#sculpture Charles XII

[huariqueje]

Karl XII Square  -  Pelle Swedlund , n/d.

Swedish,   1865 - 1947  

Oil on panel ,    57 x 47 cm.

[lostprofile]

KAISER MAXIMILIAN I

THE TWELFTH OF JANUARY 2019 was the 500th snniversary of the death of the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilan I (1457/1519).

The son of Emperor Frederick III assumed the imperial throne in 1493, but never went to Rome to be crowned. He was married three times, all advantageously. His first wife, Mary of Burgundy, was the richest woman in Europe and her massive dowry included the manuscript collection of the Dukes of Burgundy. Maximilian never met his second wife, Anne de Bretagne, who was forced to repudiate him and marry his archenemy, Charles VIII (upon the death of Charles, Anne married Louis XII, making her the only woman to be Queen of France twice). Maximilian abandoned his third wife, the wealthy, yet vapid, Bianca Maria Sforza, through whom gained suzerainty over Milan. Upon her death, he renounced women as part of a program of religious austerity.

Throughout his reign, and despite the wealth of his wives, Maximilian lacked the financial means to fund his many wars and projects and resorted to loans from German bankers. Some of the loans were put to questionable use: one million gulden were borrowed from the Fugger bank for the purposes of bribing the German electors to secure the election of Maximilian’s grandson, Charles V, as the next emperor. At the time of his death, Maximilian owed German banks over 6 million gulden—the quivalent of 10 years of the annual revenues from the Hapsburg lands. These debts were not paid off until the end of the 16th century.

The notable areas of Maximilian’s artistic patronage were portraits, prints, and armor. Portraiture occupied a central role in the dissemination of official ideology in the early modern period. Maximilian’s court artist, Bernhard Strigel turned out dozens of portraits illustrating the various virtues and capacities of the emperor. Imperial patronage of Albrecht Dürer, Joos van Cleve and Giovanni Antonio di Predis reflected the artistic diversity of the far-flung Hapsburg dominions.

Throughout his early life, Maximilian closely identified with the culture of chivalry. This interest in knights in shining armor and tournements was probably greatly enriched by his 8-year sojourn in the Burgundian lands. Lucas Cranach the Elder portrayed Maximilian in the guise of Saint George, his hero as a youth, displaying his bravery and plumage, while rescuing the lady in distress. The emperor was also the author of Weißkunig (1506) and Theuerdank (1517), thinly-disguised autobiographical accounts of his early reign cast as chivalric romances. The printed books were illustrated with woodcuts by Hand Burgkmair and set in a stylish, blackletter typeface designed by Vinzenz Rockner. Maximilian circulated copies of these works to his allies and vassals as a means of controlling his public image.

The love of chivalry is most evident in the collection of suits of armor commissioned by Maximilian. Working closely with their patron throughout the design process, master armoirers turned out spectcular steel visions of knightly grace and strength. The style of armor favored by the emperor featured fluting, pleating, bird’s beak visors and other sculptural manipulations, with allusions to contemporary clothing. This stylem, which differed from the superficial engraving and gilding of the Milanese style, is known today as Maximilian armour.

As the nominal descendant of the western Roman emperors, Maximilian alluded to the ancient Romans in his arts patronage. The assertions of continuity with classical antiquity were often made using the most modern technologies available at the time. Die Triumphzug, an ambitious project depicting Maximilian celebrating a Roman triumph, was executed entirely in the new medium of print.

The artists including Hans Burgkmair, Dürer, and Dürer’s student, Albrecht Altdorfer, provided drawings of the various components of a Roman triumph, including a triumphal arch and chariot, which were transferred to woodblocks. The triumphal arch, by Dürer and his students, is composed of 195 woodcut images printed on 36 large sheets of paper. The triumpal procession, largely by Burgkmair, commemorates the expansion of Hapsburg territory under Maximilian. In all, 136 blocks were required to create an image 177 m long. Maximilian intended to send printed sets of these images to German princes, electors, and bishops, who were expcted to assemble and display the vast, composite images in palaces and public buildings. At the time of his death, the Triumphzug was unfinished. A truncated version was published in 1526. Several early copies were hand-colored.

Maximilian’s use of the new print technologies for his literary and artistic projects has often been described as a low budget choice forced by necessity on a financially-strapped ruler. While it is certain that Maximilian would have chosen more expensive and prestigious materials for some of his commissions (as evidenced by the Golden Roof in Innsbück), his choice of woodcut prints had an ideological value. By promoting a medium in which German artists excelled, he demonstrated the advanced cultural achievements of his Empire and the flourishing of the arts guided by his innovative patronage.

[ein-bleistift-und-radiergummi]

Art Deco Kosta Boda Bird Glass Sculpture, ca.1931.

(Kosta Glasbruk is a Swedish glassworks company founded by two foreign officers in Charles XII's army, Anders Koskull and Georg Bogislaus Staël von Holstein, in 1742. The name is a portmanteau of the founders' surnames, Ko + Sta.)

(via worthpoint.com)

[butchcassidywildbunch]

Wild Bunch Twaddle

2020.11.29 近況是快樂考據大王和我好餓 　　 有點忘記威廉死前的遺言是什麼來著了，所以用關鍵字下去搜尋，然後就找到了這個： Colorado Historic Newspapers Collection 是科羅拉多州際圖書館所提供的館藏查詢服務之一，簡直造福了美國歷史迷如我，尤其我又在裡面發現我渴望了很久的史料記載，快樂太快樂了累積的快樂... ... 　　 雖然查布屈卡西迪一定會混雜到虎豹小霸王當時宣傳、上映檔期等一些電影相關資訊，不過大抵上還是有許多與史實相關的資訊，好快樂（再次強調） 一邊吃泡麵一邊隨便看，心靈飽足但是身體餓了剛剛出門吃太少 　　 historyinfive-butchcassidy先貼與此無關的，Butch Cassidy: The True Story of an American Outlaw的一小段試閱，雖然之前其實在GoogleBook看過了但我現在才理解其中一段話的意思

　　  At least not figuratively. Laura, Will, Ben, Elzy, Sundance, Ethel—all of them and a raucous gaggle of others were content to be mere ripples so long as Butch Cassidy was the stone.

　　 也太會形容了... ...？？？一邊覺得這個形容詞簡直太神奇了的同時也覺得滿不尊重其他人的，畢竟大家都是獨立的個體，雖然身為布屈推但聽到這樣的話還是覺得稍微刺耳了些（不過有點開心是真的，缺德人）

　　

　　是的正式來宣布Last Frontier竟然是在虎豹小霸王上映過後的幾年後連載於報紙上的！我當時因為美拍比較便宜的份被買走後鬱卒到不行，沒想到現在得有機會看到全文！豈不美哉！ 當然還是會買實體書我是樂愛蒐集實體書的快樂人，雖然他的實體因為絕版了所以靠北貴

　　但先不講Last Frontier因為他的內容很分散，待會把其他的看完之後再統整一下一起出來講

　　 Calendar of Events Little Snake River Valley Wyoming... The Steamboat Pilot, Volume 104, Number 47, June 21, 1990 在講述為了慶祝他們給重演了當時卡西迪及他的幫派搶劫火車的場景 我想看卡西迪一邊搶劫一邊給看戲的人拋媚眼... ...（怎麼這麼無聊這個粉絲） 　 　　 RUBBERS’ ROOST GANG. The Craig Courier, Volume 3, Number 44, April 23, 1898 猶他州長懸賞卡西迪等人，獎金總計一萬五千鎂，哇靠卡西迪還不懸賞他自己（布屈：？） 　　 總之就是為了逮捕當時的強盜團眾員猶他州長真的花費了不少的心力（金錢）在裡面，但顯然他們如果被抓到就不配稱為卡西迪幫的人了 卡西迪自己被懸賞五百鎂，然後給了一些卡西迪自己的個人資料，大概是沿用拉勒米的監獄檔案 　　 $500 for Butch Cassidy, alias Parker, alias Ingerfleld; weight, 165 pounds; height, 5 feet 8 inches; features regular; small, blue, deep set eyes; two cut scars on back of head; small red scar under left eye; red mark on left side of back; small brown mole on calf of leg; good build; light brown hair. 　　 我一直戲謔地叫他因格菲爾德先生但我一直不明白他什麼時候用過因格菲爾德這個假名來遊蕩四方來著，這個值得我再翻閱一下Biography來找一下 你身高怎麼縮水成跟威廉一樣了 小又藍又深邃的雙眼，好色我好喜歡你因格菲爾德先生大美女 背部左側有紅疹... ...？紅色的胎痕... ...？不太明白不過這是我第一次得知他身體上還有其他的痕跡好色情喔我又更愛你了大美女 　　 靠邀他把所有人都列出來了？？？我低估了歷史記載的神奇魔力我宣布我是歡活的歷史迷了？？？

　　 我稍微往下拉發現大概的人我都沒聽過所以我只貼稍微有聽過名字的不法者 　　$500 for Joe Walker; weight, about 175 pounds; height, 5 feet 11 inches; brown hair; eyes, dark blue; wounded in right thigh; walks a little lame. 　　 （結果只聽過一個人的名字我好丟臉） 　　 然後我發現布屈竟然算是矮的耶你好小巧可愛喔大美女，就很矮吼小小ㄉ雙手也小小ㄉ眼睛也小小ㄉ，可愛水獺寶寶 　　 Lew McCarty才154公分，天啊這超過我的認知了他比哈維還要矮欸 　　 除了這一位之外布屈是最矮的，強盜團的小小首領 　　 OUTLAWS STRONGLY FORTIFY. The Gilpin Observer, Volume 15, Number 17, August 1, 1901 在講艾爾茲但是時間點很詭異我不太明白這個在講什麼 　　 CLEWS TO TRAIN ROBBERS. The Gilpin Observer, Volume 16, Number 14, July 10, 1902 在芝加哥附近發現了裝著搶劫物的麻袋，傳聞搶劫的火車劫匪是布屈卡西迪和日舞小子 　　 很奇怪的是，芝加哥附近？以及就這個報導時間來看的話布屈和日舞早就在阿根廷了？跟剛剛那個艾爾茲的一樣不明白 　　 NOTED OUTLAW The Steamboat Pilot, November 2, 1910 我剛剛一直都是看最左邊的內容來著，碰到這則我才發現怎麼都參雜亂碼，應該看報紙內文的但內文其實有點不太清楚 　　 這個新聞與布屈無關是在講選舉的那些官員們各自批評對方，其中有提���歷史照片中的其中一個人是布屈，就有人說幫派裡最醜的人也比那些民主黨人英俊多了 吃屎吧你。 　　 我不知道美國人的民主與共和黨但你才醜啦。 　　 　　 WANTED IN COLORADO. Herald Democrat, June 30, 1900 講布屈的懸賞 　　 THE DUKE" BROADCASTING j FOR DEAR OLD ASPEN The Aspen Daily Times, April 4, 1930 看不懂而且只有最後提到布屈說了什麼布屈是伙伴中的王子 　　 CALENDAR Chinook, Volume 1, Number 17, December 11, 1969 補充來源 　　 UNKNOWN The Aspen Tribune, May 24, 1898 在講Joe Walker和布屈死亡（誤傳）的消息 　　 也發現了當時他們都稱呼強盜團為Robber's Roost Gang (Band) 　　 這是第四頁，我剛剛翻錯了怎麼這麼蠢，從第一頁開始翻 　　 有點睏了，也是啦凌晨三點了 　　 “BUTCH” CASSIDY REFORMS. Routt County Courier, Volume 8, Number 39, March 13, 1903 在講布屈離開美國後從良在當牧場主了，他其實人並不壞但都是被那些愛殺人的夥伴搞到名聲不好 　　 你們也知道人家從良了還追過去平克頓真的很無聊 　　 Tales of the Old West The Steamboat Pilot, March 21, 1946 這裡可以看到別同於露菈與菲利普斯不同的說法：有關布屈活到了73歲，關節退化脆弱不堪，仍然想要尋求陪伴一起去搶劫的故事。後面在說有一個人認出他來後，布屈就真的從此消失了蹤影 　　 Butch Cassidy Was Leader Of the "Wild Bunch " The Steamboat Pilot, December 28, 1939 布屈在田納西入獄然後跟獄卒說「你肩膀上有個蟲子，我幫你拿掉吧？」後就用鐵絲勒住獄卒的脖子然後他逃獄了？他壓根就沒有？？？這聽起來更像是把布屈和哈維混淆了？ 　　 John Burroughs narrates TV program The Steamboat Pilot, Number 8, September 22, 1977 在講In Search of Butch Cassidy（電視節目）的相關信件 　　 Butch Cassidy victim of myth, says sister Golden Transcript, Volume 108, Number 137, June 30, 1975 露菈的慣性胡扯 　　 Butch Cassidy death still uncertain Golden Transcript, Volume 106, Number 23, January 19, 1973 在講布屈是否真的死於聖維森特，而又有哪些人說他活著的逸聞 　　 露菈說的話跟小丹背道而馳了耶，你就趁著小丹比你早死亂講話嗎真是對二哥不尊敬 　　 Cassidy in Salt Lake. The Chronicle-News, Volume XIV, Number 146, June 30, 1900 應該是在說尋求特赦、嗎？ 　　 當年的報導就已經都在說布屈是強盜團的首領了耶為什麼到1900s反而西林戈轉為說哈維是首領... ...是西林戈累了還是平克頓一幫子全搞混了 　　 McKee Brothers taught. The Silver Lance, Volume 5, Number 31, July 30, 1897 在講一個人跑去會面布屈，傳說中罪名昭彰的強盜團首領，他們談論了很久的天 　　 JIM BAKER IS DEAD. The Craig Courier, Volume 3, Number 49, May 28, 1898 往下拉有一條說他們誤認了那個屍體是布屈卡西迪，銜接上面說Joe Walker和布屈於1898年死亡的消息 　 　　 OUTLAWS KILLED The Steamboat Pilot, May 18, 1898 同樣在誤傳Joe Walker和布屈死亡的消息 　　 HISTORIC LANDMARK 在說Vernal的銀行拆除了，布屈和Harry Tracy（咦？）的歷史遺址從此消失無蹤 　　 靠... ...1910s就拆我好心痛... ... 　　Sedalia students make soft sculptures Douglas County News-Press, Volume 89, Number 120, April 30, 1981 學生們做雕塑，其中有兩位學生做了布屈和日舞（應該是虎豹的人設） 照片我完全看不出來超級灰色的我彷彿看到好幾隻動物而已 　 　　 BUTCH CASSIDY KILLED. The Craig Courier, Volume 3, Number 48, May 21, 1898 一樣是在誤傳布屈死亡 　　 DIES IN RAWLINS Craig Empire Courier, Volume 51, Number 40, December 24, 1941 講述某個長者的死亡，他認識滿多人其中就認識布屈卡西迪 　　 THE WILD BUNCH INVADES DIAMOND LIZ'S The Steamboat Pilot, Number 21, December 23, 1976 你們怎麼在1976年報導1899年的消息，過度��遲了吧 　　 布屈和他的強盜團進到別人的酒館消磨了晚間的時光，他們一邊跳舞一邊用槍聲打斷了音樂（？） 後面在講布屈和日舞剛搶完威爾科克斯（但其實布屈應該沒有搶，他只是規劃搶案而已，可能後面去和日舞等人碰頭了） 　　 然後布屈去一座人家給他的馬餵水喝的時候，好心地給了那戶人家價值二十鎂的金幣，媽的你的錢就是這麼消失的存錢一下啊大哥 藉此說了布屈喜歡用這樣的方式塑造自己身為羅賓漢的形象（我總覺得他只是想給人錢而已沒別的意思） 　　 然後隔天一早他們就去給酒館主付了那些他們昨晚造成的彈孔的賠償金 　　 至於那個local說布屈是猶他羅斯福的就是喬西啦這就別想了（。 　　 A walking tour of Glenwood Colorado Mountain Journal - CMC, February 21, 1978 介紹蓋倫伍德，其中哈維的墳墓也在蓋倫伍德裡 　　 Untitled Golden Transcript, Volume 103, Number 85, May 21, 1969 在說布朗斯地帶已經變成國家公園，那邊曾是布屈和巴賽特等人的居住地，現在那邊可以拍攝麋鹿 　　 LANT AND TRACY ESCAPE. The Craig Courier, Volume 4, Number 1, June 25, 1898 前面在講Harry Tracy，後面在說布屈其實沒有死亡，死的是另外一個人 　　 TV in review Golden Transcript, Volume 105, Number 26, January 26, 1971 在評論根據虎豹小霸王改編的「Alias Smith and Jones（電視劇）」 這我之前有考慮要不要買來看，但、其實、他已經脫離強盜團的範疇了他只是一個強盜團的模板下去拍而已，等同於史實的三創了這麼感覺，角色也不叫布屈和日舞了這就，尷尬 　　 （但日舞模板的角色叫哈維我要笑死了） 　　 （而且幹這個電視劇的同人還比虎豹自己和我搞的史實更多是怎樣） 　　 WAS FORMERLY WITH "BUTCH" CASSIDY GANG The Steamboat Pilot, June 18, 1913 在講威廉．艾爾斯沃茲．雷大帥哥（粉絲哭著大喊） 　　 幹怎ㄇ會... ...阿雷真的好可憐好可愛... ...粉絲哈皮哈皮... ... 　　 太可憐了但是又好可愛他唯一的慰藉已經只剩下女兒了好可憐... ... 　　 唉唷... ... 艾爾茲已經十六年未曾見過他那前妻的女兒Marvel了，當他的女兒獲得了畢業的文憑，並跑到他的面前，用她的手臂抱住艾爾茲的脖子時，艾爾茲飽經風霜的面頰露出了欣喜的笑容 我正式宣布我為了艾爾茲雷哭泣，他好可憐 　　 BUTCH CASSIDY BUSY IN ARGENTINE REPUBLIC The Steamboat Pilot, February 16, 1910 提及了布屈的危險性，和日舞、和哈維也在阿根廷？ 　　 UNKNOWN New Castle Nonpareil, May 31, 1900 好像提到殺害了人的團夥，有人猜測是布屈和哈維等強盜團成員 　　 LIFE OF FRONTIER DAY PHYSICIAN ONE OF EXCITEMENT AND... The Craig Empire, Number 49, December 30, 1925 強盜團有自己的醫生？？？ 總之就是有人特地去找住在Craig的醫生，要他來幫忙給中了槍傷的人治病，那人溫柔地將左輪抵在他的肋骨，要脅著他，而醫生就騎了很長的一段路抵達了目的地，而的確也有位犯罪者受傷了 醫生最後有些怯懦地要求一百鎂的費用，而那人支付了兩百鎂，傳聞那個要求治傷的人便是布屈卡西迪 　　 但其實沒人知道是否真的是布屈卡西迪，又是一樁逸聞 　　 KID CURRY GANG. The Colorado Daily Chieftain, July 6, 1902 傳聞是哈維幫派的布屈與日舞小子搶劫了羅克艾蘭到芝加哥的火車，他們只搶走價值五十鎂的珠寶卻忽略了價值十萬鎂的貨物 　　應該是在說華格納搶案？（ㄍ還忘記搶案的名字） 但布屈和日舞這個時間點怎麼可能在？？？ 　　 A TOUGH TRIO. Herald Democrat, February 22, 1910 弔詭地在講強盜團大三角都紮住在洛磯山脈，但哈維不曾去過南美他自己也講了，而且這個時間三個人其實都死了 　　 Brown's Park ranch preserved The Steamboat Pilot, Number 52, August 3, 1978 被收購的布朗斯地帶古蹟 　　 A Farmers Union The Meeker Herald, Volume 25, Number 29, February 26, 1910 講卡西迪準備在阿根廷搶劫但布屈早就在玻利維亞死了 　　 letters The Steamboat Pilot, Number 29, February 18, 1971 露菈寫信給人說布屈的本名並非喬治而是羅伯特，由來源自於兩位同樣名為羅伯特的祖父 　　SNAPSHOTS East Denver Journal, Volume 2, January 18, 1951 有人出了一本專門寫布屈和其幫派的書籍，我後來查了一下是一本詩集耶？？？但是已經絕版了 　　 Back West to Home 　　 這樣一直反覆跳大家的名字是不是很紊亂啊我以前也沒這樣的啊直到看到別人偶爾稱呼布屈叫布屈但偶爾又叫卡西迪的讓我也忍不住（。 　　 KNOW THE ROBBERS Herald Democrat, July 6, 1902 一樣是在講布屈和日舞搶劫羅克艾蘭的火車 　　 SPECULATING ON ROBBER The Avalanche - Echo, Volume XVIII, Number 29, July 14, 1904 先是說了哈維是否真的死了這個疑問，再說哈維是幫派首領，至於布屈和日舞其實並沒有很重要，想抓布屈的話很簡單他都在蓋倫伍德普林斯（布屈：？？？） 　　 COLORFl L CAREER OF UTAH STOCK GROWER The Steamboat Pilot, February 14, 1936 強盜團的搶劫威脅了這個人的土地及安寧，然後這個人死於這個報導刊載前的上個禮拜 　　 John Burroughs Book Slated For Publication Soon The Steamboat Pilot, September 20, 1962 提及Where the Old West stayed young的出版，內文提到了滿多人的其中包括布屈卡西迪及巴賽特牧場的人 　　 Where the Old West stayed young 精裝貴到一百二十鎂去了喔靠邀 　　 ... ...可是這本書評價超高欸 　　 我找一下有沒有試閱可以看 　　 沒有，果然ㄋ畢竟算是早期的傳記，我待會加入書單裡畢竟這本評價高得超乎我的想像 　　 New Library Books Star Badmen ; Pioneers and A Gentl... The Steamboat Pilot, June 11, 1959 在講The Outlaw Trail（Charles Kelly的） 　　 覺得整段講布屈講得很浪漫... ... 　　 GANG HOLDS THE FORT. The Colorado Daily Chieftain, March 8, 1898 我忘記這個人是什麼來頭了歹勢... ... 　　 WESTERN NEWS. The Silver Standard, Volume XII, Number 27, May 21, 1898 一樣在講卡西迪誤傳死亡的消息 　　 ROBBER BAND IN A HURRY The Colorado Daily Chieftain, July 17, 1902 在講posse打算跟著蹤跡逮著強盜團但最後還是放棄了 　　 Listen Closely And You Can Hear Jingle Of Outlaw Spu... The Steamboat Pilot, September 22, 1949 介紹布朗斯地帶 　　 ARE IN SOUTH AMERICA The Rifle Telegram, Volume VII, Number 4, February 25, 1910 我沒有細看因為是在講大三角、小班和Deaf搶劫華格納吧應該，然後後面的敘述整個沒有跟史實走所以我看得也不是很明白 　　 Queen Ann Of Brown's Park Woman Rancher, Alleged Rus... The Steamboat Pilot, Number 34, March 30, 1967 Edition 02 在講安．巴賽特 　　 從外面回來打算想繼續看內文，結果發現變成要註冊才能看了呢之後，註冊完了發現跟註冊無關，是全部的報紙文章都被鎖起來了 現在看這是異常性狀況還是本來就這樣，天啊我本來想藉著吃糧的... ..都還沒看完... ... 所以先暫停吧這兩串噗  等全部unlock我再回來 　　 開了！The Last Frontier的部分我也講完了，剩下還有滿多布屈的報紙好講，接下來還有哈維的部分就很多... ...糧倉... ... 　　 ship’s log postings from the past The Steamboat Pilot, Number 31, February 27, 1975 　　 Washington dispatch which says that, secure in the fastness of the Argentine Republic, three of the most noted train robbers in the history of the West are masters of a great cattle ranch and at the same time the leaders of the gang of brigands so powerful that the government of the republic is forced to pay them tribute. 　　 在說歷史上最厲害的三名火車盜匪都在阿根廷，已經不想幫哈維辯駁什麼ㄌ他的魂魄大概在阿根廷陪著布屈和日舞吧（超級可怕的 　　 日舞哪有很厲害他超遜的（怎麼突然罵人 　　 TRAGEDY AT BAGGS 25 YEARS AGO The Steamboat Pilot, January 23, 1931 我其實看不懂跟卡西迪有什麼關係 　　 Vast Cattle Herds Grazed in County The Steamboat Pilot, Number 34, March 30, 1967 Edition 02 講布朗斯地帶 　　 HAS VANISHED. The Colorado Daily Chieftain, July 6, 1902 主要講Harry Tracy的事情，後面有提及他們判定1902年的火車搶案是由布屈和日舞所犯下 　　 A NEW HITCH IN ASIA. The Colorado Weekly Chieftain, March 10, 1898 其中一段報導某個殺了小男孩的傢伙加入布屈的強盜團，請問一下，卡西迪這麼愛小孩他哪會讓一個殺害小孩的人加入自己的團夥 　　 BOWEN'S ASSASSIN IS AGAIN ON TRIAL The Steamboat Pilot, February 9, 1916 　　 Outdoors The Steamboat Pilot, Volume 106, Number 1, August 1, 1991 蛤（蛤） 　　 The modem Wild Bunch seems to be made up of the following: Doug Wunderle, head honcho; Jim Tiemann of Rawlins; John Hoke, their legal counsel; and, last but not least, Vernon Vivion, sergeant-at-arms. Believe me, folks, this is a real wild bunch! But the same spirit remains in this small, southwest Wyoming community. 　　 他有提到卡西迪所以應該就是強盜團了吧可是裡面的人我一個都沒聽過 　　 Tapes and slides tell Louisville’s story The Courier Weekender, Volume 1, Number 17, July 28, 1978 我也看不懂這個逸聞跟卡西迪有什麼關係 　　 TRACY SHOWS THEM A TRICK Colorado Outlaw Nearly Make... The Steamboat Pilot, March 29, 1899 又是Harry Tracy 　　 Browns Park Area Wild with Memories Golden Transcript, Volume 103, Number 86, May 22, 1969 介紹布朗斯地帶 　　 FOUND LOOT IN THE TRUNK Herald Democrat, November 7, 1901 movements is the fact, which Is almost i clearly established, that George Parker, 1 alias "Butch” Cassidy, another of the train robbers, was In the city as late as 1 Tuesday night, and presumably in communication with Loughbaugh and the 1 woman. 這個滿重要的我記錄一下 　　 也可能是誤記因為1901年他們早就到阿根廷了 　　Outlawry Ended In Brown’s Park. The Craig Courier, Volume 3, Number 38, March 12, 1898 跟卡西迪關係不大 

　　 Entertainment Briefs The Steamboat Pilot, Volume 103, Number 48, June 29, 1989 說那本卡西迪彷彿要和��演員談戀愛還是已經談了我不知道然後西林戈不開心的小說開賣了 　　 Mackin's cowboy/gunfighter exhibit opens at Craig Mu... The Steamboat Pilot, Volume 106, Number 43, May 21, 1992 純粹想記錄一下這個博物館（和卡西迪無關） 　　 Overcrowded jails no fun for inmates, sheriffs Douglas County News-Press, Volume 92, Number 23, October 28, 1983 It used to be the entire jail, a place where legend has it a member of Butch Cassidy's Hole-In-The-Wall Gang spent some time. 　　 BRIEFS FROM THE WIRES, Herald Democrat, October 28, 1901 阿雷1901年早就在監獄抑鬱了吧他怎麼會 　　 Is said Elza Lay. one of the "Robbers’ Roost’’ gang of outlaws, was killed a month ago In a fight with Mexican officers while engaged hi smuggling on the Texas border. 迷之困惑 　　 Ancient Peoples Lived In The Hills Of Utah-Colorado The Steamboat Pilot, January 4, 1935 介紹布朗斯地帶 　　 over the bridge The Steamboat Pilot, Volume 104, Number 32, March 8, 1990 形容起來超像恐怖故事 　　 POSHED CLOSELY. The Colorado Daily Chieftain, June 11, 1902 崔西也太招搖了 （布屈：反正不關我ㄉ事了 　　 MOUNTAIN PERSONNEL PROFILE The Steamboat Pilot, Number 33, March 17, 1977 Memo酒館 　　 HE WAS PLEASED The Steamboat Pilot, August 10, 1898 連繼承導師我都覺得很扯了這個連繼承誰我都不認識 　　 A New Cowboy Epic Surface Creek Champion, Volume 23, Number 2, July 7, 1927 在講西林戈 和他的作品 　　 Untitled The Summit County Journal, December 11, 1897 一小段提及卡西迪 　　 CATTLE RUSTLER The Avalanche - Echo, Volume XVIII, Number 30, July 21, 1904 講湯姆奧戴 　　 Special places to visit Explore Steamboat’s history The Steamboat Pilot, Volume 101, Number 49, July 3, 1986 　　 COLORADO SPRING SKIING The Steamboat Pilot, Number 35, March 28, 1974 聽起來也很像什麼鬼故事 　　 HOT ON BANDIT TRAIL 講得很像布屈和崔西感情很好一樣但其實他們沒有互動 　　 沒了我終於清光卡西迪的報章庫存了 　　 其實搜尋引擎還有很多不過翻到越來越後面其實關係性就很不大了 　　小哈的我另外開好了

[indomitablekushite]

The Black Power Pan-Africanist Perspective By Chinweizu Sundoor999@gmail.com The Black race will be exterminated if it does not build a black superpower in Africa by the end of this century. Black Egypt: Rehabilitating the self-image of the Black African (1) Having exhaustively demonstrated that the Pharaonic Egyptians were black, Senegalese scholar Cheikh Anta Diop argued that “the moral fruit of [Egyptian] civilization is to be counted among the assets of the Black world. Instead of presenting itself to history as an insolvent debtor, that Black world is the very initiator of the ‘western’ civilization flaunted before our eyes today.” --[Diop, The African Origin of Civilization: Myth or Reality, p. xiv] To help us appreciate just how much “western” civilization owes to Black Egypt, this essay presents a sampling of that contribution; a sampling of what the Greeks and Hebrews assimilated and took over from Black Egypt (Kemet) and passed on to modern Europe. Kemetic Precedents The purpose of this preliminary list of culture items (concepts, techniques, tools, symbols, artefacts, etc. assembled from scattered sources) is to make it easy to see just how far and comprehensively Kemet was ahead of all other cultures. Such items appear elsewhere later, sometimes by diffusion, sometimes 2 by independent invention, sometimes by theft. How it did so in each case is not always easy to determine. However, in some spectacular cases, plagiarism can be exposed. Items listed are the oldest example extant, or the oldest mentioned in the available sources. Dates are based on the Chinweizu Chronology which dates the founding of Kemet at 4443±61 BC. This initial list could be, and should be, very much expanded as the literature is combed more extensively and thoroughly. I: Science and Technology 1. Plant domestication: Domesticated wheat, barley, lentils, chickpeas, capers and dates were being grown and harvested in the Nile flood plains; at Aswan (Wadi Kubbaniya), Esna, Naqada, and Dishna in Upper Kemet (i.e. Southern Egypt), and in Tushka in Nubia; ca. 16,000 BC, during the last Ice Age when much of Eurasia was covered with ice. That was some 9 millennia before plant domestication occurred in Jarmo in Iraqi Kurdistan in SW Eurasia, where Eurocentric convention claims that plants were first domesticated.1[1 See Wendorff et al., “An Ancient Harvest on the Nile,” in Van Sertima, ed., Blacks in Science, New Brunswick: Transaction Books, 1983, pp. 58-64. ] 2. Writing: Hieroglyphics (pictorial) : Predynastic 2 i.e. before ca. 4500 BC. [2 See Bruce Williams, “Lost Pharaohs of Nubia” in Van Sertima ed., Egypt Revisited, pp. 93-94.]3 Hieratic (cursive) : Dyn. I or earlier 3, i.e. ca. 4500 BC. [3 M. Hoffman, Egypt Before the Pharaohs, p. 290; Alan Gardiner, Egypt of the Pharaohs, p.22.] Demotic (cursive) : Dyn XXV 4, i.e. ca. 700 BC. [4 Alan Gardiner, Egypt of the Pharaohs, p. 21]. Alphabet: “The history of the alphabet begins in Ancient Egypt, more than a millennium into the history of writing. The first pure alphabet emerged around 2000 BCE to represent the language of Semitic workers in Egypt (see Middle Bronze Age alphabets), and was derived from the alphabetic principles of the Egyptian hieroglyphs. Most alphabets in the world today either descend directly from this development, for example the Greek and Latin alphabets, or were inspired by its design.”--Wikipedia Hieroglyphics and Hieratic are the world’s oldest writing systems; from them are derived the Phoenician and Hebrew and Greek alphabets, making them the ancestors of the Roman alphabet which is now used world-wide.5 [5Alan Gardiner, Egypt of the Pharaohs, pp. 25-26.] From them too derive the Arabic script via the Nabataean Aramaic script. Arabic numerals bear a striking resemblance to some of the symbols in Meroitic script, a late offshoot of the Kemetic scripts. 3. The balance and scales (for weighing): A symbol in hieroglyphics, and a central instrument in the rite of weighing the soul of the deceased in the Judgment Hall before Ausar. 6 [6 E. A. Wallis Budge, The Egyptian Book of the Dead, pp. 2, 256, 261 etc. for its representation as a 4 hieroglyph and for its presence in vignettes that illustrate the book. For evidence that parts of the work date back to before Dyn. I, see p. xii.] The doctrine of the Judgment Day, and its symbolism, most probably date back to predynastic times; the scale is, therefore, probably a predynastic invention. 4. The Calendar: Kemet had two calendars from its earliest times -- the Civil calendar of 365 days to the year; and the Astronomical or Sopde (Sirius) calendar of 365.25 days to the year. These two were together in use by Dyn. I, and certainly before 4241 BC. Both were most probably invented in Predynastic times. 7 [7 Charles Finch, “Science and Symbol in Egyptian Medicine,” in Egypt Revisited, p. 328] The calendar used today throughout the world is adapted from the civil calendar of Black Egypt. “To the Egyptians we owe the practice of dividing the day into 24 hours. Our modern practice of starting the day at midnight dates back to the Egyptians.” 8—[8 John Pappademos, “An Outline of Africa’s Role in the History of Physics”, in Van Sertima ed., Blacks in Science, p. 187] 5. The oldest uninscribed paper: Two papyrus rolls from Dyn. I, found in a small box at Saqqara.9 [9 M. Hoffman, Egypt Before the Pharaohs, p. 291] 6. The wheel: Scaling ladders, fitted with wheels, and kept from slipping by a handspike, were used by construction workers as early as Dyn. V. (ca. 3380-3162 BC). They 5 are depicted on the wall of the tomb of Kaemhesit. 10 [10 See Blacks in Science, p. 81, fig. 7.] 7. The so-called Pythagoras Theroem: The theorem of the square on the hypothenuse was known and used in Kemet, millennia before Pythagoras took knowledge of it from there to Greece.11 [11 Cheikh Anta Diop, Civilization or Barbarism, p. 260] 8. Coordinates: A system of coordinates was in use in Kemet in Old Kingdom times. In one specimen, probably from Dyn. III, coordinates were used in an architectural drawing to draw a curve. Rectangular coordinate grids were used for star maps shown on the ceilings of tombs. A grid of squares was used to scale up construction plans. 12 [12 See Beatrice Lumpkin, “The Pyramids: Ancient Showcase of African science and technology,” Blacks in Science, pp. 67-83. ] 9. The Oldest record of sea-going ships: King Sahure of Dyn. V sent a fleet to the coast of Palestine and another to Punt (Somalia).13 [13 See Wayne B. Chandler, “Of Gods and Men: Egypt’s Old Kingdom,” in Ivan Van Sertima, ed., Egypt Revisited, p. 168.] 10. The oldest map in the world: A map, now in the Turin museum, showing the road to one of Kemet’s gold fields.14 [14 Alan Gardiner, Egypt of the Pharaohs., p. 42.]6 11. The oldest example of large-scale metal sculpture in the world: A near life-size copper statue group of Pepi I and his young son Merenre (Dyn. VI).15 [15 See M. Hoffman, Egypt Before the Pharaohs, p. 128.] 12. Stone-paved roads: “Probably the earliest stone-paved road was built in Egypt . . . when the Great Pyramid was built. In order to move the huge stone blocks making up the pyramid, a smooth road of polished stone was built about 60 feet wide and half a mile long.”16 [16 See “Road” in Britannica Junior Encyclopedia, Vol 13, (1965), p. 109(b) 13. Iron and steel: Iron was used in Kemet from predynastic times and down through the dynasties, long before its reported use anywhere else in the world. Specimens of materials made of iron have survived from the Gerzean period, Dyns IV,VI, XVIII-XXII.17 [17 C. A. Diop, The African Origin of Civilization, p. 293, n. 8;] The most ancient steel object extant, made of successive layers containing different percentages of carbon, is a knife from Kemet, made probably in the 9th c. BC.18 [18 C. A. Diop, Civilisation or Barbarism, p. 285.] Plutarch reports, based on Manetho, that iron was called “the bone of Typhon,” i.e. Set.19 [19 Manetho, p. 191,] There are references to “bat qemau,” iron of the south, in the Kemetic Book of Resurrection.20 [20 See, e.g. Budge, Egyptian Book Of the Dead, p. 13.]7 14. Gunpowder: Gunpowder was known and used in Kemet by the priests, but “solely for religious purposes at rites such as the Mysteries of Osiris.”21 [21 C. A. Diop, The African Origin of Civilization, p. 24.] 15. Glider plane: A scale model of a glider, made of sycamore wood, survives from Kemet. It measures 18 cm x 14 cm, and is in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo. The name of the maker of the model is Pa-di-Imen.22 [22 See Khalil Messiha et. al., “African experimental aeronautics: a 2,000-year-old model glider,” in Blacks in Science, pp. 92- 99.] Aeronautical scientists have examined it and confirmed that it is a model glider. The date it was made is uncertain. 16. Atomic theory, heliocentricity, and gravitation: There is evidence that these major theories of modern science were, long ago, known to Kemetic science. Isaac Newton left his written testimony about Kemetic knowledge thereof.23 [23 See John Pappademos, “The Newtonian synthesis in physical science and its roots in the Nile Valley,” Nile Valley Civilizations: 84-101, see especially p. 94 for quotes from Newton himself; and also Martin Bernal, Black Athena, Vol. I, p. 167.] TO BE CONTINUED (1520 words)

[incredibletinyhouse]

The king is dead! Long live… Greta? Swedish former mayor calls for replacement of Charles XII statue with one of Thunberg

An ex-mayor of a Swedish municipality took some heat online for suggesting that a statue of King Charles XII be pulled down, and a sculpture of Greta Thunberg or the late UN head, Dag Hammarskjold, be installed instead.

Jan Björinge, the former mayor of the Umea municipality, couldn’t resist jumping in as the Black Lives Matter-inspired trend of toppling statues gained traction across the world. Joining the debate in an opinion piece for the Aftonbladet newspaper, he wondered if it was “right to allow public places to disseminate anti-democratic values” on Swedish soil.

Read more

Celtic lives matter? Julius Caesar statue vandalized in Brussels, locals question motive

He recalled that a number of statues of “oppressors” had been pulled down over the years, and made particular mention of Vladimir Lenin, Karl Marx, and Saddam Hussein – quite a mixed bag, in anyone’s view. And Sweden, he said, had its own bronze candidate for removal, who also went by the name Karl.

For Björinge, King Karl XII (otherwise known as Charles XII), who occupied the Swedish throne between 1697 and 1718, was undemocratic enough to warrant being removed from his pedestal. Pushing ahead with his argument, he went a lot further than others who advocate the tearing down of controversial statues.

Remove the one-time ruler Karl XII and replace him with the climate activist Greta Thunberg, or at least with the diplomat and [Nobel] Peace Prize winner, Dag Hammarskjöld.

Hammarskjöld, a renowned Swedish diplomat who led the United Nations in the 1950s, and Thunberg, a long-time mainstream-media darling, especially since her incendiary UN speech in 2019, “contributed to a more humane and more sustainable world,” the retired politician insisted.

When they were later shared online, Björinge’s views seemingly failed to win the hearts of his fellow Swedes.

Patriots reminded him that Karl XII “devoted his life to defending Sweden,” and said, were it not for the king’s efforts, “you probably wouldn’t even have been here, let alone written your crap article.” 

Others taunted the proposal, suggesting that Björinge should first be advocating tearing down the Egyptian pyramids, as they are “a clear symbol of slavery.” Those poking fun at the former mayor wondered if he wanted Greta’s monument to look like this.

Här har vi ett första arbetsprov. Tycker det blir bra, speciellt med ANTIFAS weapon of choice, värjan. pic.twitter.com/mvtOBIniFe

— Fredric Morenius (@FredricMorenius) June 16, 2020

The scrutiny and removal of statues with links to colonialism or the slave trade have become a divisive issue in recent weeks. In the US, a number of Confederate memorials have been defaced or pulled down by anti-racism protesters, as have some colonial-era monuments in the UK.

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Western Australian govt to rename King Leopold Ranges, named after ‘evil tyrant’ Belgian monarch

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[wikitopx]

Nestled on two hills above the right bank of the Loire River, this enchanting town is distinguished by exquisite elegance.

Blois architecture diversifies the grandeur of the past residents. Dominating the city landscape are the magnificent Château de Blois (once home to the kings of France) and Cathédrale Saint-Louis, both of which overlook the spectacular River Valley. Blois became prominent in the 15th century, and the Renaissance spirit was felt throughout the city. Earl Blois's Hoelsels particuliers, the impressive aristocratic castle and the houses of exotic half-wooden guards give the historic area a special space.

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1. Château Royal de Blois

One of the top attractions in the River Valley, the majestic Château Royal de Blois has an illustrious history. Famous residents include the Duke of Orleans, the seven kings of France, the prince/poet Charles d'Orléans and several Count Blois who led the Crusades.

Built from the 13th to the 17th centuries, the castle is a marvelous Renaissance architecture with ornate loggia, galleries and oriel windows.

Tourists cross Louis XII wing (built from 1498 to 1503). Over the doorways appears the crowned porcupine, the emblem of Louis XII. The Salle des Etats are remnants of the castle from the 13th century, and the Francis I wing has a richly decorated octagonal staircase.

2. Vieux Blois (Old Town)

The historic center of Blois has a unique old-world atmosphere. Vieux Blois is characterized by the houses of handsome half-wooden guards, narrow sidewalks and picturesque stairs. Just east of Saint-Louis Cathedral is the 18th-century Ancien Evêché, the Palace of the former Bishop, now the Hôtel de Ville (City Hall).

The adjoining gardens, the Jardins de l'Évêché, are classified as a "Jardins Remarquables" (Remarkable Gardens) and are definitely worth visiting. Created in the 17th century, the expansive green space includes the Rose Garden (Roseraie) with a great variety of flowers and a terrace with views of the River Valley landscape.

The Jardins de l'Évêché is open year-round with extended hours in summertime. The Rose Garden is open from May 15th through September 30th.

3. Maison de la Magie (House of Magic)

In Maison Massé, opposite Château Royal, this unique museum is the only museum in Europe devoted entirely to magic as a performing art. The museum takes visitors into the magical world of magic while offering a surprisingly entertaining experience.

Visitors are amazed by the museum's creative presentation, including a fire-breathing dragon that appears every half hour.

In an exhibition space of 2,000 square meters, a large area dedicated to the famous magician Jean Eugène Robert-Houdin, who was born in Blois. Several rooms present Houdin's life and work.

There are also exhibits that explain the history of magic art and other areas displaying many optical illusions. Throughout the year, the museum introduces magic shows with award-winning artists and other talented magicians.

4. Eglise Saint-Nicolas

Eglise Saint-Nicolas stands in the shadow of the Château de Blois in historic Blois district, where narrow streets are lined with special old houses. Formerly a Benedictine monastery church, the building was built between the 12th and 13th centuries.

Saint-Nicolas Church features early Gothic art, including the beautiful capital. The sumptuous facade features three portals topped by a harmonious gallery of arches. An exquisite rose window allows light to filter into the sanctuary. An unusual detail is a giant gutter above the rose window.

Inside the church, visitors are awed by the bright sanctuary, which is illuminated by artistic stained-glass windows.  Numerous modern windows, creating a stark contrast to the ancient structure.

Address: Parvis Saint-Nicolas, 41000 Blois

5. Eglise Saint-Vincent-de-Paul

In the heart of Blois near Château de Blois, this 17th-century church shows its Baroque style with its graceful proportions. The Church of Saint Vincent de Paul was constructed over many years and was finally completed thanks to donations from Gaston d'Orléans.

Typical of a Jesuit church, the facade features three levels of Doric and Corinthian columns. The ornately decorated interior has a sense of drama with its carved red marble columns and opulently adorned chapels.

The church displays many fine sculptures, including two commemorative monuments. Surrounding the church are overgrown gardens that offer a sense of tranquility.

Address: Place Victor Hugo, 41000 Blois

6. Cathédrale Saint-Louis

Saint-Louis Church stands on high ground in the old town, northeast of Château de Blois. There was a church on this site in the early Christian period, rebuilt and changed in the 12th, 16th and 17th centuries.

However, the cryptocurrency dates back to the original church of the 10th century. The church was destroyed by a hurricane in 1678. In addition to the church, the tower, and the western facade, the church was completely rebuilt.

The intricate gothic architecture interior stunned visitors with its spaciousness. The church has contemporary stained glass windows by artist Jan Dibbets. Free guided tours are available for those interested in learning more about the cathedral and its stained-glass windows.

Address: Place Saint-Louis, 41000 Blois

7. Eglise Saint-Saturnin

One of the oldest churches in Blois, Saint Saturnin church was built on the foundation of a pre-Roman chapel. Anne de Bretagne provided donations that allowed enough funds to reconstruct the building in the 16th century.

Unfortunately, the church became a victim of the Religious War; It was damaged in 1568 and later restored in the 16th century. The interior stunned visitors with its beautiful gothic architecture. Other noteworthy architectural and artistic elements are the hexagonal staircase, vibrant stained-glass windows, fine paintings, and statues.

Address: 13 Rue Munier, Blois

8. Jardin de Plantes Médicinales

An amazingly calm oasis in Vieux Blois (Old Town), this flavorful garden is surrounded by the ancient walls behind the church. The lush green space flourishes with vibrant flowers and leafy trees, which attract many chirping birds.

However, the garden, also known as the "Jardin des Cinq Sens" (Garden of the Five Senses), is distinguished by its variety of aromatic herbs and medicinal plants.

One of the most delightful things to do in Blois explores this garden and become immersed in a glorious sensory experience of sight, sound, smell, touch, and taste. Admire the colorful flowers, listen to the soothing bird voices, recognize the aroma of herbs, feel the texture of the plants and even taste some edible herbs.

The garden is open year-round Monday through Friday from 9 am to 5:30 pm. The entry is free.

Address: Place Saint-Louis, Blois

9. Festivals

In the summer, the city of Blois hosts a vibrant festival called "Des Lyres d'été". Held in July and August, the festival includes a series of outdoor performances: music concerts, cinema, dance, street theater, storytelling, circus acts, and magic tricks.

Events take place in public squares throughout the city center and at the Creusille port along the Loire. There are also fireworks and a concert on the opening night.

Another interesting festival, "Carnaval de Blois", takes place in March. An event admired by many fans, the Blois Carnival celebrates the end of the winter with a parade of bands and street theaters.

A jubilant procession winds through the city from Place du Chateau all the way to the Place de la République. In keeping with the festive spirit, the event ended with the highly anticipated performance at Halle aux Grains (2 Place Jean Jaurès).

10. Fondation du Doute: Museum of Contemporary Art

The Fondation du Doute is a daring museum of contemporary art focused on the period of 1960 to 1970. The gallery displays works by more than 50 artists, including a total of about 300 works.

The 1,500-square-meter gallery space represents a diverse array of works, which allows for an in-depth appreciation of contemporary art. The platform encourages visitors to discuss, ask questions and challenge their perception of art.

Bringing the art world to your lunch break, the museum has a trendy casual restaurant, Café le Fluxus, serving snacks and pastries in a creative setting. Occasionally the café is open in the evenings for concerts and other events.

Address: 14 Rue de la Paix, Blois

More ideals for you: Top 10 things to do in Battipaglia

From : https://wikitopx.com/travel/top-10-things-to-do-in-blois-707755.html

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Top 10 Stunning Castles in Norway to Visit

Sverresborg Castle

Sverre Sigurdsson castle or Sverresborg was a residence and fort which was built in Nidaros, a medieval city built by King Sverre Sigurdsson. The fortification was erected to support the struggle of Sverre Sigurdsson against King Magnus Erlingsson to claim Norway’s throne.

Now the site is the part of an open-air museum, Sverresborg Trøndelag Folk Museum for the Trøndelag region. The location of Sverresborg and defense of the city of Trondheim was based on tree geographical features –

·       ·The city is positioned on the peninsula bordered on the south and east by River Nidelva and by Trondheimsfjord on the north.

·       Located precisely to the south, a glacially carved rock hill rules the city and offers well-fortified site.

·       The neck connecting the mainland and peninsula was a bit narrow and could be fortified with ease.

In the 1182-1183 fall, Sverre started construction of Sverresborg, i.e., one of the earliest fortresses in Norway, to provide more easily defended and secure base to operate and reside from.

The selected location was hard to approach, easily fortified and could be protected easily by a small force.

For the fortification, the stone used was available just 600m away in a quarry which has been used to build the Nidaros cathedral.

Since Archbishop of Nidaros, who had worked with King Magnus, was in exile from 1180 to 1183 in England and stonemasons were available too.

Along with being detached from his men, Sverre moved out to castle and work proceeded instantly in 1183 during Lent.

Egeberg Castle

Egeberg Castle was built by Halfdan Berle, a leading architect, in 1899-1901 for Einar Westeye Egeberg and Birgitte Halvordine.

Einar Westeye Egeberg owned one of the most prominent lumber companies of Oslo, Westye Egeberg & Co. There were seven children of Egeberg couple, and most of them grown up when the family finally shifted to the castle in the year 1901.

Egeberg Castle was the biggest private residence in Oslo at 1600 sq. m. over two floors and a section of the tower. After a century, the castle stood strongly tall around a big park and with an extraordinary view over the harbor and city.

The overall cost of construction was 12 million kronor in the year 1901. The castle was built with quality materials like soapstone and granite.

The architecture was a renaissance from Italy dominated by dignified forms. The ceilings of the interiors were made by stucco workers from Italy. The first floor of the castle had a smoking lounge, vestibule, hall, dining room, bathroom, and dressing rooms. The billiard room was also built in the tower while storage rooms were built in the basement. Mrs. Egeberg had ill health and was paralyzed partially.

A lift was installed at NOK 25000. An open Minerva car like the one of the royal family in Norway was owned for Mrs. Egeberg in 1912 to go on a drive with chauffeur, but she died in the year 1930.

Akershus Castle

Akershus Castle or Akershus Fortress is a medieval castle built for protection and to offer the royal home for Oslo, Norway. The castle has been used as a prison, military base and government offices. Exactly when the castle was built is still now known, but it was expected to be made by King Haakon V around the late 1290s.

Tønsberg has been replaced among the two most prominent castles in Norway in that period. It was built in response to the nobleman of Norway, Sarpsborg’s Earl Alv Erlingsson attacked Oslo earlier in 1287. After the attack, it became clear that the existing defenses of the city were not that effective, and a stronger defense was in need. In written sources, the castle is mentioned in 1300 for the first time in a King Haakon’s letter from him to a church-based in Oslo.

However, it is not cleared in the letter how far the castle’s construction had been going on by then. The fortress has seen all the sieges but survived, especially by Swedish forces, including ones by Charles XII in the year 1716.

Austrått

Austrått Manor or Austrått is a manor based in Ørland municipality of Trøndelag, Norway. Austrått has served as the residence for several noblemen, officials, and noblewomen since the 10th century who played an important role in the history of Norway.

Austrått can also be mentioned as Østeraat, Østråt, Austaat, Østeraad, and Austråt. As it is positioned today, the manor’s layout is attributed to Ove Bjelke, a chancellor for whom it was built around 1656. In 1916, the manor house was burned down, and it was restored in 1961.

Previously, the manor house belonged to a larger property, but it is now an independent land from the manor house. The state of Norway owns manor house, owned by Nordenfjeldske Kunstindustri museum, Trondheim. From June to August, the manor house is open for public.

The term “Austrått” is believed to be derived from old Norse terms used to define east direction which could be eastbound or the eastern property.

Fritzøehus

Fritzøehus is a manor house and private estate positioned in Larvik. The estate has been related to several Treschow family members traditionally. It was designed by Jacob Wilhelm Nordan and built-in 1863-1865 for Michael Treschow.

The manor house was stretched in the years 1885-89 and 1897-1898. It includes 75 rooms in total floor area with 21 basement rooms, so it has become the largest private residence in the country.

Located in Fritzøehus park, Fritzøehus is a designated conservation place built to preserve the expanded beech forests as well as unique landscape. There is also fir, walnut, and spruce trees in the park spread over 1700 acres. The park was built in the 1860s in the English style.

There is a water fountain in the courtyard and a bear’s sculpture by Anne Grimdalen. The park has a collection of mouflon and fallow deer in the Mediterranean.

Oscarshall

It is a Maison de Plaisance in Frognerkilen on Bygdoy, a small fjord in Oslo of Norway. The palace was built on 1852 by Johan Henrik Nebelong, a Danish architect on commission from Queen Joséphine and King Oscar I of Sweden and Norway. The castle was opened to the public as the museum by King Oscar II in 1881.

With surrounding park and secondary building, the palace is known to be among the best epitome of neo-Gothic style in Norway and is among the most prominent embodiments of the nation in National Romantic style, and it was known in Norway.

The interior was built and entirely designed by the artisans and artists belong to Norway. The dining hall’s walls are designed well with paintings by Adolph Tidemand and Joachim Frich, and the furniture and decoration in the drawing-room showcase the styles of old Guildhall in Norway.

Oscarshall has gone through complete restoration and renovation from 2005 to 2009 and has brought furniture and colors back to the previous style since 1859. Oscarshall was open to the public after renovation.

During summers, the palace is finally open for guided tours. The Queen Josephine Gallery was opened by Queen Sonja in 2013 on the Oscarshall grounds. The featured prints and graphic prints are exhibited in the gallery by Her Majesty during the first season.

Gamlehaugen

Gamlehaugen is a mansion located in Bergen and residential home of Norwegian Royal Family. It has history dated far back to the Middle Ages, and the list of last owners includes most of the richest men in Bergen.

The Norwegian state has owned the castle today, and Christian Michelsen is the latest private owner and a shipping and politician magnate who became the first PM of Norway after the closure of union between Norway and Sweden. Michelsen started building this building where he lived the rest of his life in Gamlehaugen.

In 1925, Michelsen died, and his closest colleagues and friends started fund-raising on a national level which brought enough amount of money to enable a state to own the property.

English park was also opened the same year to the public and ground floor of the house was opened two years later as a museum. It has been the residence of the Norwegian Royal Family in Bergen since the year 1927.

The red building stable is located next to the road. Originally it was located around the house of caretaker demolished in 1986 when the rock was blasted right away and made space for the main street’s widening. There is an unused root cellar located west of the stable.

On the other side of the compound, there is a greenhouse built further west and is being used by janitorial crew these days.

A larger greenhouse may have existed when the greenhouse is small at some point during the moment when Michelsen ruled Gamlehaugen.

Find the complete guide to Gamhlehaugen

Båhus Fortress

Located along the earlier Norwegian-Swedish border, Bohus Fortress can be accessed northeast from Hisingen where Gota River is split into two different branches.

The river forms a moat naturally around it at the nearby area from a 40m high cliff. The Bohus Fortress started to be built in 1308 under the King of Norway, Haakon V Magnuson during the years 1299 to 1319.

The construction of Norwegian castles was also begun by Hakon V at Akershus and Vardøhus from a comprehensive defensive policy. When Bohuslan was the territory of Norway and served as a significant defense for Norway against Sweden, it was the strong part of Bohuslan from 1308 till 1658.

It was decided that the unused fortress must be demolished at the end of the 18th century.

The crews started demolishing the fort for two months when money allocated had run out. And the houses were built by the residents of Kungalv using fortress’s dressed stone. But you can still see most of the fortress, along with a huge northern tower named Fars Hatt.

The fortress serves as a museum since 2015 and is open during summers.

Steinvikholm Castle

Located on Skatval peninsula, Steinvikholm Castle is one of the best castles in Norway. It is an island fortress located on Skatval peninsula in Nord-Trøndelag County near Stjørdal. It took seven years to build, i.e., from 1525 to 1532, by the last Roman Catholic Archbishop of Norway, Olav Engelbrektsson.

It was the powerful fort of its time and the largest in the Middle Age in Norway.

Around half of the land has been occupied on the hilly island. Since the reason doesn’t have spring, the freshwater was available only on the mainland.

There was a wooden bridge, the only way to the island along with the boat. Even though the design of the castle was common in 1525 across Europe, the medieval layout of the castle was being obsolete due to the enhanced firepower of the siege from the cannons and gunpowder.

Tønsberg Fortress

Tønsberg fortress was a medieval castle and fortress in Tønsberg, which was protected for more than 300 years by the fort. It consists of Castrum Tunsbergis ruins, the largest castle in Norway in the 13th century, built by King Sverre’s grandson, King Hakon IV.

It is usually known to have been the oldest town in Norway and one of the oldest fortified locations recorded in the country. It was believed to be founded before Battle of Hafrsfjord fought under which Norway was united on the rule of Harald I of Norway.

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11 Art Historical Treasures at TEFAF New York

Those with a taste for the classics and money to burn would do well to stop by The European Fine Art Fair (TEFAF) in New York this week. At the Park Avenue Armory November 2nd through 6th, 93 exhibitors from around the world will present art historical wares ranging from Egyptian hieroglyphs to Old Master paintings to Art Deco jewelry, and everything in between. Even if you don’t have intent to buy, the fair also provides an opportunity for the public to view treasures rarely seen in museums or in the news. Below, we take a look at 11 gems on offer, hailing from the ancient world to the present.

K’Iché Two-Part Urn, Guatemala (ca. 650–850)

Colnaghi, Stand 208

K’Iché Two-Part Urn, Guatemala, ca. 650–850 C.E. Courtesy of Colnaghi.

One of the more fearsome treasures at the fair is a grimacing urn from the ancient Mayan kingdom in Guatemala. Usually found in sacred caves where ancestral offerings would be made, urns like this are rich in mythological iconography. The lower portion of the impressive antique clay container features the sneering face of the sun god K’inich Ajaw, whose divine status is communicated by the ear spools and fanned headdress he wears. The fish barbels curling up from the corners of his mouth allude to the story of the Maya Hero Twins, Hunahpú and Xbalanqué, who were reborn as catfish after their deaths. The jaguar figure perched on top of the vessel reaches toward the twins’ human heads with his taloned hands; in K’iché folklore, the jaguar was believed to be the protective sun god who prowls the underworld at night.

A Winged, Sandaled Foot of Mercury (1st–2nd century)

Tomasso Brothers Fine Art, Stand 207

A Winged, Sandaled Foot of Mercury, 1st–2nd century C.E. Courtesy of Tomasso Brothers Fine Art.

The Roman god Mercury (known as Hermes to the Greeks) performed his duty as messenger by traveling to-and-fro with the help of his winged sandals. In ancient sculpture, the flighty deity was usually portrayed with one foot off the ground, either landing or in the midst of taking flight. This delicately carved appendage has survived, with all five of Mercury’s toes intact, since the early imperial period. While the remainder of the body is undocumented, the foot’s ever-fashionable gladiator sandals, the gallery notes, closely resemble those worn by the Seated Mercury found at Herculaneum, which Henry James once (somewhat erotically) described as “the young, resting, slightly-panting Mercury.”

Jean Pichore and the Master of Martainville, Book of Hours, most likely made for Queen Catherine of Aragon (ca. 1503–07)

Heribert Tenschert — Antiquariat Bibermühle, Stand 203

Jean Pichore and the Master of Martainville, Book of Hours, most likely made for Queen Catherine of Aragon , c. 1503–07. Courtesy of Antiquariat Bibermühle.

This small, gilded tome may very well be Queen Catherine of Aragon’s long-lost Book of Hours. One of the first illuminations shows a lady—presumed to be the queen—accompanied by Saint Catherine, kneeling in prayer. She has beside her a royal crown, “as if to suggest,” the gallery offers, “that the crown is rightly hers, but that she has not yet attained the status to wear it.” Poor Catherine found herself widowed only a year into her strategic marriage to Arthur, Prince of Wales. She was essentially stranded in the English court during seven years of negotiations about a subsequent marriage to Arthur’s brother, the tempestuous Henry VIII. This lavish manuscript was illuminated by the inventive royal Parisian artist called the Master of Martainville, and was likely a diplomatic gift from Louis XII of France to comfort Catherine during those years of isolation.

Willem Claesz Heda, Still Life with a Fruit Pie (1644)

French & Company LLC, Stand 312

Willem Claesz Heda, Still Life with a Fruit Pie, 1644. Courtesy of French & Company, New York.

Willem Claesz Heda is considered a high master of the still life during the Dutch Golden Age. He helped to pioneer a genre known as banketjes (“banquet pieces”), meticulously detailed renderings of extravagant feasts. This example is museum-quality; its large size denotes the great expense paid for it, and the sumptuous, nearly life-sized foods and objects featured confirms its value. As previously explored on Artsy, the complex symbolism of still life paintings from this time connoted the patron’s wealth, as well as the Netherlands’s international dominance through trade. The star of this banquet is the mince pie, a delicacy made with expensive imported spices from India and the Middle East. Yet these trappings of wealth also served as a reminder of mortality; the meal is over, the tablecloth rumpled, silver tray toppled, the pie left unfinished.

Large Sacred Mountain, China, early Kangxi Period (1662–1722)

Vanderven Oriental Art, Stand 342

Large Sacred Mountain, China, early Kangxi Period, 1662–1722. Courtesy of Vanderven Oriental Art.

Not all sculptures tell a story as complex as this unusually large enamel mountain, masterfully crafted in China in the early Kangxi Period, a “perfection-driven” time of great technical progress in the ceramic arts. A small robed monkey perches near the top of the almost 2-foot-tall peak. Below him, flowering prunus and pine trees wend through the craggy mountainside, which is studded with pagodas populated by other minute figures and animals. The scene refers to the popular 16th-century novel Journey to the West by Wu Cheng’en, in which the “Monkey King,” Sun Wukong, steals peaches of immortality from the Queen Mother of the West’s mountain paradise.

Elisabeth Louise Vigée-Le Brun, Portrait of Mária Franzcisca Palffy (1793)

Galerie Eric Coatalem, Stand 303

Elisabeth Louise Vigée Le Brun, Portrait of Maria Franzcisca Palffy, 1793. Courtesy Wildenstein & Co.

Elisabeth Louise Vigée-Le Brun enjoyed almost unprecedented success during her own lifetime as the favorite painter of the doomed French queen Marie Antoinette, and her many portraits have recently been the subject of major traveling retrospectives. Living in exile in the prosperous Habsburg capital of Vienna in the wake of the French Revolution, Vigée-Le Brun painted this spritely portrait of the 21-year-old Countess Mária Franzcisca Palffy as a classical wood nymph. In accordance with emergent Enlightenment values, “Vigée-Le Brun meant to reimagine royalty in accordance with modern, individualist aspirations toward authenticity, transparency, and natural virtue,” as previously discussed on Artsy. Here, the lovely countess holds an unfurling sheet of music: a composition by the prodigy Mozart, whose work was patronized by the sitter’s family.

Pablo Picasso, Portrait of a Bearded Man (1895)

Jaime Eguiguren – Arte y Antigüedades, Stand 362

Pablo Picasso, Portrait of a Bearded Man, 1895. Courtesy of Jaime Eguiguren – Arte y Antigüedades.

“Learn the rules like a pro so you can break them like an artist,” Pablo Picasso famously once said. The iconoclastic Spanish modernist practiced what he preached: He painted this incredibly mature portrait of a red-robed clergyman when he was only 14 years old (a nice perk: it’s signed with his pre-fame name, P. Ruiz). Feel bad about your own accomplishments yet? Early Velázquez-inflected works like these are hard to come by, and hint at the immensely innovative, avant-garde force young Picasso would soon become.

Peter Carl Fabergé, Silver and stone match-striker (before 1896)

Wartski, Stand 311

Peter Carl Fabergé, Silver and stone match-striker, before 1896. Courtesy of Wartski.

Russian jeweler Peter Carl Fabergé is famous for his exquisitely crafted, opulently adorned boxes: fanciful and expensive trinkets gifted between the elites, as well as members of European royal families. The Romanovs were prominent clients, amassing a collection of custom-made, Easter egg–shaped ornaments that feature intricate delights inside. So it’s surprising and amusing to discover this match-striker in the shape of a petulant silver frog, which offers up matches from his rotund backside.

Charles Burchfield, Forest Fire with Moonlight (1920)

Bernard Goldberg, Stand 202

Charles Burchfield, Forest Fire with Moonlight, 1920. Courtesy of Bernard Goldberg.

The eminent American landscape painter Charles Burchfield configured dramatic vistas and humble genre scenes in his prolific body of watercolors. The dark, brooding composition here was created during a highly productive period of Burchfield’s life, several years before he began publicly exhibiting his work. The element of fire features in only a few pieces made over his entire career. In this work, the blaze overtakes the quickly blackening landscape, illuminated by the glowing moon. A naturalist like Burchfield would have known that forest fires aren’t a purely destructive force, but are also necessary and regenerative.

Reginald Marsh, Merry-Go Round (1930)

Hirschl & Adler Galleries, Stand 370

Merry-Go-Round, 1930. Reginald Marsh Hirschl & Adler Galleries

There’s often a seedy undercurrent to Reginald Marsh’s Social Realist style. The American artist turned his attention to New York’s city streets in the interwar period, capturing popular centers of entertainment such as vaudeville and burlesque shows and beachgoers at Coney Island in almost lurid, full-blooded paintings. This colorful merry-go-round scene suggests both an innocence and depravity. From an up-skirt vantage point, the viewer sees three pretty, somewhat vacant female riders in an almost warlike scene. Their faux black stallions snarl as they charge forward; between their bridles, a cigarette-smoking man leers toward a woman who provocatively—or fearfully—sucks on her thumb.

Fulco, Duke of Verdura, The Cole Porter Necklace (ca. 1935)

Siegelson, Stand 360

Fulco, Duke of Verdura, The Cole Porter Necklace, ca. 1935. Courtesy of Siegelson.

For many, a visit to TEFAF is largely aspirational. Personally, I’ve hitched my dreams to this blindingly glittery aquamarine-and-ruby belt-buckle necklace, an Art Deco statement piece that feels startlingly in tune with contemporary street fashion. The necklace was designed by Italian jeweler Fulco di Verdura for Paul Flato’s celebrity-beloved New York jewelry house in 1935. The necklace was prominently featured in a glamorous 1944 Vogue editorial (reproduced at Siegelson’s booth), but it’s provenance reveals its most stylish bona fides: Linda Lee Thomas Porter (aka Mrs. Cole Porter) and Ava Astaire were both previous owners.

from Artsy News

[tourportugal]

Park De El Retiro

The Buen Retiro Park (Spanish: Parque del Buen Retiro, literally “Park of the Pleasant Retreat”, or simply El Retiro) is one of the largest parks of the city of Madrid, Spain. The park belonged to the Spanish Monarchy until the late 19th century, when it became a public park. The Buen Retiro Park is a large and popular 1.4 km2 (350 acres) park at the edge of the city centre, very close to the Puerta de Alcalá and not far from the Prado Museum. A magnificent park, filled with beautiful sculptures and monuments, galleries, a peaceful lake, and a host to a variety of events, it is one of Madrid’s premier attractions. The park is entirely surrounded by the present-day city. In 1505, at the time of Isabella I (r. 1474–1504) the Jeronimos monastery was moved from an unsuitable location elsewhere to the present site of San Jeronimo el Real Church, and a new monastery built in Isabelline Gothic style. The royal family had a retreat built as part of the church.

King Philip II (r. 1556–1598) moved the Spanish court to Madrid in 1561. Philip had the Retiro enlarged by his architect Juan Bautista de Toledo, and formal avenues of trees were laid out.

The gardens were extended in the 1620s, when Gaspar de Guzmán, Count-Duke of Olivares, Philip IV’s powerful favourite, gave the king several tracts of land in the vicinity for the Court’s recreational use. Olivares determined to build, in a place that the king liked, a royal house which should be superior to those villas that Roman nobles had been setting up in the hilly outskirts of Rome during the previous century. Although this second royal residence was to be built in what were then outlying areas of Madrid, it was actually not far from the existing Alcázar or fortress residence, and the location in a cool, wooded area proved to be ideal.

In the 1630s, under the supervision of architects Giovanni Battista Crescenzi and Alonso Carbonell, several building were erected in great haste, two of which are still standing: the “Casón del Buen Retiro” which served as a ballroom, and the “Salón de Reinos” (Hall of Kingdoms), its wall decorated with paintings by Velázquez and Zurbarán and frescoes by Luca Giordano.

The Count-Duke of Olivares commissioned the park in the 1630s, worked on by Cosimo Lotti, a garden designer who had worked under Bernardo Buontalenti on the layout of the Boboli Gardens for Cosimo I, Grand Duke of Tuscany. Water was a distinguishing trait of the garden from the outset: the great pond, Estanque del Retiro, which served as the setting for mock naval battles and other aquatic displays, the great canal, the narrow channel, the chamfered or bellflower pond, created —along with the chapels— the basic layout of the gardens. Buen Retiro was described as “The world art wonder of the time”, probably the last great creation of the Renaissance in Spain. Buen Retiro became the center of Habsburg court life at a time when Spain was the foremost power in the world. During the reigns of Philip IV and Charles II several magnificent plays were performed in the park for the royal family and the court.

The gardens were neglected after the death of Philip IV in 1665, but have been restored and changed on many occasions, notably after being opened to the public in 1767 and becoming the property of the municipality in 1868.

Philip V (1700–1746) ordered the creation of a parterre, the only French-style garden in the complex. During the reign of Ferdinand VI, Buen Retiro was the setting for magnificent Italian operas. Charles III (1759–1788) saw to the beautification of its perimeter, replacing the old walls with elegant wrought-iron railings. Juan de Villanueva’s Astronomical Observatory was built during the reign of Charles IV (1788–1808).

The Buen Retiro Palace was used until the era of Charles III. Most of the palace was destroyed during the Peninsular War (1807–1814) with the First French Empire.

The reign of Queen Isabella II saw profound changes in the “Retiro”. During the queen’s minority, the gardens enjoyed a particularly prosperous period, with the planting of shade and fruit trees, and previously unplanted areas like the “Campo Grande”, were landscaped as well. The gardens eventually passed to public ownership in 1868, at the time of the overthrow of Queen Isabella. In 1883 it hosted the Exposición Nacional de Minería.

El Retiro gradually became the green heart of the city. At the beginning of the 20th century, the Monument to Alfonso XII of Spain was erected next to the pond, designed by architect José Grases Riera. Countless statues, fountains and commemorative monuments have filled the park and converted it into an open-air sculpture museum.

The nineteen-thirties and forties witnessed the creation of new gardens attributed to Chief Gardener Cecilio Rodriguez who designed and built the rose garden Close to the northern entrance of the park is the Estanque del Retiro (“Retiro Pond”), a large artificial pond. Next to it is the monument to King Alfonso XII, featuring a semicircular colonnade and an equestrian statue of the monarch on the top of a tall central core.

The Rosaleda rose garden. Among the many rose bushes of all kinds stands the Fountain of the Fallen Angel, erected in 1922, whose main sculpture El Angel Caído (at the top) is a work by Ricardo Bellver (1845–1924) inspired by a passage from John Milton’s Paradise Lost,[3] which represents Lucifer falling from Heaven. It is claimed that this statue is the only known public monument of Satan.[4]

The few remaining buildings of the Buen Retiro Palace, including Casón del Buen Retiro and the Salon de Reinos, now house museum collections. The Casón has a collection of 19th- and 20th-century paintings, including art by the Spanish painter Joaquín Sorolla. The Ejército, one of Spain’s foremost Army museums, has moved to Toledo.

Since assuming its role as a public park the late 19th century, the “Parque del Retiro” has been used as a venue for various international exhibitions. Several emblematic buildings have remained as testimony to such events, including the Mining building, popularly known as the Velázquez Palace (1884) by architect Ricardo Velázquez Bosco, who also designed the Palacio de Cristal (“Crystal Palace”), a glass pavilion inspired by The Crystal Palace in London, undoubtedly the gardens’ most extraordinary building. Built along with its artificial pond in 1887 for the Philippine Islands Exhibitions, the Palacio de Cristal was first used to display flower species indigenous to the archipelago. The landscape-style gardens located in the former “Campo Grande” are also a reminder of the international exhibitions that have taken place here in the past.

The Paseo de la Argentina, also popularly known as Paseo de las Estatuas (“Statue Walk”), is decorated with some of the statues of kings from the Royal Palace, sculpted between 1750 and 1753.

There are now art galleries in the Crystal Palace, Palacio de Velázquez, and Casa de Vacas.

In the Retiro Park is also the Forest of Remembrance (Bosque del recuerdo), a memorial monument to commemorate the 191 victims of the 11 March 2004 Madrid attacks.

[steenpaal]

Bawit - Wikipedia

Fragment of a mural from Bawit

A representation of Christ

Bawit (French: Baouît) is an archaeological site located 80 kilometres (50 mi) north of Asyut, near the village of Dashlout, in Egypt. It covers an area of 40 hectares (99 acres), and houses a cemetery and the ruins of the Hermopolite Monastery of Apa Apollo founded by Saint Apollo in the late 4th century. The structures on this site are relatively well preserved, and demonstrate different aspects of a monastic complex of Middle Egypt.

History[edit]

The Apa Apolla monastery is a Coptic monastery founded c. 385/390 and had about 500 monks.[1] The sixth and seventh centuries were a period of prosperity for this monastery, which then hosted a community of women, under the patronage of St. Rachel.[2] A fresco found at the monastery depicting St. Rachel dates to the sixth century.[3] After the Islamic invasion, the monastery declined, and was abandoned around the tenth century.

Excavation[edit]

In early 1901, a survey of the site and surrounding areas was made by Jean Clédat, who was based at the French Institute of Oriental Archaeology in Cairo. Continuing into 1902, Clédat was assisted by Émile Gaston Chassinat and Charles Palanque.[4] Clédat found hermitages he called "chapels" that contained Coptic art. His colleagues discovered two churches, today simply called North and South Church, with stone and wood carvings that were removed to the Coptic Museum in Cairo and the Musée du Louvre in Paris. Numerous sculptures and paintings were unearthed during the excavations.[5] The papyrologist Jean Maspero (1885–1915) resumed excavations in 1913, discovering a common room with several entrances. In 1976, then 1984 and 1985, the Supreme Council of Antiquities resumed excavations and added to the collections of the Coptic Museum. Since then, excavations have continued under various organizations.

References[edit]

Further reading[edit]

Jean Clédat, 1901, "Notes archéologiques et philologiques", Bulletin de l'Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale du Caire (BIFAO), no 1, p. 87-91

Jean Clédat, 1902, "Recherches sur le kôm de Baouît", Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres (CRAIBL), no 30, p. 525-546

Jean Clédat, 1904, "Le monastère et la nécropole de Baouît", Mémoires de l'Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale du Caire (MIFAO), no XII, 1 et 2

Jean Clédat, 1904, "Nouvelles recherches à Baouît (Haute-Égypte). Campagnes 1903-1904", CRAIBL, no 32, p. 517-527

Charles Palanque, 1906, "Rapport sur les recherches effectuées à Baouît en 1903", BIFAO, no 5, p. 1-21

Émile Chassinat, 1911, "Fouilles à Baouît", MIFAO, no XIII

Jean Maspero, 1913, "Rapport de M. Jean Maspero sur les fouilles entreprises à Bâouit", CRAIBL, p. 287-301

Jean Clédat, 1916, "Le monastère et la nécropole de Baouît", MIFAO, no XXXIX

Gustave Schlumberger, 1919, "Les fouilles de Jean Maspero à Baouît en 1913", CRAIBL, p. 243-248

Jean Maspero, 1931 and 1943, "Fouilles exécutées à Baouît, (notes mises en ordre et éditées par Étienne Drioton)", MIFAO, no LIX, 1 and 2

Marie-Hélène Rutschowscaya, 1995, "Le monastère de Baouît. État des publications", Divitiae Aegypti: Koptologische und verwandte Studien zu Ehren von Martin Krause, Wiesbaden, p. 279-288

Dominique Bénazeth and Marie-Hélène Rutschowscaya, 1999, "Jean Clédat, Le monastère et la nécropole de Baouît" MIFAO, no 111

Dominique Bénazeth and Thomasz Herbich, 2008, "Le kôm de Baouît: étapes d’une cartographie", BIFAO, no 108

Coordinates: 27°33′00″N 30°43′15″E / 27.5500°N 30.7208°E / 27.5500; 30.7208

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 11.11

308 – At Carnuntum, Emperor emeritus Diocletian confers with Galerius, Augustus of the East, and Maximianus, the recently returned former Augustus of the West, in an attempt to end the civil wars of the Tetrarchy. 1028 – Constantine VIII died, ending his uninterrupted reign as emperor or co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire of 66 years. 1100 – Henry I of England marries Matilda of Scotland, the daughter of Malcolm III of Scotland and a direct descendant of the Saxon king Edmund Ironside. 1215 – The Fourth Council of the Lateran meets, defining the doctrine of transubstantiation, the process by which bread and wine are, by that doctrine, said to transform into the body and blood of Christ. 1500 – Treaty of Granada: Louis XII of France and Ferdinand II of Aragon agree to divide the Kingdom of Naples between them. 1572 – Tycho Brahe observes the supernova SN 1572. 1620 – The Mayflower Compact is signed in what is now Provincetown Harbor near Cape Cod. 1634 – Following pressure from Anglican bishop John Atherton, the Irish House of Commons passes An Act for the Punishment for the Vice of Buggery. 1673 – Second Battle of Khotyn in Ukraine: Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth forces under the command of Jan Sobieski defeat the Ottoman army. In this battle, rockets made by Kazimierz Siemienowicz are successfully used. 1675 – Gottfried Leibniz demonstrates integral calculus for the first time to find the area under the graph of y = ƒ(x). 1724 – Joseph Blake, alias Blueskin, a highwayman known for attacking "Thief-Taker General" (and thief) Jonathan Wild at the Old Bailey, is hanged in London. 1750 – Riots break out in Lhasa after the murder of the Tibetan regent. 1750 – The F.H.C. Society, also known as the Flat Hat Club, is formed at Raleigh Tavern, Williamsburg, Virginia. It is the first college fraternity. 1778 – Cherry Valley massacre: Loyalists and Seneca Indian forces attack a fort and village in eastern New York during the American Revolutionary War, killing more than forty civilians and soldiers. 1805 – Napoleonic Wars: Battle of Dürenstein: Eight thousand French troops attempt to slow the retreat of a vastly superior Russian and Austrian force. 1813 – War of 1812: Battle of Crysler's Farm: British and Canadian forces defeat a larger American force, causing the Americans to abandon their Saint Lawrence campaign. 1831 – In Jerusalem, Virginia, Nat Turner is hanged after inciting a violent slave uprising. 1839 – The Virginia Military Institute is founded in Lexington, Virginia. 1864 – American Civil War: General William Tecumseh Sherman begins burning Atlanta to the ground in preparation for his march to the sea. 1865 – Dr Mary Edwards Walker receives the US Medal of Honor, becoming the first woman to receive the award. 1865 – Treaty of Sinchula is signed whereby Bhutan cedes the areas east of the Teesta River to the British East India Company. 1869 – The Victorian Aboriginal Protection Act is enacted in Australia, giving the government control of indigenous people's wages, their terms of employment, where they could live, and of their children, effectively leading to the Stolen Generations. 1880 – Australian bushranger Ned Kelly is hanged at Melbourne Gaol. 1887 – August Spies, Albert Parsons, Adolph Fischer and George Engel are executed as a result of the Haymarket affair. 1889 – The State of Washington is admitted as the 42nd state of the United States. 1911 – Many cities in the Midwestern United States break their record highs and lows on the same day as a strong cold front rolls through. 1918 – World War I: Germany signs an armistice agreement with the Allies in a railroad car in the forest of Compiègne. 1918 – Józef Piłsudski assumes supreme military power in Poland - symbolic first day of Polish independence. 1918 – Emperor Charles I of Austria relinquishes power. 1919 – The Industrial Workers of the World attack an Armistice Day parade in Centralia, Washington, ultimately resulting in the deaths of five people. 1919 – Latvian forces defeat the West Russian Volunteer Army at Riga in the Latvian War of Independence. 1921 – The Tomb of the Unknowns is dedicated by US President Warren G. Harding at Arlington National Cemetery. 1923 – Adolf Hitler was arrested in Munich for high treason for his role in the Beer Hall Putsch. 1926 – The United States Numbered Highway System is established. 1930 – Patent number US1781541 is awarded to Albert Einstein and Leó Szilárd for their invention, the Einstein refrigerator. 1934 – The Shrine of Remembrance in Melbourne, Australia is opened. 1940 – World War II: In the Battle of Taranto, the Royal Navy launches the first all-aircraft ship-to-ship naval attack in history. 1940 – World War II: The German auxiliary cruiser Atlantis captures top secret British mail from the Automedon, and sends it to Japan. 1942 – World War II: France's zone libre is occupied by German forces in Case Anton. 1960 – A military coup against President Ngô Đình Diệm of South Vietnam is crushed. 1961 – Thirteen Italian Air Force servicemen, deployed to the Congo as a part of the UN peacekeeping force, are massacred by a mob in Kindu. 1962 – Kuwait's National Assembly ratifies the Constitution of Kuwait. 1965 – Southern Rhodesia's Prime Minister Ian Smith unilaterally declares the colony independent as the unrecognised state of Rhodesia 1966 – NASA launches Gemini 12. 1967 – Vietnam War: In a propaganda ceremony in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, three American prisoners of war are released by the Viet Cong and turned over to "new left" antiwar activist Tom Hayden. 1968 – Vietnam War: Operation Commando Hunt initiated. The goal is to interdict men and supplies on the Ho Chi Minh trail, through Laos into South Vietnam. 1972 – Vietnam War: Vietnamization: The United States Army turns over the massive Long Binh military base to South Vietnam. 1975 – Australian constitutional crisis of 1975: Australian Governor-General Sir John Kerr dismisses the government of Gough Whitlam, appoints Malcolm Fraser as caretaker Prime Minister and announces a general election to be held in early December. 1975 – Independence of Angola. 1977 – A munitions explosion at a train station in Iri, South Korea kills at least 56 people.[1] 1981 – Antigua and Barbuda joins the United Nations. 1992 – The General Synod of the Church of England votes to allow women to become priests. 1993 – A sculpture honoring women who served in the Vietnam War is dedicated at the Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington, D.C. 1999 – The House of Lords Act is given Royal Assent, restricting membership of the British House of Lords by virtue of a hereditary peerage. 2000 – Kaprun disaster: One hundred fifty-five skiers and snowboarders die when a cable car catches fire in an alpine tunnel in Kaprun, Austria. 2001 – Journalists Pierre Billaud, Johanne Sutton and Volker Handloik are killed in Afghanistan during an attack on the convoy they are traveling in. 2004 – New Zealand Tomb of the Unknown Warrior is dedicated at the National War Memorial, Wellington. 2004 – The Palestine Liberation Organization confirms the death of Yasser Arafat from unidentified causes. Mahmoud Abbas is elected chairman of the PLO minutes later. 2006 – Queen Elizabeth II unveils the New Zealand War Memorial in London, United Kingdom, commemorating the loss of soldiers from the New Zealand Army and the British Army. 2012 – A strong earthquake with the magnitude 6.8 hits northern Burma, killing at least 26 people. 2014 – Fifty-eight people are killed in a bus crash in the Sukkur District in southern Pakistan's Sindh province.

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 11.11

308 – At Carnuntum, Emperor emeritus Diocletian confers with Galerius, Augustus of the East, and Maximianus, the recently returned former Augustus of the West, in an attempt to end the civil wars of the Tetrarchy. 1100 – Henry I of England marries Matilda of Scotland, the daughter of Malcolm III of Scotland and a direct descendant of the Saxon king Edmund Ironside. 1215 – The Fourth Lateran Council meets, defining the doctrine of transubstantiation, the process by which bread and wine are, by that doctrine, said to transform into the body and blood of Christ. 1500 – Treaty of Granada: Louis XII of France and Ferdinand II of Aragon agree to divide the Kingdom of Naples between them. 1620 – The Mayflower Compact is signed in what is now Provincetown Harbor near Cape Cod. 1634 – Following pressure from Anglican bishop John Atherton, the Irish House of Commons passes An Act for the Punishment for the Vice of Buggery. 1673 – Second Battle of Khotyn in Ukraine: Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth forces under the command of Jan Sobieski defeat the Ottoman army. In this battle, rockets made by Kazimierz Siemienowicz are successfully used. 1675 – Gottfried Leibniz demonstrates integral calculus for the first time to find the area under the graph of y = ƒ(x). 1724 – Joseph Blake, alias Blueskin, a highwayman known for attacking "Thief-Taker General" (and thief) Jonathan Wild at the Old Bailey, is hanged in London. 1750 – Riots break out in Lhasa after the murder of the Tibetan regent. 1750 – The F.H.C. Society, also known as the Flat Hat Club, is formed at Raleigh Tavern, Williamsburg, Virginia. It is the first college fraternity. 1778 – Cherry Valley massacre: Loyalists and Seneca Indian forces attack a fort and village in eastern New York during the American Revolutionary War, killing more than forty civilians and soldiers. 1805 – Napoleonic Wars: Battle of Dürenstein: Eight thousand French troops attempt to slow the retreat of a vastly superior Russian and Austrian force. 1813 – War of 1812: Battle of Crysler's Farm: British and Canadian forces defeat a larger American force, causing the Americans to abandon their Saint Lawrence campaign. 1831 – In Jerusalem, Virginia, Nat Turner is hanged after inciting a violent slave uprising. 1839 – The Virginia Military Institute is founded in Lexington, Virginia. 1864 – American Civil War: General William Tecumseh Sherman begins burning Atlanta to the ground in preparation for his march to the sea. 1865 – Treaty of Sinchula is signed whereby Bhutan cedes the areas east of the Teesta River to the British East India Company. 1869 – The Victorian Aboriginal Protection Act is enacted in Australia, giving the government control of indigenous people's wages, their terms of employment, where they could live, and of their children, effectively leading to the Stolen Generations. 1880 – Australian bushranger Ned Kelly is hanged at Melbourne Gaol. 1887 – August Spies, Albert Parsons, Adolph Fischer and George Engel are executed as a result of the Haymarket affair. 1889 – The State of Washington is admitted as the 42nd state of the United States. 1911 – Many cities in the Midwestern United States break their record highs and lows on the same day as a strong cold front rolls through. 1918 – World War I: Germany signs an armistice agreement with the Allies in a railroad car in the forest of Compiègne. 1918 – Józef Piłsudski assumes supreme military power in Poland - symbolic first day of Polish independence. 1918 – Emperor Charles I of Austria relinquishes power. 1919 – The Industrial Workers of the World attack an Armistice Day parade in Centralia, Washington, ultimately resulting in the deaths of five people. 1919 – Latvian forces defeat the West Russian Volunteer Army at Riga in the Latvian War of Independence. 1921 – The Tomb of the Unknowns is dedicated by US President Warren G. Harding at Arlington National Cemetery. 1923 – Adolf Hitler was arrested in Munich for high treason for his role in the Beer Hall Putsch. 1926 – The United States Numbered Highway System is established. 1930 – Patent number US1781541 is awarded to Albert Einstein and Leó Szilárd for their invention, the Einstein refrigerator. 1934 – The Shrine of Remembrance in Melbourne, Australia is opened. 1940 – World War II: In the Battle of Taranto, the Royal Navy launches the first all-aircraft ship-to-ship naval attack in history. 1940 – World War II: The German auxiliary cruiser Atlantis captures top secret British mail from the Automedon, and sends it to Japan. 1942 – World War II: France's zone libre is occupied by German forces in Case Anton. 1960 – A military coup against President Ngô Đình Diệm of South Vietnam is crushed. 1961 – Thirteen Italian Air Force servicemen, deployed to the Congo as a part of the UN peacekeeping force are massacred by a mob in Kindu. 1962 – Kuwait's National Assembly ratifies the Constitution of Kuwait. 1965 – In Rhodesia (modern-day Zimbabwe), the white-minority government of Ian Smith unilaterally declares independence. 1966 – NASA launches Gemini 12. 1967 – Vietnam War: In a propaganda ceremony in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, three American prisoners of war are released by the Viet Cong and turned over to "new left" antiwar activist Tom Hayden. 1968 – Vietnam War: Operation Commando Hunt initiated. The goal is to interdict men and supplies on the Ho Chi Minh trail, through Laos into South Vietnam. 1972 – Vietnam War: Vietnamization: The United States Army turns over the massive Long Binh military base to South Vietnam. 1975 – Australian constitutional crisis of 1975: Australian Governor-General Sir John Kerr dismisses the government of Gough Whitlam, appoints Malcolm Fraser as caretaker Prime Minister and announces a general election to be held in early December. 1975 – Independence of Angola. 1981 – Antigua and Barbuda joins the United Nations. 1992 – The General Synod of the Church of England votes to allow women to become priests. 1993 – A sculpture honoring women who served in the Vietnam War is dedicated at the Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington, D.C. 1999 – The House of Lords Act is given Royal Assent, restricting membership of the British House of Lords by virtue of a hereditary peerage. 2000 – Kaprun disaster: One hundred fifty-five skiers and snowboarders die when a cable car catches fire in an alpine tunnel in Kaprun, Austria. 2001 – Journalists Pierre Billaud, Johanne Sutton and Volker Handloik are killed in Afghanistan during an attack on the convoy they are traveling in. 2004 – New Zealand Tomb of the Unknown Warrior is dedicated at the National War Memorial, Wellington. 2004 – The Palestine Liberation Organization confirms the death of Yasser Arafat from unidentified causes. Mahmoud Abbas is elected chairman of the PLO minutes later. 2006 – Queen Elizabeth II unveils the New Zealand War Memorial in London, United Kingdom, commemorating the loss of soldiers from the New Zealand Army and the British Army. 2012 – A strong earthquake with the magnitude 6.8 hits northern Burma, killing at least 26 people. 2014 – Fifty-eight people are killed in a bus crash in the Sukkur District in southern Pakistan's Sindh province.