#satellite_constellation

[phonemantra-blog]

There is now a fine for using it. The Minister of Digital Development, Innovation and Aerospace Industry of Kazakhstan Bagdat Musin said at a press conference in the government that the issue of using the Starlink Internet in the country will be legally regulated only next year. Despite the fact that Kazakhstanis have already begun installing Starlink terminals, using this technology for personal purposes in Kazakhstan is illegal and you can get a fine for it. To regulate this, it is necessary to introduce a number of amendments to the laws regarding the use of foreign satellite systems by citizens of the country. [caption id="attachment_84015" align="aligncenter" width="780"] Starlink[/caption] “For now it’s a gray area,” Starlink will be legalized in Kazakhstan only next year According to Musin, the issue should be resolved next year, it is not yet clear, in the first or second half of the year, but by the end of 2024 - for sure, and now the use of Starlink satellite Internet in Kazakhstan is a “gray area”. At the same time, as we already wrote , in Kazakhstan they began to connect rural schools to Starlink: the first 10 institutions are connected, and plans are to provide satellite Internet from SpaceX to 2000 educational facilities in remote villages. Musin noted that this is framed as a pilot project, within the framework of which, among other things, the issue of changing the country’s legislation in the communications industry will be studied.

[apod]

2019 December 10

Starlink Satellite Trails over Brazil Image Credit & Copyright: Egon Filter

Explanation: What are those streaks over the horizon? New Starlink satellites reflecting sunlight. SpaceX launched 60 Starlink communication satellites in May and 60 more in November. These satellites and thousands more are planned by communications companies in the next few years that may make streaks like these relatively common. Concern has been voiced by many in the astronomical community about how reflections from these satellites may affect future observations into space. In the pictured composite of 33 exposures, parallel streaks from Starlink satellites are visible over southern Brazil. Sunflowers dot the foreground, while a bright meteor was caught by chance on the upper right. Satellite reflections are not new -- the constellation of 66 first-generation Iridium satellites launched starting 20 years ago produced some flares so bright that they could be seen during the day. Most of these old Iridium satellites, however, have been de-orbited over the past few years.

∞ Source: apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap191210.html

[phonemantra-blog]

Starlink Georgia was registered last year SpaceX's Starlink satellite internet has started operating in Georgia, as announced by SpaceX founder Elon Musk. The Starlink Georgia company was registered at the end of June 2022, as reported by TASS. Later, the Georgian Communications Commission granted the company authorization to begin operating in the republic. Elon Musk turned on Starlink in Georgia [caption id="attachment_79171" align="alignnone" width="780"] Starlink[/caption] The creator of the Starlink global satellite communication system project is SpaceX, founded in 2002. Starlink was originally intended to be used in places where the Internet was unreliable, expensive, or completely unavailable.

[phonemantra-blog]

SDA awarded York Space a $615 million contract for 62 satellites, making York SDA's largest satellite supplier. The goal is to create a network of military satellites for global communications The satellites are intended for part of SDA's communications network known as Tranche 2 Alpha, SDA Director Derek Turner said on Oct. 19 at the MilSat Symposium in California. The network is expected to have about 100 satellites. A second supplier has also been selected to produce additional satellites for Tranche 2 Alpha, but the name of that supplier cannot be disclosed until contract negotiations are completed. The agreement between SDA and York makes the company the largest satellite supplier to SDA, with 124 satellites on order to date. The contract value is $615 million and includes an incentive payment for on-time delivery. [caption id="attachment_72955" align="aligncenter" width="400"] network of satellites[/caption] SDA, an organization under the auspices of the US Space Force, is creating a network of military satellites. Tranche 2 Alpha will be used as a tactical network to transmit data around the world, including sensitive and sensitive data such as missile launch warnings. The Alpha satellites are equipped with optical communications terminals, Ka-band communications, and Link 16 data transmission. The launch is expected to take place in 2026. York Space will create a network of satellites with global coverage for the Pentagon Transport Layer Tranche 2 also includes 72 Beta satellites, which were recently ordered from Lockheed Martin and Northrop Grumman. They are equipped with more complex communication loads. The agency is working to acquire 44 more Gamma satellites for Tranche 2, but plans are currently under review. Gamma satellites require Advanced Tactical Datalink data to communicate with US tactical aircraft and other platforms. SDA is also in talks with third-party supplier Beta to produce an additional 24 satellites that will have “some Gamma capabilities.” The core constellation of what SDA calls the active military space spatial architecture project are small satellites provided by multiple vendors, all linked by optical laser communications. The architecture is expected to include about 500 satellites - 400 in the Tranche 2 Transport Layer and 100 in the Tracking Layer. These satellites are expected to last about five years in orbit, so SDA will update the fleet of launched satellites every two years to replenish the vehicles and add new functions and payloads as they become available. At the MilSat presentation, Turner mentioned the recent resistance that the Pentagon's SDA has encountered due to its fast approach to acquisitions. He pointed out that the Department of Defense's procurement culture still has difficulty adapting to commercial approaches such as those used by the SDA. For example, the Pentagon's cost accounting office recently asked the SDA to present its forecast procurement plans for the next 20 years. This is how the traditional procurement mechanism works, while the SDA tries to introduce new technologies in months or at least years instead of the decades that have become customary for large defense programs.

[phonemantra-blog]

The study shows that there could be over 1,000,000 satellites in low Earth orbit, with many more on the way. This can lead to problems with orbital congestion and collisions New research indicates that Earth's orbit is already crowded with tens of thousands of satellites and could be overwhelmed with even more shortly, highlighting the need for strict laws governing the use of shared orbital space. Experts believe that over a million satellites will soon be launched into low Earth orbit. To arrive at this estimate, the researchers examined recent applications in the database of the International Telecommunications Union (ITU), which is responsible for providing orbital space for satellite use. To launch and operate a population of satellites, states are required to provide relevant information to the MTS. Records show that countries around the world have collectively proposed to launch over a million satellites spread across 300 “mega-constellations,” which are huge networks of satellites working together to provide Internet services. [caption id="attachment_72173" align="aligncenter" width="560"] satellites[/caption] The proposed number of satellites is 115 times the number of operational satellites currently orbiting the Earth, according to a new study. “If even a fraction of those million satellites are launched, international regulations will be needed to address associated impacts, such as collision risk, light pollution, and end-of-life risks,” said Andrew Falle, a researcher at the University of British Columbia's External Space Institute and chief author of the new study. 1,000,000 satellites in orbit threaten further unimpeded launches Applications in the MTS database between 2017 and 2022 show countries applying for satellite constellations much larger than SpaceX's Starlink, which still has the largest mega-constellation of satellites in space, numbering nearly 5,000, and in There are even more plans to launch. The largest number of components - 337,320 - are currently registered in the Cinnamon-937 constellation of Rwanda. When Falle and his team noticed this application, they began looking at others. They continued to find similar, numerous applications from companies around the world, including China, Germany, Spain, Norway, France, and the Solomon Islands. “It wasn’t just the big numbers that interested us. The more we looked into the issues surrounding these groups, the more we saw that it would be difficult for MTS to deal with them,” said Ivan Wright, a graduate student at the University of British Columbia and co-author of the new study. The new analysis also raises a larger issue: the large number of applications in the MTS database may indicate that states or companies are applying for orbital space for many more satellites than they intend to launch. The reason is partly to take advantage of different rules in different countries and minimize scrutiny: companies appear to be applying for the same grouping through different states. For example, Norway, Germany, and the United States have registered licenses for SpaceX, while OneWeb applications have also been registered in the UK, France, and Mexico. On October 11, SpaceX first applied MTS through the Kingdom of Tonga for a constellation of 29,988 satellites. Most planned satellites may never be launched due to funding problems, changes in political support, or problems with engineering or technology. However, the presence of "excess" applications is a serious warning that companies are creating security and sustainability problems in their use of seemingly unlimited orbital space. At least one important opportunity to highlight the issue is this year's World Radiocommunication Conference, which will take place in Dubai at the end of November, the researchers say. 193 member states of the International Telecommunications Union will be represented there. To address growing problems with congested orbital space, MTS in 2019 introduced rules for satellite constellations that companies must comply with to retain their rights to orbital spots. The rules require companies to launch 10% of their satellite constellation within two years of the first satellite's launch, half within 5 years, and the full complement by the 7th year.