#squadgoalz

[grimmiearchive]

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A post shared by Christina Grimmie (@therealgrimmie)

3 February 2016

TheRealGrimmie on Instagram: Had such a fun time last night hosting the Pride & Prejudice & Zombies movie premiere! CHECK IT. #PPZmovie #ad #SquadgoalZ

[lifestyleoverland]

How it feels when you're the oldest member of the squad 🤣 #oneoftheseisnotliketheother #ratrod #abandonedcar #classicheap #olderlander #squadgoalz #lifestyleoverland (at Arizona) https://www.instagram.com/p/Bz0ZF7ig5F2/?igshid=19j8397w21gru

[spookgeist]

If you’re looking for a clan on ps4 JOIIIIN UUUUUUS. 

AKA Come be really good at stuff with Arctic (playing as spooktastical because he stole my account so he could transfer his warlock) and come be really terrible at Crucible with me. (As spookgeist.) ....I don’t know what happens, I just panic. EVERY SINGLE TIME.

[tybgang15-blog]

Squad Goalz - Bz https://youtu.be/Fq-1rag5TqA

[monstercult]

#SquadGoalz #monstercult @braxtonjholme wearing DEMENTIA #monstershoes of our #TimeSpaceWarpEp02 Collection Get it now via monster-shoe.com xxx (at DTLA Fashion District)

[shadowbolt240z]

Planning a crew to start once we get settled in #Washington. #SquadGoalz #SomewhereQuiettoUpshiftAndDownshift. #slap #crew _________________________________________________ Follow me on tumblr at Shadowbolt240z.tumblr.com _________________________________________________#nissan   #datsun   #s30   #240z   #260z  #280z   #zcar  #zoicety #datsmo   #nismo   #ratsun  #l28   #japaneeseclassic   #jdm  #jdmclassic   #oldschooljdm   #lowered  #loweredlifestyle

[lovers-n-dreamers]

#SquadGoalz #Marshmello & #DoctorP ready ! 👽🤘🏼🌀🍕💖 #IllLives #LIC (at Wynwood Art District)

[thedanman713-blog]

#SQUADGOALZ (at La Casa Del Dannyboy) https://www.instagram.com/p/BmdSR5AlqwM/?utm_source=ig_tumblr_share&igshid=16dqeg9nn8whi

[cellah-door]

#squadgoalz

[lilpat1]

Looking forward to the BBQ and drone shots in Favela da Rocinha with @favelabrothers_tour in November!! They have the best views! Check them out if you are in Rio. You won't be disappointed!!! www.runwayboyz.com #RunwayBoyz #RunwayGirlz #travelfashion #airportfashion #rio #saopaulo #vacationfashion #mentravel #squad #cabofrio #squadtee #blacktravelfeed #baianos #brazil #braziliantees #blacktravelmovement #teambrazilian #squadgoals #brazilfashion #blacktravelmatters #squadbrazil #blacktravelers #travelers #brazilsquad #squadgoalz #paulista #cariocas #BlackAndWellTraveled #squadpic #snapbackcap (at Favela Da Rocinha - A Maior Do Mundo)

[diwadepthsquad-blog]

Olfaction in depression

One of the characteristic symptoms of depression is anhedonia – the loss of ability to experience pleasure (Pinel, 2014). Related to this is the high occurrence of negative thinking, increased sensitivity to negative stimuli, and a reduced ability to recognize positive experiences (Wright and Beck, 1983, as cited in Atanasova, et. al, 2008).  Research on the implications of these effects on the senses has mainly focused on the visual and auditory modalities. This study, therefore, hopes to shed light on how anhedonia may occur in patients of Major Depressive Disorder in the context of olfaction (Atanasova, et. al, 2008). This is because odors are easily linked with memories and emotions. In fact, odors and emotions have been found to be processed in the same areas of the brain, such as the orbitofrontal cortex and insular cortex, the hypothalamus, and the amygdala. In addition, odors also have the ability to induce positive or negative moods and memories.

Because of this relationship, the researchers believed that MDD patients will exhibit olfactory anhedonia by being unable to perceive the pleasurable stimulus while having an easier time perceiving the negative stimulus. They also believed that MDD patients will have olfactory negative alliesthesia, wherein they will have an amplified perception of the negative stimulus. They believed that these behaviors will reflect how MDD patients have a tendency to selectively process only the negative information that they encounter.

To test this, 30 MDD patients and 30 healthy individuals were asked to participate in the study. The odorants given to participants were vanillin (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzandehyde) and butyric acid, which have opposite hedonic ratings. This means that one odorant induces pleasure (vanillin – induces happiness) while the other does not (butyric acid – induces disgust and anger). The participants were presented the odorants singly and in a mixture. The experimenters crafted 16 stimuli out of the odorants: three different concentrations of each odorant (a total of six for both), nine possible mixtures out of the concentrations, and one control set-up with just distilled water.

Olfactory perception was measured as follows:

a. Quantitatively – by arranging the odorants in increasing odor intensity and evaluating stimulus intensity (odor’s concentration/quantity)

b.Qualitatively – by identification of odors when in mixtures (odor’s quality)

c.Hedonic levels –  by evaluation of odor pleasantness

The results from the study confirmed the researchers’ beliefs.  In the quantitative aspect, depressed patients were able to identify the concentrations of the unpleasant odor more accurately than that of the pleasant odor, and thus were able to correctly arrange the mixtures in increasing concentrations.  In the qualitative aspect, the depressive patients had a higher probability in indentifying the unpleasant odor in the mixture more than the pleasant one. This is in striking contrast with the healthy subjects, who were able to correctly identify both substances when in the mixtures. Lastly, the evaluation of pleasantness showed that depressed patients judged the unmixed unpleasant odor are more unpleasant than healthy participants did, and they also perceived the pleasant odor as less pleasant than the healthy participants did.

These results clearly show olfactory anhedonia  occurred in the pleasant stimulus, as the MDD patients perceived the pleasant stimuli as less pleasant than they should have been. Olfactory negative alliesthesia, on the other hand, was observed for the unpleasant stimulus, as the MDD patients were found to have identified it more often, showing a bias towards the negative odor. Depression scores were highly correlated with these behaviors. The higher the depression score, the more the subject perceived the unpleasant stimulus more in the mixture and the more they were unable to perceive the pleasant one.

These results imply that this olfactory bias towards negative stimuli is related to the selective processing of negative information and the negative automatic thinking characteristic of depressive patients. This behavior may be due to underlying brain processes implicated in depression, which might also affect the processing of olfactory stimuli. This is not surprising because, as mentioned awhile ago, olfaction is processed in the same areas as emotions are. Since depressive patients have abnormal activation in areas that process emotion and also process olfaction (the amygdala and the orbitofrontal cortex), the olfactory information being processed in those parts may also be affected negatively as well.

Studies like this prove that depression is not just caused by a weak spirit (“mahina ang loob”). There is a neural basis to depression and it should not be simply referred to as a personality problem. Like any other sickness due to a defective body part, depression occurs when the brain is not healthy and the behaviors that stem from it are not within control. Depressive patients cannot help what they are feeling, as much as people with Parkinson’s or epilepsy cannot help the involuntary actions caused by their disorders. People with depression go through a lot of things and telling them to fix their problems on their own is nothing short of ignorance and insensitivity.

BY: Kaye Alonzo

Atanasova, B., El-Hage, W., Chabanet, C., Gaillard, P., Belzung, C., & Camus, V. (2010). Olfactory anhedonia and negative olfactory alliesthesia in depressed patients. Psychiatry research, 176(2), 190-196.

 Pinel, J. P. (2014). Biopsychology with MyPsychLab. Pearson Education Limited.

[lindsanityblohan]

Had the incredible honor of getting to see the Incredible @torikelly again last night at @sunfest with the #squad @leivaflava67 @filalipop @tayjay0812 Such an amazing voice and a fun night if memories with my faves ✌🏿🐳🍍👯👯‍♂️#sunfest #sunfestfl #ToriKelly #soflo #anyway #amazing #squadgoalz (at SunFest)

[nokaarijanoparty]

#squadgoalz (at Renaissance London Heathrow Hotel)

[itdrebiatch-blog]

Squad goals😂😂😂😂............me and jasmine😂😂😂#squad #squadgoals #squadgoalz (at Stonegate Elementary)

[nowthisislauren]

You wish you had this squad 🙌🏼 Haha I love these doorknobs and I don't care what people say about us. Weirdo/freak love is the best kind of love 💕Also I said it earlier bit that jacket of mine makes you look hella gay fam 😂#wifeandhusbandgoals #squadgoalz #lovethesedoorknobs (at Cyber Village Academy)

[monstercult]

#SQUADGoalz DEATHTRAP + DEATHTRAP ver.0 + DEATHTRAP Raw Available via Pre-order (customizable-shipping worldwide). Order via www.monster-shoe.com