#sultan baybars

[qforqazaq]

Just a good snapshot on what Turkic people are, and why I keep saying Turkic does not equal Turkish.

Also, if you want to get into the whole "Mamluk Kipchaks who ended up ruling over countries where they were sold as slaves", just Google "Sultan Beibarys".

Spoiler: a Kipchak boy sold as a slave in Egypt, ends up ruling it.

Cheers.

[leroibobo]

nabi musa (prophet moses) mosque/maqām in jericho governorate, palestine. local muslim tradition holds that moses was buried here. where exactly this tradition comes from is unknown.

every year, one friday before good friday in the greek orthodox calendar, a yearly pilgrimage from jerusalem to nabi yusha takes place, after which a festival in moses's honor is held. this began in the mid-19th century, though palestinian tradition holds that its origins lay in saladin's recapture of jerusalem from crusaders in 1187. this continues to hold symbolic importance today. the structure itself was likely built by mamluk sultan baybars eight decades later.

since the 1967 occupation, the pilgrimage was prohibited for 20 years (most likely due to association with the 1920 nabi musa riots) before being permitted again. since then, it's been prohibited on and off - most recently after the second intifada in 2000, before being renewed in 2007.

[lboogie1906]

Sultan Al-Malik al-Zahir Rukn al-Din Baybars al-Bunduqdari (July 19, 1223 – July 1, 1277) known as Baibars or Baybars and nicknamed Abu al-Futuh was the fourth Mamluk sultan of Egypt and Syria, of Turkic Kipchak origin, in the Bahri dynasty. He was one of the commanders of the Egyptian forces that inflicted a defeat on the Seventh Crusade of King Louis IX of France. He led the vanguard of the Egyptian army at the Battle of Ain Jalut in 1260.

He was a Kipchak thought to be born in the steppe region north of the Black Sea, or Dasht-i Kipchak at the time. He belonged to the Barli tribe. According to a fellow Cuman and eyewitness, Badr al-Din Baysari, the Barli fled the armies of the Mongols, arranging to settle in the Second Bulgarian Empire. They crossed the Black Sea from either Crimea or Alania, where they had arrived in Bulgaria about 1242. Both he, who witnessed his parents being massacred and Baysari were among the captives during the invasion and were sold into slavery in the Sultanate of Rum at the slave market in Sivas. He was sold in Hama to ‘Alā’ al-Dīn Īdīkīn al-Bundu, an Egyptian of high rank, who brought him to Cairo. In 1247, he was arrested and the sultan of Egypt, As-Salih Ayyub, confiscated his English enslaved.

He married a noble lady from Tripoli named Aisha al Bushnatiya, a prominent Arab family. Aisha was a warrior who fought the Crusaders along with her brother Lieutenant Hassan. She met him after he camped in Tripoli during his siege. There are conflicting stories of whether Aisha returned with Baybars to Egypt or was martyred in Tripoli.

One of his wives was the daughter of Amir Sayf ad-Din Nogay at-Tatari. Another wife was the daughter of Amir Sayf ad-Din Giray at-Tatari. Another wife was the daughter of Amir Sayf ad-Din Tammaji. Another wife was Iltutmish Khatun. She was the daughter of Barka Khan a former Khwarazmian amir. Another wife was the daughter of Karmun Agha, a Mongol Amir. He had three sons. He had seven daughters. #africanhistory365 #africanexcellence

[hilyehazan07]

Bir Şii Gazetecinin tespitleri.

“Biz arlanmaz, utanmaz bir toplumuz. Ve tarihi gerçekler asla unutulmamalı!

1) Şam, İran ve Irak’ı kim fethetti?

Ömer bin el-Hattab, Sünni.

2) Pakistan, Hindistan ve iki nehir ardındaki ülkeyi kim fethetti? Muhammed bin Kasım, Sünni.

3) Kim Kuzey Afrika’yı fethetti?

Kuteybe bin Müslim, Sünni.

4) Endülüs’ü kim fethetti?

Tarık bin Ziyad ve Musa bin Nasr, Sünni.

5) İstanbul’u kim fethetti?

Fatih Sultan Mehmet, Sünni.

6) Sicilya’yı kim fethetti? Esed bin Furat, Sünni.

7) Kim Endülüs medeniyetini kurdu ve ilim yuvası yaptı? Emevi Halifeleri, Sünni.

8) Hıttin’de Müslüman lider kim idi?

Salahaddin Eyyubi, Sünni.

9) Ayn Calut’ta Müslümanlar’a kim liderlik etti ve Moğollar’ı hezimete uğrattı?

Seyfeddin Kutuz ve Rukneddin Baybars, Sünni.

10) Kim İspanya’yı bozguna uğrattı Fas’ta?

Abdulkerim al-Hattâbi, Sünni.

11) Kim İtalya’yı hesap vermeye zorladı Libya’da?

Ömer el-Muhtar, Sünni.

12) Ve yakında kim Rusları perişan etti Çeçenistan’da? Şeyh Şamil, Dudayev, Şamil Basayev ve Hattab, Sünni.

13) Kim Rusya’yı (SSCB) Afganistan’da hezimete uğrattı? Afganistanlı Sünniler.

14) Kim yine Afganistan’da NATO’nun yüzünü toprağa sürttü? Sünnîler

15) Kim Amerika’nın Irak’tan çekilmesini sağladı?

Sünnîler.

Lakin biz Şiî olarak çocuklarımıza ne bıraktık?

1) Kim Hz.Hüseyin’e ihanet etti ve Kerbela’da yalnız bıraktı? el-Muhtar es-Sekafî, Şii.

2) Abbasi Halifesi Râdî Billah’a kim ihanet etti?

Buveyhiyyûn, Şii.

3) Irak’ı Moğollar’a satan kim? İbnü’l-Alkami, Şii.

4) Kim Hülagü’nün pis işlerini örtbas ederdi?

Nasır al-Tusi, Şii.

5) Kim Moğollar’a Şam işgalinde yardım etti? Şiiler.

6) Kim Fransızlar’a yardım etti Müslümanlara karşı?

Fatimiyyun Şiileri.

7) Selçuklu Sultanı’na kim ihanet etti?

Tuğrul al-Basasiri, Şii

8) Kudüs’ü işgalde Haçlılar’a kim yardım etti?

Ahmet bin Ata’, Şii.

9) Kim Salahaddin Eyyubi’nin ölümünü organize etti? Kenzü’d-Devle, Şii.

10) Hülagü’yü Şam’da kim ağırladı?

Kemaleddin bin Bedr al-Tiflis, Şii.

11) Suriye’de kanlı rejimle kim birlik oldu ve Rusya’ya destek verdi? Ali Hamaney, Şii.

Görülüyor ki, Şiilerin kalemleri, kılıçları ve dilleri hep Sünni Müslümanlara karşı olmuştur. Ve her ne kadar biz Kâfirlere karşıyız deseler de kalpleri Kâfirlerle beraberdir."

Siyaset Bilimci ve Gazeteci Mehmet Dağıstanlı

[thejackmeister-mongolhistory]

THE BATTLE OF 'AYN JALUT, SEPTEMBER 1260

'Ayn Jalut stands tall as the most famous Mongol defeat; a Mamluk army commander by Sultan Qutuz and Baybars defeated a Mongol force under Kitbuqa Noyan.

The battle though is a surprisingly tough one to study; it's noted in numerous contemporary sources, but most descriptions only focus on a small aspect, and none give an overall account. The closet we get to an overview is the version given by Rashid al-Din, which makes the battle a feigned-retreat employed by the Mamluks... except this version is totally contradicted by all the Mamluk versions of the battle. Given that Rashid al-Din's account also features a dramatic lengthy, and fictional, speech between Kitbuqa and Qutuz, it seems Rashid's entire version is probably his creation.

The best reconstructions (based off the accounts from Mamluk chronicles and other contemporaries) suggest that the battle took the following form:

1) Mongols arrive first at 'Ayn Jalut; a period of skirmishing between the Mamluk vanguard under Baybars and the Mongols. Baybars withdraws to await arrival of Qutuz with the main army

2) on September 3rd, the Mamluk force arrives at 'Ayn Jalut and form up for battle early in the morning. They begin to slowly advance against the Mongols

3) Kitbuqa responds with attacks along the Mamluk line; volleys of arrows before charging in with Mongol heavy cavalry. Kitbuqa appears to underestimate Mamluk resolve and expects they will break quickly

4) the Mongol charge forces the Mamluk lines back and they nearly break; Qutuz and Baybars rally the Mamluk army. The Mongols pull back, reform and lead another charge.

5) Once more the Mamluks nearly break, and again rallied by Qutuz with cries of "wa-islamah," and his personal bravery in leading a counter charge.

6) perhaps at this point in the battle, either on his own initiative or prior communication with Mamluks, the Mongols' 'Ayyubid vassal on their left flank, al-Ashraf Musa, flees the field.

7) this allows Mamluks to encircle the Mongol army; likely around this point Kitbuqa is killed. His army now breaks, pursued by the Mamluks. Baybars dismounts to chase some on foot up a nearby hill.

8) there is no rallying of the Mongol army at Baysan; this is a faulty reading by al-Maqrizi in the 15th century.

9) none of the accounts of the battle support the use of firearms in the fighting; this only comes from slightly later military treatises aiming to glorify the use of these weapons.

You can learn more about Mongol wars with the Mamluks and the battle of 'Ayn Jalut in my latest video:

[elbistanhaber]

Elbistan Tarihi

Elbistan Şehri Nerededir?

Elbistan etraf�� yüksek dağlar ile çevrilidir. Ceyhan nehri ise elbistan şehrine ayrı bir güzellik katmaktadır. Deniz seviyesin yüksek ve kırsal iklim şartlarına sahib olan bir yerleşim alanıdır. Elbistan türkiyenin 4.cü büyük ovasıdır; Geniş arazi ve bereketli toprağa sahiptir. Tarih boyuncada medeniyet ve kavimlerin yerleşim için sahip olacakları en ideal merkez olmuştur. Elbistan'a hükmetmek doğu, batı, kuzey ve güneye hükmek gibidir. Bundon dolayı tarihte elbistan ovası savaş alanı olarak ve farklı medeniyetlerin sahip olmak için yağmalayıp, yakıp yıktığı bir şehirdir. Elbistan'da günümüze kadar gelen tarihi eser çok azdır ve tarih önceside şehir yerle bir olup battığı için yaşayan medeniyetlerin eserleri bulunmamaktadır. Höyükler ve tümülüsler vardır. Elbistan şehrini en yakın tarih olarak anlatan ve en büyük savaşı yaşayan sultan baybars ve moğollar ile yapılan savaştır.

Elbistan'da Yaşayan Medeniyetler ve Elbistan Tarihi

Türk Tarih Kurumu tarafından bölgede 1948 yılında yapılan kazılarda çıkan tarihi değerler göstermiştir ki, Elbistan'ın tarihi M.Ö.4000'lere kadar uzanmaktadır. Bölge sırasıyla Hititler, Akadlar, Sümerler, Asuriler, Persler, Makedonyalılar, Romalılar, Bizanslılar, Araplar, Selçuklular, Memlüklüler, Moğollar, Dulkadirliler(Dulkadiroğulları), Osmanlılar hakimiyetlerini sürdürmüşlerdir. Ayrıca Elbistan ovasının Orta ve Batı Anadolu'nun geçiş alanı olması sebebiyle birçok orduların güzergâhı haline gelmiştir. Bu durum bölgenin yıkımının fazlalaşmasına sebep olmuştur.

Hititler, Elbistan Ovasında kurduğu muhteşem şehirlerin harabelerine Hüyükler (Höyük), Timilüsler ve Menhirler(mezarlar) olarak şahit olmaktayız. Bu yerlerde yapılan kazı çalışmaları Elbistan ve çevresinin Hitit tarihinde önemli bir yeri olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. M.Ö. dönemlere ait en büyük eser bırakanların başında Makedonyalılar ve Romalılar gelmektedir. Daha sonra Doğu Roma (Bizans) dediğimiz devletin hegemonyası sürmüştür. Yine bu dönemlerde bugünkü Elbistan'ın kuzeyinde eski Karaelbistan ile Hasankendi köyleri arasındaki düzlükte kurulu olan Elbistan, M.S. 587 ve 27 Kasım 1114 yıllarında birbirinden şiddetli depremlerle tamamen yıkılmıştır. Bunun sonucu halk yeni yerleşme alanı olarak bugünkü Şardağı eteklerini seçmiştir.

İslam Uygarlıkları döneminde de, Elbistan Arapların çok sayıda istilalarına maruz kalmıştır. Elbistan'ın etrafı 3000 metreye varan yüksek dağlarla çevrili olması ve her taraftan geçilmezi gayet zor olan derin, uzun geçitler ve boğazlarla kapalı bulunması, burayı doğal bir kale özelliği oluşmasına sebep verdiğinden, aynı zamanda da birçok isyanların merkezi haline gelmiştir.

Daha sonra Orta Asya'dan ve Orta Doğudan gelen Türkmenlerin akınlarına maruz kalmıştır. (1018-1029) Elbistan, Bizanslılar ile Türkler arasında birçok büyük savaşlara sahne olmuştur. 1085 Yılında bu yöreye gelen Emir Buldacı komutasında ki Türk ve Müslüman birlikler, bölgeyi ele geçirmişlerdir. Birinci Haçlı seferi sırasında 1097 yılında Elbistan'a gelen Pierre D'aulps (Piyer Dalpus) isimli şövalyenin komutasındaki Haçlı ordusunun eline geçmiştir. Bu nedenledir ki Haçlı kuvvetleri karşısında Anadolu Selçuklu, ve Danişmendlilerin ittifakı coğrafyada kendini gösterir. Elbistan bu üç kuvvet arasında sık sık el değiştirir. Haçlıların bölgeden gitmesinden sonra Danişmendli Yağıbasan ve Selçuklu II. Kılıç Arslan arasında defalarca el değiştirmiştir.

1201 'de Anadolu Selçuklu Devletinin Hükümdarı Süleyman Şah, kardeşi Mugiseddin Tuğrul Şah'ın elinden alarak doğrudan doğruya merkeze bağlı vilayet yapmıştır. Elbistan uzun süre Konya'dan gönderilen valiler tarafından yönetilmiştir. Bölgede cereyan eden en önemli olaylardan bir tanesi de Memluk Sultanı Malik al Zahir Baybars ile Moğullar arasında 15 Nisan 1277 yılında Kalfa çayırında yapılan savaştır. Moğullar Anadolu'da ilk kez ciddi bir yenilgi almışlardır. Bunun üzerine Moğollar başta Elbistan olmak üzere çok sayıda Müslüman Türkmeni kılıçtan geçirmişlerdir.

1337 yılında Haşan Dulkadır Bey'in oğlu Zeyneddin Ahmet Karaca Bey tarafından Dulkadır Beyliği kuruldu. Bu devlet 185 yıl hüküm sürdü. Elbistan bu devlete 130 yıl başkentlik yaptı. Osmanlı Padişahı Yavuz Sultan Selim döneminde Turnadağ Muharebesi (1515) ile Osmanlı İmparatorluğuna katıldı. 1522 yılında Maraş bölgesi, özel yönetiminden ayrılır, sancak haline gelir ve Elbistan da Maraş'ın kazası haline gelir. Evliya Çelebi'nin Seyahatnâme'sinde bölge hakkında bilgiler verir: "Bu dağlar ve beldelerde hep Türkmenler otururlar. Lisanları (kendileri gibi) Buhara illerinden gelmedir. Bütün Türkler on iki çeşit lisan üzere konuşurlar."

1864 tarihinde, (Abdülaziz döneminde) Halep Vilayeti kurulunca, Maraş kazaya dönüşürken, Elbistan ve köy çevresi eski önemini kaybetmiştir. 1871 yılında da Elbistan'da ilk kez belediye teşkilatı kurulmuştu. I. Dünya Savaşı'nda Osmanlı'nın Halep'i kaybetmesiyle, Halep Vilayeti'ne bağlılık sona ermişti.

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 10.24 (before 1920)

AD 69 – In the Second Battle of Bedriacum, troops loyal to Vespasian defeat those of Emperor Vitellius. 1260 – Chartres Cathedral is dedicated in the presence of King Louis IX of France. 1260 – After defeating the Mongols at the Battle of Ain Jalut and assassinating the previous Mamluk sultan, Qutuz, Baybars ascends to the Egyptian throne as the fourth sultan of the Mamluk Sultanate. 1360 – The Treaty of Brétigny is ratified, marking the end of the first phase of the Hundred Years' War. 1590 – John White, the governor of the second Roanoke Colony, returns to England after an unsuccessful search for the "lost" colonists. 1596 – The second Spanish armada sets sail to strike against England, but is smashed by storms off Cape Finisterre forcing a retreat to port. 1641 – Felim O'Neill of Kinard, the leader of the Irish Rebellion, issues his Proclamation of Dungannon, justifying the uprising and declaring continued loyalty to King Charles I of England. 1648 – The Peace of Westphalia is signed, marking the end of the Thirty Years' War and the Eighty Years' War. 1795 – Poland is completely consumed by Russia, Prussia and Austria. 1812 – Napoleonic Wars: The Battle of Maloyaroslavets takes place near Moscow. 1813 – Treaty of Gulistan: The Russo-Persian War of 1804-1813 comes to a close with the signing of the Treaty of Gulistan, under which terms Qajar Iran agrees to cede the bulk of its Caucasian territories, which comprise much of modern Dagestan, Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan, to the Russian Empire. 1851 – William Lassell discovers the moons Umbriel and Ariel orbiting Uranus. 1857 – Sheffield F.C., the world's oldest association football club still in operation, is founded in England. 1860 – Convention of Peking: The Second Opium War formally comes to a close, with Qing China ceding Kowloon in perpetuity to the victorious British Empire. 1861 – The first transcontinental telegraph line across the United States is completed. 1871 – An estimated 17 to 22 Chinese immigrants are lynched in Los Angeles, California. 1876 – Shinpūren rebellion: Upset at the Westernisation of Meiji Japan and the abolition of the Tokugawa feudal hierarchy, the Keishintō, a group of extremist Shinto former samurai, launch a surprise attack against the Meiji government in Kumamoto Prefecture. 1886 – Normanton incident: As the British merchant vessel Normanton sinks off the coast of Japan, her European officers appear to commandeer the ship’s lifeboats for themselves, leaving her Asian crew and passengers to die and conjuring significant political outrage in Japan. 1889 – Henry Parkes delivers the Tenterfield Oration, effectively starting the federation process in Australia. 1894 – First Sino-Japanese War: Battle of Jiuliancheng: Under the command of General Yamagata Aritomo, the Imperial Japanese Army covertly crosses the Yalu River into Qing territory and launches an assault on the fortifications at Hushan. 1900 – U.S. Government announces plans to buy Danish West Indies for $7 million. 1901 – Annie Edson Taylor becomes the first person to go over Niagara Falls in a barrel. 1902 – Guatemala's Santa María volcano begins to erupt, becoming the third-largest eruption of the 20th century. 1911 – Orville Wright remains in the air nine minutes and 45 seconds in a glider at Kill Devil Hills, North Carolina. 1912 – First Balkan War: The Battle of Kirk Kilisse concludes with a Bulgarian victory against the Ottoman Empire. 1912 – First Balkan War: The Battle of Kumanovo concludes with the Serbian victory against the Ottoman Empire. 1917 – World War I: Italy suffers a disastrous defeat at the Battle of Caporetto on the Austro-Italian front. 1918 – World War I: Italian victory in the Battle of Vittorio Veneto.

[damascusjasmine]

Damascus Castle

One of the slogans of Prince Nowruz Al-Hafizi. Possible slogans of Sultan Baybars and Qansuh al-Ghuri.

Possible dating: Between 809/1407 (when Nawruz began repairing the damage caused by Timur) and 817/1414 (Nawruz's death)

#Damascus #Syria

[marwahstudios]

Kazakhstan’s Film “SULTAN BAYBARS” Honored with Award of Distinction at 16th Global Film Festival Noida

Noida: The second day of the 16th Global Film Festival Noida (GFFN) at Marwah Studios witnessed a powerful cinematic presentation as the film “Sultan Baybars” from Kazakhstan took center stage. Festival President Dr. Sandeep Marwah, along with Mr. Adrak Kakimzhanov, First Secretary of the Embassy of Kazakhstan, graced the occasion and highlighted the significance of promoting cultural ties between India and Kazakhstan through the Indo Kazakhstan Film and Cultural Forum.

Dr. Sandeep Marwah, Chancellor of AAFT University of Media and Arts, welcomed the audience and underscored the importance of content-driven films that carry impactful messages. He shared insights into the meticulous selection process for screenings at Marwah Studios, expressing particular enthusiasm for the Kazakhstani film “Sultan Baybars.” Dr. Marwah encouraged the audience to anticipate a unique cinematic experience that goes beyond entertainment.

Speaking about the Indo Kazakhstan Film and Cultural Forum, Dr. Marwah stated, “ICMEI has now a very powerful Indo Kazakhstan Film and Cultural Forum created with the support of the Embassy of Kazakhstan. Being the Chair, it is my duty to promote the relationship between India and Kazakhstan, and art and culture is the best way to go forward.”

Mr. Adrak Kakimzhanov, First Secretary of the Embassy of Kazakhstan, shared his delight at participating in the Global Film Festival Noida. He recounted inspiring stories about the evolution of Kazakhstan’s film industry, navigating challenges from wartime to creating cinematic marvels. Mr. Kakimzhanov emphasized the cultural bridge that cinema provides, fostering understanding and appreciation among diverse global audiences.

The highlight of the event was the screening of ‘Sultan Baybars,’ a cinematic masterpiece portraying the rulers of Egypt and their lives. The film showcased outstanding cinematography and a gripping storyline that left a profound impact on the hearts and minds of the audience. The narrative skillfully depicted the positive evolution of the world post-war, resonating with viewers on a universal level.

In a ceremonial conclusion, Mr. Adrak Kakimzhanov was honored with a festive memento, recognizing his valuable contribution to the event. The film “Sultan Baybars” received the distinguished Award of Distinction, acknowledging its excellence in cinematic storytelling and its role in strengthening cultural bonds between Kazakhstan and India.

The 16th Global Film Festival Noida continues to be a dynamic platform for celebrating global cinema and fostering international collaborations.

[tuvayrek]

Bir Haçlının Hatıraları/Jean De Joinville

Bir Haçlının Hatıraları/Jean De Joinville Bir Haçlının Hatıraları/Jean De Joinville Yeni bitirdiğim ilginç bir hatırat… Hatıratta Sultan Selahaddin, Sultan Baybars, Sultan Sencer, Berke Han’a dair ilk elden gözlemler-bilgiler yer alıyor. Hatıratta Selahaddin’e dair büyük hayranlığın daha o dönemde Avrupa’da yaygın olduğunu görüyoruz. Çünkü Selahaddin vefat edeli henüz 50 sene olmasına rağmen…

[edward-sonbati]

Guides to the Eucharist in Medieval Egypt - A Review

In what might be the first work of its kind, Arsenius Mikhail’s Guides to the Eucharist in Medieval Egypt, being the first installment in Stephen J. Davis’ Christian Arabic Texts in Translation, presents us with translated excerpts from three different medieval Copto-Arabic commentaries on the Coptic liturgy. These texts are: 1) the 13th century priest Abu al-Barakat Ibn Kabar’s The Lamp of Darkness, 2) The Precious Jewel by Yuhanna Ibn Saba (a lesser known 13th century ecclesiastic), and 3) The Ritual Order, by 15th century Coptic Pope Gabriel V. 

The book begins with a scholarly introduction, providing a brief biography as well as introducing the reader to the cultural and historical backdrop of each of the authors surveyed. We are told that the first author, Ibn Kabar, was a prominent government official under the Mamluk prince Baybars al-Dawadar prior to being forced out of his position by Sultan Al-Malik Al-Ashraf. He was eventually ordained priest of the hanging Church in old Cairo in 1300, passing away between 1323 and 1325. His magnum opus, The Lamp of Darkness, is a 24 chapter long treatise covering various topics from scripture, to canons, to dogmatics, to liturgics. The excerpts contained in this volume describe the Coptic liturgy of his day in meticulous detail, for the purpose of being used as an instruction manual for priests and deacons living in an age of great liturgical diversity (and perhaps even confusion) in the Egyptian Church. 

The second author, Yuhanna Ibn Sabba, was a contemporary of Ibn Kabar and a lesser known ecclesiastical figure by comparison. He presents us with a more overtly doctrinal and theological work in his Precious Jewel. This is a vast work spanning over 100 chapters and a wide variety of topics both theological and liturgical. His writing betrays a knowledge of the works of pseudo-Dionysius and perhaps even Clement, Origen, and Cyril of Alexandria. Ibn Sabba remains an enigmatic figure in Copto-Arabic literature, little is known of his life or ecclesiastical career. That said, however, Mikhail remarks that his intricate knowledge of the rites and ritual of the medieval Egyptian Church indicates that he had direct access to the sanctuary. Throughout the treatise, he also displays an in-depth knowledge of the administrative affairs of the patriarchate, leading some to suspect he was the reigning Coptic Pope’s archdeacon. In many instances, Ibn Sabba offers descriptions of the liturgy that differ greatly from those provided by Ibn Kabar. This leads the author to believe that Ibn Sabba was accustomed to a liturgical rubric very different from the Cairo rite known to Ibn Kabar.

The third author, Pope Gabriel V, who sat on the patriarchal throne from 1409-1427, led an “unremarkable tenure,” according to the author. Formerly a tax collector, he took the name of Gabriel upon entering the monastery of St. Samuel of Qalamun during a turbulent time for Egypt’s Christians. The jizyah had been required of each individual Christian, rather than the entire community, relations with the Ethiopian Church had been strained, and the Venetian merchants stole the head of St. Mark. Despite these troubles, Pope Gabriel V took a keen interest in creating a single liturgical rubric to be used by the entire Egyptian Church, commissioning a delegation of learned priests, deacons, and other ritual specialists to canonize the standard rubric used by the Coptic Church to this day. 

Mikhail is one of the few English-speaking scholars to specialize in the Coptic liturgy, earning his doctorate from the Faculty of Catholic Theology at the University of Vienna in 2017, specializing in liturgical studies and sacramental theology. He is known chiefly for his work The Presentation of the Lamb: The Prothesis and Preparatory Rites of the Coptic Liturgy, the first, and perhaps only, English language analysis of the Prothesis in the Coptic rite. The series editor, Stephen J. Davis, is a world renowned expert in Coptic and Middle Eastern Christianity, known for his contribution to such works as Disputation Over a Fragment of the Cross as well as AUC Press’ The Popes of Egypt series. Davis is also the author of the monumental work Coptic Christology in Practice, which might be one of the few scholarly works documenting the dispute between former Coptic Pope Shenouda III and Father Matthew the Poor written by a non-Copt.

There are two things that particularly stood out to me in the actual corpus of the translated works themselves: 1) Yuhanna Ibn Sabba’s interesting, if at times somewhat unconventional, theological claims. For instance, his claim that the water being mixed with wine during the liturgy is in commemoration of the Virgin Mary drinking water with wine during her pregnancy. Or in another section where he claims that God created man to replace the number of fallen angels who followed Lucifer in his rebellion. Perhaps even more interestingly, his assertion that the nine “holies” chanted in the Trisagion represent the nine angelic orders and that “the earthly Church resembles the heavenly Jerusalem,” with the priest as leader of the earthly ranks offering up the prayers of the people to the Trinity the same way the leader of each angelic rank offers prayers up to God on behalf of their fellow angels. As mentioned before, this indicates a knowledge of the pseudo-Dionysian corpus which I am surprised a medieval Copto-Arabic churchman would have had. 2) The authors’ collective willingness to co-opt traditional Islamic terminology to expound Christian doctrine. For instance, Ibn Sabba’s reference to prayer as a “proper duty and necessary obligation.” Or Pope Gabriel V’s claim that the New Testament, as a fuller and more complete revelation than the Old, contains in it “the injunctions and interdictions.”

Overall, I thoroughly enjoyed the work and would highly recommend it to anyone interested in Christian Arabic literature, Coptic liturgy, or liturgical studies more generally. Mikhail’s translation is readily accessible to both technical and popular audiences. His introduction is packed with interesting and invaluable insights, and his meticulous research methods cover a lot of ground. The author went down into the weeds, using manuscripts from desert churches and monasteries, making note where different manuscripts varied throughout the translated texts and providing important justifications for certain translation choices. My only minor criticism of the book is that I wish the notes were a bit more comprehensive at certain times. I would have also loved for this work to include the original Arabic text alongside the English translation.

[auilahiyat]

İlk Abbasi halifesi kimdir?

Memnun döneminde hz Ali soyundan velihat tayin edilen kimdir?

Memnun döneminde sahibi şurtalık yapan hanedan kimdir?

Abbasi hilafetinde emril umeralık görevini yürüten şii hanedanı hangisiydi?

Samanoğulları hangi hanedanı yenilgiye uğrattip horosanda egemen olmuştur?

Halkul Kur'an hangi halife döneminde kaldırılmıştır?

Moğol işgalini İslam dünyasında durduran ve ikinci defa Abbasi hakimiyetine sahip olan kimlerdir?

Bağdat'ta fatimi hilafeti adına hutbe okutan ve Selçuklular tarafından ortadan kaldırılan kimdir?

Yanındaki türk komutanlarıyla beraber Bağdat'a kaçan ve hilafet görevinden azledilerek yerine mutezil geçirildiği halife kimdir?

Tahiroğllarinin çokuşlerinden sonraki mirasçıları olan maveraünnehirdeki yöneticiler hangi hanedana mensuptur?

İkinci defa Bağdat Kimin döneminde başkent oldu?

İkinci Abbasi devleti nerede kuruldu?

Tahiriler hangi hanedan tarafından ortadan kaldırıldı?

Ali Rıza bin musayi kim velihat tahin etti?

Emrul umera kurucu halifesi kimdir?

Tahiroğllarindan sonra horosan hangi hanedanın hakimiyetine girmiştir?

Safarogullarının kurusucu kimdir?

Ebu Müslimi kim öldürdü?

Samanoğullarının hükümet merkezi neresidir?

Fatimiler adına hutbe okutan kimdir?

Sultan Baybars hangi devleti kurdu?

Safarileri ortadan kaldıran hanedan kimdir?

Halife raninin en geniş yetkilerle emrul umera yaptığı kişi kimdir?

Harzemşah hangi ırak Selçuklu sultanını yenilgiye uğratarak Abbasi halifesi üzerinde nüfusu arttı?

Selçuklu halifesi 1055 te hangi komutanı öldürerek Abbasilerdeki Şii baskısina son verdi?

Abbasi ihtilalinin döneminnden somut örneklerle açıklayınız

Memnun dönemindeki olayları siyasi ve askeri yapılanma bakımından açıklayınız

[thetemplarknight]

A Muslim ruler and a Templar become blood brothers

During the Crusades a Knight Templar and a Muslim sultan became blood brothers as Tony McMahon discovers a strong, unlikely friendship

It’s one of those stories that turns the Crusades on its head. A commander in the Knights Templar and a Muslim ruler with a fearsome reputation for defeating crusaders become best buddies. Well, blood brothers to be exact. How could this happen? Well it did – so let’s go back 350 years to unravel the mystery… In the 1270s, the Templar commander in Sidon, Matthew Sauvage (also spelt Sarmage), and…

[ramazanatesofficial]

Kıpçak bozkırlarından, Mısır çöllerine uzanan destansı bir hikaye! Kitaplarımızı #googleplay #dr #kitapyurdu #kitapseç ve kitapçılardan temin edebilirsiniz... #Aybars #Baybars #Memlük #Sultan #TürkMoğolsavaşları #AynCalut #kitapdünyası #kitap #tarihiroman #kitapveben #kitapönerisi #oku #okumalık #kitaplık #book #books #ramazanateş #ramazanatesofficial #bookstagram #tarih #roman #iskenderiyekitap #yenikitap #alıntı #türktarihi #kitapkurdu

[nununiverse]

The British Library Sūrat al-Fātiḥah at the beginning of Sultan Baybars' seven-volume Qurʼan

[philosibies]

The Khanqah of Baybars II located in Cairo, Egypt. It was built in 1309 by the order of the Sultan of Egypt Rukn al-Din Baibars al-Jashankir to accommodate four hundred Sufis and children of the Mamluks. via /r/ArchitecturePorn https://www.reddit.com/r/ArchitecturePorn/comments/ny9npx/the_khanqah_of_baybars_ii_located_in_cairo_egypt/?utm_source=ifttt