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2022 Hawgsmoke Comemoritive Poster by noted A-10 Aviation Artist Rick Herter
#A-10#Attack#Hawgsmoke#tactical gunnery competition#Warthog#weapons competition#USAF#Rick Herter art#aviation art#A-10 art
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US Army and International Partner Armor Crews Competes for the Sullivan Cup
The Sullivan Cup best tank and Bradley crew competition, hosted biennially by the U.S. Army Maneuver Center of Excellence, home to the U.S. Army Armor School, will be held April 29 to May 3. During the competition, armored vehicle crews will compete against one another in technical, physical, and mental challenges — all vying for the prestigious title of best armor crew in the world. This year’s Sullivan Cup competition consists of crews from various U.S. Army and international partner armored formations. Competition events are held in a controlled, high-pressure environment where crews endure and overcome physical and mental strain while emphasizing mastery of individual tasks and a range of maneuver, sustainment, and gunnery skills crucial to combat effectiveness. Competition success hinges on the training provided at competitors’ home stations by unit non-commissioned officers where competitors serve in the roles of master gunners, tank commanders, and as advisers to the crews. Competition tank commanders oversee crew training, ensuring proficiency in assigned roles and conduct cross-training in alternate positions. The Sullivan Cup provides an opportunity for crews to validate tactics, techniques, and procedures, evaluate the latest doctrine, highlight Army Armor initiatives, and build esprit de corps through competition and camaraderie. Points are awarded based on factors such as time, precision, and successful completion of each task.
The Sullivan Cup best tank and Bradley crew competition, hosted biennially by the U.S. Army Maneuver Center of Excellence, home to the U.S. Army Armor School, will be held April 29 to May 3. During the competition, armored vehicle crews will compete against one another in technical, physical, and mental challenges — all vying for the prestigious title of best armor crew in the world. This year’s…
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An air-to-air left underside view of four 37th Tactical Fighter Wing F-4E Phantom II aircraft in formation during the Tactical Air Command bombing and gunnery competition Gunsmoke '85 DF-ST-87-03762
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Four 37th Tactical Fighter Wing F-4E Phantom II aircraft in formation during the Tactical Air Command bombing and gunnery competition Gunsmoke ‘85. 🌎www.iloveahangar.com 📷Feel free to repost but please remember to tag us 👍😊 #aircraft #airforce #airshow #avgeek #aviation #aviationdaily #aviationgeek #aviationhistory #aviationlovers #aviationphotos #avnerd #ww2aviation #instaaviation #militaryaviation #militaryaviationphotography #oldairplanes #pilot #planepics #usaaf #vintageaircraft #warbird #warbirds #usaf #f4phantom https://www.instagram.com/p/CM6_oD5BdId/?igshid=fn19v55hctos
#aircraft#airforce#airshow#avgeek#aviation#aviationdaily#aviationgeek#aviationhistory#aviationlovers#aviationphotos#avnerd#ww2aviation#instaaviation#militaryaviation#militaryaviationphotography#oldairplanes#pilot#planepics#usaaf#vintageaircraft#warbird#warbirds#usaf#f4phantom
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HIMARS purchase by Taiwan reflects the tension driving Japan’s military build-up
The worsening geostrategic climate is motivating Taiwan's choice to buy extra M142 High Versatility Cannons Rockets Frameworks (HIMARS) as a component of a multi-pronged defense system, while Japan hopes to twofold its defense spending cap because of North Korean rocket improvement.
Taiwan sets record $40bn defense financial plan, buys HIMARS The Taiwanese defense has chosen to buy extra M142 High Versatility Gunnery Rockets Frameworks (HIMARS) launchers and Armed force Strategic Rocket Framework (ATACMS) weapons as a feature of record $40bn yearly defense financial plan.
In its proposed defense spending plan for 2023, Taiwan has distributed funding for the obtaining of 29 HIMARS, as well as 84 ATACMS surface-to-surface rockets (SSM) and 864 accuracy directed rockets as a feature of its biggest ever defense spending plan, as of now esteemed at $21.3bn.
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The choice mirrors a reestablished center around building a multi-pronged defense procedure in the midst of the ongoing endeavors to upgrade key prevention.
Having initially wanted to buy 11 HIMARS launchers and 64 ATACMS rockets, Taiwan had to refresh its arranged defense uses after original intends to buy 40 M109A6 Paladin self-impelled howitzers were dropped in May because of "inadequate creation capacities", according to Tristan Sauer, land domain examiner at GlobalData.
Notwithstanding this late-stage change, the 2023 Taiwanese defense spending plan is in line to convey a complex capacity set contained both high level stages and traditional weapons frameworks to help its uneven defense procedure.
Illustrations from Ukraine
Following the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Taiwanese defense authorities have increasingly pushed for a more nuanced way to deal with defense obtainment.
Examiners feature the very high steady loss pace of both high level and heritage stages in an extreme focus conflict. "The past endeavors to upgrade prevention by acquiring little quantities of cutting edge stages and frameworks have gone under increased scrutiny throughout the course of recent months," says Sauer.
"Concerns mount that such a methodology would give 'need focuses' to any threatening. When crushed, these would handicap the tactical's ability to respond and answer."
A change in perspective has happened in the Taiwanese obtainment needs, with funding being redirected from huge scope obtainment projects to help the turn of events and acquisition of more reasonable competitive edge innovation. These include strategic uncrewed aeronautical frameworks, against tank directed rockets and man-convenient air defense frameworks.
HIMARS as lopsided fighting
Sauer continues: "This recharged center around lopsided fighting empowering influences is just a piece of the Taiwanese way to deal with key discouragement, informally alluded to as the 'porcupine methodology'.
"As exemplified by the Ukrainian Military, the capacity to maintain uneven energy and outlive a traditionally bigger attacker hinges on the capacity of that power to target basic components of a foe's powers with accuracy strike abilities as well as just outmaneuvering their offenses.
"Indeed, Taiwanese defense authorities have perceived that their growing unbalanced fighting capacities should be utilized couple with their more predetermined number of cutting edge frameworks, for example, HIMARS to remain compelling in an extended extreme focus conflict.
"The HIMARS stage and its related weapons frameworks have over and again exhibited their viability all through the conflict in Ukraine, and the Taiwanese military's choice to get extra units indicates that these essential likenesses are not lost on defense organizers."
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Airsoft Guns Market Emerging Trends, Growth Factors, Business Opportunities and Forecast to 2028
Facto Market Insights as of late distributed statistical surveying report on the worldwide Airsoft Guns Market to its assortment of statistical surveying reports. The exploration report covers point by point examination of market measuring and anticipating of the market covering the market drivers, challenges, opportunity investigation, and patterns, alongside different key bits of knowledge in the worldwide market. The examination report additionally incorporates the investigation of territorial producers and new market players, covering all the data reasonable for the customers to settle on essential business choices in the business.
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The report covers PESTLE examination and watchman's five powers investigation which exhibits the five powers including purchasers bartering power, providers haggling power, the danger of new participants, the danger of substitutes, and level of rivalry in the worldwide airsoft guns market. In the investigation, the system of watchman's five powers examination clarifies the technique for breaking down the opposition of the business covering the business structure and the degree of rivalry in the market. Along with this, the exploration report additionally covers current realities and figures identified with the macroeconomic patterns that are expected to affect the development of the general market.
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- Market Segment Trend and Forecast
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Market Segmentation:
The exploration offers an extensive investigation of worldwide airsoft guns market concerning following sub-markets:
By Product Type
- Handgun
- Rifle
- Shotgun
- Muzzle Loading
By Mechanism Type
- Spring-Powered
- Electric-Powered
- Gas-Powered
By Price Range
- Low
- Medium
- High
By End User
- Individual
- Institutional
- Promotional
By Sales Channel
- Modern Trade Channel
- Specialty Stores
- Third Party Online
- Others
Regional Insights:
The report investigations the market by geologies for example North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America and Middle East and Africa. Further, the regions are fragmented into the country and regional groupings:
- North America (U.S. & Canada)
- Europe (Germany, United Kingdom, France, Italy, Spain, Russia, and Rest of Europe)
- Asia Pacific (China, India, Japan, South Korea, Indonesia, Taiwan, Australia, New Zealand, and Rest of Asia Pacific)
- Latin America (Brazil, Mexico, and Rest of Latin America)
- Middle East & Africa (GCC (Saudi Arabia, UAE, Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar, Oman), North Africa, South Africa, and Rest of Middle East & Africa)
Competitive Landscape
The report includes profiles of leading companies in the global airsoft guns market. Some of the key players profiled include:
A&K Airsoft Ltd
Crosman Corporation
Valken
Lancer Tactical
ICS Airsoft
Colt's Manufacturing Company
G&G Armament
Ballistic Breakthru Gunnery Corporation
Kriss USA
Tokyo Marui
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Airsoft Guns Market Is Booming Worldwide will Generate Massive Growth in 2027
Airsoft Guns Market – Toy Weapon used in airsoft sports
Airsoft guns are imitation of original firearm manufactured to discharge non-metallic projectiles. These guns discharge projectiles either using electric motor, spring force, or gas tank.
These guns are non-lethal and used for sports and recreational activities. With the increase use of airsoft guns, various countries have laid down standards and regulations for use of airsoft guns.
Increase in adventure sports to drive the Global Airsoft Guns Market
Airsoft guns have become increasingly popular in recent years due to their various features and advantages such as real shooting simulation, low weight as compared to metallic guns, etc.
Increase in the number of sports organizations that promote airsoft shooting in various developed countries such as the U.S., the U.K., Germany, etc., have driven the global airsoft guns market.
These organizations and groups conduct several events to attract and make aware people about airsoft guns. Moreover, growth in adventurous activities and real shooting simulation is driving consumers to procure airsoft guns. This is expected to drive the global market during the forecast period.
Change in lifestyle and increase in disposable income are other factors, which are fueling the demand for airsoft guns. Majority of the population across developed countries prefer to spend their leisure time in adventurous sports activities
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North America to Hold a Leading Share of Global Airsoft Guns Market
Geographically, the global Airsoft Guns market can be divided into five regions: North America (NA), Europe (EU), Asia Pacific (APAC), Middle East & Africa (MEA), and South America (SA).
North America country-level analysis features the U.S., Canada, and Rest of North America. Analysis and forecast of the Airsoft Guns market in Europe includes markets across the U.K., Germany, France, and Rest of Europe. Similarly, Asia Pacific includes India, China, Japan, and Rest of Asia Pacific. Middle East & Africa includes the Airsoft Guns market analysis and forecast of GCC countries, South Africa, and Rest of Middle East & Africa. The South America Airsoft Guns market is segmented into Brazil, and Rest of South America.
North America dominates the market share due to growing consumer preference for adventure activities and increase in disposable income in the region.
However, Asia Pacific is anticipated to grow at a fastest CAGR growth rate during the forecast period.
Key Players Operating in the Airsoft Guns Market:
The Airsoft Guns market is competitive with several global and regional players. Major players are adopting various strategies, such as regional expansion and product portfolio expansion to enhance their position in the market.
Companies are focusing on increasing the product appearance by replication original gun models. Companies are expanding their business across different region to cater to the demand of consumers. The company focuses on emerging markets to expand its customer base. A few of the key players operating in the global Airsoft Guns market are:
BEAUTY & THE BEES
A&K Airsoft
APS Conception
Ballistic Breakthru Gunnery Corporation
Classic Army
Crosman Corporation
G&G ARMAMENT TAIWAN LTD.
KRISS USA, INC.
Lancer Tactical
Systema Professional Training Weapon
Umarex GmbH & Co. KG
VALKEN SPORTS
VCOMK
TOKYO MARUI Co., Ltd
ICS AIRSOFT, INC.
Colt's Manufacturing Company, LLC
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Global Airsoft Guns Market: Research Scope
Global Airsoft Guns Market, by Type
Handgun
Rifle
Shotgun
Muzzle Loading
Global Airsoft Guns Market, by Mechanism
Spring-powered
Electric-powered
Gas-powered
Global Airsoft Guns Market, by End Use
Individual
Commercial
Global Airsoft Guns Market, by Distribution Channel
Online
Offline
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3. ENGLAND ROUSED BY U.S NAVAL MENACE BUT CAN’T DECIDE IF BIG SHIPS ARE OBSOLETE
London, January 1st – “John Bull, after resting on his oars since the surrender of the German fleet, has suddenly discovered a new naval menace in America and Japan. The clubs are full of gossip and of rumours, and the papers full of letters from admirals and other experts. The sudden agitation recalls the stir here when Germany launched a building programme in 1900 that was taken to mean a challenge to British sea superiority.
“It would seem natural if Britain feels that America and Japan are building so many great ships that her grasp on the trident is being loosened that ships should be laid down, here in answer to the assumed threat. But two considerations prevent this being done.
Money is lacking
“One is the serious financial position which renders if doubtful whether England can foot the bill at the present price of warships for a super dreadnought race with the United States. The other is the belief of a large section of naval opinion that the super dreadnought is obsolete, that America and Japan are wasting their money, and that England as so often as before must now show the way by constructing new submersibles or flying engines of sea warfare that will make great battleships as helpless as a ship of line of Nelson’s time.
“Early in 1919 the Admiralty decided to stop all naval building. This was done for two reasons apart from the compelling one of economy. It was hoped that the United States and Japan would also slacken their preparations at sea when they saw that England was not building. The Admiralty felt that time was needed to assimilate the lessons of Jutland and the submarine war and decide what for of Navy in the future should assume. The super battlecruiser Hood, completed after the war, is believed to be the most powerful fighting machine afloat, but her sister ship was broken up on the stocks and the anti – capital ship faction at the Admiralty denounced the Hood as obsolete before she was put in commission If they are right and the Hood is obsolete, so are all great ships the United States and Japan are building and are planning to build.
“For a year and a half the Admiralty has stood put and done nothing. Recently spurred on by the advocates of the battleships, who see with horror that the American fleet two years as things are going now, we will be more powerful than the British, the Admiralty decided on a new naval programme of big ships. Details of this programme, of course, are secret. But the fact that the programme had been adopted and leaked cause the present storm.
Big, fast ships
“I understand that in its essentials the plan provided for a building of great and superlatively fast ship to cost something like US$45’000,000 apiece. The opposition from the submarine and air enthusiasts have proved too strong and the Government has decided that the new programme is not for the present to be carried out. The Committee of Imperial Defence has been ordered by the Cabinet “to institute at once exhaustive investigation into the whole questions of naval strength as affected by the latest developments of naval warfare”. Until the Government is satisfied with the report of this committee, it is officially stated that no programme of new construction will be sanctioned.
“The place and usefulness of the capital ship in future naval operations is to be the subject of the committee’s deliberations. The committee will consist of several heads of government departments, the First Lord of the Admiralty, and the First Sea Lord, the chief of the General Staff and the directors of naval and military intelligence, and it is already being attacked as in the main made up of men not qualified to pronounce on naval subjects.
Tells English views
“I am able to give some extremely important details concerning the views held here regarding the American menace.
“The primary consideration in all British naval calculations now is the fact that there is no possible future sea enemy in Europe. The German fleet does not exist and the British opinion the French and Italian navies proved themselves contemptible and worthless during the Great War.
“Accordingly, when the size and strength of the British Navy are considered, it is clear that any naval programme now adopted can have in view the only two serious fleets in being, ours and the Japanese.
“Sir Percy Scott[i], torpedo and gunnery expert, who vainly warned England before the war of what the submarine could do, is the public spokesman of the anti – capital ship school of thought. His view about the possible naval conflict with American can be summed up authoritatively as follows:
“There are two reasons why, in considering America, the building of more great battleships is wrong. One factor is purely naval and the other is no less important one, one of psychological.
Naval opinion must recognise that in the event of war the battle fleets of the two powers could not fight each other. Were the American fleet twice as strong as ours, it could not enter British waters and operate there, three thousand miles from its base, exposed to the full striking force our fleets supported by submarines, mines and other weapons. Nor could the British fleet, were it much stronger than it is, go to American waters and there brings to action the concentrated American sea power. Our fleet, too, would be too far from its base and the risk would be too great. England and Germany, separated by a narrow shallow sea, were compelled in the main to keep their big ships sealed up in harbour and not to seek each other. England and America would certainly have to adopt the same tactics.
“Now for the factor of psychology. There is nothing to rouse public interest like a race. The spirit of emulation and competition between the English and American peoples would be excited, just as we saw with Germany in the decade before the war, if we each tried to build the largest number of super dreadnoughts. This sort of thing gives rise to a dangerous feeling, and may itself tend to bring on a calamity which both people realise would be terrible for themselves and the world. But since these costly machines even if constructed could not fight each other, why should we build them? If Americans are foolish enough to do so, let them go ahead. They will soon get tired of the game, if we won’t play it too.
“I asked: In the event of war what form in your opinion would that war would take?
He replied: “You may take it as an axiom that the two great fleets, the battleships of each power, would remain in their own waters and not attack each other. The war would in the main be one of commercial destruction, since the British Isles and your country would both be immune against serious attacks. We would send out cruisers all over the world and stifle your commerce. You have not the small fast cruisers that we have, but as against this we are dependent on sea communications and our trade routes are more vulnerable. You would attack them with converted merchantmen and submarines, and the results a few German commerce raiders obtained against trade before they were run down in 1914 shows how unpleasant you could make things.
“Against Germany we had the advantage that with the exception of the few ships that got out or were out at the beginning the whole German naval force was in the bottle and we held the neck. Your great number of port on the Atlantic and the Pacific would make it easy for you to send out ships whenever you liked that could go anywhere. We would catch and destroy many of them, but outside the European waters you could bring our commerce to a standstill. You could not win the war against us by these methods, unless the continent turned against us too, but since you are self – supporting we could not defeat you, and the thing might drag on interminably. That is one of the reasons why it must never be allowed to happen.
“The other school of thought that believes in more big ships and in maintaining a superiority in dreadnoughts over any other powers is headed by Lord Sydenham[ii]. The chief of the Admiralty, whose views carry most weight in these respects, do not permit their opinions become public, but from current gossip I believe Admiral Beatty[iii] is the real head and front of the pro – battleship faction. Jellicoe[iv], as is natural in any case when the two men are involved, is said to take the other side.
“Lord Sydenham does not accept the view that naval wars are not to be won by fleet actions. His school contends that the striking force of the British Navy must be able to go out at any time and seek and defeat the concentrated sea power of any other country.
“The controversy is complicated by the advocates of submersibles battleships and flying dreadnoughts. These two phrases may be a little exaggerated at the moment, but there are submarine and air experts who seriously contend that within few years great warships with heavy guns will be able to sail the sea submerged and aircraft will exist capable of striking any ship on the surface. Submarines were constructed here at the end of the war which carried each a 13 – inch gun for the purpose of bombarding the Belgium coast, and this fact is cited by the anti – battleship sailors. Of course if these men are right it is recognised that to build super dreadnoughts is merely wasting money, but whether they are right is one of the questions that the Committee of Imperial Defence must settle.
Bottomley’s ideas
Horacio Bottomley[v], MP, is not known for his friendship to the United States. John Bull, which he edits, has the largest circulation of any organ of opinion among the general public. It is read weekly by millions of Englishmen who make it their Bible, and for this reason whatever Bottomley says is taken seriously to political circles. How the naval controversy is beginning to affect the man in the street can be gauged better by quoting some of Bottomley’s remarks than by any analysis I could make. Bottomley declared this week:
“Take America first. For the moment I am not discussing any question of policy, but simply endeavouring to ascertain the facts. The United States, for all of that her president was the great protagonist of the League of Nations, has entered hell for leather into the race of armaments. She is building as fast as she can – We will ask why presently”.
Huge American fleet
“The constructional programme approved by the American Congress and now in course in execution includes no fewer than four first class battleships to be completed by 1923, and another eight to be ready for sea by 1924 – 1925. Remember, every one of these vessels has been laid down since the battle of Jutland, from which naval officers the world over have been drawn important lessons, although our government has so far foolishly withheld the official report of that engagement – which I fancy might prove a stimulant to the public imagination. Still, America is building on the strength of the late war’s naval lessons.
And the same with our wide awaken ally, Japan. Here again the facts are easily available. Last July the Japanese Parliament sanctioned estimates providing for four battle cruisers – these eight new vessels, all of the most modern type, to be completed not later than 1926. It may be said, of course, and with a measure of probable truth, that America is building against Japan, and Japan against America; but Great Britain, however well assured she may be of the peaceful intentions of her rivals, cannot well be indifferent to a state of affairs which if it persists unaltered, will rob her of the faintest claim or title to be called mistress of the seas.
To decide quickly
“It is the plain and bounden duty I the government to decide without delay what is to be the British policy in the light of what can only be regarded as a gathering menace to our maritime power.
“If a heavy warship building programme is the only form of maritime insurance available, the only means of safeguarding our food supply – of keeping intact the lifeline that connects us with the overseas granaries upon which still we are foolish enough chiefly to depend – then we must foot the bill and pray for some wizard of a chancellor to find us the hen – roosts to rob. But is there no other way.
“And that brings us to policy. I recognise to the full that we do not live in a world governed by the lofty idealism of the League of Nations, that the writ of the League’s Court of Arbitration does not run in America, and that there are features of the foreign policy of the United States that may well alarm thoughtful observers I am not concerned to deny. At the same time, I am not going to believe, in the absence of the most urgent and direct evidence, that it is with an eye on this country’s position in the world that America is building her mammoth navy. The same goes without saying in the case of Japan, who up to now has fulfilled her treaty obligations to the letter, leaving us no ground for complaint. I suggest, therefore, that it might be possible for Japan and Great Britain, in alliance, to offer America such guarantees as would warrant her in slowing down her naval programme, or at any rate pruning it to such an extent as to relieve Europe of suspicion a to her bellicose intentions.
Acid test of sincerity
“This, I submit, would be the acid test of America’s sincerity. We will put behind us the extravagant idealism of Woodrow Wilson – now finally disowned by his countrymen, and driven into political obscurity; we will try to forget the breach of faith involved in America’s selfish refusal to accept her obligations under the Treaty of Versailles; we will say not a word about the sources of the wealth that she now possesses to expend upon her giant fleet. The dreamer Wilson now makes way for a Republican president, a man who may, I think, be taken as typically representative of the great bulk of American opinion. Very well then, it’s up to Harding. If he values the friendship of Great Britain, if he worships honesty at the shrine of any other power, he will doubtless be willing to carry out an exchange of views, with the object of discovering some common basis of action in world politics and so avoiding the necessity of huge and wasteful expenditure.
“At such a solemn round table, Japan might be represented, or we could separately undertake to submit to her ministers an agreed basis of policy. Apart from some such arrangements, the British taxpayer must begin to muster his millions. There is no third course” – By John Lloyd Balderston – McClure Newspaper Syndicate – El Paso Herald (El Paso, Texas, USA), Saturday 1st January 1921, page 1 to 2
[i] SCOTT, Percy Moreton, 1st Baronet (1853 – 1924). British Royal Navy officer and a pioneer in modern naval gunnery. During his career he proved to be an engineer and problem solver of some considerable foresight, ingenuity and tenacity. He did not, however, endear himself to the Navy establishment for his regular outspoken criticism of the Navy's conservatism and resistance to change and this undoubtedly slowed the acceptance of his most important ideas, notably the introduction of directed firing. In spite of this, his vision proved correct most of the time and he rose to the rank of admiral and amongst other honours was made baronet, a hereditary title.
[ii] SYDENHAM CLARKE, George, 1st Baron Sydenham of Combe (1848 – 1933). British Army officer and colonial administrator. He was born in Lincolnshire, and educated at Haileybury, Wimbledon and the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich. He entered the Royal Engineers in 1868, served in the Egyptian Expedition and as Assistant Political officer during the following Sudan expedition. From 1885 until 1892 he was secretary to the Colonial Defence Committee, for which he was knighted as a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG) in 1893. He was also secretary to the Royal Commission on Navy and Army Administration in 1888, a commission which did much to improve cooperation between the two services. In the late 1890s he was Superintendent of the Royal Carriage Department at Woolwich. He retired from the army in October 1901, when he had been appointed Governor of Victoria, Australia (1901 – 1903). He served in India as Governor of Bombay between 1907 and 1913. In 1913 he was elevated to the peerage as Baron Sydenham of Combe, of Dulverton in the County of Devon. He was also the first Secretary of the Committee of Imperial Defence. He adhered to the 'Blue Water' school of thought which saw the Royal Navy as Britain's primary defence against invasion. He advocated the use of small field fortifications which could be built cheaply and rapidly. This view was was based in part on the successful defence of Plevna in 1877 by Turkish forces using magazine-fed rifles and earthwork fortifications. His opinions on the strength of field fortifications were largely vindicated by the trench warfare of the First World War. He died at his home in Onslow Square, London, in February 1933, aged 84 and the barony became extinct.
[iii] BEATTY, David Richard, 1st Earl Beatty (1871 – 1936). Royal Navy officer. After serving in the Mahdist War and then the response to the Boxer Rebellion, he commanded the 1st Battlecruiser Squadron at the Battle of Jutland in 1916, a tactically indecisive engagement after which his aggressive approach was contrasted with the caution of his commander Admiral Sir John Jellicoe. He is remembered for his comment at Jutland that "There seems to be something wrong with our bloody ships today", after two of his ships exploded. Later in the war he succeeded Jellicoe as Commander in Chief of the Grand Fleet, in which capacity he received the surrender of the German High Seas Fleet at the end of the war. He then followed Jellicoe's path a second time, serving as First Sea Lord—a position that Beatty held longer (7 years 9 months) than any other First Sea Lord. While First Sea Lord, he was involved in negotiating the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922 in which it was agreed that the United States, Britain and Japan should set their navies in a ratio of 5:5:3, with France and Italy maintaining smaller ratio fleets of 1.75 each. During his tenure as First Sea Lord pressed hard for the return of responsibility for naval aviation from the newly formed Royal Air Force to the Royal Navy and maintained the morale of the Navy at a time of serious defence cuts. After his retirement he was appointed a member of the Privy Council in 1927.
[iv] JELLICOE, John (1859 – 1935). Royal Navy officer. He fought in the Anglo-Egyptian War and the Boxer Rebellion and commanded the Grand Fleet at the Battle of Jutland in May 1916 during the First World War. He later served as First Sea Lord, overseeing the expansion of the Naval Staff at the Admiralty and the introduction of convoys, but was relieved at the end of 1917. He also served as the Governor-General of New Zealand in the early 1920s. Following his return to England, he was created Earl Jellicoe and Viscount Brocas of Southampton in the County of Southampton on 1 July 1925.
[v] BOTTOMLEY, Horatio (1860 – 1933). English financier, journalist, editor, newspaper proprietor, swindler, and Member of Parliament. In 1906 he entered parliament as Liberal Party member for Hackney South. In the same year he founded the popular magazine John Bull, which became a platform for Bottomley's trenchant populist views. Financial extravagance and mismanagement continued to blight his career, and in 1912 he had to resign from parliament after being declared bankrupt. The outbreak of war in 1914 revived his fortunes; as a journalist and orator he became a leading propagandist for the war effort. In 1918, having been discharged from bankruptcy, he re-entered parliament as an Independent member. In the following year he launched his fraudulent "Victory Bonds" scheme which, when exposed, led to his conviction, imprisonment and expulsion from parliament. Released in 1927, he attempted unsuccessfully to relaunch his business career, and eked out a living by lecturing and appearances in music halls. His final years before his death in 1933 were spent in poverty.
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New Post has been published on https://www.stl.news/military-com-releases-list-top-10-military-stories-2017/57730/
Military.com Releases List of Top 10 Military Stories of 2017
MCLEAN, Va./ Dec. 28, 2017 (STL.NEWS) — The U.S. military saw a number of newsworthy events during the past year, from the swearing in of a new president and commander-in-chief to deadly ship collisions in the Pacific that triggered a leadership reorganization of the Navy’s 7th Fleet.
The list, compiled by Military.com Editor Brendan McGarry, highlights 10 stories from 2017 determined to have the most editorial significance.
“This was a dramatic year for the military, as evidenced by a number of stories but most notably by the tragic destroyer collisions in the Pacific,” McGarry said. “More service members died this year in the Pacific than in Afghanistan, and those accidents revealed stunning lapses in training and leadership.”
The top 10 military stories of 2017 are:
1. DEADLY SHIP COLLISIONS ROCK THE NAVY’S SURFACE FLEET Seventeen sailors were killed this summer when two U.S. Navy destroyers, in separate incidents, collided with commercial vessels in the Pacific. The first occurred June 17, when the Arleigh Burke-class guided missile destroyer USS Fitzgerald struck the Philippine-flagged tanker ACX Crystal off the coast of Japan, claiming the lives of seven sailors when compartments flooded. The second incident occurred two months later, on Aug. 21, when the USS John S. McCain hit the Liberian-flagged container ship Alnic MC near the Straits of Malacca, causing the deaths of another 10 sailors. The accidents exposed massive training and leadership problems and resulted in the firing of a number of officials in the 7th Fleet, including the commander, Vice Adm. Joseph Aucoin.
2. US, NORTH KOREA TENSIONS SKYROCKET AMID NUCLEAR, MISSILE TESTS
North Korea repeatedly rattled the international community this year with a series of ballistic missile launches and nuclear tests that showed major advancements in military technology. The regime of Kim Jong-un in September conducted an underground test of a thermonuclear weapon, or hydrogen bomb, designed for an intercontinental ballistic missile. The yield for the North’s sixth and latest nuclear test was estimated at between 100 kilotons and 300 kilotons — its largest to date and many times the destructive power of the atomic weapons the U.S. dropped on Japan during World War II. The regime in November launched an ICBM that flew for 50 minutes and reached an altitude of more than 4,000 kilometers — the longest and highest flight yet of any such test. The U.S. responded with show-of-force exercises with allies in the region, including South Korea and Japan. The U.S. has also blamed the North for the WannaCry ransomware attack that affected computers around the world in May.
3. BERGDAHL PLEADS GUILTY TO DESERTION, AVOIDS PRISON
In one of the most controversial military court cases in years, Army soldier Bowe Bergdahl in October pleaded guilty to deserting his post in 2009 in Afghanistan. While he was later sentenced to receive a dishonorable discharge and reduction in rank to private, he avoided prison time. Bergdahl, 31, was captured by Taliban forces and spent five years in captivity before being released in 2014 as part of a prisoner exchange involving five Taliban members. His trial included testimony from troops who were wounded during missions to find him. Bergdahl, who was held in a cramped cage and beaten by his captors, testified that he was sorry for the wounds suffered by searchers. The controversy continues as lawmakers press the Army to not award him back pay while his attorney seeks to have him receive a POW medal.
4. US BEATS BACK ISIS IN IRAQ AND SYRIA, RAMPS UP AIRSTRIKES IN AFGHANISTAN
The U.S. military, with partner forces in Iraq and Syria, helped crush the Islamic State’s last strongholds in Iraq and Syria. American troops on the ground worked with Iraqi and Syrian troops to repel ISIS militants from Mosul, Iraq, and Raqqa, Syria. While Pentagon officials have been reluctant to disclose the number of U.S. troops on the ground, the Defense Manpower Data Center recently listed 8,992 American service members in Iraq, 1,720 in Syria and 15,298 in Afghanistan. Meanwhile, in Afghanistan, the U.S. ramped up airstrikes, dropping its biggest non-nuclear bomb on the ISIS Khorasan branch and unleashing the F-22 Raptor stealth fighter to bomb Taliban drug labs. Still, the Taliban control or influence 54 of 407 districts in the country, or 13 percent, according to the Special Inspector General for Afghanistan Reconstruction.
5. AFTER HIGH-PROFILE RECRUIT DEATH, MARINES CRACK DOWN ON HAZING
The Marine Corps took steps to crack down on hazing following the March 18, 2016, death of 20-year-old Raheel Siddiqui, a Pakistani-American Muslim recruit from Michigan who reportedly leapt from the third floor of a squad bay 11 days after arriving at boot camp at Parris Island, S.C. The family is suing the government for $100 million for his death, claiming “negligence on multiple levels of command,” the Detroit Free Press reported. After Siddiqui’s death, 15 drill instructors and five other senior leaders at the boot camp were removed from their posts. Gunnery Sgt. Joseph Felix, a former drill instructor at Parris Island, was named as a senior drill instructor who slapped Siddiqui and made him conduct physical “incentive training” as punishment in the minutes before his suicide. A military jury in November found Felix guilty of tumbling another Muslim recruit in an industrial dryer in a liquor-fueled hazing session, and abusing and assaulting a dozen other recruits.
6. CHURCH SHOOTING REVEALS DOD’S FAILURE TO DISCLOSE CRIMINAL RECORDS
Devin Patrick Kelley, 26, the man who shot and killed 26 people at a Texas church on Nov. 6, had previously served in the U.S. Air Force but received a bad-conduct discharge after being court-martialed for assaulting his wife and child. Kelley was court-martialed in 2012 for two counts of Article 128 of the Uniform Code of Military Justice: assault on his spouse and assault on their child. He received a bad-conduct discharge, confinement for twelve months and a reduction to the grade of E-1. Even so, the Air Force didn’t forward his criminal record to the Federal Bureau of Investigation, as required by law. Because the agency wasn’t aware of his criminal past, Kelley was able to buy an assault rifle-style weapon used in the church shooting, described as the deadliest to occur in Texas. Air Force Secretary Heather Wilson and Chief of Staff Gen. David Goldfein ordered a review of the case to avoid similar lapses in the future.
7. AIR FORCE GRAPPLES WITH RISING PILOT SHORTAGE
The Air Force’s pilot shortage this year climbed to about 2,000 airmen, as more service members opted for the better pay and steadier schedules offered by the commercial airline industry. With a pilot shortage estimated at about one in 10 — 2,000 out of 20,000 pilots — the service has rolled out new initiatives in an effort to keep flyers in uniform, including more flight incentive pay and aviation bonus programs. But the efforts may not be enough to combat a readiness crisis that leaders blame on a high number of missions being carried out by a disproportionately small force. As a result, the service may try to force pilots to stay in the cockpit. President Donald Trump in September signed an executive order to voluntarily recall up to 1,000 pilots back to active duty. The Air Force says it doesn’t have any immediate plans to resort to such a tactic but nevertheless now has such authority, just in case.
8. CONGRESS CRIMINALIZES MILITARY REVENGE PORN
In the wake of the Marines United scandal, lawmakers in Congress moved swiftly to criminalize so-called revenge porn in the military. The 2018 National Defense Authorization Act, which sets policy for the fiscal year that began Oct. 1, calls for court-martial punishment for troops who engage in revenge porn, or the unauthorized sharing or distribution of “an intimate visual image of a private area of another person.” At least five Marines were punished in the wake of a scandal involving a Facebook page, Marines United, whose members reportedly circulated a hard drive filled with compromising photos of female service members. While the private Facebook group had roughly 30,000 members, the Naval Criminal Investigative Service said the number of those found to have possibly engaged in prosecutable activity was much lower.
9. TRUMP ANNOUNCES TRANSGENDER BAN, COURTS BLOCK ORDER
President Donald Trump in July surprised even the Pentagon’s top brass when he announced via Twitter a ban on transgender people from serving in the U.S. military. The president tweeted, “After consultation with my Generals and military experts, please be advised that the United States Government will not accept or allow … Transgender individuals to serve in any capacity in the U.S. Military.” The order was immediately challenged in the courts, which have so far rejected the administration’s request to delay transgender enlistments. There are between 1,320 and 6,630 transgender troops currently serving on active duty, amounting to between 0.1 percent and 0.5 percent of the 1.3 million-member active component, and between 830 and 4,160 in the Selected Reserve, according to a 2016 study by Rand Corp. Advocacy groups put the estimate at closer to 15,000 transgender troops in the ranks. The Defense Department has said the enlistment of transgender recruits will start Jan. 1.
10. SIG SAUER WINS THE ARMY’S MODULAR HANDGUN SYSTEM CONTRACT
The U.S. Army in January awarded Sig Sauer a contract worth $580 million to make the next service pistol based on the company’s P320 handgun. Sig beat out Glock Inc., FN America and Beretta USA, the maker of the current M9 9mm service pistol, in the competition for the Modular Handgun System, or MHS, program. Glock protested the Army’s decision, but the complaint in June was rejected by the Government Accountability Office, which arbitrates federal contract disputes. Soldiers from the 101st Airborne Division (Air Assault) at Fort Campbell, Kentucky, in November began receiving the new XM17 MHS and spent time shooting the new pistol. Weapons officials plan to issue the service’s new sidearm down to the team-leader level. — Richard Sisk, Matthew Cox, Hope Hodge Seck and Oriana Pawlyk contributed to this report. — Brendan McGarry can be reached at [email protected]. Follow him on Twitter at @Brendan_McGarry.
About Military.com
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SOURCE: Military.com, Distribute by PRNewswire.com, published on STL.NEWS by St. Louis Media, LLC (PS)
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The JTF2 Heard you, Scott
(Volume 24-07)
By Vincent J. Curtis
For some time now, publisher Scott Taylor has criticized the Canadian government for allowing Canadian soldiers to fight in the front lines in Iraq against ISIS forces. One example of front-line fighting was of a Canadian soldier taking out a vehicle-borne improvised explosive device (VBIED) with a relatively short-range Carl Gustav rocket launcher. The Canadian troops deployed in Iraq are on a training mission, and fighting in the front lines runs contrary to that agreed-upon mandate, he argues.
It appears that Canadian Special Operations Forces in Iraq were paying attention. In June, a Canadian JTF2 sniper made a record-breaking kill shot in Iraq from a twice-confirmed range of 3,540 metres. You can’t get much further behind the front lines than that. Any further back, and you’d bump into the Iraqi Officer’s Mess.
Canadian snipers now hold three of the top five confirmed sniper shots. Dropped into second place, with a range of 2,475 metres, is British sniper Corporal of Horse Craig Harrison of the Blues and Royals, followed by Canadians Cpl Rob Furlong at 2,430, and MCpl Arron Perry at 2,310, both of 3 PPCLI. Fifth place, at 2,300 meters, is held by Sgt Bryan Kremer, 2nd Battalion, 75th Ranger Regiment of the United States Army. The famous Gunnery Sergeant Carlos Hathcock III, U.S. Marine Corps, falls into sixth place at a mere 2,286 metres, albeit made with a scope-mounted M2 Browning machine gun — not ordinarily considered to be a sniping weapon, until he made it into one.
The first Canadian experience of sniping occurred during the Boer War. The Boers were armed with the Mauser Model 1895 that fired the 7mm Mauser spitzer cartridge. This combination completely outclassed and out-ranged the British Magazine Lee Enfield rifle, which fired the Mark II .303 cartridge — hard-hitting but ballistically wanting. The Boers were largely an army of snipers, and it was this experience that gave Sir Charles Ross and Sir Sam Hughes the idea of an army of marksmen equipped with a rifle superior in accuracy and range to the Mauser — the Ross rifle in .280 Ross calibre — and with the Colt M1895 machine gun included for additional firepower.
The British learned some lessons too from the Boer War, and they entered World War I with the Mark VII .303 cartridge and the Short Magazine Lee Enfield rifle. Under Sam Hughes’ tutelage, Canadians stayed with the Ross, adapted for the improved British cartridge. Major H. Hesketh-Prichard, author of Sniping in France, gives his account of “How the British Army Won the Sniping War in the Trenches.”
He writes: “The Canadian Division and, later, the Canadian Corps was full of officers who understood how to deal with the German sniper, and early in the war there were Canadian snipers who were told off to this duty [i.e. counter-sniping], and some of them were extraordinarily successful. Corporal, afterwards, Lieutenant, Christie, of the PPCLI, was one of the individual pioneers of sniping.”
In his book A Rifleman Went to War, W.H. McBride wrote of pre-war Canadian training. “Here, in Canada, the program, which was certainly laid out by an officer who knew his business (I suspect it was Colonel Hughes himself) was one calculated to do just two things: to put the men in physical condition to endure long marches and to thoroughly train them in the use of weapons … In the Battalion were many of the best riflemen in Canada, including Major Elmitt (member of the Canadian Palma team of 1907) … I just mention these things to show how it was that this particular battalion developed into a real aggregation of riflemen … We were using the Ross rifle, a splendid target weapon …”
The top Canadian sniper of the war was Cpl Francis Pegahmagabow, 1st Battalion Canadian Expeditionary Force, with 378 kills with his Ross.
In World War II, Canadian snipers were equipped with a scope-mounted Lee-Enfield No. 4 Mk 1 (T) and organized into scout-sniper platoons. Perhaps the most famous picture of a sniper, then or now, is of Sgt Harold A. Marshall of the Calgary Highlanders, wearing a Denison smock and a Hollywood-handsome look.
In 1972, the Canadian army adopted the C3 Parker Hale, which was based upon a modern target-competition rifle with all the latest improvements for consistent, long-range accuracy. This excellent rifle was in combat service as late as Operation APOLLO, and MCpl Graham Ragsdale of 3 PPCLI recorded over 20 kills with a C3A1 in Afghanistan in March 2002.
The 7.62 NATO calibre C3A1 is being phased out and replaced with the C14 Timberwolf, in .338 Lapua Magnum. The problem with all the classic rifle calibres for sniping nowadays is lack of range. They are limited in effectiveness to the distance at which the bullet falls below the speed of sound, and this typically occurs about 900 metres downrange. Better ballistics dramatically improves range. The Lapua Magnum cartridge is good to 1,500 metres, and the .50 calibre BMG, to over 1,800 metres; and the extraordinary multi-kilometres kills were done with these.
The problem for accurate, long-range sniping becomes accounting for such esoteric factors as atmospheric pressure, and the curvature and speed of rotation of the earth. For this, the sniper’s spotter and his ballistic computer become an absolutely essential part of the team.
The idea of Sam Hughes and Charles Ross of an army of marksmen proved to be impractical, and precise, long-range shooting is now delegated to platoons of snipers with special equipment. Beginning with Hughes, the Canadian Army developed a culture, and now has a reputation for excellence in sniping. Sniping is a skill that is inexpensive to develop. It is a craft that smaller armies like Canada’s, lacking in money and men, can cultivate, and snipers can deliver tactically important results.
With modern tools, Canadian soldiers don’t have to be in no man’s land to be able to dispatch the enemy.
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An air-to-air left underside view of four 37th Tactical Fighter Wing F-4E Phantom II aircraft in formation during the Tactical Air Command bombing and gunnery competition Gunsmoke '85 DF-ST-87-03762
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Advances in Drill Manuals, War Aviation, and Nursing Practices during War
Unfortunately this week will I will only have one post rather than my hopeful two. The Memorial Day weekend and a surprise trip to Prompt Care (I’m a-ok!!) put a wrench in my cataloguing hours. Without further ado:
Zanchi, Giovanni Battista de’ - Del modo di fortificar le citta - 1554
Pimentel, Luis Serrão - Methodo lusitanico de desenhar as fortificac, oens das praças regulares & irregulares, fortes de campanha e outras obras pertencentes a architectura militar - 1680
Blondel, Francoise - L’art de jetter les bombes - 1685
Hinde, Robert - The Discipline of the light-horse - 1778
Rush, Benjamin - Directions of preserving the health of soldiers - 1778
Robins, Benjamin - New principles of gunnery: containing the determination of the force of gunpowder, and an investigation of the difference in the resisting power of air to swift and slow motions - 1805
Great Britain - Abstract of Colonel Herries’s instructions for volunteer corps of cavalry, adapted to the use of the volunteer and militia cavalry of the United States - 1811
Great Britain - General regulations and officers - 1811
Smirke, Robert - Review of a battalion of infantry, including the eighteen manoevres, illustrated by a series of engraved diagrams - 1811
Smyth, Alexander - Regulations for the field exercise, manoeuvres, and conduct of the infantry of the United States - 1812
Duane, William - A Hand book for infantry - 1814
Buenos Aires - Bando ... Por Cuanto esta superioridad cree absolutamente necesario la formacion, arreglo, e instruccion del Regimiento de Infanteria del Orden, conocido antes por el de Imaginaria, para el sosten, defensa y seguridad de esta Provincia, y persuadido de que los individuos que lo componen llenaràn tan sagrado deber con la asistencia y applicacion à los ejercicios doctrinales - 1820
Reglamento para el ejercicio y maniobras de la infantería - 1821
U.S. War Department - Abstract of infantry tactics - 1830
Mexico - Instrucción para la infantería ligera del Ejercito mexicano - 1841
Nightingale, Florence - Notes on matters affecting the health, efficiency, and hospital administration of the British army, founded chiefly on the experience of the late war - 1858
Nightingale, Florence - A Contribution to the sanitary history of the British army during the late war with Russia - 1859
Hardee, William - Rifle and light infantry tactics - 1861
U.S. Provost Marshal General’s Bureau - Statistics, medical and anthropological, of the Provost-marshal-general’s bureau - 1875
Upton, Emory - Tactica de infanteria para una y para dos filas, adaptada á topografía americacna y á los rifles de última invención - 1883
Merritt, William Hamilton - Regimental standing orders of the Governor-general’s body guard - 1910
Graham-White, Claude - The Aeroplane in war - 1912
McCulloch, Champe Carter - The Scientific and administrative achievement of the medical corps of the United States army - 1917
Mitchell, William - Winged defense: the development and possibilities of modern air power - economic and military - 1925
Lawson, Cecil C. P. - A History of the uniforms of the British army - 1940-1941
Confederate States of America - Cavalry tactics; single rank formations and skirmish drill for mounted rifles - 1965
An item of note that crossed my path was WillIam Hardee’s A Hand Book for Infantry.
Image courtesy of By Civil War Photograph Collection (Library of Congress), Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1327856
William J. Hardee was a Southern general in the American Civil War. He was regarded as a very brilliant tactician throughout the Mexican-American War and the American Civil War. Secretary of War Jefferson Davies requested that Hardee write the above-mentioned book (originally known as Hardee’s Tactics), and it promptly became the best-known drill manual for the Civil War. Another fun fact about William J. Hardee: it is said that he also designed the Hardee hat at this time, and iconic Civil War hat pictured below:
Image courtesy of By Hal Jespersen - Own work by the original uploader, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=5629394
Another person of interest is Claude Graham-White and his work The Aeroplane in War.
Image courtesy of Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1242398
Claude Grahame-White was an English aviator who was inspired by Louis Blériot’s crossing of the English Channel. He competed in many flying competitions throughout his life, and became quite well-known for his skill in aviation. He was very active in the commercialization of flying, and a heavy promoter of using aviation in military applications before WWI.
And of course it wouldn’t do to leave off mention of Florence Nightingale and her two published works: Notes on Matters Affecting the Health, Efficiency, and Hospital Administration of the British Army, Founded Chiefly on the Experience of the Late War (1858) and A Contribution to the Sanitary History of the British Army during the Late War with Russia.
Image courtesy of By not listed - http://www.florence-nightingale.co.uk/cms/index.php/online-shop?page=shop.product_details&product_id=77, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=11735491
Florence Nightingale was a nurse working during the Crimean War. She is largely regarded as one of the prominent figures of promoting health and safety in nursing practices, specifically in war zones. She was very popular and was considered a Victorian icon, and is still well-known today. There is speculation that she may have been played up by the media during the Crimean War, but regardless, she is still considered a very important figure in the modernization of nursing medicine. She penned many works describing her practices and medical knowledge, often written in plain English so as to be better understood by the common person.
References:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_J._Hardee
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Grahame-White
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence_Nightingale
#catalogue#cataloguing#Lilly Library#IU#Indiana University#internship#library#librarian#William Hardee#Claude Grahame-White#American Civil War#aviation#Florence Nightingale#nursing
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Best of the U.S. Air Force - Department of Defense Image Collection - September 1998
An air-to-air left underside view of four 37th Tactical Fighter Wing F-4E Phantom II aircraft in formation during the Tactical Air Command bombing and gunnery competition Gunsmoke '85.
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Airsoft Guns Market Growth, Application Insights, Latest Trends, Demand And Forecast 2021-2028
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ENGLAND ROUSED BY U.S NAVAL MENACE BUT CAN’T DECIDE IF BIG SHIPS ARE OBSOLETE
London, January 1st – “John Bull, after resting on his oars since the surrender of the German fleet, has suddenly discovered a new naval menace in America and Japan. The clubs are full of gossip and of rumours, and the papers full of letters from admirals and other experts. The sudden agitation recalls the stir here when Germany launched a building programme in 1900 that was taken to mean a challenge to British sea superiority.
“It would seem natural if Britain feels that America and Japan are building so many great ships that her grasp on the trident is being loosened that ships should be laid down, here in answer to the assumed threat. But two considerations prevent this being done.
Money is lacking
“One is the serious financial position which renders if doubtful whether England can foot the bill at the present price of warships for a super dreadnought race with the United States. The other is the belief of a large section of naval opinion that the super dreadnought is obsolete, that America and Japan are wasting their money, and that England as so often as before must now show the way by constructing new submersibles or flying engines of sea warfare that will make great battleships as helpless as a ship of line of Nelson’s time.
“Early in 1919 the Admiralty decided to stop all naval building. This was done for two reasons apart from the compelling one of economy. It was hoped that the United States and Japan would also slacken their preparations at sea when they saw that England was not building. The Admiralty felt that time was needed to assimilate the lessons of Jutland and the submarine war and decide what for of Navy in the future should assume. The super battlecruiser Hood, completed after the war, is believed to be the most powerful fighting machine afloat, but her sister ship was broken up on the stocks and the anti – capital ship faction at the Admiralty denounced the Hood as obsolete before she was put in commission If they are right and the Hood is obsolete, so are all great ships the United States and Japan are building and are planning to build.
“For a year and a half the Admiralty has stood put and done nothing. Recently spurred on by the advocates of the battleships, who see with horror that the American fleet two years as things are going now, we will be more powerful than the British, the Admiralty decided on a new naval programme of big ships. Details of this programme, of course, are secret. But the fact that the programme had been adopted and leaked cause the present storm.
Big, fast ships
“I understand that in its essentials the plan provided for a building of great and superlatively fast ship to cost something like US$45’000,000 apiece. The opposition from the submarine and air enthusiasts have proved too strong and the Government has decided that the new programme is not for the present to be carried out. The Committee of Imperial Defence has been ordered by the Cabinet “to institute at once exhaustive investigation into the whole questions of naval strength as affected by the latest developments of naval warfare”. Until the Government is satisfied with the report of this committee, it is officially stated that no programme of new construction will be sanctioned.
“The place and usefulness of the capital ship in future naval operations is to be the subject of the committee’s deliberations. The committee will consist of several heads of government departments, the First Lord of the Admiralty, and the First Sea Lord, the chief of the General Staff and the directors of naval and military intelligence, and it is already being attacked as in the main made up of men not qualified to pronounce on naval subjects.
Tells English views
“I am able to give some extremely important details concerning the views held here regarding the American menace.
“The primary consideration in all British naval calculations now is the fact that there is no possible future sea enemy in Europe. The German fleet does not exist and the British opinion the French and Italian navies proved themselves contemptible and worthless during the Great War.
“Accordingly, when the size and strength of the British Navy are considered, it is clear that any naval programme now adopted can have in view the only two serious fleets in being, ours and the Japanese.
“Sir Percy Scott, torpedo and gunnery expert, who vainly warned England before the war of what the submarine could do, is the public spokesman of the anti – capital ship school of thought. His view about the possible naval conflict with American can be summed up authoritatively as follows:
“There are two reasons why, in considering America, the building of more great battleships is wrong. One factor is purely naval and the other is no less important one, one of psychological. Naval opinion must recognise that in the event of war the battle fleets of the two powers could not fight each other. Were the American fleet twice as strong as ours, it could not enter British waters and operate there, three thousand miles from its base, exposed to the full striking force our fleets supported by submarines, mines and other weapons. Nor could the British fleet, were it much stronger than it is, go to American waters and there brings to action the concentrated American sea power. Our fleet, too, would be too far from its base and the risk would be too great. England and Germany, separated by a narrow shallow sea, were compelled in the main to keep their big ships sealed up in harbour and not to seek each other. England and America would certainly have to adopt the same tactics.
“Now for the factor of psychology. There is nothing to rouse public interest like a race. The spirit of emulation and competition between the English and American peoples would be excited, just as we saw with Germany in the decade before the war, if we each tried to build the largest number of super dreadnoughts. This sort of thing gives rise to a dangerous feeling, and may itself tend to bring on a calamity which both people realise would be terrible for themselves and the world. But since these costly machines even if constructed could not fight each other, why should we build them? If Americans are foolish enough to do so, let them go ahead. They will soon get tired of the game, if we won’t play it too.
“I asked: In the event of war what form in your opinion would that war would take? He replied: “You may take it as an axiom that the two great fleets, the battleships of each power, would remain in their own waters and not attack each other. The war would in the main be one of commercial destruction, since the British Isles and your country would both be immune against serious attacks. We would send out cruisers all over the world and stifle your commerce. You have not the small fast cruisers that we have, but as against this we are dependent on sea communications and our trade routes are more vulnerable. You would attack them with converted merchantmen and submarines, and the results a few German commerce raiders obtained against trade before they were run down in 1914 shows how unpleasant you could make things.
“Against Germany we had the advantage that with the exception of the few ships that got out or were out at the beginning the whole German naval force was in the bottle and we held the neck. Your great number of port on the Atlantic and the Pacific would make it easy for you to send out ships whenever you liked that could go anywhere. We would catch and destroy many of them, but outside the European waters you could bring our commerce to a standstill. You could not win the war against us by these methods, unless the continent turned against us too, but since you are self – supporting we could not defeat you, and the thing might drag on interminably. That is one of the reasons why it must never be allowed to happen.
“The other school of thought that believes in more big ships and in maintaining a superiority in dreadnoughts over any other powers is headed by Lord Sydenham. The chief of the Admiralty, whose views carry most weight in these respects, do not permit their opinions become public, but from current gossip I believe Admiral Beatty is the real head and front of the pro – battleship faction. Jellicoe, as is natural in any case when the two men are involved, is said to take the other side.
“Lord Sydenham does not accept the view that naval wars are not to be won by fleet actions. His school contends that the striking force of the British Navy must be able to go out at any time and seek and defeat the concentrated sea power of any other country.
“The controversy is complicated by the advocates of submersibles battleships and flying dreadnoughts. These two phrases may be a little exaggerated at the moment, but there are submarine and air experts who seriously contend that within few years great warships with heavy guns will be able to sail the sea submerged and aircraft will exist capable of striking any ship on the surface. Submarines were constructed here at the end of the war which carried each a 13 – inch gun for the purpose of bombarding the Belgium coast, and this fact is cited by the anti – battleship sailors. Of course if these men are right it is recognised that to build super dreadnoughts is merely wasting money, but whether they are right is one of the questions that the Committee of Imperial Defence must settle.
Bottomley’s ideas
Horacio Bottomley, MP, is not known for his friendship to the United States. John Bull, which he edits, has the largest circulation of any organ of opinion among the general public. It is read weekly by millions of Englishmen who make it their Bible, and for this reason whatever Bottomley says is taken seriously to political circles. How the naval controversy is beginning to affect the man in the street can be gauged better by quoting some of Bottomley’s remarks than by any analysis I could make. Bottomley declared this week:
“Take America first. For the moment I am not discussing any question of policy, but simply endeavouring to ascertain the facts. The United States, for all of that her president was the great protagonist of the League of Nations, has entered hell for leather into the race of armaments. She is building as fast as she can – We will ask why presently”.
Huge American fleet
“The constructional programme approved by the American Congress and now in course in execution includes no fewer than four first class battleships to be completed by 1923, and another eight to be ready for sea by 1924 – 1925. Remember, every one of these vessels has been laid down since the battle of Jutland, from which naval officers the world over have been drawn important lessons, although our government has so far foolishly withheld the official report of that engagement – which I fancy might prove a stimulant to the public imagination. Still, America is building on the strength of the late war’s naval lessons.
And the same with our wide awaken ally, Japan. Here again the facts are easily available. Last July the Japanese Parliament sanctioned estimates providing for four battle cruisers – these eight new vessels, all of the most modern type, to be completed not later than 1926. It may be said, of course, and with a measure of probable truth, that America is building against Japan, and Japan against America; but Great Britain, however well assured she may be of the peaceful intentions of her rivals, cannot well be indifferent to a state of affairs which if it persists unaltered, will rob her of the faintest claim or title to be called mistress of the seas.
To decide quickly
“It is the plain and bounden duty I the government to decide without delay what is to be the British policy in the light of what can only be regarded as a gathering menace to our maritime power.
“If a heavy warship building programme is the only form of maritime insurance available, the only means of safeguarding our food supply – of keeping intact the lifeline that connects us with the overseas granaries upon which still we are foolish enough chiefly to depend – then we must foot the bill and pray for some wizard of a chancellor to find us the hen – roosts to rob. But is there no other way.
“And that brings us to policy. I recognise to the full that we do not live in a world governed by the lofty idealism of the League of Nations, that the writ of the League’s Court of Arbitration does not run in America, and that there are features of the foreign policy of the United States that may well alarm thoughtful observers I am not concerned to deny. At the same time, I am not going to believe, in the absence of the most urgent and direct evidence, that it is with an eye on this country’s position in the world that America is building her mammoth navy. The same goes without saying in the case of Japan, who up to now has fulfilled her treaty obligations to the letter, leaving us no ground for complaint. I suggest, therefore, that it might be possible for Japan and Great Britain, in alliance, to offer America such guarantees as would warrant her in slowing down her naval programme, or at any rate pruning it to such an extent as to relieve Europe of suspicion a to her bellicose intentions.
Acid test of sincerity
“This, I submit, would be the acid test of America’s sincerity. We will put behind us the extravagant idealism of Woodrow Wilson – now finally disowned by his countrymen, and driven into political obscurity; we will try to forget the breach of faith involved in America’s selfish refusal to accept her obligations under the Treaty of Versailles; we will say not a word about the sources of the wealth that she now possesses to expend upon her giant fleet. The dreamer Wilson now makes way for a Republican president, a man who may, I think, be taken as typically representative of the great bulk of American opinion. Very well then, it’s up to Harding. If he values the friendship of Great Britain, if he worships honesty at the shrine of any other power, he will doubtless be willing to carry out an exchange of views, with the object of discovering some common basis of action in world politics and so avoiding the necessity of huge and wasteful expenditure.
“At such a solemn round table, Japan might be represented, or we could separately undertake to submit to her ministers an agreed basis of policy. Apart from some such arrangements, the British taxpayer must begin to muster his millions. There is no third course” – By John Lloyd Balderston – McClure Newspaper Syndicate – El Paso Herald (El Paso, Texas, USA), 1st January 1921, page 1 to 2
USS MISSISSIPPI CROSSING PANAMA CHANNEL
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