#senefelder

[uwmspeccoll]

Milestone Monday

On this day, November 6, 1771, Alois Senefelder (1771-1834) inventor of lithography was born. The son of an actor and tasked with supporting his mother and siblings after his father’s death, Senefelder began his own acting career at age twenty and extended his occupational talents into playwriting. Unable to afford to publish a new play he’d written, Senefelder experimented with what he called “stone printing” in the 1790s, etching acid resistant ink onto limestone and subsequently inventing the first planographic process in printing. Senefelder perfected the chemical process and designed a special printing press with the help of the André family and within five years lithography was being used as a cheap form of creating reproductions by publishers and in mapmaking by land surveying offices throughout Europe.  

By the early 1800’s Senefelder and his contemporaries were thinking of ways to introduce color to lithography. Senefelder outlined his ideas on chromolithography in his 1818 book A Complete Course of Lithography, but it was Godefroy Engelmann of France who was awarded the patent for it in 1837.  

In celebration of Senefelder’s birthday and all that he contributed to the printing world; we’re looking at the American Encyclopedia of Printing published in 1871 by Menamin & Ringwalt of Philadelphia. Included within the section on lithography is a storied portrait of Senefelder surrounded by his tools and accomplishments. The lithographic portrait was printed by Duval & Hunter, lithographers and chromo publishers out of Philadelphia.

It wasn’t long before artists saw the appeal of lithographs and began taking advantage of the new printing technique. Lithography was far more approachable than other printing methods of the time like engraving, because artists could draw directly on the stone with familiar tools, such as pens and crayons. They did not need to master a new medium or skill to create highly accurate prints with deep textural qualities.

Among the artists of the 1800’s diving into lithography, Honoré-Victorin Daumier (1808-1879) excelled in the medium. Daumier was a prolific French artist who created more than 4,000 lithographs in addition to his many sculptures, paintings, drawings, and wood engravings. His specialty was satirical social caricatures of Parisian life where he effortlessly blended artistry, social commentary, and humor as showcased in the following lithographs held within our collection. The prints were published in 1840 by La maison Aubert of Paris. 

View other posts from the American Encyclopedia of Printing.

View more posts with lithographs.

View more Milestone Monday posts.

– Jenna, Special Collections Graduate Intern 

[e-r-r-o-r-5-0-3]

Litografía de Senefelder (1819)

[kuipiedekat]

Work in progress

(one ♥️)

[chalk-board-galore]

Aaaaaaaa, Cynthia Spiering..... Spierimg

[unmechan1cal]

[evidence-based-activism]

Sex Differences in Physical Strength

A while ago, I explained the substantial issues with IOC study on Transgender Athletes, and explained how the physical advantages for men in sports also apply to transwomen. However, I wanted to make an additional post highlighting the evidence base for sex differences in physical performance. These differences underlie arguments for important issues like sex-segregated sports and self-defense laws.

This 2023 review [1] of several hundred studies found:

Female grip strength (a proxy for overall strength) is around 75% of male grip strength, starting around age 15

Men are stronger in all muscle groups, but this difference is more pronounced in upper body strength tests

When comparing male and female power-lifters with the sex-relative body masses, female power-lifters strength was between 46-64% that of males

There is no evidence that a neurological factor (i.e., voluntary activation) underlies this difference

Instead differences in "muscle mass, size, and fiber type" are most likely responsible

Despite lesser strength, women demonstrated greater muscle endurance than men

This 2024 review [2], again, of several hundred studies, discusses the physiological differences that may underlie this, including sex hormones (e.g., testosterone, estrogen), body composition, organ size, among others. This review confirms and extends the research in [1].

This 2022 review [3] describes the sex differences underlying differences in endurance sports. Importantly, males and females each have some advantageous traits, but when examined holistically men's physiology confers them a performance advantage. This 2022 review [4] discusses the impacts of sex differences in oxygen utilization.

This 2023 review [5] further discusses the biological factors that underlie these differences, extending the discussion to the molecular level.

Together these reviews illustrate undeniable sex differences in physiology. Please see the initial link for an examination of how these differences apply to all biologically male individuals.

Importantly, however, these differences are rarely relevant in day-to-day life (i.e., for almost all jobs, for non-physical activities, etc.). These differences are primarily relevant when considering "competitions" between individuals whether they are recreational (e.g., sports) or antisocial (e.g., physical fights, abuse, etc.).

References under the cut:

Nuzzo, J. L. (2023). Narrative review of sex differences in muscle strength, endurance, activation, size, fiber type, and strength training participation rates, preferences, motivations, injuries, and neuromuscular adaptations. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 37(2), 494-536.

Hunter, S. K., & Senefeld, J. W. (2024). Sex differences in human performance. The Journal of Physiology, 602(17), 4129-4156.

Besson, T., Macchi, R., Rossi, J. et al. Sex Differences in Endurance Running. Sports Med 52, 1235–1257 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-022-01651-w

Santisteban, K. J., Lovering, A. T., Halliwill, J. R., & Minson, C. T. (2022). Sex differences in VO2max and the impact on endurance-exercise performance. International journal of environmental research and public health, 19(9), 4946.

Landen, S., Hiam, D., Voisin, S., Jacques, M., Lamon, S., & Eynon, N. (2023). Physiological and molecular sex differences in human skeletal muscle in response to exercise training. The Journal of physiology, 601(3), 419-434.

[fromthedust]

reconstruction of Archaeopteryx

Archaeopteryx fossil - Berlin specimen

Paleontologists have long thought that Archaeopteryx ('ancient feather' or 'ancient wing') fossils placed the dinosaur at the base of the bird evolutionary tree. Recent evidence suggests the beast may be best described as a birdlike dinosaur rather than an early bird, though it probably could fly after a fashion. Archaeopteryx is about 150 million years of age, while the ancestor of all living birds lived sometime in the Late Cretaceous — 50 to 65 million years ago.

In 1861, the first Archaeopteryx skeleton, which was missing most of its head and neck, was unearthed near Langenaltheim, Germany. However, the most complete skeleton, the Berlin Specimen, was discovered in 1874 or 1875 near Eichstatt, Germany by farmer Jakob Niemeyer, who sold it in 1876 to innkeeper Johann Dörr. Through various transactions, the fossil, which is the first found to have an intact head, eventually wound up being in the Humboldt Museum fur Naturkunde, where it still resides. To date there have been 11 other Archaeopteryx fossils found, the latest discovered in 2010 (described in 2014). All of the fossils come from the limestone deposits near Solnhofen. Recent tests performed on the specimens indicate that the primary coloring of the feathers of Archaeopteryx were black, possibly with lighter colored tips.

Jurassic deposits of Solnhofen limestone in southern Germany are marked by rare but exceptionally well preserved fossils of many species. It was first quarried nearly 2,000 years ago by the Romans who used the stone for paving roads and building walls. In later Roman times the mosaic floor of the church of Hagia Sofia in Istanbul was made of this limestone. In the Middle Ages, the stone was also used as floor and roofing material, and artisans used the material in the making of bas-relief sculptures and headstones. A decisive turning point in the history of the stone was the determination in 1673 by Alois Senefelder that the dense, fine-grained material was ideally-suited for use in the newly discovered printing process of lithography, a use that caused quarrying to increase dramatically.

[thinkingimages]

Woman in wedding dress (Greece)

Bibliographic Citation

STACKELBERG, Otto Magnus von. Costumes & Usages des Peuples de la Grèce Moderne dessinés sur les lieux…, Paris, Senefelder & Formentin pour Marino, ca. 1828.

[muspeccoll]

#WordyWednesday

Lithography: An illustration process invented in 1798 by Alois Senefelder that is neither intaglio nor relief. Lithography involves writing on a flat surface with a grease-crayon and then applying an acid solution to slightly etch the non-drawn surfaces. The entire surface is then covered in water, which does not lie on the greasy marks (as water and grease repel one another). A greasy printing ink is then applied, which only settles on the greasy drawing, and can then be printed. Lithography can be done using special limestones or using metal plates. It allows color printing in a way that previous illustration techniques did not and is still practiced by artists today.

Image: Coffin, Haskell, 1878-1941. Joan of Arc saved France: women of America save your country. New York: United States Printing & Lithographic Co., 1918?. D522.25 .C64 1918. Digitally available at the MU Digital Library.

(via Jobbing — Lithography · Rare Books: A Glossary · Special Collections and Archives)

[brookston]

Holidays 11.6

Holidays

All the Good Things Wrapped Up in One Day

Arbor Day (Republic of Congo, Samoa)

Bank Workers’ Day (Argentina)

Constitution Day (Dominican Republic, Tajikistan)

Electric Razor Day

Fala Day

Fill Our Staplers Day

Finnish Swedish Heritage Day

Flag Day (Chad, Finland)

Global Refill Day

Green March Day (Morocco, Western Sahara)

Gustavus Adolphus Day (Sweden)

Hydrogen Bomb First Test Day

International Day For Preventing the Exploitation of the Environment in War & Armed Conflict (UN)

International End Gossip Day

International Tracksuit Day

Legalization Day (Cannabis)

Malaria Day in the Americas

Marching Band Day

Marijuana Recreational Legalization Day (Colorado, Washington)

Marooned Without a Compass Day

Measure Up Day

National Basketball Day (a.k.a. Play Basketball Day)

National I Read Canadian Day (Canada)

National Ladies Learning Code Day (Canada)

National Michele Day

National Report Home Health Care Fraud Day

National Stacey Abrams Day

National Team Manager Day

Obama Day (Kenya)

Pine Nut Day (French Republic)

Recreational Cannabis Legalization Day (Colorado)

Saxophone Day

Scotchtoberfest (The Simpsons)

Skirret Day (French Republic)

Stranger Things Day

Tazaungdaing (Myanmar)

United Americas Day

World Cee-C Day (Nigeria)

World Lets Stop Shouting Awareness Day

World Materials Day

World Paper Free Day

Food & Drink Celebrations

Do Tater Tots Ever Grow Up? Day

Global Donut Day

National Nachos Day (a.k.a. I Love Nachos Day)

Peanut Butter Lovers Day

Independence & Related Days

Constitution Day (Tajikistan)

Cycoldia (Declared; 2018) [unrecognized]

Day of the First Shout For Independence (El Salvador)

Mexico (Independence Declared; 1813)

Polish Republic (Declared; 1918)

1st Wednesday in November

Eat Smart Day [1st Wednesday]

Hump Day [Every Wednesday]

International Pathology Day [1st Wednesday]

International Stress Awareness Day [1st Wednesday]

Men’s World Day [1st Wednesday]

National Advent Calendar Day [1st Wednesday]

National Eating Healthy Day [1st Wednesday]

National Holiday Calendar Day [1st Wednesday]

National Stress Awareness Day (UK) [1st Wednesday]

Take Our Kids to Work Day (Canada) [1st Wednesday]

Wacky Wednesday [Every Wednesday]

Website Wednesday [Every Wednesday]

Wheat Beer Wednesday [1st Wednesday of Each Month]

Wilderness Wednesday [1st Wednesday of Each Month]

Wobbly Wednesday [1st Wednesday]

Weekly Holidays beginning November 6 (1st Full Week of November)

None Known

Festivals Beginning November 6, 2024

Dublin Book Festival (Dublin, Ireland) [thru 11.10]

Hawai'i Food & Wine Festival (Oahu, Hawaii) [thru 11.10]

Jazz Fest Sarajevo (Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina) [thru 11.9]

Stockholm International Film Festival (Stockholm, Sweden) [thru 11.17]

Worlds of Flavor International Conference and Festival (Napa Valley, California) [thru 11.8]

Feast Days

Adelaide of Italy (Christian; Saint)

Albert Camus (Writerism)

Alois Senefelder (Artology)

Barlaam of Khutyn (Christian; Saint)

Birth of the Bab (Baha'i) [1 Muharram]

Birth of Tiamat (Ancient Egyptian mother of gods, goddess of primeval chaos)

Burroughs Day (Church of the SubGenius; Saint)

Cosimo de Medici the Elder (Positivist; Saint)

Dabucuri uiga, (Initiation Rites of the Young Men; to Jurupari, South American Guarani/Tupi God)

Demetrian (Christian; Saint)

Dodo Grieving Day (Pastafarian)

Feast of All Saints of Ireland (Ireland)

Festival of Total Submission

Herne’s Day II: Predator (Pagan)

Illtud (a.k.a. Illtyd or Iltntus; Christian; Saint)

Illitud’s Bell (Celtic Book of Days)

Learn a New Swear Word Day (Pastafarian)

Leonard of Noblac (Christian; Saint) [Coopers] *

Los Posadas (Latin America) [until 12.24]

Lucy Jones (Muppetism)

Melaine of Rennes (Christian; Saint)

Misa de Gallo begins (Rooster’s Mass; Philippines) [until 12.24]

Stephanie Vozzo (Artology)

Tiamat the Dragon Mother Day (Everyday Wicca)

Winds of Change Day (Starza Pagan Book of Days)

Winnoc (Christian; Saint)

Wish-Granting Championships (Fairies; Shamanism)

Lucky & Unlucky Days

Sakimake (先負 Japan) [Bad luck in the morning, good luck in the afternoon.]

Tycho Brahe Unlucky Day (Scandinavia) [33 of 37]

Uncyclopedia Bad to Be Born Today (because it’s National Day to Lose Money on Horses.)

Unglückstage (Unlucky Day; Pennsylvania Dutch) [26 of 30]

Unlucky Day (Grafton’s Manual of 1565) [51 of 60]

Premieres

All Along the Watchtower, recorded by Bob Dylan (Song; 1967)

And Then There Were None, by Agatha Christie (Mystery Novel; 1939) [29]

Behind Blue Eyes, by The Who (Song; 1971)

The Boondocks (Animated TV Series; 2005)

Chew Chew Baby or Stick to Your Gums (Rocky & Bullwinkle Cartoon, S4, Ep. 175; 1962)

A Cowboy Needs a Horse (Disney Cartoon; 1956)

Cry Freedom (Film; 1987)

Elizabeth (Film; 1998)

The Flea Circus (Tex Avery MGM Cartoon; 1954)

Forget-Me-Net, Parts 3 & 4 (Underdog Cartoon, S2, Eps. 31 & 32; 1965)

Foxtrot, by Genesis (Album; 1972)

Go Down Mooses or The Fall Guy (Rocky & Bullwinkle Cartoon, S2, Ep. 70; 1960)

Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (Film; 2005) [#4]

Head (Film; 1968)

Hiding Out (Film; 1987)

Hold What You’ve Got, by Joe Tex (Song; 1964)

Ickle Meets Pickle (Terrytoons Cartoon; 1942)

Jersey Boys (Broadway Musical; 2005)

John Wesley Harding, recorded by Bob Dylan (Song; 1967)

Justify My Love, by Madonna (Album; 1990)

Kitty Caddy (Phantasies Cartoon; 1947)

Less Than Zero (Film; 1987)

Little Good Beep (WB LT Cartoon; 2000)

The Little Match Girl (Color Rhapsody Cartoon; 1937)

Little Red Walking Hood (WB MM Cartoon; 1937)

Made in Heaven, by Queen (Album; 1995)

Meet the Press (TV Series; 1947)

The Missing Mountain or Peek-a-Boo Peak (Rocky & Bullwinkle Cartoon, S2, Ep. 69; 1960)

The Moon Fell in the River, by Guy Lombardo (Song; 1940)

Paper Doll, by The Mills Brothers (Song; 1943)

Passenger 57 (Film; 1992)

Pisces, Aquarius, Capricorn & Jones Ltd., by The Monks (Album; 1967)

Precious (Film; 2009)

Rain of Terror or The Desperate Showers (Rocky & Bullwinkle Cartoon, S4, Ep. 176; 1962)

The Robot Spy (Animated TV Show;Jonny Quest #8; 1964)

Secrets of Life (Short Documentary Film; 1956)

Ski-Napper (Chilly Willy Cartoon; 1964)

Sky Trooper (Disney Cartoon; 1942)

Spectre (UK Film; 2015) [James Bond #24]

Spotlight (Film; 2015)

Symphony No. 3 in A Minor, by Sergei Rachmaninoff (Symphony; 1936)

Time Bandits (Film; 1981)

24 (TV Series; 2001)

The Universe in a Nutshell, by Stephen Hawking (Book; 2001)

The Unpopular Mechanic (Oswald the Lucky Rabbit Cartoon; 1936)

An Unsuitable Job for a Woman, by P.D. James (Novel; 1972)

When We Were Very Young, by A.A.Milne (Children’s Book; 1924)

Wintertime Dreams, recorded by Woody Herman (Song; 1936)

Woody’s Kook-Out (Woody Woodpecker Cartoon; 1961)

Your Friend the Rat (Pixar Cartoon; 2007)

The Zoo (Oswald the Lucky Rabbit Cartoon; 1933)

Today’s Name Days

Christina, Leonhard, Rudolf (Austria)

Leonard, Melanija, Sever, Vedran (Croatia)

Liběna (Czech Republic)

Leonhardus (Denmark)

Aadi, Aado, Aadu, Ado, Adolf (Estonia)

Mimosa (Finland)

Bertille, Léonard (France)

Christine, Leonhard, Nina (Germany)

Leonardo (Greece)

Lénárd (Hungary)

Leonardo (Italy)

Leo, Leonards, Leonhards, Leons, Linards (Latvia)

Ašmantas, Leonardas, Vygaudė (Lithuania)

Lennart, Leonard (Norway)

Feliks, Leonard, Trzebowit, Ziemowit (Poland)

Pavel (Romania)

Renáta (Slovakia)

Alejandro, Leonardo, Severo (Spain)

Adolf, Gustav (Sweden)

Mac, Mack, Mackenzie, Makenzie, Mckenzie (USA)

Today is Also…

Day of Year: Day 311 of 2024; 55 days remaining in the year

ISO: Day 3 of Week 45 of 2024

Celtic Tree Calendar: Hagal (Hailstone) [Day 11 of 28]

Chinese: Month 10 (Yi-Hai), Day 6 (Jia-Xu)

Chinese Year of the: Dragon 4722 (until January 29, 2025) [Wu-Chen]

Hebrew: 5 Heshvan 5785

Islamic: 4 Jumada I 1446

J Cal: 11 Wood; Foursday [11 of 30]

Julian: 24 October 2024

Moon: 24%: Waxing Crescent

Positivist: 3 Frederic (12th Month) [Guicciardini / Philippe de Comines]

Runic Half Month: Wyn (Joy) [Day 15 of 15]

Season: Autumn or Fall (Day 45 of 90)

Week: 1st Full Week of November

Zodiac: Scorpio (Day 14 of 30)

[mybeingthere]

Henryk Płóciennik  -   Fishing IV, (zincography, 1967).

Zincography was a planographic printing process that used zinc plates. Alois Senefelder first mentioned zinc's lithographic use as a substitute for Bavarian limestone in his 1801 English patent specifications. In 1834, Federico Lacelli patented a zincographic printing process, producing large maps called géoramas.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zincography

[amandi-mga2023mi6011]

Research: History of Posters

Posters have existed for a long time in human history; initially appearing as advertisements and announcements in the form of placards and posted bills. They were also used in the form of a block of text. e.g.: announcement/advertisement for Shakespeare's plays.

Lithography was invented in 1796 by Alois Senefelder. This was soon followed by the creation of chromolithiography

A century later (1890s) chromolithography had spread to the rest of Europe. France especially had a number of prolific poster artists which included  Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, Jules Chéret, Eugène Grasset, Adolphe Willette, Pierre Bonnard, Louis Anquetin, the brothers Léon and Alfred Choubrac, Georges de Feure, and Henri-Gabriel Ibels.

Jules Chéret in particular was a renowned pencil artist and scene decorator, who established a small lithography office in Paris in 1866. He made use of striking characters, bold contrasts, and vibrant colors in advertising posters, creating over 1,000 captivating designs for exhibitions, theaters, and various products. His innovative approach attracted numerous aspiring painters, providing a valuable source of income for the burgeoning artistic community.

Chéret revolutionised the art of lithography, developing new techniques that enabled the use of richer, more expressive colors. It was known as Cheret's 3-stone lithographic process. This innovation, combined with his pioneering use of the female form as an advertising tool, though controversial, contributed significantly to the burgeoning popularity of posters. The accessibility and commercial success of posters attracted the attention of fine artists, who increasingly embraced this medium. This growing popularity culminated in a major exhibition of posters held in Paris in 1884, solidifying their place in popular culture.

The emergence of the modern poster can be attributed to several key factors. Firstly, advancements in printing technology, particularly the refinement of color lithography, enabled the mass production of large, high-quality images at an affordable cost. Secondly, the relaxation of government censorship in countries like France allowed for greater freedom of expression in public spaces. Finally, the rise of mass consumerism fueled a growing demand for effective advertising, prompting businesses to seek innovative ways to reach larger audiences. These converging factors laid the groundwork for the development of the modern poster designs that we recognise today.

1890 -1900: The Golden Age and Art Nouveau

In 1891, Toulouse-Lautrec's groundbreaking poster for the Moulin Rouge elevated the medium of poster design to the realm of fine art, igniting a widespread poster craze. The 1890s, known as the Belle Époque in France, witnessed a flourishing of poster culture, with exhibitions, magazines, and art dealers dedicated to this burgeoning art form.

In 1894, Alphonse Mucha, a Czech artist working in Paris, created a groundbreaking poster that is considered the first masterpiece of Art Nouveau. Drawing inspiration from various sources, including the Pre-Raphaelites, the Arts and Crafts Movement, and Byzantine art, this distinctive style, characterized by its flowing lines, organic forms, and decorative motifs, quickly gained international prominence and dominated decorative arts until the outbreak of World War I.

Artists like Théophile Steinlen, Albert Guillaume, Leonetto Cappiello, and Henri Thiriet further expanded the boundaries of poster art, contributing to its growing influence. These talented individuals not only created captivating advertisements but also used posters as a powerful medium for social and political commentary.

Posters emerged as a powerful reflection of each nation's unique cultural identity. In France, they celebrated the vibrant cafe and cabaret culture. Italy embraced the drama of opera and the elegance of fashion, while Spain showcased the passion of bullfighting and the vibrancy of its festivals. Germany championed trade fairs and magazines, while Britain and America celebrated literary journals, the rise of cycling, and the spectacle of the circus.

Despite this cross-cultural exchange, distinct national styles emerged. Dutch posters were characterized by their restraint and orderliness, Italian posters by their dramatic flair and grand scale, and German posters by their directness and often medieval-inspired aesthetic.

1900 - 1914: The Death of Art Nouveau

By the turn of the 20th century, Art Nouveau, despite its initial vibrancy, began to feel stale, its elegant curves and intricate flourishes losing their novelty through over-repetition. The passing of Toulouse-Lautrec in 1901 and the departure of key figures like Mucha and Chéret from the field of poster design further shook the movement.

Into this artistic vacuum stepped Leonetto Cappiello, an Italian caricaturist who arrived in Paris in 1898. Rejecting the ornate excesses of Art Nouveau, Cappiello introduced a bold new aesthetic. His posters, characterised by simple, impactful imagery, often infused with humor or a touch of the bizarre, immediately captivated the public. This focus on visual impact and the creation of instantly recognisable brand identities solidified Cappiello's position as a pioneer of modern advertising. His influence would dominate Parisian poster design for years to come, until the emergence of the Art Deco movement in the 1920s.

Meanwhile, a significant shift was underway in other parts of Europe. Artists in Scotland, Austria, and Germany, dissatisfied with the increasingly formulaic nature of Art Nouveau, began to explore alternative approaches. They rejected the flowing curves and organic forms of Art Nouveau in favor of a more rectilinear and geometric aesthetic, emphasising functionality and a return to simpler forms.

This movement culminated in the emergence of German Plakatstil, a bold new style championed by artists like Lucian Bernhard and Ludwig Hohlwein. Characterised by simplified naturalism, flat colors, and bold shapes, Plakatstil laid the groundwork for a more abstract and modern visual language, paving the way for future developments in graphic design.

1914 - 1919: World War I

World War I transformed the poster from a commercial tool into a potent weapon of propaganda. The conflict ignited the largest advertising campaign in history, as governments desperately sought to mobilize public support. From rallying citizens to enlist and contribute to war bonds to fueling outrage against enemy atrocities and boosting industrial production, posters became indispensable tools for wartime communication.

The United States, for example, produced an astonishing 2,500 unique poster designs and an estimated 20 million individual posters – a staggering number, amounting to nearly one poster for every four citizens. This massive output demonstrates the critical role that posters played in shaping public opinion and mobilizing national support during the war.

1919 - 1938: Modernism and Art Deco

The end of WW1 ushered in the modern art movements of  Cubism, Futurism, Expressionism, and Dadaism, which heavily influenced poster design.

The emergence of formal graphic design education in France, Germany, and Switzerland marked a pivotal shift, elevating the field beyond mere illustration and firmly establishing it as a distinct discipline within advertising. This evolution rapidly influenced the Soviet Union, where the Constructivist movement embraced art as a tool for social and political change.

Constructivist artists, including El Lissitsky, Rodchenko, Klutsis, and the Stenberg Brothers, developed a dynamic "agitational" style characterised by bold diagonals, dynamic photomontage, and jarring color schemes. This revolutionary aesthetic, with its emphasis on bold forms and social impact, exerted a profound influence on Western poster design, particularly through the Bauhaus and De Stijl movements.

By the mid-1920s, these diverse modernist influences began to coalesce, culminating in the rise of Art Deco. This "machine age" style celebrated speed, power, and technological advancement, characterised by streamlined shapes, simplified forms, and a rejection of the flowing curves of Art Nouveau in favor of sleek, angular typography. While distinctly modern, Art Deco also incorporated elements from 'exotic' cultures, drawing inspiration from the arts of Persia, Egypt, and Africa.

The 1925 Decorative Arts Exposition in Paris served as a showcase for this burgeoning movement. Replacing the caricature-driven style of Cappiello, artist A. M. Cassandre introduced a more geometric and intellectual approach, utilising airbrush techniques to create sleek, machine-like imagery. His iconic posters for luxury ocean liners like the Normandie, Statendam, and Atlantique became powerful symbols of the industrial age.

Art Deco, like its predecessor Art Nouveau, quickly spread across Europe and to the United States, solidifying its position as a dominant force in the world of graphic design.

1939 - 1950: The End of Stone Lithography

With WW2, posters once again became a tool for propaganda. By this time, most posters were being made using photo offset. However, the poster played a less pivotal role in the war this time around; mainly due to the rise of radio and print, which proved to be more useful modes of communication with the general public. Furthermore, the rise of television posed a serious challenge to the poster industry after World War II, leading to a decline in its prominence as an advertising medium.

1950 - 1965: Resurgence

With the end of WWII, the world entered a period of optimism and technological advancement. The early 1950s witnessed a resurgence of poster advertising, giving rise to two distinct aesthetic approaches. The '50s Style' embraced vibrant colors and whimsical imagery, appealing to consumer desires. In contrast, the International Typographic Style prioritised rationality and order, emphasising clean lines and functional design.

1965 - 1972: Modernism and the Civil Rights Movements

The 1960s, an era of social and political upheaval, saw a introduction of pop art. Both the vibrant aesthetic of pop art and the urgent messages of protest movements effectively utilised the poster as a powerful medium for communication and social change.

The excesses of the drug culture and political alienation led to a brief but spectacular Psychedelic Poster craze in the U.S., which recalled the floral excesses of Art Nouveau, the pulsating afterimages of Op-Art, and the bizarre juxtapositions of Surrealism. And the French May Day protests generated a school of propaganda poster that harked back to the Soviet poster and cartoon art.

1970 - 1989:  Post-Modernism

The International Style spread beyond Switzerland rapidly and became the leading graphic design style worldwide in the Seventies. By the early Eighties, the style began to give way to the Post Modernists, who sought to break the formal and dogmatic rules of the Swiss Style.

A young teacher in Basel named Wolfgang Weingart led the palace revolt which ushered in today's predominant graphic style loosely known as Post Modern design. Weingart experimented with the offset printing process to produce posters that appeared complex and chaotic, playful and spontaneous - all in stark contrast to his elders' teachings. Weingart's liberation of typography was an important foundation for several new styles, from Memphis and Retro, to the advances now being made in computer graphics.

[lolonolo-com]

Yayın Grafiği Tasarımı 2024-2025 Final Soruları

Yayın Grafiği Tasarımı 2024-2025 Final Soruları Yayın Grafiği Tasarımı 2024-2025 Final Soruları 1. Litografi baskı tekniği hangi yılda ve kim tarafından icat edilmiştir? A) 1982 – Zuzana Licko B) 1984 – April Geriman C) 1923 – Jan Tschichold D) 1796 – Aloys Senefelder E) 1455 – Johannes Gensfleisch zum Gutenberg Cevap: D) 1796 – Aloys Senefelder Açıklama: Litografi tekniği 1796 yılında Aloys…

[janiruwijratne2023mi6011]

Origins and Evolution

The modern poster emerged in the mid 19th century, a period marked by significant advancements in printing technology. The invention of lithography by Alois Senefelder in 1796, and its subsequent development into chromolithography, allowed for the mass production of vibrant, colorful images. This technological leap made posters an accessible medium for public communication and advertising.

The Belle Époque and Art Nouveau

The late 19th and early 20th centuries, known as the Belle Époque, were a golden age for poster art. Artists like Jules Chéret, often referred to as the "father of the modern poster," revolutionized the medium with his expressive designs and innovative use of color. Chéret's work not only advertised products and events but also transformed the streets of Paris into open-air galleries.

Another prominent figure, Alphonse Mucha, became synonymous with the Art Nouveau movement. His posters, characterized by intricate lines and stylized figures, especially of women, set a standard for aesthetic appeal in advertising.

Posters as Political and Social Tools

Beyond commercial advertising, posters have played pivotal roles in political and social movements. During times of war and social change, they served as powerful tools for propaganda and public messaging, conveying complex ideas through compelling visuals.

The Digital Age and Contemporary Design

With the advent of digital technology, poster design has undergone a transformation. Modern designers now have access to advanced tools and platforms, allowing for greater experimentation and reach. Despite these technological advancements, the core principles of effective poster design clarity, visual impact, and emotional resonance remain unchanged.

Exploring the history of poster design reveals its dynamic evolution and enduring significance. As I prepare my submission for the Animayo 2025 International Poster Contest, I am inspired to create a design that honors this rich legacy while incorporating contemporary elements. Understanding the past empowers me to contribute meaningfully to the future of poster art.

[technojin]

What is Lithography? A Simple Explanation

Lithography, a centuries-old technique, is a planographic printing process that relies on the principle that oil and water don't mix. It involves drawing or painting an image on a flat surface, typically a stone or metal plate. The image is created using a greasy substance, such as crayon, ink, or tusche, which makes the drawn areas receptive to oily ink.  

What is Lithography & its Process

Here's a breakdown of the key steps in the lithography process:

Image Creation:

Drawing: The artist directly draws the image onto the plate using a greasy medium.  

Photolithography: A photographic process is used to transfer an image onto the plate. A light-sensitive emulsion is applied to the plate, and then exposed to light through a negative of the desired image. The exposed areas become receptive to ink.  

Chemical Treatment:

The plate is treated with a chemical solution that desensitizes the non-image areas, making them water-receptive.

Inking and Printing:

The plate is dampened with water, which adheres to the non-image areas.

Oily ink is then applied to the plate. The ink adheres to the greasy image areas, while the water repels it.  

The inked image is transferred to paper or another material using a printing press.  

The Magic of Lithography

Lithography offers several advantages that have contributed to its enduring popularity:

Versatility: It can be used to create a wide range of artistic styles, from delicate line drawings to bold, expressive works.

Detail and Precision: The process allows for fine details and subtle tonal variations.  

Durability: Lithographs can be printed in large quantities without significant loss of quality.  

Artistic Expression: Lithography has been embraced by many renowned artists as a medium for self-expression and experimentation.  

Historical Significance

Lithography was invented in 1796 by German author and actor Alois Senefelder. Initially used for printing music scores and maps, it quickly gained popularity among artists and publishers. The technique revolutionized printmaking, making it more accessible and affordable.  

Modern Applications

While traditional lithography is still practiced by artists today, the principles of the process have been adapted for various modern applications:  

Offset Printing: This widely used printing technique is based on lithography. It involves transferring the image from a plate to a rubber blanket, and then to the paper.  

Photolithography: This process is crucial in the semiconductor industry for creating intricate circuit patterns on silicon wafers.  

Digital Lithography: Digital imaging technology has enabled the creation of digital lithographs, where images are directly transferred to plates using computer-controlled laser systems.

Lithography continues to be a valuable tool for artists and industries alike, offering a unique blend of tradition and innovation. Its ability to produce high-quality prints with intricate detail and artistic expression ensures its enduring legacy in the world of printmaking.   Sources and related content

[brookstonalmanac]

Holidays 11.6

Holidays

All the Good Things Wrapped Up in One Day

Arbor Day (Republic of Congo, Samoa)

Bank Workers’ Day (Argentina)

Constitution Day (Dominican Republic, Tajikistan)

Electric Razor Day

Fala Day

Fill Our Staplers Day

Finnish Swedish Heritage Day

Flag Day (Chad, Finland)

Global Refill Day

Green March Day (Morocco, Western Sahara)

Gustavus Adolphus Day (Sweden)

Hydrogen Bomb First Test Day

International Day For Preventing the Exploitation of the Environment in War & Armed Conflict (UN)

International End Gossip Day

International Tracksuit Day

Legalization Day (Cannabis)

Malaria Day in the Americas

Marching Band Day

Marijuana Recreational Legalization Day (Colorado, Washington)

Marooned Without a Compass Day

Measure Up Day

National Basketball Day (a.k.a. Play Basketball Day)

National I Read Canadian Day (Canada)

National Ladies Learning Code Day (Canada)

National Michele Day

National Report Home Health Care Fraud Day

National Stacey Abrams Day

National Team Manager Day

Obama Day (Kenya)

Pine Nut Day (French Republic)

Recreational Cannabis Legalization Day (Colorado)

Saxophone Day

Scotchtoberfest (The Simpsons)

Skirret Day (French Republic)

Stranger Things Day

Tazaungdaing (Myanmar)

United Americas Day

World Cee-C Day (Nigeria)

World Lets Stop Shouting Awareness Day

World Materials Day

World Paper Free Day

Food & Drink Celebrations

Do Tater Tots Ever Grow Up? Day

Global Donut Day

National Nachos Day (a.k.a. I Love Nachos Day)

Peanut Butter Lovers Day

Independence & Related Days

Constitution Day (Tajikistan)

Cycoldia (Declared; 2018) [unrecognized]

Day of the First Shout For Independence (El Salvador)

Mexico (Independence Declared; 1813)

Polish Republic (Declared; 1918)

1st Wednesday in November

Eat Smart Day [1st Wednesday]

Hump Day [Every Wednesday]

International Pathology Day [1st Wednesday]

International Stress Awareness Day [1st Wednesday]

Men’s World Day [1st Wednesday]

National Advent Calendar Day [1st Wednesday]

National Eating Healthy Day [1st Wednesday]

National Holiday Calendar Day [1st Wednesday]

National Stress Awareness Day (UK) [1st Wednesday]

Take Our Kids to Work Day (Canada) [1st Wednesday]

Wacky Wednesday [Every Wednesday]

Website Wednesday [Every Wednesday]

Wheat Beer Wednesday [1st Wednesday of Each Month]

Wilderness Wednesday [1st Wednesday of Each Month]

Wobbly Wednesday [1st Wednesday]

Weekly Holidays beginning November 6 (1st Full Week of November)

None Known

Festivals Beginning November 6, 2024

Dublin Book Festival (Dublin, Ireland) [thru 11.10]

Hawai'i Food & Wine Festival (Oahu, Hawaii) [thru 11.10]

Jazz Fest Sarajevo (Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina) [thru 11.9]

Stockholm International Film Festival (Stockholm, Sweden) [thru 11.17]

Worlds of Flavor International Conference and Festival (Napa Valley, California) [thru 11.8]

Feast Days

Adelaide of Italy (Christian; Saint)

Albert Camus (Writerism)

Alois Senefelder (Artology)

Barlaam of Khutyn (Christian; Saint)

Birth of the Bab (Baha'i) [1 Muharram]

Birth of Tiamat (Ancient Egyptian mother of gods, goddess of primeval chaos)

Burroughs Day (Church of the SubGenius; Saint)

Cosimo de Medici the Elder (Positivist; Saint)

Dabucuri uiga, (Initiation Rites of the Young Men; to Jurupari, South American Guarani/Tupi God)

Demetrian (Christian; Saint)

Dodo Grieving Day (Pastafarian)

Feast of All Saints of Ireland (Ireland)

Festival of Total Submission

Herne’s Day II: Predator (Pagan)

Illtud (a.k.a. Illtyd or Iltntus; Christian; Saint)

Illitud’s Bell (Celtic Book of Days)

Learn a New Swear Word Day (Pastafarian)

Leonard of Noblac (Christian; Saint) [Coopers] *

Los Posadas (Latin America) [until 12.24]

Lucy Jones (Muppetism)

Melaine of Rennes (Christian; Saint)

Misa de Gallo begins (Rooster’s Mass; Philippines) [until 12.24]

Stephanie Vozzo (Artology)

Tiamat the Dragon Mother Day (Everyday Wicca)

Winds of Change Day (Starza Pagan Book of Days)

Winnoc (Christian; Saint)

Wish-Granting Championships (Fairies; Shamanism)

Lucky & Unlucky Days

Sakimake (先負 Japan) [Bad luck in the morning, good luck in the afternoon.]

Tycho Brahe Unlucky Day (Scandinavia) [33 of 37]

Uncyclopedia Bad to Be Born Today (because it’s National Day to Lose Money on Horses.)

Unglückstage (Unlucky Day; Pennsylvania Dutch) [26 of 30]

Unlucky Day (Grafton’s Manual of 1565) [51 of 60]

Premieres

All Along the Watchtower, recorded by Bob Dylan (Song; 1967)

And Then There Were None, by Agatha Christie (Mystery Novel; 1939) [29]

Behind Blue Eyes, by The Who (Song; 1971)

The Boondocks (Animated TV Series; 2005)

Chew Chew Baby or Stick to Your Gums (Rocky & Bullwinkle Cartoon, S4, Ep. 175; 1962)

A Cowboy Needs a Horse (Disney Cartoon; 1956)

Cry Freedom (Film; 1987)

Elizabeth (Film; 1998)

The Flea Circus (Tex Avery MGM Cartoon; 1954)

Forget-Me-Net, Parts 3 & 4 (Underdog Cartoon, S2, Eps. 31 & 32; 1965)

Foxtrot, by Genesis (Album; 1972)

Go Down Mooses or The Fall Guy (Rocky & Bullwinkle Cartoon, S2, Ep. 70; 1960)

Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (Film; 2005) [#4]

Head (Film; 1968)

Hiding Out (Film; 1987)

Hold What You’ve Got, by Joe Tex (Song; 1964)

Ickle Meets Pickle (Terrytoons Cartoon; 1942)

Jersey Boys (Broadway Musical; 2005)

John Wesley Harding, recorded by Bob Dylan (Song; 1967)

Justify My Love, by Madonna (Album; 1990)

Kitty Caddy (Phantasies Cartoon; 1947)

Less Than Zero (Film; 1987)

Little Good Beep (WB LT Cartoon; 2000)

The Little Match Girl (Color Rhapsody Cartoon; 1937)

Little Red Walking Hood (WB MM Cartoon; 1937)

Made in Heaven, by Queen (Album; 1995)

Meet the Press (TV Series; 1947)

The Missing Mountain or Peek-a-Boo Peak (Rocky & Bullwinkle Cartoon, S2, Ep. 69; 1960)

The Moon Fell in the River, by Guy Lombardo (Song; 1940)

Paper Doll, by The Mills Brothers (Song; 1943)

Passenger 57 (Film; 1992)

Pisces, Aquarius, Capricorn & Jones Ltd., by The Monks (Album; 1967)

Precious (Film; 2009)

Rain of Terror or The Desperate Showers (Rocky & Bullwinkle Cartoon, S4, Ep. 176; 1962)

The Robot Spy (Animated TV Show;Jonny Quest #8; 1964)

Secrets of Life (Short Documentary Film; 1956)

Ski-Napper (Chilly Willy Cartoon; 1964)

Sky Trooper (Disney Cartoon; 1942)

Spectre (UK Film; 2015) [James Bond #24]

Spotlight (Film; 2015)

Symphony No. 3 in A Minor, by Sergei Rachmaninoff (Symphony; 1936)

Time Bandits (Film; 1981)

24 (TV Series; 2001)

The Universe in a Nutshell, by Stephen Hawking (Book; 2001)

The Unpopular Mechanic (Oswald the Lucky Rabbit Cartoon; 1936)

An Unsuitable Job for a Woman, by P.D. James (Novel; 1972)

When We Were Very Young, by A.A.Milne (Children’s Book; 1924)

Wintertime Dreams, recorded by Woody Herman (Song; 1936)

Woody’s Kook-Out (Woody Woodpecker Cartoon; 1961)

Your Friend the Rat (Pixar Cartoon; 2007)

The Zoo (Oswald the Lucky Rabbit Cartoon; 1933)

Today’s Name Days

Christina, Leonhard, Rudolf (Austria)

Leonard, Melanija, Sever, Vedran (Croatia)

Liběna (Czech Republic)

Leonhardus (Denmark)

Aadi, Aado, Aadu, Ado, Adolf (Estonia)

Mimosa (Finland)

Bertille, Léonard (France)

Christine, Leonhard, Nina (Germany)

Leonardo (Greece)

Lénárd (Hungary)

Leonardo (Italy)

Leo, Leonards, Leonhards, Leons, Linards (Latvia)

Ašmantas, Leonardas, Vygaudė (Lithuania)

Lennart, Leonard (Norway)

Feliks, Leonard, Trzebowit, Ziemowit (Poland)

Pavel (Romania)

Renáta (Slovakia)

Alejandro, Leonardo, Severo (Spain)

Adolf, Gustav (Sweden)

Mac, Mack, Mackenzie, Makenzie, Mckenzie (USA)

Today is Also…

Day of Year: Day 311 of 2024; 55 days remaining in the year

ISO: Day 3 of Week 45 of 2024

Celtic Tree Calendar: Hagal (Hailstone) [Day 11 of 28]

Chinese: Month 10 (Yi-Hai), Day 6 (Jia-Xu)

Chinese Year of the: Dragon 4722 (until January 29, 2025) [Wu-Chen]

Hebrew: 5 Heshvan 5785

Islamic: 4 Jumada I 1446

J Cal: 11 Wood; Foursday [11 of 30]

Julian: 24 October 2024

Moon: 24%: Waxing Crescent

Positivist: 3 Frederic (12th Month) [Guicciardini / Philippe de Comines]

Runic Half Month: Wyn (Joy) [Day 15 of 15]

Season: Autumn or Fall (Day 45 of 90)

Week: 1st Full Week of November

Zodiac: Scorpio (Day 14 of 30)