH2 PO4 , flow rate 1.0 mL/min; RI, tR 6.50 min, 92.6% pure. Bempedoic acid is an oral medicinal product that is in clinical development for the treatment of people with primary hypercholesterolaemia or mixed dyslipidaemia [7-9] with high cardiovascular risk. Abnormal levels of lipids in the blood characterises dyslipidaemia. High levels of cholesterol in the blood (hypercholesterolemia) may be caused by genetic defects as seen in familial hypercholesterolaemia or may occur when genes and other factors such as lifestyle habits interact, as seen in non-familial hypercholesterolaemia. Most people with hypercholesterolaemia have mildly or moderately increased low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels (often considered the “bad” cholesterol that may cause blockages of blood vessels). Elevated levels of LDL-C increase the risk of cardiovascular disease, which is responsible for many deaths and disabilities. Bempedoic acid lowers LDL-C via a different mechanism of action and offers the potential advantage of reduced muscular adverse effects when compared to statins which are the current standard of care. Bempedoic acid is being  developed for patients at high cardiovascular risk who are unable to reach LDL-C goals with the maximum tolerated dose of statins. The effect of bempedoic acid is additive-not redundant-to that of statins, and if licensed, may offer additional and effective treatment option to use in combination with dietary changes and other lipidmodifying therapies to treat primary hypercholesterolaemia or mixed dyslipidaemia. Bempedoic acid is claimed in U.S. Patent No. 7,335,799 that is scheduled to expire in December 2025, which includes 711 days of patent term adjustment, and might be eligible for a patent term extension period of up to five years. U.S. Patent Nos. 9,000,041, 8,497,301 and 9,624,152 claim methods of using bempedoic acid. PRODUCT: Bempedoic acid. 

Bempedoic Acid (Esperion Therapeutics, Inc.) 

With a targeted mechanism of action, bempedoic acid is a firstin-class, orally available, once-daily ACL inhibitor that reduces cholesterol biosynthesis and lowers elevated levels of LDL-C by up-regulating the LDL receptor, [10] but with reduced potential for muscle-related side effects. Completed Phase 1 and 2 studies in more than 800 patients treated with bempedoic acid have produced clinically relevant LDL-C lowering results of up to 30 percent as monotherapy, approximately 50 percent in combination with ezetimibe, and an incremental 20+ percent when added to stable statin therapy. 

Mechanism of Action 

In November 2016, we announced the publication of “Liverspecific ATP-citrate lyase inhibition by bempedoic acid decreases LDL-C and attenuates atherosclerosis,” by Stephen L. Pinkosky, our Associate Director of Translational Research and Biology, et al., in Nature Communications. The paper systematically outlines the experiments and analyses undertaken by us and our collaborators to fully understand the mechanism of action for how bempedoic acid reduces LDL-C, including its specificity for the liver. Bempedoic acid is a prodrug that once activated, inhibits ACL, an enzyme upstream of HMG-CoA reductase [11,12], (the molecular target of statins) in the cholesterol synthesis pathway. Like statins, bempedoic acid decreases cholesterol synthesis in the liver, which results in decreased intracellular cholesterol, up-regulation of LDL receptor activity and increased LDL-C clearance from the blood. Although bempedoic acid and statins both inhibit cholesterol synthesis in the liver, an important differentiating feature is that, unlike statins, bempedoic acid is inactive in skeletal muscle. Specifically, bempedoic acid is a prodrug which requires activation by a specific enzyme, very long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase, or ACSVL1, to convert bempedoic acid to its CoA activated form. This enzyme is present in the liver but not in skeletal muscle. Therefore, bempedoic acid does not inhibit the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway in skeletal muscle, thus providing a mechanistic basis for reduced potential for muscle-related adverse effects. Bempedoic acid has been shown to provide incremental lowering of LDL-C when used in combination with both ezetimibe and statins at all doses [13]. Fixed Dose Combination Bempedoic Acid and Ezetimibe (BA+EZ) In the second quarter of 2016, the Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, accepted our submission of an Investigational New Drug, or IND, application for the fixed dose combination of bempedoic acid 180 mg and ezetimibe 10 mg, or BA+EZ, which is in development for the same indications as bempedoic acid monotherapy [14,15] (LDL-C lowering and CV risk reduction). We recently completed a bioavailability study and a formulation of BA+EZ has been selected for manufacturing, development and, if approved, commercialization. We expect to announce clinical development and regulatory plans for BA+EZ in the first half of 2017. 

Cardiovascular Disease and Elevated LDL-C 

Cardiovascular disease, which results in heart attacks, strokes and other cardiovascular events, represents the number one cause of death and disability in western societies. The American Heart Association, or AHA, estimates that approximately 800,000 deaths in the United States were caused by cardiovascular disease in 2013. Elevated LDL-C is well-accepted as a significant risk factor for cardiovascular disease and the CDC estimates that 78 million U.S. adults have elevated levels of LDL-C. A consequence of elevated LDL-C is atherosclerosis, which is a disease that is characterized by the deposition of excess cholesterol and other lipids in the walls of arteries as plaque. The development of atherosclerotic plaques often leads to cardiovascular disease. The risk relationship between elevated LDL-C and cardiovascular disease was first defined by the Framingham Heart Study, [15] which commenced in 1948 to define the factors that contributed to the development of cardiovascular disease. The study enrolled participants [16].  

(Esperion Therapeutics, Inc)

a) Licenses

 In April 2008, we entered into an agreement with Pfizer pursuant to which we acquired a worldwide, exclusive, fully paidup license from Pfizer to certain patent rights owned or controlled by Pfizer relating to bempedoic acid, and we granted Pfizer a worldwide, exclusive, fully paid-up license to certain patent rights owned or controlled by us relating to development programs other than bempedoic acid. The license to us covers the development, manufacture and commercialization of bempedoic acid. We may grant sublicenses under the license. Under the license agreement, Pfizer is restricted from making, using, developing or testing any of the compounds claimed under the same patents that claim or cover the composition of matter of bempedoic acid. [17], Neither party is entitled to any royalties, milestones or any similar development or commercialization payments under the license agreement, and the licenses granted are irrevocable and may not be terminated for any cause, including intentional breaches or breaches caused by gross negligence [18]. Intellectual Property of Esperion Therapeutics, Inc.  As of December 31, 2016, our patent estate, including patents we own or license from third parties, on a worldwide basis, included approximately 25 issued United States patents and four pending United States patent applications and 23 issued patents and 15 pending patent applications in other foreign jurisdictions. Of our worldwide patents and pending applications, only a subset relates to our small molecule program which includes our lead product candidate, bempedoic acid. Bempedoic acid is claimed in U.S. Patent No. 7,335,799 that is scheduled to expire in December 2025, which includes 711 days of patent term adjustment, and may be eligible for a patent term extension period of up to five years. U.S. Patent Nos. 9,000,041 and 8,497,301 claim methods of treatment using bempedoic acid. We also have a pending U.S. patent application directed to bempedoic acid. There are currently three issued patents and four pending application in countries outside the United States that relate to bempedoic acid [19]. 

Overall Safety Observations (Esperion Therapeutics, Inc statement)

To date, in completed studies, over 800 patients have been treated with bempedoic acid for periods of up to 12 weeks at maximum repeated doses of 240 mg per day. Bempedoic acid has been safe and well-tolerated with no dose-limiting side effects identified to date in our ongoing or completed clinical studies. No clinical safety trends have emerged to date. 

Conclusion

 The synthesis of Bempedoic acid was prepared by condensation of 1,5-dibromopentane with ethyl isobutyrate by means of LDA in THF in the presence of DMPU at −78 °C to give ethyl 7-bromo-2,2-dimethylheptanoate , which is dimerized with tosylmethyl isocyanide in the presence of NaH and Bu4NI in DMSO to yield diethyl 8-isocyano-2, 2,14,14-tetramethyl-8-(tosyl) pentadecanedioate . Reaction of intermediate with aqueous HCl in CH2 Cl2 affords 2,2,14,14-tetramethyl-8-oxopentadecanedioic acid diethyl ester, which is hydrolysed with aqueous KOH in refluxing EtOH/H2O to provide the dicarboxylic acid ESP-15228 (1-4). Ketone is finally reduced by means of NaBH4 in MeOH (1). Esperion announced new details about its phase 3 program for bempedoic acid, its unique oral, once-daily cholesterol-lowering compound. The company said the phase 3 program would include patients with hypercholesterolemia on any statin at any dose, including those with LDL levels not adequately controlled on current statin therapy in intolerant” patients unable to take even low doses of statins. Bempedoic acid does not currently have Marketing Authorisation in the EU/UK for any indication. Bempedoic acid or bempedoic acid with ezetimibe in a fixed-dose combination are in phase III clinical trials for the treatment of primary hypercholesterolaemia (heterozygous familial and nonfamilial) or mixed dyslipidaemia in patients who are statin-intolerant, or for whom a statin is contraindicated. Bempedoic acid monotherapy and bempedoic acid with ezetimibe in a fixed-dose combination is also in phase III clinical trials for the treatment of primary hypercholesterolaemia (heterozygous familial and non-familial) or mixed dyslipidaemia in patients unable to reach LDL- Cholesterol goals with the maximum tolerated dose as an adjunct to diet in combination with a statin or statin with other lipid lowering therapies. 

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Cationic Polymerization of Para-Methyl Styrene- Juniper Publishers

   JUNIPER PUBLISHERS- ACADEMIC JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE

Abstract

Cationic polymerization of p-methyl styrene by phenacyl triphenyl phosphonium, phenacyl triphenyl arsonium and p, p`-bis[(triphenylphosphonio) methyl benzophenone salts [1-3], and cation radical salt of p-substituted triphenylamine having different p-substilments was carried out photochemically and/or thermally. Cation radical amine salts were found to be more effective thermally in comparison to phosphonium or arsonium salts. The effects of initiator structure, counter ion, concentrations of salts and reaction conditions on the rate of polymerization in dichloromethane on the isolated polymer will be presented Figure 1-3.

Keywords: Phenacyl triphenylphosphonium salts; Phenacyl triphenylparsonium salts; tri p-substituted triphenyl amine salts; p-methyl styrene; photo polymarization; thermal polymarization

Introduction

Poly (p-methyl styrene), PMS has excellent potential for a broad range of applications in industrial products, for example, reinforced plastic composites achieve higher thermal stability when PMS substituted for styrene [1]. The reactivity of para-substituted styrene towards cationic polymerization depends on the type of substituent with the following order; OCH3> CH3 > H > Cl have been established. Phase transfer catalyzed chlorination of poly (p-methyl styrene) occurs by the action of commercial aqueous sodium hypochlorite solution to produce the chloromethylated polystyrene, which is a key intermediate in the preparation of anion exchange resins [2], and for lithographic evaluation [3-5].

phosphonium salts such as p, p`-bis [(triphenylphosphonio)methyl] benzophenone are reported to be useful photoinitiators for the cationic polymerization of epoxide and vinyl monomers [6]. Recently, we reported on the use of phenacyltriphenyl phosphonium and arsonium salts as photoinitiators for the cationic polymerization of cyclohexene oxide [7], and styrene [8] and p-methylstyrene [9].

This paper will further examine the photoinitiated polymerization of p-methyl styrene by onium salts [1-3] and thermally by cation radical salts [4-6] at room temperature, and in dichloromethane.

Experimental Procedures

Onium salts preparations and characterizations were performed as reported previously [7]. The bromide salts were converted to the required photo initiator by adding 0.1 mole of each salt in 150mL of water to a mole of the KPF6 or KPF6 dissolved in 50mL of water. Para-methyl styrene, and dichloromethane (Fluka) were dried over calcium hydride and distilled prior to their use. Acetone (Fluka) “AnalaR” grade was used as received.

Spectroscopic measurements

Ultraviolet spectra were obtained on a Cary-2300 spectrophotometer. Infrared spectra were recorded on a Nicolet 50xB FT-IR spectrophotometer. NMR spectra were taken in CDCl3, on a XL- 200 pulsed Fourier transform NMR spectrometer with tetramethyl silane as the internal standard.

Photopolymerization by onium salts (1-3)

Photoinitiated polymerization was carried out in a 15mm diameter Pyrex tube using a tight syringe for monomer addition. A homogeneous solution was formed. The reaction tubes were then closed with rubber septum, and irradiation was carried out using a merry-go-round photo reactor, Model RPR 100, obtained From the Southern New England Company. Inside the reactor’s barrel was a “merry-go-round” holder, which rotate continuously by a motor, and was surrounded by sixteen Honovia 450 watt, medium pressure mercury lamps placed at a distance of 5cm from the sample. The samples were placed in the holder, and were irradiated for the required period, using a light source of 350 nm wavelength. Poly (p-methylstyrene) was precipitated by addition of methanol, filtered, dried and weighed. From the polymer masses, the rate of polymerization was determined gravimetrically. The polymerization of p-methylstyrene by salts (1-3) is shown in Figure 4.

Thermal polymerization by cation radical salts (4-6)

Tris-p-substituted triphenylamines were fairly readily oxidized to form stable cation- radicals, and polymerization of cationically susceptible epoxide and vinyl monomers have been carried out by stable soluble, tris-(p-Bromotriphenyl) amine cation radical salts having stable counter anion such as SbF6 - [10,11], which are prepared as shown in Figure 3.

Solution of the isolated salts [4-6] was found to be stable in dichloromethane, for a period of several days under laboratory conditions. The relative stability of these salt solutions in dichloromethane and under normal laboratory conditions can be arranged as follows: salt 4 > salt 5 > salt 6 Figure 6.

Polymerization procedure

Selected amounts of monomer and initiator solution, in dichloromethane were placed into a Pyrex tube closed with rubber septum and flushed with nitrogen. The tube was placed on a holder and left immersed for the required period in a water bath held at 25oC. Rapid addition of initiator was achieved by syringe injection. The polymer was precipitated into methanol, filtered, dried, and weighed. Polymer yield percentage and rate of polymerization were determined gravimetrically [9]. The number averaged molecular weight (Mn) of the isolated polymer was measured in toluene on a “Hewlett Packard” (Model 501), and High-Speed Membrane Osmometer in toluene. Molecular weight distributions were determined using a “Waters Associates” (Model 200) GPC, fitted with differential refractometer detector. The system was examined at 25oC in THF with a solvent flow rate of 1.0mL/min and a polymer concentration of 1.0mg/mL. Molecular weights were calculated with reference to polystyrene standards.

Results And Discussion

For polymerization by onium salt (3) PMS obtained after 30minutes, the weight average molecular weight, MW was found to be 111, 287g per mole, and the number average 41, 680 g per mol, Mw/Mn = 2.67. In the case of phenacyltriphenyl phosphoniu and Arsonium salts, Bronsted acid is most likely to be the initiating species. Upon photolysis of these salts, the resonance stalilized ylide and protons are formed according to Figure 5. The suggested mechanism by which photopolymerization of p-methylstyrene initiated by the use of onium salts is given in figure below.

Figure 6 compares the efficiency of cation radical salts [4-6], under the same conditions. The reaction mixture contained 2.53M monomer and 3.3 x 10-4M in dichloromethane. The results in Figure 6 show that the efficiency of cation- radical salts (4-6) fall in the following sequences: salt 6 > salt 5 > salt 4. Photolysis of reaction solution containing the monomer and these cation radical salts in the concentration range reported, changed the reaction mixture color from blue to orange/red upon photolysis of salt 5 and salt 6, and low polymerization, while solution of salt 4 showed significant increase in the amount of polymer obtained. These results suggested that photolysis of salt 5 and 6 leads to splitting of the Br anion, which terminated the propagated chains at the early stages of the reaction. Interaction of the cation radical salt with the monomer is the key step in the polymerization process, as polymer chains would grow following thermal initiation by both the protonic acid (H+) produced and the amine ended carbonium ion. Glass transition temperature of PMS obtained by salt (6) after 6 minutes was 381.750K, the weight average for the same sample was 68,766g/mole, the number average was 27, 022g/mol, and the Mw/Mn = 2.54.

Conclusion

Triphenyl phosphonium, arsonium and cation radical salts were found to be effective thermal initiators for the cationic polymerization of p-methyl styrene. The polymerization was initiated thermally when the cation radical salts were utilized, and photochemically when phosphonium and arsonium salts were used.

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N,N,N-Trimethyl-1-Adamantyl Ammonium Hydroxide Market SWOT Analysis and Surge from 2019-2029

A new study by Fact.MR finds that worldwide sales of the N,N,N-Trimethyl-1-Adamantyl Ammonium Hydroxide were in excess of 11,500 tons in 2018, and are estimated to register a Y-o-Y growth of over 4.0% in 2019. The N,N,N-Trimethyl-1-Adamantyl Ammonium Hydroxide industry remains influenced by a slew of factors such as growing demand for zeolites in which the chemical is leveraged as a structure directing agent (SDA).

Report Summary of the Report: https://www.factmr.com/report/3598/n-n-n-trimethyl-1-adamantyl-ammonium-hydroxide-market

According to the study, leading players in the N,N,N-Trimethyl-1-Adamantyl Ammonium Hydroxide market are currently directing their efforts toward product positioning and rebranding strategies, meanwhile focusing on strengthening their distribution networks. N,N,N-Trimethyl-1-Adamantyl Ammonium Hydroxide manufacturers are continuously striving to achieve low-cost yet efficient chemical sourcing, and product developments for specific use cases. The market players are also focusing on increasing their presence in key automotive manufacturing hubs to leverage the steady demand for the chemical as a key constituent of emission control catalysts.

There has been a constant rise in the commercial vehicle parc, in line with the surging ecommerce operations that has put tremendous pressure on the transportation & logistics sector. The utility of zeolites as catalysts to control NOx emissions from diesel engines, coupled with the sustainability-driven efforts of automakers, have been sustaining the demand for N,N,N-Trimethyl-1-Adamantyl Ammonium Hydroxide in recent years. The report opines that N,N,N-Trimethyl-1-Adamantyl Ammonium Hydroxide manufacturers are now eyeing the lesser tapped opportunistic areas, including the development of advanced microchips and AI chips in the semiconductor industry.

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The study also finds that use of N,N,N-Trimethyl-1-Adamantyl Ammonium Hydroxide as a molecular sieve template agent has been gaining utter traction, enabling the absorption of liquids and gases based on the molecular size and polarity. Additionally, the surfactant industry also holds significant opportunities for N,N,N-Trimethyl-1-Adamantyl Ammonium Hydroxide manufacturers, as the industry witnesses continuous adoption of zeolites as cleaning agents.

Hindrances remain in growth of the N,N,N-Trimethyl-1-Adamantyl Ammonium Hydroxide market, with a key concern among the players being price fluctuations in raw materials. Leading players are tackling the challenge by reflecting the added cost onto the finished products. However, shifting preference of the market players toward economic alternatives, such as - tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide, and 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride will continue to remain a key growth impediment of the N,N,N-Trimethyl-1-Adamantyl Ammonium Hydroxide market.

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Fact.MR’s methodology is robust and comprehensive. We employ a range of tools and assets to develop an all-encompassing coverage of a range of industries. We compile data points at local, country, regional, and global level – our approach to capturing the finest nuances, without losing sight of the bigger picture helps us in developing accurate and reliable forecasts and estimates.

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Antiknock Agents Market Major Revenue Boost during the Period between 2020

Antiknock agent is a gasoline additive that works to reduce the engine knocking tendency while trying to accelerate the octane rating of the fuel. Mixture of gas and air in a conventional car engine has a problem with igniting too early and when this happens, it creates a knocking noise. Commonly used antiknock agents are tetraethyl lead, ferrocene, toluene, iron pentacarbonyl, isooctane and methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl. Lead compounds have been used as an antiknock agent for many years. The most commonly used is tetraethyl lead, a transparent and highly toxic dense liquid. It easily dissolves in ethyl, acetone, gasoline and in some other solvents. It boils at around 250°Ð¡. Another commonly used lead antiknock agent is the tetramethyl lead. It is a liquid with pungent smell and boils at around 120°Ð¡. Due to the relatively low boiling temperature, this substance spreads more evenly in gasoline fractions. Tetramethyl lead is more stable than tetraethyl lead at around 700°Ð¡. This ensures higher and better efficiency of the tetramethyl lead as compared to tetraethyl lead in high pressure ratio internal combustion engine vehicles.Commonly found drawback of both the compounds is the high toxicity of the agents, with high impact on the environment and negative influence on the exhaust gas after treatment devices. Hence, for these reasons the use of tetramethyl lead and tetraethyl lead is decreasing and intensive research is carried out for more efficient antiknock agents is in the pipeline.

Read Report Overview @

https://www.transparencymarketresearch.com/antiknock-agents-market.html

Some of the antiknock agents which have already been tested and used at various times are cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (CMT), methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (MMT) and dicyclopentadienyl iron. In terms of higher and better efficiency, manganese compounds are analogous and iron compounds are inferior to lead. CMT is a highly volatile crystalline compound of yellow color. It is stable in air and is easily soluble in organic solvents and is completely insoluble in water. MMT is a low viscosity liquid of light amber color with a grassy smell and has a boiling point of 250°Ð¡. Ferrocene is a solid crystalline substance and has a melting temperature of 180°Ð¡. Iron pentacarbonyl is a straw color liquid with boiling temperature of 105°Ð¡ and freezing temperature of -2°Ð¡. Ferrocenyl dimethyl carbinol is a crystal powder with melting temperature of 70°Ð¡. Organometallic agents create sedimentation of metals on the walls of combustion chamber. Therefore, organometallic anti-knock additives are typically used in combination with materials which convert churly metal oxides into volatile compounds. Due to high toxicity of lead type anti-knock agents, significant disadvantages and high cost associated with it, the research for a special material, which does not comprise any toxic substance, is in the pipeline. Such anti-knock agents are organic amines containing, xylidine methylaniline and extralyne. Stringent environmental norms and increasing investments are some of the key drivers of the antiknock agents market. However, high cost in the manufacturing of antiknock agents can hamper the growth of the market. Advancements in new technology bring huge opportunities for the anti knocks agents market.

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Some of the key companies in the business of antiknock agents are Shandong Dongchang Fine Chemical Technology Co. Ltd., Wuxi Weite New Engery Co. Ltd., Yingkou Tanyun Chemical Research Institute Corporation and SIMAGCHEM Corporation among others.

[sagarj-things-blog]

Antiknock Agents Market Analysis, Current and Future Trends 2020

Antiknock agent is a gasoline additive that works to reduce the engine knocking tendency while trying to accelerate the octane rating of the fuel. Mixture of gas and air in a conventional car engine has a problem with igniting too early and when this happens, it creates a knocking noise.

Request Report Brochure @ https://www.transparencymarketresearch.com/sample/sample.php?flag=B&rep_id=3450

Commonly used antiknock agents are tetraethyl lead, ferrocene, toluene, iron pentacarbonyl, isooctane and methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl. Lead compounds have been used as an antiknock agent for many years. The most commonly used is tetraethyl lead, a transparent and highly toxic dense liquid. It easily dissolves in ethyl, acetone, gasoline and in some other solvents. It boils at around 250°Ð¡.

Another commonly used lead antiknock agent is the tetramethyl lead. It is a liquid with pungent smell and boils at around 120°Ð¡. Due to the relatively low boiling temperature, this substance spreads more evenly in gasoline fractions. Tetramethyl lead is more stable than tetraethyl lead at around 700°Ð¡. This ensures higher and better efficiency of the tetramethyl lead as compared to tetraethyl lead in high pressure ratio internal combustion engine vehicles.

Commonly found drawback of both the compounds is the high toxicity of the agents, with high impact on the environment and negative influence on the exhaust gas after treatment devices. Hence, for these reasons the use of tetramethyl lead and tetraethyl lead is decreasing and intensive research is carried out for more efficient antiknock agents is in the pipeline.

Read Report Overview @ https://www.transparencymarketresearch.com/antiknock-agents-market.html

Some of the antiknock agents which have already been tested and used at various times are cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (CMT), methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (MMT) and dicyclopentadienyl iron. In terms of higher and better efficiency, manganese compounds are analogous and iron compounds are inferior to lead. CMT is a highly volatile crystalline compound of yellow color. It is stable in air and is easily soluble in organic solvents and is completely insoluble in water. MMT is a low viscosity liquid of light amber color with a grassy smell and has a boiling point of 250°Ð¡. Ferrocene is a solid crystalline substance and has a melting temperature of 180°Ð¡. Iron pentacarbonyl is a straw color liquid with boiling temperature of 105°Ð¡ and freezing temperature of -2°Ð¡.

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Transparency Market Research (TMR) is a global market intelligence company providing business information reports and services. The company’s exclusive blend of quantitative forecasting and trend analysis provides forward-looking insight for thousands of decision makers. TMR’s experienced team of analysts, researchers, and consultants use proprietary data sources and various tools and techniques to gather and analyze information.

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[delectablywisesoul-blog]

Tetramethyl Ammonium Hydroxide Market Comparison Analysis by Region, Development Trends and Forecast Globally by 2021

Global Tetramethyl Ammonium Hydroxide Market by Manufacturers, Regions, Type and Application, Forecast to 2021 Industry Research Report is a 117 pages report that analyses the important areas in the market - Order report by calling ReportsnReports.com at +1 888 391 5441 OR send an email on sales@rnrmarketresearch.com with Tetramethyl Ammonium Hydroxide Market in subject line and your contact details.   Tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide (TMAH) is a quaternary ammonium alkali with the molecular formula (CH3)4NOH. It is widely used in micro-or nanofabrication as an etchant and developer. Scope of the Report: This report focuses on the Tetramethyl Ammonium Hydroxide in Global market, especially in North America, Europe and Asia-Pacific, South America, Middle East and Africa. This report categorizes the market based on manufacturers, regions, type and application. Buy a Copy of Report @ http://www.rnrmarketresearch.com/contacts/purchase?rname=793249 Market Segment by Manufacturers, this report covers • Sachem • Greenda Chem • Tama • Sunheat • Runjing Chem • CCP • Merck • TATVA CHINTAN • Huadong Chem • Kailida Chem • Xinde Chem • Zhenfeng Chem • Kente Chem • Longxiang Chem Market Segment by Regions, regional analysis covers • North America (USA, Canada and Mexico) • Europe (Germany, France, UK, Russia and Italy) • Asia-Pacific (China, Japan, Korea, India and Southeast Asia) • South America, Middle East and Africa

Market Segment by Type, covers • Electronic Grade TMAH • Industrial Grade TMAH Market Segment by Applications, can be divided into • Organosilicon Synthesis • Silicon Wafer Treatment Agent • Other There are 13 Chapters to deeply display the Global Tetramethyl Ammonium Hydroxide market. Chapter 1, to describe Tetramethyl Ammonium Hydroxide Introduction, product scope, market overview, market opportunities, market risk, market driving force; Chapter 2, to analyze the top manufacturers of Tetramethyl Ammonium Hydroxide, with sales, revenue, and price of Tetramethyl Ammonium Hydroxide, in 2015 and 2016; Chapter 3, to display the competitive situation among the top manufacturers, with sales, revenue and market share in 2015 and 2016; Chapter 4, to show the global market by regions, with sales, revenue and market share of Tetramethyl Ammonium Hydroxide, for each region, from 2011 to 2016; Chapter 5, 6, 7 and 8, to analyze the key regions, with sales, revenue and market share by key countries in these regions; Chapter 9 and 10, to show the market by type and application, with sales market share and growth rate by type, application, from 2011 to 2016; Chapter 11, Tetramethyl Ammonium Hydroxide market forecast, by regions, type and application, with sales and revenue, from 2016 to 2021; Chapter 12 and 13, to describe Tetramethyl Ammonium Hydroxide sales channel, distributors, traders, dealers, appendix and data source Inquire for Discount @ http://www.rnrmarketresearch.com/contacts/discount?rname=793249 OR Request for a Sample @ http://www.rnrmarketresearch.com/contacts/request-sample?rname=793249

Global Tetramethyl Ammonium Hydroxide Market by Manufacturers, Regions, Type and Application, Forecast to 2021 Table of Content 1. Market Overview 2. Manufacturers Profiles 3. Global Tetramethyl Ammonium Hydroxide Market Competition, by Manufacturer 4. Global Tetramethyl Ammonium Hydroxide Market Analysis by Regions 5. North America Tetramethyl Ammonium Hydroxide by Countries 6. Europe Tetramethyl Ammonium Hydroxide by Countries 7. Asia-Pacific Tetramethyl Ammonium Hydroxide by Countries 8. South America, Middle East and Africa Tetramethyl Ammonium Hydroxide by Countries 9. Tetramethyl Ammonium Hydroxide Market Segment by Type 10. Tetramethyl Ammonium Hydroxide Market Segment by Application 11. Tetramethyl Ammonium Hydroxide Market Forecast (2016-2021) 12. Sales Channel, Distributors, Traders and Dealers 13. Appendixes Complete TOC available @ http://www.rnrmarketresearch.com/global-tetramethyl-ammonium-hydroxide-market-by-manufacturers-regions-type-and-application-forecast-to-2021-market-report.html

List of Tables and Figures Figure Tetramethyl Ammonium Hydroxide Picture Figure Global Sales Market Share of Tetramethyl Ammonium Hydroxide by Types in 2015 Table Tetramethyl Ammonium Hydroxide Types for Major Manufacturers Figure Electronic Grade TMAH Picture Figure Industrial Grade TMAH Picture Figure Picture Table Tetramethyl Ammonium Hydroxide Sales Market Share by Applications in 2015 Table Sachem Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors Table Tetramethyl Ammonium Hydroxide Type and Applications Table Sachem Tetramethyl Ammonium Hydroxide Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2015-2016) Table Greenda Chem Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors Table Tetramethyl Ammonium Hydroxide Type and Applications Table Greenda Chem Tetramethyl Ammonium Hydroxide Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2015-2016) Table Tama Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors Table Tetramethyl Ammonium Hydroxide Type and Applications Browse All Reports on Materials and Chemicals About Us: Rnrmarketresearch.com is your single source for all market research needs. Our database includes 100,000+ market research reports from over 95 leading global publishers & in-depth market research studies of over 5000 micro markets. With comprehensive information about the publishers and the industries for which they publish market research reports, we help you in your purchase decision by mapping your information needs with our huge collection of reports.

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Antiknock Agents Market For Near Future; Global Industry Analysis 2020

Antiknock agent is a gasoline additive that works to reduce the engine knocking tendency while trying to accelerate the octane rating of the fuel. Mixture of gas and air in a conventional car engine has a problem with igniting too early and when this happens, it creates a knocking noise. Commonly used antiknock agents are tetraethyl lead, ferrocene, toluene, iron pentacarbonyl, isooctane and methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl. Lead compounds have been used as an antiknock agent for many years. The most commonly used is tetraethyl lead, a transparent and highly toxic dense liquid. It easily dissolves in ethyl, acetone, gasoline and in some other solvents. It boils at around 250°Ð¡.

 Read Report Overview @ https://www.transparencymarketresearch.com/antiknock-agents-market.html

Another commonly used lead antiknock agent is the tetramethyl lead. It is a liquid with pungent smell and boils at around 120°Ð¡. Due to the relatively low boiling temperature, this substance spreads more evenly in gasoline fractions. Tetramethyl lead is more stable than tetraethyl lead at around 700°Ð¡. This ensures higher and better efficiency of the tetramethyl lead as compared to tetraethyl lead in high pressure ratio internal combustion engine vehicles. Commonly found drawback of both the compounds is the high toxicity of the agents, with high impact on the environment and negative influence on the exhaust gas after treatment devices. 

Hence, for these reasons the use of tetramethyl lead and tetraethyl lead is decreasing and intensive research is carried out for more efficient antiknock agents is in the pipeline. Some of the antiknock agents which have already been tested and used at various times are cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (CMT), methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (MMT) and dicyclopentadienyl iron. In terms of higher and better efficiency, manganese compounds are analogous and iron compounds are inferior to lead. CMT is a highly volatile crystalline compound of yellow color. It is stable in air and is easily soluble in organic solvents and is completely insoluble in water. MMT is a low viscosity liquid of light amber color with a grassy smell and has a boiling point of 250°Ð¡. Ferrocene is a solid crystalline substance and has a melting temperature of 180°Ð¡. 

Iron pentacarbonyl is a straw color liquid with boiling temperature of 105°Ð¡ and freezing temperature of -2°Ð¡. 

Request Report Brochure @ https://www.transparencymarketresearch.com/sample/sample.php?flag=B&rep_id=3450 

 Ferrocenyl dimethyl carbinol is a crystal powder with melting temperature of 70°Ð¡. Organometallic agents create sedimentation of metals on the walls of combustion chamber. Therefore, organometallic anti-knock additives are typically used in combination with materials which convert churly metal oxides into volatile compounds. Due to high toxicity of lead type anti-knock agents, significant disadvantages and high cost associated with it, the research for a special material, which does not comprise any toxic substance, is in the pipeline. Such anti-knock agents are organic amines containing, xylidine methylaniline and extralyne.