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remus-poopin · 8 months ago

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These have actually been my biggest questions when it comes to the wizarding world. I find it so interesting how they appear progressive in terms of gender equality in some ways and highly regressive in others.

There are women holding positions of power through being ministers and headmistresses but how much of that is performative coming from the wizards? By that I mean is there a drive to present a sort of surface level gender equality within wizarding society?

Wizards themselves are a very small population with only about 3000 in the UK. They seem to primarily focus on oppressing muggleborns and they have multiple different species of magical creatures they are oppressing and controlling as well. On top of that they feel persecuted by the muggle community. So then wouldn't it make sense for this group of people to try to put on a show of unity by giving witches a few positions of power? “Hey we're all equal here no need to worry, let's focus on those nasty werewolves and goblins! They're the real problem!”

And the contrast to the muggle world that wouldn't have a women as the nations leader til the 1980s would reinforce the faux equality in the WW. “Look how bad it is over there! Aren't you happy you have the rights you have!” I bet you everything if a witch tried to actually criticize wizarding patriarchy she would be swiftly dismissed and gaslit to hell.

Do you think the wizarding world even has a concept of rape? I don't think this was JKR's intent but love potions are considered perfectly legal, Romilda Vane doesn't get in trouble, Dumbledore doesn't seem to think Merope did anything wrong to Tom Riddle Sr., and despite a member of Magical Law Enforcement witnessing lots of sketchy stuff at the Gaunts' no one steps in to help Merope. Plus we know their society is archaic and lacks modern values - ie. quills, slavery, lack of democracy

it's a great question pal.

the answer for which is under the cut, for the obvious reason that it comes with a trigger warning for rape.

when the statute of secrecy was signed in 1689, rape - defined as "the carnal knowledge of a woman forcibly and against her will" - had been illegal under english law since the middle ages.

however, the "against her will" bit is important here. in the seventeenth century, it was a legal requirement for a victim of rape to prove that she had maintained a continuous state of physical resistance during her assault. in cases where a victim could not prove this, her consent was presumed - even if she had been incapacitated in some way. unsurprisingly, consent was always assumed between husbands and wives.

men could not be raped under the letter of seventeenth-century english law - but the rape and sexual assault of men was illegal under buggery [sodomy] laws, and was often taken much more seriously by the state...

and i think we can plausibly say - should we want to - that, on the basis of what we find in canon, the wizarding world might retain this legal requirement for rape to be indisputably resisted, and that this explains why love potions seem to have no repercussions attached to them.

because, of course, love potions essentially function like date rape drugs, even if they leave their victims appearing to be of sound mind [the officiant who married tom and merope wasn't suspicious of anything, for example - and the only reason ron is so badly affected by the love potion he takes is because it was out of date] . they incapacitate a person to the extent that they cannot offer legitimate consent to sexual acts, and they also incapacitate them to the extent that they cannot physically resist their attacker - in their case, by compelling the person dosed with the potion to regard their attacker as someone they want to have near them.

therefore, if wizarding law only considers rape to be something which is accompanied by evidence of resistance... then using a love potion on somebody would not be rape.

the cultural implications of this are fascinating - especially since [no matter what jkr thinks] the wizarding world appears to be restrictive [by the standards of muggle britain in the 1990s and 2000s - although, unfortunately for those of us on our high horses about coming from a superior nation, not by the standards of muggle ireland...] in terms of conventions surrounding sexual behaviour and gendered expectations placed upon women.

the marriage age for women is extremely low [any woman whose wedding date we can pin-point in canon - molly weasley, andromeda tonks, lily potter, fleur delacour - gets married as a teenager]; the age for having children is also much lower than it was in the muggle world - and even than it was in the muggle world of the 1940s-1980s [all four of the women above fall pregnant before they're twenty-one, for example]; unmarried couples don't seem to live together, and there's clearly a social taboo against premarital sex [molly weasley gets a lot of flack from the fandom for making bill and fleur sleep in separate bedrooms, but nobody in the story regards this as prudish or old-fashioned]; divorce doesn't seem to be common [and blaise zabini's mother killing her husbands certainly takes on a new flavour if we assume that divorce is extremely difficult... or even illegal]; and married women - at least in the middle- and upper-classes - don't seem to work.

i also think that it's canonically plausible that arranged marriage, including between cousins, is a common cultural practice [sirius' comment in order of the phoenix about parents "letting" their children marry basically confirms this, i think] - which means we can also imagine, if we'd like, that there's perhaps little legal distinction between arranged and forced marriage.

obviously - obviously - i don't think that any of these are things the doylist text intended. the reason the story says very little about sex - both consensual and otherwise - or law or gender norms is because the harry potter series is a story about a boy-wizard who goes to a cool magic school and fights a good-versus-evil battle to the death which was written for children. i don't begrudge the publishers for not fancying a hundred pages on harry learning how to put on a condom...

[and the low marriage/childbearing ages genuinely seem to be because jkr is functionally innumerate and didn't realise how young she was suggesting everyone was...]

but from a watsonian perspective, they're really interesting - especially for the extremely disturbing paths they can lead us down as authors when we're trying to flesh out the worldbuilding of magical britain.

what - for example - is the wizarding age of consent? and how would this impact how wizards understand sexual maturity, adult-child power relations, and child abuse?

[after all, if the age of consent is unchanged from 1689... it could be as low as ten. which goes some way towards explaining why nobody thinks of tom riddle as grooming ginny...]

and does the law consider it possible for a wizard to rape his wife? and if it doesn't, what does it think about him beating her?

what legal rights do sex workers have in the wizarding world?

is abortion legal? is contraception? is homosexuality? does gay sex have a higher age of consent?

is divorce legal? can women initiate a divorce? how are single mothers treated [and, therefore, what was lupin willing to do to tonks by walking out on her]? how are the children of unmarried parents treated? what property and inheritance rights do women have? are marriages performed by muggles - or dissolved by them - recognised by the wizarding state? what position does this put a witch [like eileen snape] who marries a muggle man in? would a wizard who marries a muggle woman and then abandons her be committing bigamy if he married a witch?

would wizards ever be punished for sexual offences against muggle women? does merope get away with attacking tom sr. in the eyes of the wizarding state because of her gender or because he's a muggle or both? could a muggle raped by a wizard even report the crime?

what modesty standards are there in terms of dress and behaviour? what would wizarding feminism look like? what is it like to be muggleborn [especially from the 1960s onwards] and enter this world?

i think i'm inclined to take the grimmest possible view of all of these questions, to be quite honest...

the wizarding world is fucked up.

#when I do imagine feminism in the wizarding world it feels like it would be taken as a sort of joke movement #sort of the way black american activism was viewed in the late 2000s #the idea of being a ‘post-racial’ nation because we had a black president #I mean the only reason black activism was taken seriously after then is because there was obvious evidence of the country still being #violently racist through videos of police brutality shared on the internet #but from about 2009-2014 the whole conversation was dismissed #without something of that sort for the witches movement I just don’t see it being taken seriously #anyways this is my favorite topic #cw: sa

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srwestvikwrites · 4 years ago

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Privilege is the Haven of Thorns

I wrote this post the week George Floyd was murdered. I was angry, and tired, and confused, and increasingly more apprehensive in my capacity as a person and as a writer as I was drawn in to the immense whirlpool of the zeitgeist gripping the internet and society.

It was such a complicated and emotional time. I was wracked with guilt at not going to the BLM protest in Madrid because we had just opened up into Phase 2 of the desescalada and I was scared of COVID. I was furious at the denial of individuals in my home country of Singapore who refused to believe that just because our race riots were in 1964 and not 2020 that it meant we had no more issues of systemic discrimination or privilege to challenge. I was exasperated and uneasy and inspired at having been drawn into a massive shitshow about race that rocked the Tolkien fandom within the same timeframe.

All of this made me question my place and my purpose as an author writing a story like Haven of Thorns. It doesn’t dwell on these issues, but it draws on them, in the same way that my life doesn’t linger on the colonisation of my home country or the country of my ancestors (India) and yet is irrevocably shaped by this history.

Haven of Thorns was always going to be a story taking place in the strange rivers of colonial legacy. It is a story of drowned histories and ghosts that reside in the very stones of a city and demons that linger inside people who were happy enough to let them back in. All of it is pushed along by the current of time, where history is not stagnant but forces change. It is about war, and it is about subtle discrimination, and it is about what we choose to do when we’re so hung up on our independence story that we refuse to acknowledge the rot in our roots.

I’m reproducing the post as I wrote it all those weeks ago, even though there are better ways I could have expressed my thoughts, and indeed some of these thoughts have new nuances now as I have drafted pivotal scenes in the story. There are other things I’d rather have focused on. The haven of thorns is more than mere privilege now. And perhaps one day I’ll expand on that.

But for now, this is a historical record of what I was thinking as it was all going down and I was trying to decide what sort of story I wanted to tell in the world I lived in as the person I am.

_________________________________________________

I’m not going to be coy about the metaphor anymore. This book was always going to be highly political. It has just become even more political. I cannot begin to describe how apt and how heartbreaking it is to be drafting my novel right now.

Some context should perhaps be given as to the kinds of politics that are informing this story. I began outlining the earliest iterations of Haven of Thorns at the height of the European migration crisis. While migration itself is not a main theme of the story – and where it does feature, it’s from a rather inverted historical power dynamic – the backlash against it was always present in the telling of the tale. The rise of the European right terrified me. I had never experienced open racism before until one incident when I moved to Norway in late 2015, where I was lucky enough to have an ally at the time, though I never learned her name. I have seen far too many swastikas misappropriated from their holiness to represent hatred, spraypainted on neighbourhood walls in Trondheim, London, and Madrid.

For many years, I likened racism and xenophobia and white supremacy to a contagion, even to possession (which may have been down to the title of this book I read during high school). My view on this has changed, now. For those raised into these ideas, sure, the demon metaphor may still apply. But for many, these corrupted values take root and fester because we allow them to.

The old first draft of Haven of Thorns was begun in the first week of November, 2016. I feel I have no need to elaborate on why this timing is significant. Globally, the sense of the triumph of ignorance and vitriol was palpable. Over the next few years, partially because I became more active on social media and partially because of the degree I was studying for, every day required exposure to injustices very often predicated on culture, ethnicity, language, and/or race.

Then in 2019 Singapore commemorated the bicentennial – our 200 year anniversary of being colonised. And once again I was confronted with the bizarre lack of acknowledgment of how blatantly race relations had been directed and segmented by the British, and how whatever the government line says, we have not bounced back from the wounds that gouged in our society. I interned at an NGO dealing with race relations, and it only illuminated what we’d rather cover up – the value judgements we make of people based off their skin colour, the god(s) the pray to, or the language they speak. When COVID-19 reared its head Singapore was lauded for their response, until it hit the migrant worker dormitories. That was a powder keg waiting to explode. And it is false and unjust to pretend that the conditions they are living in do not have their own origins in the petulant protests of those who unfairly profiled and characterised the workers and robbed them of better conditions, resulting in the tragedy that has taken place now.

Even climate justice and its link to ethnicity began to seep into the story, particularly during the early 2020 fires in Australia and how severely the Aboriginal peoples were affected.

As I write this post Minneapolis is up in arms, and Americans are out in the thousands across the country protesting for justice for George Floyd and the countless other black Americans who have been victims of the system and of police violence.

Growing from childhood to adulthood in the 2000s-2010s has meant growing up in a time when discussions about race, ethnicity, culture, and the legacies of our most backward perceptions and prejudiced notions have come to the forefront, both of activism and of violent action taken against others. How could I not be impacted, for example, by the horror of the massacre in Norway on 22 July? How could I not have felt the shadow of the War on Terror through the rampant Islamophobia in the media and in society?

The extent to which all these disparate ideas of politics and power and race and xenophobia and colonialism actually manifest in Haven of Thorns isn’t perhaps measurable in the amount I’ve discussed them here. But the core of this book is that the haven is privilege, and thorns are both the barrier of our ignorance and the spears upon which we sacrifice those who challenge it. White privilege in the West. Chinese privilege in Singapore. Yes I fucking said it. To refuse to see that is privilege, in and of itself. One can feel hurt, to be associated with the violent ways these ideas manifest. Or, one can choose to acknowledge that feeling implicated by despicable acts is perhaps the spark to challenge one’s own biases.

This story is about breaking that thorn barrier and letting in the light, in all its unbridled blinding glory, to burn away the festering hatred we’ve allowed to take root in our flesh.

In the end an important theme in Haven of Thorns – perhaps the most important – is the power structures and prejudices that prevail when colonisation has ended, along with its associated forms of exploitation, and a state becomes self-governing. It’s about who remains in power, why they remain there, and what it means for those who do not have an equal share in that power. I’m not just talking about physical force. I’m talking about value judgments that disenfranchise people based on their inherent qualities. Things like language, religion, or skin colour. Having a voice and having the power to exercise and sustain what you advocate for are all very different things, and this is why these stories cannot be apolitical. A person’s life, their right to life, and their rights to liberty and equality should not be a matter of politics – and yet they are. Because politics is about power. And power is far too often exercised unjustly.

Blaming the old oppressor only works up to a point. At some stage, a country has to face what it has done and continues to do to itself, and whether they are going to choose to make collective, powerful, and perhaps jarring value changes for the sake of basic human rights and justice. After all, prejudice is learned. It can be unlearned.

While this tale focuses on the legacy of colonisation, these same principles lie behind the abuse of authority and the untended wounds of what has happened to the black community in America for centuries, itself founded upon ideas of racial superiority. The police brutality coupled with endorsement from the highest offices in the land is a horrific ugliness – but worse, is those who choose not to see it for what it is. Those who tweet #alllivesmatter. Those who say they don’t see colour. Those who question why race has to be dragged into everything. To quote Moses in Dreamworks’s The Prince of Egypt: “I did not see because I did not wish to see.” This is privilege. This is us inviting contagion into our societies and refusing to mask up and letting it kill us from the inside out. But unlike a contagion, this is discriminatory. That is the essence of it. The differential treatment is the point. If you question why people are burning and looting, why they aren’t being “peaceful”, why they don’t comply (they do – it doesn’t work, as anyone who watched the clip of the CNN reporter would know), why they are so angry – then you are in the haven of thorns. You just refuse to acknowledge it, because the only light seeping into your little puddle is filtered, screened, and you’d rather ignore the shadows cast by the thorns.

So many of the choices in Haven of Thorns hinge upon deciding whether to preserve or whether to overturn these vicious cycles of hatred. It’s so painful to see these struggles continue to be mirrored in the real world, happening to real communities at this very moment. Part of me wants to stop writing this, because I cannot begin to capture the true agony of what is happening, no matter how much I empathise. But another part of me knows that I am in a position of great privilege, and perhaps it is time I put my voice to something that truly matters. Add another line to the anthem that advocates for these deep-set value changes that we need to make on a domestic and an international scale.

In the first very first chapter of this story, the royal palace burns. It may just as well have been a police station.

#work:hot #irdiverse #privilege #race #fantasy #social justice #my writing

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rebelstreetclothing · 7 years ago

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Leggings - Why So Comfortable?

Is there something about these physically that make them more comfortable than trousers? Leggings are so much comfortable feeling, although I have pants which are made with a comfortable and stretchy waistband. Why is that?

They can be made from wool, silk and other materials, although Modern leggings are made from a blend of Lycra, spandex, nylon, cotton, or polyester mix. Leggings can be found in a large number of colors and designs that are decorative.

Leggings are worn exposed, and are more worn covered by a garment like a a skirt or shorts, or covered. Leggings are, and a few are stirrupped or encase the toes. Some are shorter. Leggings are worn to maintain somebody's legs warm, as protection against chafing during an activity like exercise or as a garment that is style or decorative. Both women and men wear Leggings when exercising, but usually by girls at times.

In modern use, leggings describes tight, form-fitting pants that stretch from the waist to the ankles. As tights, they are known in america. However, both words aren't synonymous as the term tights describes opaque pantyhose.

History

Leggings under different names and in a variety of forms are employed for protection and warmth by women and men throughout the centuries. The distinct hose worn by men in Europe in the 13th to 16th centuries (the Renaissance period) were a kind of leggings, as would be the trews of the Scottish Highlands. Independent leggings of buckskin leather were worn by some Native Americans. Some Long Hunters fur trappers, and afterwards by mountain men adopted these. They're the leatherstockings of James Fenimore Cooper's Leatherstocking Tales. Nowadays, the Buckskins, were a gray brain-tan, not the bright vegetable tanned leather used.

Cowboys bites from animals, like insects or snakes in the scruff, and wore leggings of buckskin to shield from chapping due to riding, wear and tear to their trousers.

In many areas, particularly in countries such as Korea or Russia, women and men chose to wear wool leggings as an additional layer for heat, often into contemporary times.

The linen pantalettes worn by women and women under crinolines from the century were a type of leggings, and were two different garments. Leggings became a part of fashion as pants tighter although like the pants. Patricia Field, Fashion designer, claimed that she invented the leggings in the 1970s for girls.

Army leggings

Since the 19th century, soldiers of nations infantry wore leggings to protect their leg, keep from entering their sneakers, sand, dirt, and mud, and to give a measure of support. Initially, these were generally puttees--strips of thick woolen fabric resembling a huge bandage--were wrapped around the leg to support the ankle. They were held in place with a strap. Afterwards, a few armies substituted puttees with canvas leggings secured with buttons or bucklessecured with an stirrup that passed just in the base. The soldier put the leggings with the strap and the side facing out and corrected them around his calf. Leggings extended to mid-calf and had a garter strap to hold up them and were secured just below the knee. Leggings buttoned on the knee-breeches into the button and extended to the base of the knee. They are sometimes confused with gaiters, which extend to the ankle and are worn with leg trousers.

During World War II, United States Army foot soldiers were known as legs by paratroopers and other U.S. forces which did not wear the normal Army leggings issued together with the area service shoe. After experimentation with dilemma of boots and combat boots to their soldiers, leggings started to disappear from service. By adding a leather top that reached to the calf, the United States Army altered their area service shoe; ensured by a combination of buckles and laces, the design was designated the Type III Field Boot. However, the United States Marine Corps retained canvas leggings during the war, and even used them in battle and the Korean War; they had been known as Yellow Leg troops by North Korean and Chinese Communist forces.

From the 1960s, the kind of field shoe had given way to combat boots and leggings of any sort were obsolete. Leggings, usually white and made from enthusiast or patent leather are worn for ceremonial purposes. .

Modern leggings

A version of the capris finish at ankle length, Leggings in the kind of pants, made its way into fashion and were worn with high heels or ballet shoes that were flat-styled and a belt.

Leggings made out of a nylon-lycra mix (generally 90% nylon, 10 percent lycra) have traditionally been worn during exercise. Nylon lycra leggings are known as running or bicycle tights, and are more shiny in appearance than those. Some have racing reflective or stripes patterns provide safety and to differentiate them. Beginning in the 1980s leggings also have been worn for fashion, and as street wear.

Leggings made from a mix, or cotton-lycra, are more worn for fashion, but are worn as exercise wear. Navy and various shades of gray stay the most; although leggings can be found in prints, many colors and designs.

Wearing black leggings under long, frequently diaphanous, skirts was a part of an overall fashion trend of wearing dance or gym clothes as street wear which evolved along with the fitness craze and under the influence of the film Flashdance and the long-running Broadway series A Chorus Line. A recent trend has been the wearing of black leggings with miniskirts.

Women occasionally wear leggings with no skirt. Unless the girl is wearing a top, her buttocks will be exposed. There might be a line.

In many areas of america, leggings actually outsold jeans from the early-1990s. It was common to find leggings worn with sweaters, slouch socks and Keds sweatshirts or long. Fashion turned from the 1990s against leggings.

In 2005, leggings made a "comeback" into high style, especially in literary civilization, with capri-length leggings being worn with mini dresses and skirts. Leggings are popular to wear with denim mini skirt long sleeves skirts, shorts and in spite of shorts. Converse Chucks and flats are footwear with leggings. This tendency towards trousers can be viewed from the resurgence of jeans.

Men also have started to wear leggings often lately as underwear, and for casual activities like hiking, walking or gardening, replacing the old standby, sweatpants. Guys on the London scene that was electro-music also wear as a fashion trend Leggings. In the Marni Men's show Week, outfits with leggings designed for men were introduced.

Men's leggings, dubbed "meggings" (as a combination of the words "men" and "leggings") have been introduced as the latest fashion trend for men at Spring/Summer 2011 fashion runways, supposed to be styled and layered under shorts and preferably with big, baggy, long or loose shirts such as t-shirts.

Shiny leggings

Shiny leggings--leggings which have a shiny, metallic (lamé), or wet-like look--emerged as a popular fashion trend from the late-2000s (decade), especially in 2008 as reported by Stylesignal and other trend forecasters. These leggings are a mix of nylon and spandex although most commonly in stone, silver, or black and come in many different colors. These kinds of leggings are notable for their leather, or even look and are worn as clubwear or day.

Many designers showcased on fashion runways Shiny leggings and were popularized by celebrities such Frida Sanden, Kelly Clarkson, Demi Lovato, Olsen Twins, Rihanna, Lindsay Lohan and the Lauren Conrad. Popular manufacturers of leggings comprise Kova, Members Only & T and American Apparel.

Jeggings

Jeggings are a version of leggings. They're leggings which take certain attributes from jeans, such as color and style and especially a colored seam down the side, thus a combination of the two and thus the adoption of the title "Jeggings". Some styles have taken the look as adding faux zip-flies and pockets to increase the look.

Sports and leggings

Leggings are also worn during athletic activities. People exercising wear them, and runners, dancersskirts as leggings are excellent in keeping body heat, and under soccer and field hockey shin guards and knee socks. Normally a material.

Rebel Street Clothing

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sciencespies · 4 years ago

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The Powerful, Complicated Legacy of Betty Friedan's 'The Feminine Mystique'

https://sciencespies.com/history/the-powerful-complicated-legacy-of-betty-friedans-the-feminine-mystique/

The Powerful, Complicated Legacy of Betty Friedan's 'The Feminine Mystique'

Is it possible to address a “problem that has no name?” For Betty Friedan and the millions of American women who identified with her writing, addressing that problem would prove not only possible, but imperative.

In the acclaimed 1963 The Feminine Mystique, Friedan tapped into the dissatisfaction of American women. The landmark bestseller, translated into at least a dozen languages with more than three million copies sold in the author’s lifetime, rebukes the pervasive post-World War II belief that stipulated women would find the greatest fulfillment in the routine of domestic life, performing chores and taking care of children.

Her indelible first sentences would resonate with generations of women. “The problem lay buried, unspoken, for many years in the minds of American women. It was a strange stirring, a sense of dissatisfaction, a yearning that women suffered in the middle of the twentieth century in the United States.” Friedan’s powerful treatise appealed to women who were unhappy with their so-called idyllic life, addressing their discontent with the ingrained sexism in society that limited their opportunities.

Now a classic, Friedan’s book is often credited with kicking off the “second wave” of feminism, which raised critical interest in issues such as workplace equality, birth control and abortion, and women’s education.

The late Friedan, who died in 2006, would have celebrated her 100th birthday this month. At the Smithsonian’s National Museum of American History, a tattered, well-read copy of The Feminine Mystique, gifted by former museum curator Patricia J. Mansfield, is secured in the nation’s collections of iconic artifacts. It was included in the museum’s exhibition titled “The Early Sixties: American Culture,” which was co-curated by Mansfield and graphic arts collection curator Joan Boudreau and ran from April 25, 2014 to September 7, 2015.

At the Smithsonian’s National Portrait Gallery the 1995 Betty Friedan by Alice Matzkin depicts the reformer in a contemplative pose.

“One of the things that makes The Feminine Mystique resonant is that it’s a very personal story,” says the museum’s Lisa Kathleen Graddy, a curator in the division of political and military history. “It’s not a dry work. It’s not a scholarly work. . . it’s a very personal series of observations and feelings.”

While The Feminine Mystique spoke bold truth to white, college-educated, middle-class women, keeping house and raising children and dealing with a lack of fulfillment, it didn’t recognize the circumstances of other women. Black and LGBTQ feminists in the movement were largely absent from the pages of The Feminine Mystique and in her later work as a leading activist, prominent members of the feminist movement would come to clash with her beliefs and her quick temper. She would be criticized for moderate views amid a changing environment.

Her contributions, however, remain consequential. She was a co-founder and the first president of the National Organization for Women (NOW), and helped create both the National Women’s Political Caucus and the National Association for the Repeal of Abortion Laws, now known as NARAL Pro-Choice America. But her name is most tied to The Feminine Mystique, the book that pushed her and other discontented housewives into the American consciousness alongside the ongoing Civil Rights Movement.

Lisa Tetrault, an associate history professor at Carnegie Mellon University, emphasizes Friedan’s argument that women were being burdened by society’s notions of how they should live their lives. At the time, many women were privately experiencing, she says, “a feeling that the problem was theirs alone.”

“Part of what The Feminine Mystique did was shift this conversation from this individual analysis,” she says. Friedan’s book showed them a systemic analysis of how society was undermining women in order to keep them at home under the moniker “occupation: housewife.”

Historian and Smith College professor emeritus Daniel Horowitz, who authored the 1998 Betty Friedan and the Making of The Feminine Mystique: The American Left, the Cold War, and Modern Feminism also contextualizes the book at a time when other works were examining the restlessness of suburban life.

“She was, as a professional writer, acutely aware of these books and the impact they had,” he says. “It’s also a wonderfully written book with appeals on all sorts of levels. It’s an emotionally powerful book.”

Born Bettye Naomi Goldstein on February 4, 1921 in Peoria, Illinois, both of her parents were immigrants. Her Russian father Harry worked as a jeweler, and her Hungarian mother Miriam was a journalist who gave up the profession to start a family. She attended Smith College, a leading women’s institution, as a psychology student, where she began seeing social issues with a more radical perspective. She graduated in 1942 and began postgraduate work at the University of California, Berkeley. Friedan would end up abandoning her pursuit of a doctorate after being pressured by her boyfriend, and also left him before moving to New York’s Greenwich Village in Manhattan.

From there she began work in labor journalism. She served as an editor at The Federate Press news service, and then joined the UE News team, the publication of the United Electric, Radio and Machine Workers of America. Her activism for working class women in labor unions, which included African Americans and Puerto Ricans, is crucial, says Horowitz, toward understanding the formation of her feminism.

However, he adds that her public embrace of labor unions during the feminist movement did not occur until the later years of her life, and that The Feminine Mystique omits her early radicalism. “Her feminism in the 50s and 60s is very self-consciously based on the civil rights movement,” he says. “She thinks of NOW as an NAACP for American women.”

Betty married Carl Friedan in 1947, and the couple had three children. The family moved from Queens to New York’s Rockland County suburbs in 1956, and she took on the job of housewife while freelancing for women’s magazines to add to the family income.

It was at a Smith reunion where Friedan found inspiration for what would become The Feminine Mystique. Intending to survey her classmates who had worried that a college education would get in the way of raising a family, what she instead found was a lack of fulfillment among the housewives. Other college-educated women she interviewed shared those sentiments, and she found herself questioning her own life role in the process.

To create The Feminine Mystique, Friedan included both the experiences of women she talked with and her own perspectives. She set about to deconstruct myths on women’s happiness and their role in society. “Gradually, without seeing it clearly for quite a while,” Friedan wrote in the book’s preface, “I came to realize that something is very wrong with the way American women are trying to live their lives today.

Betty Friedan by Byron Dobell, 1999 is also among the reformer’s images held by the National Portrait Gallery.

Even before it was created the book was contentious: the president of the publishing house referred to its premise as “overstated” and “provocative.” And while it caught flak from some reviewers—a New York Times review rejected its premise and stated that individuals, not culture, were to blame for their own dissatisfaction—it was a major hit for female readers.

“It was quite fantastic the effect it had,” Friedan later said in an interview with PBS, “It was like I put into words what a lot of women had been feeling and thinking, that they were freaks and they were the only ones.”

Following the success of her book, Friedan moved back to New York City with her family, and in 1966 helped establish NOW with colleagues. She and her husband divorced in 1969, just a year before she helped lead the Women’s Strike for Equality that brought thousands of supporters to the city’s Fifth Avenue.

She pushed the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission to end sex discrimination in workplace advertising, advocated for equal pay, and pressured changes to abortion laws, among others. Friedan also supported the Equal Rights Amendment, which failed to meet state ratification in 1982 but has since garnered renewed interest.

By the end of Friedan’s life, the movement had moved much farther than she had been able to keep up with. She had already been criticized by some feminists for a lack of attention to issues afflicting non-white, poor and lesbian women, and had made disparaging remarks toward the latter. When conservatives made cultural gains in the 1980s, she blamed radical members for causing it, denouncing them as anti-men and anti-family.

“One of the things that should come out of the women’s movement,” she told the Los Angeles Times, “is a sense of liberating and enriching ways of working out career and family life, and diverse ways of rearing our children and figuring out how to have a home and haven.”

Friedan had decidedly become a moderate voice among feminists, but nevertheless kept active. She served as a visiting professor at universities such as New York University and the University of Southern California, and in 2000 wrote her memoir Life So Far. In 2006 she passed away in Washington, D.C. on her 85th birthday.

Two canvas paintings depicting Betty Friedan are held by the Smithsonian’s National Portrait Gallery. One in acrylic, created in 1995 by Alice Matzkin, shows the reformer looking to the side with her hand behind her head in a contemplative pose. The other, painted with oil in 1999, was donated by the artist Byron Dobell in 2000 and features Friedan focused on the viewer with a vague sense of interest.

Looking back on Friedan’s seminal book, The Feminine Mystique, its narrow scope is important to recognize. As Graddy notes, it focuses on the aspirations of certain white college-educated housewives, rather than women who were not white nor middle class, among others.

“[T]hese are women who also have the leisure time to organize,” Graddy says, “They have the leisure time to become the women who start to organize different facets of feminism, who can organize now, who have connections that they can make and time that they can expend.”

Kelly Elaine Navies, a museum specialist in oral history at the Smithsonian’s National Museum of African American History and Culture, discusses the disconnect between The Feminine Mystique and black women of the time.

“It did not directly impact the African American community, as a large percentage of African American women worked outside of the home by necessity,” she writes in an email. “In fact, the prolific African American writer and activist, Pauli Murray, who was a co-founder of NOW, along with Freidan, did not even mention The Feminine Mystique in her memoir.”

The claim that The Feminine Mystique brought forward the “second wave” of feminism is also dubious. Not only is the characterization of waves misleading, as the calls made during different movements can overlap while individual waves feature competing beliefs, but as Graddy notes, the activism doesn’t simply fade when it receives less attention. She also mentions that describing the book as the beginning of the women’s movement only makes sense when applied to a certain group of feminists.

Tetrault says that The Feminine Mystique not only fails to discuss how the cultural expectations of the idealized housewife also afflicted non-white and poor women who could not hope to achieve that standard, but it also doesn’t provide meaningful structural solutions that would help women.

“In some ways Betty Friedan’s solution of just leaving home and going and finding meaningful work,” she says, “left all those structural problems that ungirded the labor that women provide through domesticity unaddressed, and that’s a huge problem.”

Even with the book’s flaws, it remains an important piece of history while having shaped the women’s movement. While Horowitz contends that a feminist movement still would have occurred without its publication, he says it nevertheless impacted the lives of hundreds of thousands of women.

And as Navies points out, the material it didn’t include caused black feminists to spread ideas that were more inclusive of American women in society, as they even formed their own term “womanist” to distinguish from the more exclusive “feminist.”

“In retrospect, as a catalyst for the second wave of feminism,” Navies writes, “The Feminist Mystique was a factor in the evolution of black feminism, in that black feminists were compelled to respond to the analysis it lacked and develop a theory and praxis of their own which confronted issues of race, class and gender.”

Tetrault adds that The Feminine Mystique’s message that societal constructs were harming women resonated throughout the whole of feminism.

“That would be a kind of realization, that would ripple through the movement on all kinds of different fronts. . . that the problem wasn’t them,” she says. “The problem was the set of cultural expectations and cultural structures around them.”

#History

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melissawalker01 · 4 years ago

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Foreclosure Lawyer Tooele Utah

Tooele is a city in Tooele County in the U.S. state of Utah. The population was 22,502 at the 2000 census, and 32,115 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat of Tooele County. About 30 minutes southwest of Salt Lake City, Tooele is known for Tooele Army Depot, for its views of the nearby Oquirrh Mountains and the Great Salt Lake. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 21.2 square miles (54.8 km²), of which 21.1 square miles (54.8 km²) is land and 0.04 square miles (0.1 km²) (0.09%) is water. Tooele is located on the western slope of the Oquirrh Mountains in the Tooele Valley, the next valley west of the well-known Salt Lake Valley. Many popular camping and picnic areas surround the city. The unusual name for the town is thought by some to have evolved from an old Ute Indian word for tumbleweed. This is one of many unverified explanations, as the name’s usage predated the introduction of the Russian thistle to the United States. Other explanations include that the name derives from a Native American chief, but controversy exists about whether such a chief existed. Others hypothesize that the name comes from “tuu-wiita”, the Goshute word for “black bear”, or from “tule”, a Spanish word of Aztec origin meaning “bulrush.”

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How to Stop Foreclosure With a Temporary Restraining Order

The best way to temporarily stop a foreclosure up to the day before an auction, and when a homeowner does not need to otherwise declare bankruptcy, may be to file a Temporary Restraining Order (TRO). A TRO is a legal order filed by an attorney on behalf of a homeowner against their lender. In most cases, it will result in a brief delay (30 days, give or take) of a foreclosure auction – which may provide enough time for a homeowner to sell a home using other strategies or catch up the payments. TROs are a legal specialty; you must have an attorney with this specialty lined up in advance if you need to utilize this maneuver.

The advantage of a TRO is that it can be done at the last minute just before the home is actually auctioned off by the lender. In addition, it does not require the homeowner to declare bankruptcy and thus often both a bankruptcy and foreclosure can be avoided. Once the TRO is filed, the auction is stopped or nullified until the lender has the TRO lifted.

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The disadvantage to filing a TRO is that it costs money and is only a temporary delay.

How Do I File a Motion to Stop Foreclosure?

If your lender intends to foreclose on your house, you have the right to fight it in court. In a judicial foreclosure, your lender must file a lawsuit to foreclose; if you file in response, you’ll be allowed to make your case before a judge. In non-judicial foreclosure the norm in several states, such as Utah–the lender doesn’t need court approval. You can still get your day in court, but only if you file a lawsuit to prevent foreclosure. • Ask the county clerk for information on the specific forms and fees your county requires. Each county may have its own legal paperwork, the Utah court system’s website states, and each county sets its own schedule of fees you have to pay to file. • File the paperwork, including a request for a temporary restraining order. A TRO, will stop foreclosure until the judge hears your case. If your lender doesn’t respond, the judge will probably approve the TRO, but you may be asked to post a bond against any financial damage this causes the lender. • Serve papers on the lender. Someone 18 or older who isn’t involved in the case must present papers to the lender notifying it of the lawsuit, and return a “proof of service” to you. The case won’t proceed until the lender is formally notified you’ve sued. • Ask for a preliminary injunction when you get your court hearing. If the judge grants the injunction, he’ll stop the foreclosure until the case is decided. The judge will issue the injunction if she believes there’s a good chance you’ll win, and if the damage you’ll suffer from foreclosure is greater than your lender suffers by delaying foreclosure. If the judge doesn’t issue the injunction, then the foreclosure clock resumes ticking.

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• Present your defense. Valid defenses include that the lender made a mistake, such as crediting your payments to the wrong person; that it engaged in unfair lending practices; or that it made major procedural errors. The same defenses can be raised in judicial foreclosures.

How Foreclosure Delaying Services Work

Struggling homeowners who want to keep their homes have several options for delaying foreclosure. As the number of foreclosures nationwide increased during the housing market collapse, more foreclosure delay or “home retention services” and companies came into existence. Foreclosure delay services use every legal means, including filing lawsuits, to put off a homeowner’s foreclosure for as long as possible. With enough time, a homeowner in foreclosure may be able to stop the process.

Judicial foreclosure is the other form of foreclosure employed by lenders. In judicial or court-facilitated foreclosures, foreclosure delay service attorneys work to delay foreclosure cases using procedural challenges. Typically, foreclosure delay service attorneys first file written answers for their clients, which can buy an additional 30 to 60 days. They also file for continuances or time to prepare foreclosure defenses for their clients. Judges frequently grant these types of continuances.

Legal challenges to foreclosure cases filed by lenders are common delaying tactics. Legal challenges in foreclosure cases include for jurisdiction, especially when out of state lenders are involved. Foreclosure delay service attorneys challenging lenders over jurisdiction usually request that county courts move those cases to the federal courts. Lawyers also can challenge a lender’s legal standing by forcing the lender to prove it actually owns the loan.

Buying Homeowners Time

Foreclosure delay services are exactly that — and they don’t generally get foreclosures canceled altogether. They can buy critical time for homeowners facing imminent foreclosure to find workable foreclosure alternatives. With enough time, a homeowner facing foreclosure could line up mortgage reinstatement funding using state-offered grants, for example. Foreclosure delay also can give struggling homeowners enough time to find buyers or at least an alternative living arrangement.

Other Alternatives

Though it can be a drastic measure, filing for bankruptcy can delay an active foreclosure case. Both Chapter 7 liquidation and Chapter 13 reorganization bankruptcy feature automatic stays that halt all creditor collection activities, including foreclosure sales. Using Chapter 13 bankruptcy, a homeowner could even permanently halt foreclosure using a three- to five-year repayment plan. During Chapter 13 bankruptcy’s repayment period, delinquent mortgage payments plus lender foreclosure costs can be gradually repaid and mortgages reinstated.

How to Postpone a Trustee’s Auction

When discussing real estate, auctions are referred to as a “trustee’s auction” or “trustee’s sale date.” To postpone this sort or auction, the borrower must first be in default—meaning the borrower is not making mortgage payments. Borrowers who stop making mortgage payments will sooner or later cause the bank to foreclose. How that foreclosure is handled depends on state law, but more than half of the states in the U.S. are trust deed states, and the trustee handles foreclosures. Fannie Mae short sales that are in default are handled differently; Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac do not ordinarily postpone trustee’s auctions.

After a borrower stops making the mortgage payments, the lender notifies the trustee to initiate foreclosure proceedings. The trustee is a third party to the trust deed, a position some call “holding a naked title.” Although there is no required period before filing a Notice of Default, most lenders prefer to try to collect during the first 60 to 45 days that a borrower falls into arrears, rather than jump into foreclosure proceedings. Some states such as California require the lender to give the borrower at least 30 days’ notice before filing a Notice of Default. Once the Notice of Default is filed, a borrower has 90 days to reinstate the loan by making up the back payments and paying late charges, which include the trustee’s fees. There are a few methods that can be used in postponing an auction.

Redeem the Mortgage

Although people refer to reinstating a mortgage and redeeming a mortgage interchangeably, they are different. To redeem a mortgage is to pay off the mortgage; reinstating requires bringing the mortgage current. During the final days of a non-judicial foreclosure process, a lender is not required to accept a reinstatement but must allow a redemption.

Apply for a Loan Modification

Lenders are also not required to postpone an auction in exchange for a loan modification, but most banks will try to work out a temporary repayment schedule. This does not mean the bank will not send the home to auction, so be careful; borrowers may want to ask the bank for a written promise not to move forward with the auction. If accepted, banks will grant a temporary loan modification, and after three to six months, tell the borrower they are filing foreclosure because the borrower does not qualify for a permanent loan modification.

File for Bankruptcy

A bankruptcy filing does not permanently stop an auction, but it could postpone the auction for a while. When a debtor files for bankruptcy, the court issues an order known as an automatic stay that stops attempts from creditors to collect money—including postponing an auction. However, the lender can then file a motion to lift the automatic stay, especially if the Notice of Default was already filed.

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File a Temporary Restraining Order

Most people associate a temporary restraining order with domestic abuse, but petitioning the court for protection from abuse can also include a request to postpone an auction. Borrowers will need to hire a lawyer to file a temporary restraining order, and that lawyer might need to find a reason based on fraud or some wrongdoing on the lender’s part. Even if the lawyer is successful and wins the argument, the restraining order is not permanent.

Make a Short Sale

Telling a lender that the borrower is attempting to make a short sale is generally not enough; the borrower must submit an offer to the bank from a qualified buyer. The real estate agent or lawyer handling the negotiation for the borrower then calls the bank’s negotiator and requests a postponement of the auction. Often, banks will not consider a request for a postponement until the auction is a few days away.

Fighting a Foreclosure in Court

If you believe that you have a valid argument against a pending foreclosure, you may want to go to court to fight the lender. You can respond to the lender’s lawsuit against you if the lender is using the judicial foreclosure process, or you can bring your own action in court if the lender is pursuing a non-judicial foreclosure. Defenses can be very technical and fact-specific, but generally a homeowner may want to challenge a foreclosure if the lender failed to follow the mortgage terms or the law in their state. You would need to show that this failure infringed on your rights.

For example, you might be able to stop or at least postpone a foreclosure if you did not receive proper notice of the foreclosure from the lender. Both state law and the terms of your mortgage may provide rules for the lender to follow if it decides to foreclose. Or you may be able to argue that the foreclosure resulted from errors by your mortgage servicer, such as failing to properly credit your payments and reporting that you missed them instead. If you have a right to reinstate your mortgage under state law or the terms of the mortgage, you can hold the mortgage servicer accountable for providing you with the incorrect reinstatement amount. Read more here about common errors and abuses by mortgage servicers.

Fighting a Judicial Foreclosure in Court

You will receive a summons and complaint at the outset of the lawsuit that the lender files when it is seeking a judicial foreclosure. If you want to fight the foreclosure, you should read these documents carefully and make sure that you respond within the deadline provided. You also will need to follow any court rules for your response, formally known as an answer. You may be able to reach a settlement with the lender outside court if it feels that your defense has merit. If the lender does not feel that you have a strong defense, it may file a motion for summary judgment.

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A summary judgment motion is a way to dispose of a case without going through a full trial. The party seeking summary judgment argues that there is no genuine dispute of material fact and that the opposing party cannot prevail under the law. You would need to provide evidence to oppose the summary judgment motion. The judge will determine whether your defense can survive summary judgment, which means that you can proceed to trial. If the judge does not believe that you can make a defense, they will grant summary judgment to the lender and allow it to proceed with the foreclosure sale.

Fighting a Non-Judicial Foreclosure in Court

While the lender starts the court process in a judicial foreclosure, the homeowner starts the court process in a non-judicial foreclosure. This has a critical impact on the burden of proof. The lender has the burden of proof in a judicial foreclosure lawsuit, while the homeowner has the burden of proof if they are bringing a lawsuit to stop a non-judicial foreclosure. This is because, in theory, the mortgage contract provides for the lender’s right to a foreclosure, so the homeowner would be asking the court to stop an otherwise permissible process. The goal in a lawsuit against a non-judicial foreclosure is getting the court to issue an injunction against the foreclosure. This pauses the foreclosure until the judge rules on whether you have a defense or whether the foreclosure should move forward.

Foreclosure Attorney

For a Foreclosure Lawyer in Tooele Utah, call Ascent Law LLC for your free consultation (801) 676-5506. We want to help you.

Ascent Law LLC 8833 S. Redwood Road, Suite C West Jordan, Utah 84088 United States Telephone: (801) 676-5506

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rebelstreetclothing · 7 years ago

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Leggings - Why So Comfortable?

History

Cowboys bites from animals, like insects or snakes in the scruff, and wore leggings of buckskin to shield from chapping due to riding, wear and tear to their trousers.

In many areas, particularly in countries such as Korea or Russia, women and men chose to wear wool leggings as an additional layer for heat, often into contemporary times.

Army leggings

Modern leggings

A version of the capris finish at ankle length, Leggings in the kind of pants, made its way into fashion and were worn with high heels or ballet shoes that were flat-styled and a belt.

Women occasionally wear leggings with no skirt. Unless the girl is wearing a top, her buttocks will be exposed. There might be a line.

Shiny leggings

Jeggings

Sports and leggings

Rebel Street Clothing

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irescot · 7 years ago

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Ireland Tour - Day 3 (9/6)

We stayed at the Lansdowne Arms Hotel in Kenmare, a pretty little town with a couple of streets that were chock full of restaurants, pubs, and a million shops of every description.

We had breakfast at the hotel and there were two servers, a younger one whose name I didn't get and an older one called Mary that was delightful and friendly and helpful. After breakfast we piled into the van, and next thing we know, Mary come running over and gets in the bus, and starts singing Rose of Tralee in a good enough voice and animated gestures. She clearly was having a ball singing. We gave her a big hand and she left. Another Jason arranged surprised. We were going to really miss this guy.

Jason told us that Rose of Tralee really referred to a beauty competition that is held each year in Tralee. Any female of Irish ancestry is permitted to participate, regardless of where she lives in the world. This year's competition was won by an Irish-American from Chicago.

Jason had prepared a map of Scotland where he outlined the route we were going to follow and the stops, and I finally realized that I had not taken a picture of it for reference, so I asked him to pass it back and before I got it, everybody else realized they also wanted to take a picture of it. This morning we were going to a Sheep Dog demonstration at a local farm. Over our first dinner, Carol had told some people all about the one we saw in Scotland. We were curious whether there would be any differences. The farm was called Kissane Sheep Farm in Moll's Gap, Kenmare, and there's lots of pictures of what the farm looked like. What you don't get from them is how big the farm was. They guy had 1700 baby lambs this year, and has another 2000. So he really needs the sheepdogs. He uses border collies like the other guy (BTW, I found out they are called border collies because they come from The Borders, an area on the border between Wales and England).

He doesn't use whistling like the other guy, but a lot of spoken commands. He made them bring the flock to him (a small part of his flock) and then put them back in a specific place, made them bring them to a small corral and be penned, and a couple of other maneuvers. I didn't think it was an interesting demo like the other one, but this guy told us more about the economics of a sheep farm, and it's very hard to make a living. He says he couldn't keep going if he hadn't diversified wherever possible, including doing this stuff for tourist buses (it was said very matter of fact, no bitterness), and he also has joint ventures with people who produce products for which he can provide source materials, like hand cream with sheep lanolin, which both Sharon and I bought. He says he got $1 pound per kilo of wool this year. The market is depressed at this point so he is storing his wool, hoping it will come back.

Well intentioned people keep telling them to get Marino sheep, since the wool is so sought after, but they are not native to Ireland and they would not do well in Ireland's weather. So he just keeps going finding ways to survive. It was a sad story, especially when we found out he is something like 6th generation sheep farmer.

We were going to Killarney National Forest today for a jaunty ride. A jaunty is just a horse-drawn cart that has seats along the sides that face each other, with a canopy to keep out the worst of the rain should it come. They keep blankets in the jaunties for days like today, when it was really cold. The jaunty season I believe will be coming to an end soon.

But before that, we went back on the Ring of Kerry and stopped at the Ladies' View lookout, named after Queen Victoria's ladies-in-waiting who stopped there and were entranced by the view. Took pictures, but you knew that, didn't you?

A little further on there was a waterfall just a short 5-10 minute walk up a somewhat steep grade road. I think that's where there was a Leprechaun crossing sign was, but I noticed it too late, after we passed it. Carol, Sharon and I stayed in the van, and instead took a comfort stop and took pictures at the level we were, where the water from the waterfall flowed.

Then we entered the Killarney National Forest. Most of us on the coach had given Jason a gratuity earlier, now others did it too. He gave each of us a big hug (or manly handshake for the guys) and that was that. Sniff.

We went to the jaunty area and since we had 13 it took three jaunties, one with room for 5 and two with 4. Since they all looked pretty much the same, I wondered how they handled 5, and it was by putting the 5th person up front with the driver. As we went around the park (it was supposed to be an hour, but it was more like half an hour) with Sally pulling our particular jaunty, the driver (sorry, I remember the horse's name, but not the driver) would activate (he was very robotic) and deliver a factual piece in a totally affectless voice. On the left, those black cows are Kerry cows. I had a little bit of trouble understanding all he said, but it seems to have been mostly me. We saw Muckross House (very grand and beautiful), a place where the jaunty ride would end. Then a tree alley which was Friar's Walk. Then we stopped at the Muckross Friary, which was, naturally, in ruins. I took a millions pictures. This stop is what made them claim it was an hour ride.

Pretty place architecturally. In the middle of the cloister walk, there was a giant tree. It turned out to be a yew, a tree we had been told was poisonous. It apparently produces little red berries whose pit is very poisonous, although the flesh of the berry is just fine. Yew was also used to make the longbows which were used which devastating effect in olden wars.

Stupid me also walked up (and later down) a spiral staircase, but at least I got some interesting pictures.

We got back to the jaunty before the 4th person, and so the jaunty driver took pictures of the three of us in the back of the jaunty, and a picture of the whole thing this time including Sally.

Took pictures showing the other jaunties ahead of us, and later showed Captain, the horse pulling a jaunty with other people from our party, riding very close to us. We were able to reach out an pat his head without having to move much. More Kerry cows, views, trees; my usual suspects.

We were deposited at Muckross House Conservatory (which would be Conservancy for us) where we had some lunch after we wandered around lost looking for the restaurant. We passed a wooden sculpture that kinda looked like a heart. Then we went looking for Henry our new driver. For some reason most of us decided to just mill around, but Carol decided to go out looking for him and as a reward, she found him and beckoned to us to come join her and Henry.

We said hello and he made sure we knew the safety rules (again) and then we went off to the Dingle Peninsula. After the Beare Peninsula we had been on the Kerry Peninsula. Each of them is further north, with Dingle being the northernmost.

Henry was also very nice, but we didn't warm up to him the same way; it may just be a question of time, of which we have a dwindling amount. But he certainly knew his stuff and told it well. We stopped at Inch Beach, which is apparently a famous surfer beach, although today was windy, cold and inhospitable looking.

Then he started telling us about a guy called Tom Crean, a British Navy officer who was in the right place at the right time and got picked to go on Scott's expedition to the Antarctic in the early 1910's. Scott came in second to Roald Amundsen, but that was just sort of the middle of the story. There was a PBS documentary that I remember watching which told the story and it was a fascinating one. Tom Crean was a real hero of that expedition who committed various acts of bravery and was responsible for rescuing a lot of people.

He was on all three British polar expeditions, his last one the infamous Shackleford expedition. They survived for month trapped on the ice floes after their ship was crushed and journeyed with Shackleford and four others in a 21-foot lifeboat 800 miles across the South Atlantic armed with only a sextant. When they reached South Georgia he had to scale the uncharted glaciers to reach a settlement on the other side of the island, to reach help for the colleagues left behind. He received the "Albert Medal" for bravery.

Much later he opened a pub called the South Pole Inn in Annascaul, next to the river of the same name, and his home town, and ran it with his wife until his death in 1938, at age 61, of a burst appendix.

So that's where Henry was taking us, to Annascaul to see the South Pole Inn and go inside and see the many old pictures and mementos. Took very few pictures.

Finally we drove on to the town of Dingle on the Dingle Peninsula to our next overnight stop, the Dingle Bay Hotel, where we are staying two nights. Yay!

One thing we hadn't done yet is listen to some traditional Irish music. Dingle is supposed to be a good place for it. So after we checked in, we decided to make a reservation with the hotel for dinner and music. Dinner at 8 and the music starting at 8:45.

We got settled in, put my feet up for an hour or so and then it was time to go to the restaurant. We were seated at a table in a special raised section by the window and didn't think anything of it, but at around 8:30 three musicians walked in and started setting up and warming up and we realized that we were going to be two tables away from the musicians. Good and bad. Good because easy to listen to, bad in case we didn't want to stay. Turned out good. The food was good and the traditional Irish music was good. (The Drambuie was also good.)

Then it got to be near 10 and Carol slipped away. Around 10:15 we also got up and went to our rooms and went to sleep.

And that was the end of Day 3 (9/6) of the Ireland Tour.

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southaustinlocation · 8 years ago

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Sexscapes: The Internet Gives a Voice to the Perverts of the World

Ever since it reached a level of general western-world ubiquity sometime in the 2000s, it has been widely accepted that the internet is one of humanity’s most ingenious inventions. The ways humans interact and connect with one another world-wide has been changed so fundamentally that to describe them would seem futuristic and absurd to twenty-year old incarnations of my now aged grandparents. Sites like Wikipedia, Google, and YouTube have not only entered the lexicon, but have also become invaluable research tools for the average individual curious to discover more about the world at large. Soon, it seems, it will be difficult even to find a cellular phone plan that doesn’t require paying for round-the-clock internet access as part of the basic contract.

For the first time in the history of our species, information and knowledge have become more or less democratized [though it can be argued that inherent class discrepancies lead to the fact that those who are unable to afford internet access, i.e. the bottom rung of the socioeconomic strata, now face more obstacles than ever when attempting upward social and economic mobility], and it would seem the average internet user has few excuses not to continue their education far past their formative school years.

But the human capacity for perversion should never be underestimated.

According to some not-so-groundbreaking research (mine), the internet, along with being one of the final bastions and troves of limitless, easily accessible knowledge available to an increasingly apathetic and dumbed-down populace, is used primarily for two main purposes: “trolling” (the sending of inflammatory or provocative messages purposefully crafted with the expectation that this initial message will elicit equally negative responses, or, if the troll is particularly lucky or adept, the commencement of an all out “flame-war”); and, of course, the viewing of pornography. Both of these purposes being symptoms of the altogether larger first-world problems of boredom and a general and ever growing inability to empathize with other sapient beings.

However stark and socially pertinent, none of this should come as particularly surprising or new information. Since pretty much its first widespread public use, the internet and perversion go together like cops and child molesters in prison (the metaphor, of course, falling short at the fact that, unlike prison, where police officers and pederasts meet up in protective custody—the smaller, secluded group of the prison at large—the perverts of the internet are the general population). Hell, one of my first experiences with the internet was when I was twelve and I didn’t have it, but my next door neighbor did, so every afternoon I’d go over to his house and, sitting in the side room of the garage where his family computer was kept, we’d burn through his AOL hours disc by logging onto AOL Instant Messenger and asking strangers if they “got pics?” Then, after inevitably getting bored with this game, searching for naked pictures of the girl from Seventh Heaven (no, not Jessica Biel, who actually had semi-nude photos published in Gear magazine around this time, but the slightly more homely Beverley Mitchell, for some reason).

But that was back in the Wild West frontier days of World Wide Web-based perversion and sexual curiosity. These days, perverts are no longer cloistered away to obscene chat sites. Instead, with the inception of so-called “porn 2.0”—tube sites such as Youjizz, YouPorn, PornoTube, PornTube (distinct from “PornoTube”—common mistake), FuckTube and BookpornTube (compelling name, I must admit, though surprisingly unliterary in the final analysis)—the perverted majority of the internet finally have a way to truly interconnect with one another: rubbing them out to the same videos as thousands of other horny people.

Someone, however, decided the perverts of the interweb weren’t connected enough by these shared masturbatory stimuli. Somewhere down the line, apparently, the question was asked at a pornographic video tube site board meeting: what happens when the trolls of the internet are given a medium with which they can broadcast far and wide to other trolls and pervert-trolls, just how they, as an individual and lonely troll caught in the vastness and potentially infinite wisdom of cyberspace, feel about a particular pornographic video? This led to the somewhat alarming decision to begin including “comments” sections for each video on many of the more popular tube sites.

In an effort to try and better understand the perverts of the internet (myself included), I decided, at great risk to my personal sanity and computer security, to browse through a varying array of these comment sections to see what I could glean from the pervert-trolls of the internet. Interestingly, the results actually managed to be profoundly disturbing in ways that superseded my already sordid expectations. With the hopes of not encouraging additional traffic to any of the sites, many of which are hosted in foreign countries, thus allowing the sites to avoid prosecution for the hosting of copyrighted material and in turn denying profit to the hardworking men and women of the pornographic industry (yes, that previous sentence was completely serious), I will be withholding the names of the sites in question, though I will be providing my notoriously stringent editor with URLs for all of the videos in question. Videos will be chosen the same way I choose which Wikipedia articles I’m going to read to kill time: I will start at the homepage and see what looks interesting until I’m inevitably led down a wormhole sticky with wasted-time and shame and regret.

Video One: “Retail Store Creampie”

The Video:

I’ll start first with what appears to be a short excerpt taken from a longer film. The video has seven comments and an overall rating of 88.50% with 554 “Good” votes, and 72 “Bad” votes. The video is four minutes and six seconds long and depicts a young woman in a green shirt getting plowed by a guy with a shitty tattoo on his ribs. Throughout the video she makes some fake moany noises and says things like “fuck me.” Also, she’s getting banged in a store on a clearance rack for some reason. Pretty standard porn territory.

The Comments:

Comments range from the coherent, if subject-ambiguous, “nice cock. Love his pussy pounding, wish it was me,” to people being pissed about false advertising in the title of the video, “not a creampie stupid,” and, “THAT WAS NOT A CREAMPIE MOTHERFUCKERS!!!” Then there is the somewhat baffling, “can’t stand those fake moans, quiet moans are hot, but not those fake-ass American-hoe ones. FUCK YOU AMERICAN ASSHOLES. WHITEPOWER!!!”

(Reader, take note that this last comment, left 07/31/2010 at 1:12 am, is a classic example of trolling. Notice how the comment doesn’t make sense, but implores others to reply defensively.)

What I learned:

The art of trolling is alive and well in porn comments. Also, if your video promises a creampie (sex act—you can look it up your damn self), you’d better deliver. Otherwise, people will call you names like “stooped.”

Video Two: “Barely Legal Casting”

The Video:

With a total of twenty-four comments, this video has 1,484 votes with an 86% positive rating and 1,714,761 views. It was added to this particular site eight months ago which means that this video is watched roughly 7,030 times per day. The video is part of the “Backroom Casting Couch” series of videos. It is a “reality” porn series, where a middle-aged dude, face always blurred out, has unprotected sex with women, many of them girls who appear to be amateurs and in their late teens. In this video the man asks a girl who claims to be eighteen, but could pass for fifteen, a whole bunch of awkward questions about sex, which she answers in a way that either highlights a strong history of character acting, or simply belies her actual sexual greenness. The man then proceeds to have her strip in front of the camera, ostensibly as part of a casting process. After sexing her up against a wall, he ejaculates on her face in a close-up that is really just creepy and left me feeling not aroused, as porn should, but rather cold inside.

The Comments:

Highlights include the somewhat racist, “have you ever done any black chicks? Or are you afraid that they’ll find out & shoot you? LOL” by someone named Bonezz_11 (his profile picture shows a shirtless dude with sunglasses and a visor blowing out some sort of smoke, and under “more info” he is listed as a twenty-two year old male who has been actively using this particular site for over two years and has watched 2,224 videos, giving him an average of three porn videos per day); the perverted, “daddys girl exploited, love it,” and, the misogynistic, “she looks hot with a dick in her mouth, but other than that, not so cute. too tiny,” by Freaknasty831, whose profile picture is an erect penis.

What I learned: (Besides how many porn videos Zach Bonezz_11 watches per day.)

That the American public education system is profoundly failing to teach its youngsters that riddling your text with comma splices makes you look like a total dumbass.

But, my porn comment research did lead me in an educational direction. Additional research into the authenticity of the Backroom Casting Couch series revealed that the male “star” of the videos is an Arizona man named Eric Whitaker, and that he totally has Herpes Simplex Virus Type I (he released proof through his Twitter account for some reason). The girls in the video are paid a flat fee up front, and are fully aware that they are entering Whitaker’s sleazy as hell Scottsdale office to have sex on camera, though apparently Whitaker has no qualms about knowingly spreading his Herpes, an offense which in the state of Arizona could possibly be considered aggravated assault.

Since June 2011, the greasy fuck Whitaker has been on the radar of sex crime detectives.

Next month Anderson continues to probe the porno-troll world and stumbles across a sex scandal involving a senator’s daughter.

The post Sexscapes: The Internet Gives a Voice to the Perverts of the World appeared first on South Austin Location.

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type2diabetestreatments-blog · 8 years ago

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Opening Up the Black Box on PBMs (Pharmacy Benefit Managers)

New Post has been published on http://type2diabetestreatment.net/diabetes-mellitus/opening-up-the-black-box-on-pbms-pharmacy-benefit-managers/

Opening Up the Black Box on PBMs (Pharmacy Benefit Managers)

Today we continue our coverage of Pharmacy Benefit Managers (PBMs) here at the ‘Mine, using hashtag #PBMsExposed. Special thanks to our correspondent Dan Fleshler in New York for his work digging into this important topic.

A Laymen's Primer on PBMs, by Dan Fleshler

The media has *finally* been shining a spotlight lately on Pharmacy Benefit Managers (PBMs), the key middlemen in the drug supply chain that Big Pharma and a bevy of experts are currently blaming for skyrocketing prices.

Since PBMs are vitally important to the health and bank accounts of people with diabetes (PWDs), we need to understand exactly what they do and how they make money.

But that’s a very tough job, unless you have the patience and stamina to wade through nap-inducing articles with tedious details. Be honest. Can you understand the following chart? I can’t:

To most of us in the Diabetes Community, PBMs and their involvement in the insulin pricing system are a “black box,” a term used by techno types for complex equipment whose inner workings are mysterious.

Fortunately, I found an expert who could help open up the PBM box and shed some light on it: Rujul Desai, Vice President of consulting firm Avalere Health in Washington, D.C. He has broad experience in the Pharma industry, including a gig with CVS and a healthcare law practice.

With his help, we've put together the following primer on where PBMs came from, the sources of their profits, and the part they play in today’s irrational, infuriating drug pricing system:

Who Are the PBMs and What Do They Do?

PBMs come in different shapes and sizes (Think “YPBMV” – Your PBM May Vary). The biggest ones are Express Scripts, CVS Caremark and United Health Care’s OptumRx. They control about 80% of the market and manage drugs for 180 million Americans. Each has annual revenue of more than $15 billion. Other PBMs like Argus, Prime Therapeutics, Citizens Rx and Cigna focus more on small and medium size businesses.

They all administer prescription drug plans. Their clients include health insurance companies, other businesses, unions, state governments, managed Medicaid plans and others. PBMs provide their customers with, among other things:

Mail-order pharmacies

Networks of independent pharmacists

Benefit plan designs - the PBMs establish "formularies," those all-important classifications that determine which drugs are “preferred” by insurance plans and, therefore, cheaper than competitive drugs

Drug utilization reviews (DUR) - structured, ongoing reviews of prescribing, dispensing and use of meds against predetermined criteria, which is meant to curb costs and improve clinical outcomes

One reason it’s difficult to assess their value to consumers is that the deals they make are confidential, obscured even from state and federal regulators. But here’s a sunny, cheery description of what they supposedly accomplish from their trade association, the PCMA (take it with a grain of salt, please):

Enough salt with that marketing?

History of PBMs

The evolution of PBMs is a fascinating story, really.

They first appeared in the late 1960s to process insurance claims. At the time, more Americans were starting to take prescription drugs and insurance companies were overwhelmed by all the paperwork, so PBMs stepped in to help. After a business boom in the '80s, Pharma companies began buying PBMs en masse during the '90s to get control over much of the drug supply chain. But the Federal Trade Commission quashed those deals, citing conflicts of interest. That led the early 2000's when hungry pharmacy chains began merging with PBMs, sparking similar concerns from some advocates.

From these humble beginnings and through the years, PBMs gradually added other functions and evolved into the corporate behemoths that exist today.

What's the PBMs Role in Insulin Pricing?

These organizations jump into the pricing process after the insulin manufacturers set the initial or “list price” of the medication. Then the PBMs negotiate with the drug-makers and help determine what their clients (the health plans’ sponsors), pharmacies, other middlemen and — eventually — you and I actually pay.

How Do PBMs Make Money?

Desai of Avalere Health helpfully puts PBMs’ profit-centers into three “buckets:”

* Imagine with me the sound of coins falling into the buckets (“cha-ching”) as I describe each one *

Cha-ching #1: Rebates

Drugmakers want their products to be given preferred status in the PBMs’ formularies. To get an edge, the manufacturers offer “rebates”—i.e., lots of money—to the PBMs for placing individual drugs. The winners in the race for formulary inclusion pay the rebates to PBMs up front.

Sometimes PBMs keep a percentage of the rebates, and sometimes they return 100% to their clients, the health plan sponsors.

What do we get out of it?

Health plan sponsors generally use rebates to help lower premiums, and that helps you and me at the bottom of the Pharma food chain. Then again, drug makers hike their list prices because they’re anticipating the rebates and discounts. So it’s not clear if consumers win or lose in the rebate game.

The PBMs definitely win, even if they give all of the rebate money back to their clients. That’s because, Desai tells us, PBMs generally hang on to the rebate payments long enough to benefit from interest payments (aka “float”). Pretty clever, huh?

Cha-ching #2: Discounts

Because PBMs purchase large quantities of medications and supplies from drug makers, they’re also in a position to bargain for up-front purchase discounts. Desai says discounts typically range from 5-10% of the list price of a drug.

What do we get out of it?

Although the PBM’s parent company keeps the discounts, Desai says, “The customer gets an indirect benefit when the PBM pharmacy dispenses at a lower cost than a non-PBM pharmacy.”

Cha-ching #3: Services

PBMs charge a wide range of fees for different aspects of health plan administration. “Generally speaking they tend to be in the single or low double digits, but you won’t find source material on that because of confidentiality clauses in contracts,” Desai says.

What do we get out of it?

According to a report commissioned by the PCMA trade association itself, PBMs save payers and patients an average of $941 a year because of the price concessions they negotiate and other activities. See below for an assessment of whether they do more good than harm with this.

More PBM Pricing Shenanigans

And here are three more “buckets,” which will give you an idea of why many independent pharmacists and consumer advocates hate PBMs:

Cha-ching #4: Spread Pricing

Sometimes PBMs reimburse pharmacies at one rate for dispensing a medication, but charge a higher rate to the health plan sponsor, and then pocket the difference – or “the spread.”

Cha-ching #5: Rebate Pumping

PBMs have occasionally been caught favoring expensive drugs on formularies, in return for extra-large payments from drug manufacturers. Business Insider reported on how AstraZeneca and Medco Health -- now part of Express Scripts -- tried to pull this off for an acid reflux drug.

Cha-ching #6: “Clawbacks”

At the pharmacy counter, a patient pays a copay set by the PBM and an insurance plan. Sometimes the PBM "claws back" a portion of that payment and keeps it. For example: a PBM tells a pharmacist to ask for a $35 copay on a nasal spray, even though the PBM would later keep $28 of that patient’s payment and the pharmacy would get just $7.

Some pharmacists view this practice as highway robbery, but the PBMs defend it as part of the system they use to “monitor their pharmacy networks,“ according to Desai. The clawback is the penalty pharmacies pay their PBM masters for not measuring up to certain performance standards – e.g., when their customers don’t refill medications regularly.

Are PBMs Doing More Good Than Harm?

I have yet to find anyone who can give a convincing answer to that question, because the process of pricing drugs is both hidden and complicated. There is no doubt that PBMs reduce the initial, list prices of drugs charged by manufacturers. And that’s a good thing.

Adding it all up though, Desai says it's “difficult to judge” whether the value they provide measures up to the fees they charge. If an expert like him can’t make the judgment, how are the rest of us supposed to sort it out?

I, for one, am convinced that the system gives PBMs too much power and profit, evidenced by all the different ways they make money without actually producing anything.

There are ways to repair at least some of what is broken, and we must find ways to reform the system to ensure PBMs don’t add to drug costs and do more harm than good. The diabetes advocacy community (and beyond) can play a part in this, and we’ll explore those calls to action soon.

Stay tuned for our continuing #PBMsExposed coverage.

Disclaimer: Content created by the Diabetes Mine team. For more details click here.

Disclaimer

This content is created for Diabetes Mine, a consumer health blog focused on the diabetes community. The content is not medically reviewed and doesn't adhere to Healthline's editorial guidelines. For more information about Healthline's partnership with Diabetes Mine, please click here.

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caveartfair · 8 years ago

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Lubaina Himid Helped Put Black Artists on the Map in Britain

Lubaina Himid, Le Rodeur: Exchange, 2016. Courtesy of the artist, Hollybush Gardens, and Modern Art Oxford.

On a cold afternoon, I sat down with Lubaina Himid in Hollybush Gardens, a gallery in London’s Clerkenwell. The gallery has played a fundamental role in putting the 62-year-old British artist’s work on the map. “They saw that even though 30, 40 years have gone by, there was still an energy to it, a freshness to it—or a relevance to it,” she said.

Now with concurrent solo surveys opening this week—“Invisible Strategies” at Modern Art Oxford and “Navigation Charts” at Spike Island, Bristol—Himid is having something of a moment. But with a 30-year career behind her, in which she worked at the vanguard of the Black Arts Movement in the U.K., such recognition has been a long time coming. In 1982, Himid was one of the first artists to participate in the movement. She was also a member of the Blk Art group, founded in the Midlands by artists Eddie Chambers, Marlene Smith, Keith Piper, and Donald Rodney.

Throughout the 1980s—in a political climate that finds eerie resonance with post-Brexit, anti-immigration sentiments in Britain today—Himid worked tirelessly to promote black culture not only in her work, but also through exhibitions, research, and teaching. (Alongside her art practice, she also works as a Professor of Contemporary Art at the University of Central Lancashire, Preston, and a selection of her archive will be on view at Nottingham Contemporary next month.)

Installation view of “Invisible Strategies,” 2017. Photo by Ben Westoby, courtesy of Modern Art Oxford.

Not all black, Asian, and minority ethnic (BAME) artists are concerned with the politics of race in their work, but Himid is. From early on, she identified the importance of revising history through paintings that convey a rich tapestry of immigrant cultures and exuberantly assert the contributions of black people in Britain. “I’m absolutely concerned with expressing how we’ve shaped British culture, either by bringing in wealth via slavery, for instance, or how we’ve changed it by our very existence.”

Does Himid mind being considered a “black artist”? “I guess I’m pretty happy about it,” she said. “I think that’s what I set out to do at a time and era in the late ’70s and early ’80s when our cultural contribution was invisible, and it was absolutely necessary to make that contribution visible somehow, and that was how I chose to do it. It would be disingenuous to now say, I want to step back from that—the task’s done. Of course I want it to be seen for what it is. I want you to engage with what’s happening in the work, what it’s made from, the history of it. But it’s not divorced from who I am and how I came to make work in the first place.”

Marlene Smith, a founder of the Blk Art group, similarly recalls a time not so long ago when black artists were entirely absent from the British art establishment. Over lunch at Modern Art Oxford, she recalled wanting to write an essay on black artists at school, and her teacher telling her that she couldn’t because there weren’t any black artists. The reality of her 18 year-old daughter is quite different, she reflected. From Frank Bowling to Chris Ofili and younger artists like Evan Ifekoya and Larry Achiampong, successful black artists are present and visible in contemporary Britain.

Installation view of “Invisible Strategies,” 2017. Photo by Ben Westoby, courtesy of Modern Art Oxford.

It is in this context that Himid is now getting exposure. But if things have improved considerably for black artists since 1982, there is still much work to be done. “It’s that real in-depth discussion of what those artists are trying to do that isn’t quite there yet,” Himid said. “We’re dealing with complex ideas and complex ways of making things, filling gaps in histories, continuing political arguments which are hard to think about as the world shifts and changes around you—those are the sort of conversations we want to engage with.”

Himid views discourse as central to her work. Her artmaking begins with conversations—with colleagues, academics, and in particular, economic historians. She often paints figural and metaphorical spaces for discussion. In works such as Plan B, Everybody Is (1999/2000) and Pool Series, Yellow (2000), for instance, which hang side by side at Modern Art Oxford, chairs face the viewer, inviting you to pull up a seat at the table. In other paintings, she depicts discussions taking place, as in Le Rodeur: Exchange (2016) or in the exchanges Himid has imagined between British cotton mill laborers in Lancashire and African-American slaves across the Atlantic in Cotton.com (2002).

Where no conversations exist, Himid creates them. In an incredibly painful work from her “Negative Positives” series (2007–2017), for example, she forces the subliminal racism of British newspapers into plain view. In Naming the Money (2004)—a large-scale installation composed of her signature “cutouts”—she invents the identities of 100 servants who were sent to Europe from Africa in the 17th century.

Left to Right: Lubaina Himi, Naming the Money (7); Lubaina Himid, Naming the Money (8); Lubaina Himid, Naming the Money (9). Photos by Andy Keate, courtesy of Hollybush Gardens and Spike Island.

Himid’s approach may be discursive, but it’s also painterly. Is her chosen medium, I ventured, really an effective form of activism? “Well, it’s worked—hasn’t it? Painting works!” she responded. “Video and performance work as well, but paintings worked for hundreds of years. All sorts of ways we think about the British landscape come from paintings of the British landscape. So in order to challenge some of that, sometimes you have to paint your way into a gap.” Indeed Himid’s work has been referred to as “history painting.”

If her work has an activist bent, then how does she measure success? “What I know is that if you can create a space where audiences can bring their own story, and you’ve brought yours to that work, and there’s a conversation that takes place—years later they remember that, or two weeks later they go and do something about it.” I entered Himid’s work through my own invisible story as a part Sri Lankan woman growing up in rural England, my father the only brown person in 30 miles. I have yet to find the Sri Lankan story in public discourse, but Himid’s paintings have a galvanizing effect. I found myself discussing this absence at length while viewing the exhibitions.

Among Himid’s historical works is a new painting, part of her ongoing “Kanga” series, based on Tanzanian traditional cloth designs. These works refer to personal conversations with her lost self, the person she might have been in Zanzibar—a place too painful for her to return to until she was in her forties. One of the new kangas depicts an empty boat thrashing in a turbulent sea. A text below reads “Have Courage in the Crisis, Set Yourself Free.”

Installation view of “Invisible Strategies,” 2017. Photo by Ben Westoby, courtesy of Modern Art Oxford.

I asked Himid if she is optimistic about the future for black artists in Britain. “Oh yeah definitely, because there is an energy, there’s much less of a purposeful ignorance about what’s being done and what’s going on,” she said. “I think young people are cleverer than we were. I mean yes, we showed in small spaces, and we showed in public galleries, but I think we were waiting for approval more than artists are now.”

—Charlotte Jansen

from Artsy News

#Artsy News

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rebelstreetclothing · 7 years ago

Text

Leggings - Why So Comfortable?

History

Cowboys bites from animals, like insects or snakes in the scruff, and wore leggings of buckskin to shield from chapping due to riding, wear and tear to their trousers.

In many areas, particularly in countries such as Korea or Russia, women and men chose to wear wool leggings as an additional layer for heat, often into contemporary times.

Army leggings

Modern leggings

A version of the capris finish at ankle length, Leggings in the kind of pants, made its way into fashion and were worn with high heels or ballet shoes that were flat-styled and a belt.

Women occasionally wear leggings with no skirt. Unless the girl is wearing a top, her buttocks will be exposed. There might be a line.

Shiny leggings

Jeggings

Sports and leggings

Rebel Street Clothing

2 notes · View notes

rebelstreetclothing · 7 years ago

Text

Leggings - Why So Comfortable?

History

Cowboys bites from animals, like insects or snakes in the scruff, and wore leggings of buckskin to shield from chapping due to riding, wear and tear to their trousers.

In many areas, particularly in countries such as Korea or Russia, women and men chose to wear wool leggings as an additional layer for heat, often into contemporary times.

Army leggings

Modern leggings

A version of the capris finish at ankle length, Leggings in the kind of pants, made its way into fashion and were worn with high heels or ballet shoes that were flat-styled and a belt.

Women occasionally wear leggings with no skirt. Unless the girl is wearing a top, her buttocks will be exposed. There might be a line.

Shiny leggings

Jeggings

Sports and leggings

Rebel Street Clothing

1 note · View note

rebelstreetclothing · 7 years ago

Text

Leggings - Why So Comfortable?

History

Cowboys bites from animals, like insects or snakes in the scruff, and wore leggings of buckskin to shield from chapping due to riding, wear and tear to their trousers.

In many areas, particularly in countries such as Korea or Russia, women and men chose to wear wool leggings as an additional layer for heat, often into contemporary times.

Army leggings

Modern leggings

A version of the capris finish at ankle length, Leggings in the kind of pants, made its way into fashion and were worn with high heels or ballet shoes that were flat-styled and a belt.

Women occasionally wear leggings with no skirt. Unless the girl is wearing a top, her buttocks will be exposed. There might be a line.

Shiny leggings

Jeggings

Sports and leggings

Rebel Street Clothing

0 notes