#same concept for aeroplane emissions

[radkindoffeminist]

Every now and then, I feel like a bad environmentalist. I’ve never considered myself an avid environmentalist, but sustainability is something I’ve considered more over the past 2-3 years and I have been trying to ensure that I am more considerate with my purchases, only buying something to replace items which have run out/can no longer be used or items which I am going to use. I look after what I have and sew up clothes until I basically can’t get a single wear without it falling apart. But I’m not a perfect person. I probably have more clothes than I realistically need/items I should probably get rid of, I do still buy most of my clothes from Shien so I do end up sewing up some pieces quite a lot (though others have been really good!), I have duplicates of some items which I probably didn’t need duplicates of, I have a couple of items I just collect for fun and have no ‘practical’ use in my life, and I still go on holidays which people would consider to be unsustainable/damaging (a few flights, one cruise, etc).

But then I go on TikTok and I see people clearing out the stuff from periods in their life when they over consumed.

I saw one woman who cleared out her purses of which she had like two dozen and decided that 6 was enough. I think I’ve had 3 in the past decade? I replaced one because I thought that I lost it, had another one I think all through university, and then my current one I replaced when I started my new job because that old purchase was falling apart.

I saw the same women and another clearing out their collections of hand sanitiser key rings/holders. One had maybe 30; one over a hundred with lots of duplicate. One cleared out to 8; one to around 60 if not more. I think I had two at my peak - one for my uni/laptop bag; one for my backpack which I mainly used for going to the shops.

I saw another clear out their makeup bags. Must have been like 50 and she kept half of them, justifying that some are pretty and some do get use when she travels. I think I have like 4 and all of them were gifted to me.

I see people with shelves full of bags like loungflies or other name brands. One woman was showing off the collection of about a dozen bags she had just for the Halloween season! Meanwhile, I felt bad buying a tote bag from one of my favourite theatre shows (which I now use whenever I go to the theatre) because I have other tote bags (all given to me, mostly from uni taster days and have started to clear out a little) and felt weird having to get a new laptop bag because my work laptop didn’t fit into my work bag or uni laptop bag.

I’ve been trying to look after my curly hair properly and gotten a little into perfume too. I watch all of these content creators have a dozen types of shampoos, conditioners, curl creams, gels, and foams. Meanwhile, I am just trying to use what I currently have, only order to replace what I have, and felt a little odd having two different gels which I alternate between now and then.

I’ve also been getting more into perfume/smelling nice. I saw multiple TikTokers with walls full of full-sized perfume bottles, with one saying that their collection was like 1000 bottles. Meanwhile, I’m wondering if I’d be consuming too much if I have one perfume which is work-place safe and one or two perfumes which I use at weekends/going out because I like them.

I could go on and on about the masses of collections that people have vs how I’ve felt to have more than one of the items. As I said, I do have a couple of collections where I admit that I consumed more than average, though one is DVDs which I’ve purchased almost exclusively second hand. I am not a perfect person and I do often feel bad for not being the perfect environmentalist. But it is so difficult to actively try to be better (not just continue at my normal consumption which is typically replace when required anyway) when you’ve got one side pushing you to try to be perfect and constantly telling you to be better, if not just attacking you for failing and then on the other side having people consuming more than you possibly can within a lifetime as a collection so it’s difficult to see how your extra item here or small collection there is a problem compared to that level of hyper consumerism.

[jcmarchi]

Sails and Satellite Navigation Could Cut Shipping Industry’s Emissions by up to a Third - Technology Org

New Post has been published on https://thedigitalinsider.com/sails-and-satellite-navigation-could-cut-shipping-industrys-emissions-by-up-to-a-third-technology-org/

Sails and Satellite Navigation Could Cut Shipping Industry’s Emissions by up to a Third - Technology Org

In the vast expanse of the world’s oceans, a shipping industry transformation is underway.

The international shipping sector, made up of thousands of massive cargo ships laden with many of the goods we buy, emits carbon dioxide (CO₂) roughly equivalent to the entire country of Germany.

A cargo vessel with Flettner rotors – a modern equivalent to sails. Image credit: Norsepower

Our research emphasises the need for immediate action. Reducing shipping emissions by 34% by 2030 is necessary to stay on course with the Paris Agreement’s 1.5°C goal. But with low-carbon fuel pipelines unlikely to be available at the necessary scale until at least the 2030s, how can the industry meet its short-term target?

Enter a new solution with ancient origins: sails. Not the billowing canvases of centuries past but high-tech systems capable of harnessing renewable wind energy to supplement the propulsion from a ship’s engine.

A number of advanced sail designs are gaining the attention of shipping firms. Two contenders include Flettner rotors, cylinders that spin to generate propulsion, and “wingsails”, which resemble aeroplane wings and are derived from designs used in yacht racing.

Wind propulsion allows ships to use less fuel and so emit less greenhouse gas. However, in our new paper, we found that the real opportunity to slash emissions from shipping this decade lies in combining sails with optimal routes plotted by satellite navigation systems.

Wingsails, analogous to aeroplane wings, provide lift on either side. Image credit: Smart Green Shipping, CC BY-ND

An old idea with new technology

Optimised routing is a familiar concept to most of us. You’ll have used it by typing a destination into Google Maps and allowing its algorithms to calculate the quickest way for you to arrive at your destination.

The process is similar for ships. But instead of finding the quickest journey, the software models the ship’s performance in water to calculate routes and speeds that minimise fuel use.

With optimised routing and sails, ships can deviate from their standard course to seek out favourable winds. The ship may travel a longer distance but the extra power gained by the sails limits the ship’s fuel consumption and reduces the total emissions over the full journey. The software only suggests routes that guarantee the same arrival time, keeping the ship to its original schedule.

We used a computer model simulation of a cargo vessel with four sails, each taller than Brazil’s Christ the Redeemer statue at 35 meters high. By calculating the fuel consumption of this large bulk carrier ship on over 100,000 journeys spanning four years and covering 14 shipping routes worldwide, we found that sails can cut annual carbon emissions by around 10%.

Flettner rotors are smooth cylinders with discs that spin as wind passes at right angles across it. Image credit: Norsepower, CC BY-ND

The true promise of sails unfolds when optimal routing is used, increasing annual emission cuts to 17%.

Routes with ideal wind conditions have even greater potential. The most promising are typically those far from the equator, such as transatlantic and transpacific crossings, where strong winds can fill large sails. By taking advantage of wind patterns moving across the ocean on these routes, sails and optimised routing can cut annual emissions by over 30%.

Take the journey between the UK and the US as an example. A ship setting out on this voyage will typically experience strong headwinds which generate drag and push the ship backwards, meaning more fuel must be burned to maintain the same forward momentum. But by using sails and optimised routing software on this crossing, ships can avoid these headwinds and steer into more favourable winds.

On the return journey, the ship would typically experience strong winds from behind and the side, which would fill the sails and push the ship on. With optimised routing software the ship can find even stronger winds and fine-tune its direction for the sails to maximise propulsion.

Keeping the 1.5°C target afloat

The International Maritime Organization (the UN agency responsible for environmental regulation in shipping) has a target of cutting greenhouse gas emissions by 20%-30% by 2030. The Paris Agreement’s 1.5°C target requires even deeper cuts.

Our research shows that cuts to CO₂ of this magnitude are possible this decade using wind propulsion and optimised routing on promising routes. Achieving this will oblige the shipping industry to deploy existing technologies and practices and shift its focus from fuel alone, as zero-carbon fuels will take longer to develop.

As we sail further into the 21st century, our research delivers a clear message to the shipping industry: substantial carbon reductions are feasible this decade. Here is an old idea, one that integrates technology with tradition, that can steer international shipping towards its climate goals.

Source: University of Manchester

You can offer your link to a page which is relevant to the topic of this post.

[kayla1993-world]

Canada might be getting a 1,000 km/h vacuum-tube train

A Canadian startup has presented designs for a totally electric train-style vehicle capable of traveling at 1,000 kilometers per hour and costing less than an airline ticket. TransPod launched FluxJet in its hometown of Toronto last month, with a one-tonne prototype of the "plane-train hybrid" included in a live demonstration of its potential. It is built on the same concepts as Elon Musk's "hyperloop" concept: FluxJet will be pushed at ultra-high speeds down a shielded tube-guideway utilizing pioneering technology based on a new area of physics termed "veillance flux." The pods are magnetically levitated and travel at high speeds thanks to the vacuum tubes. The train will operate only on the TransPod Line network, including stations in major cities and strategic places. The proposed first phase of an $18 billion infrastructure project will connect the Canadian cities of Calgary and Edmonton, which are 300 kilometers distant and a three-hour journey apart. FluxJet claims to go quicker than an aeroplane and three times faster than a high-speed train, cutting trip time to 45 minutes. TransPod revealed earlier this year that it had so far received $550 million in funding for the project. The project is now under research and development, with an emphasis on environmental evaluation and land acquisition. According to Sebastien Gendron, co-founder, and CEO of TransPod, "the first phase of construction includes the link of the Edmonton airport, which is scheduled to begin at the end of 2023, and the whole line from Calgary to Edmonton in 2027." According to Transpod's concept, the network would transport up to 54 passengers and 10 tonnes of freight at a time in FluxJet vehicles, with trains departing every two minutes. According to the corporation, the new method will significantly reduce highway traffic while also decreasing CO2 emissions by about 636,000 tonnes each year. It claims that the FluxJet will cost around 44 percent less than a plane ticket for the same journey, but with no timeline for when the public can expect to travel on a FluxJet, or which other cities might be included in this multi-billion-dollar network, those projections appear to involve a fair amount of speculation about how the next few years might unfold. TransPod claims to be "developing every element of a new tube-transportation system, from design to systems engineering, totally in-house and with our partners," with a focus on first-in-the-world designs and technolocical improvements. The magnetically levitated Fluxjet trains will fly along their guideways utilizing friction-reducing aerodynamic and propulsion technologies. According to Gendron, his team anticipates that FluxJet will convey its first public transportation customers before 2035.

[myj0k3r123-blog]

PCB (Printed Circuit Board) Layout and Routing Tips and also Tactics

PCB (Printed Circuit Board) Layout and Routing Tips as well as Strategies

4layers pcb produce 1. Introduction A new PCB is a printed circuit panel. PCBs tend to be a part of each of our everyday lives; Computers, Cellphones, Calculators, Wrist-watches and each electricity component we socialize with on a regular basis. This content is targeted at pros that happen to be familiar with Equipment design and get PCB design background. fast pcb supply minimal payments Shaping the particular PCB The commonest shape for PCB is rectangle. Several people also want to possess the corners rounded, because decreases the possibility of edge-cracking. The shape of PCB highly depends upon where you actually are going to location the table, and what your mechanical prerequisites usually are (the final pack exactly where the product is placed). Commonly, there are several big slots in the particular board, each pit in one corner. These cracks are used to hold the board available making use of a patch or any PCB holder. The length is usually more than 2 millimeters, in addition to it is plated. three or more. How many layers to work with? Now we get to be able to the next action, the way many layers should many of us use? This highly depends upon the maximum frequency used in the style, how many components you have, no matter if you have Ball-Grid-Array parts or not, and most important of all, how heavy your design is. With regard to systems running about 70 MHz, usually it can okay to use 2 Coatings, should it be achievable to way the board doing so. Acquire T. E. Certification and also FCC regulations in thought. Almost all of the times, the actual require a more -130dBm emission on public broadcast band (FM 80-108MHz). That can be problematic when you use the high-current clock operating between forty to 80 MHz (The second harmonic will be concerning 80 to 160 MHz, which can easily disobey these rules). For methods running above 80MHz, it is important to consider using a lot more cellular levels, (4 is excellent example). There are 2 strategies in 4 layers: Major and underside layers can easily be Ground and also Electric power planes. The middle coatings used for routing. Major in addition to bottom layers used for transmission, Middle cellular levels used for aircraft The particular first method has the great signal quality, because alerts are sandwiched between a couple power planes, in addition to as a result, you should have minimum emission. The subsequent method can make course-plotting easy, because you will not need a via (vertical interconnect access) for every single pin number, as the green resides within the exact same signalling stratum. Further more, the inner aeroplanes can have multiple countries, to cover all your current power needs, reducing typically the via matter even further. BUT this method can be extremely tricky, and it is actually extremely important TO NOT break power planes under high-speed signal, as this appear into a return route picture, making unwanted emission more prone to occur. Using considerably more coatings always results into good quality of product, although it can make it considerably more expensive to develop, mainly in the prototyping stage. (The distinction between 2 layers type and 4-6 layers, could be as high as few hundred dollars). The six-layer+ approach is almost ideal. Utilizing top as well as bottom level as power-planes and inner surface layers to get routing can easily prevent release, increase weight to noise and significantly reduce design attempts, as there are more tiers to use for routing. Impedance-matching can be carried out easily, and many of us will cover it for high-speed signals. four. Organizing layers for Impedance-matching On this point I assume you dealing with a high-speed method which has SSTL, HSTL, LVDS, RSDS, GTL+, Dangerously fast TTL and other high-speed interconnections (USB HS, 2 . 5Gbps PCI-Express, etc. ). These routings require particular considerations. The lines call for impedance-matching. For many novices, this is often a questioning term. The difference involving Impedance and Resistance is wonderful. If you actually need resistance matching, you can easily use a resistor as well as be finished with it. Impedance matching, on the other hand, has received nothing to do along with resistors. It depends with the Girth of the actual track, the underside power-plane, whether is it Strip-Line (Surrounded between two electric power planes) or uStrip (which signifies has a electric power plane beneath it, nevertheless the other area is free, as in TopLayer or BottomLayer). To obtain a particular impedance on the track, you need to carefully select these boundaries. Use a good impedance calculator (search google) to find the appropriate beliefs for width, height above the power-plane, and fullness of the metallic layer, in order to achieve the preferred impedance (usually 50 or perhaps seventy five ohms). Be suggested that will a miss-matched impedance interconnection (especially on RF, High speed USB, SATA or PCI-Express, and memory lines for example SSTL or HSTL), create the board fail with virtually no obvious reasons. This will certainly pressure you to proceed for the next nouveau modele, without ever finding exactly what triggered the first prototype to fail. 5. Power-planing. Power-islands are the most essential factors in a high speed electronic digital design. An FPGA or maybe high-speed processor table having in-accurate power-planing can be very unsound. With early days, you could possibly option power tracks a little broader than signal-tracks, and taken care of them including normal internet connections. Today, the actual story is different. If you utilize and FPGAs or High-Speed processors, you should know that a big number regarding flip-flops are moving over from any given moment in the system. Their switching the huge amount of latest planning back-and-forward through their particular energy and ground codes. Often the ground-pins in this case can create ground-bounce if the amount involving current (and especially typically the slew-rate) is definitely high. My spouse and i must remind anyone connected with the famous V=L. di/dt (Delta-Voltage equals inductance back button current-rate). If you utilize a keep tabs on (for instance) to way ground sign, you will have various voltages on each aspect of the track. It can be very humorous in order to have +0. 5V on one side of your terrain, and -1V on the other side. This will probably lead to COMPLETE SYSTEM MALFUNCTION. I remember experiencing this issue in early days and nights, which forced me to be able to query even the very simple technique rules I understood. Discovering that bug can easily be difficult, and perhaps if discovered, you will probably have no choice yet to generate another prototype. The particular same concept applies with regard to power-plane a couple. You can certainly easily have drops in certain tracks if you do not use a jet, or a large power-islands, to support your power r�sistance. Using a greater number associated with decoupling capacitors is highly recommended for speedy and high-powered processors/FPGAs, in close proximity to their power lines. Often the RF section, and the power-supply switching sections needs specific care for their ground-planes. Their very own islands should end up being isolated from your system ground-plane, and necessitie tracks connecting your switching island for you to system terrain (the paths should be okay for you to have near-zero DC resistance, but not more). This particular is because moving over as well as RF section, can produce dunes on ground-plane, that may develop ground-bounce on your programs ground. You can seek google on this subject when you need more explanation.

[ouncewater4-blog]

PCB (Printed Circuit Board) Design and style and Routing Tips and also Practices

PCB (Printed Circuit Board) Design and Routing Tips in addition to Practices

special offer for 2layers pcb 1. Introduction The PCB is a published circuit table. PCBs are a part of each of our everyday lives; Computers, Cell phones, Calculators, Wrist-watches and just about every power component we communicate with each day. This article is targeted at specialists who will be familiar with Appliance design and also have PCB design background. 4layers pcb produce second . Shaping the actual PCB The most common shape with regard to PCB is rectangle. A lot of people also would prefer to get the corners rounded, because this decreases the possibility associated with edge-cracking. Is very important of PCB highly depends upon where a person are going to place the mother board, and exactly what your mechanical requirements are (the final package just where the product is placed). Generally, there are four big slots in the board, each hole with one corner. These gaps are used to have the board into position making use of a patch or a new PCB holder. The diameter is usually more than 2 millimeters, as well as it is plated. several. How many layers to utilize? Now we get for you to the next step, how many layers should many of us use? This highly is determined by the maximum frequency utilized in the style, how several components you have, if you have Ball-Grid-Array components or not, and most significant of all, exactly how dense your design will be. Intended for systems running up to 70 MHz, usually it can ok to use 2 Cellular levels, should it be possible to path the board doing so. Consider T. E. Certification in addition to FCC regulations in consideration. The majority of of the times, often the require a more -130dBm emission on public radio stations band (FM 80-108MHz). This particular can be problematic in the event that you use a new high-current clock operating concerning 45 to 80 MHz (The second harmonic could well be between 80 to a hundred and sixty MHz, which can easily violate these rules). For systems running above 80MHz, it is important to consider using far more tiers, (4 is fine example). There are actually 2 practices in four layers: Top and bottom layers can be Ground along with Electric power planes. The middle cellular levels used for routing. Major and bottom layers utilized for indication, Middle tiers used for aeroplanes The actual first method has a great signal quality, since signs are sandwiched concerning a couple of power planes, and also as a result, you could minimum emission. The next approach can make routing easy, since you will certainly not need a via (vertical interconnect access) for each flag, as the green resides within the exact same signalling coating. Further more, the internal planes can have multiple islands, to cover all your own personal power demands, reducing often the via count up even more. BUT this method is often very tricky, and it is extremely important TO NEVER crack power planes below high speed signal, as this appear into a return course trap, making unwanted release very likely to occur. Using more coatings always results in to quality of product, yet it is likely to make it far more expensive to develop, mainly in the prototyping stage. (The variation between 2 layers original and 4-6 layers, is often as high as few hundred or so dollars). The six-layer+ approach is nearly ideal. Making use of top as well as bottom coating as power-planes and internal layers with regard to routing could prevent emission, increase battle to noise as well as considerably reduce design initiatives, seeing that there are more levels to make use of for routing. Impedance-matching is possible easily, and we all will cover this for high-speed signals. 5. Coordinating layers for Impedance-matching On this point I presume you managing high-speed method which has SSTL, HSTL, LVDS, RSDS, GTL+, High speed TTL and other excessive interconnections (USB HS, 2 . 5Gbps PCI-Express, etc. ). These routings require special considerations. The lines involve impedance-matching. For many beginners, this is often a questioning term. The particular difference in between Impedance in addition to Resistance is wonderful. If you need resistance matching, it is simple to use a resistor in addition to be finished with it. Impedance matching, in contrast, has obtained nothing to do along with resistors. It depends in the Girth of the track, the underside power-plane, whether is it Strip-Line (Surrounded between two electrical power planes) or uStrip (which means has a energy plane below it, but the other edge will be free, as in TopLayer or BottomLayer). To obtain a specific impedance on any track, you should carefully pick these guidelines. Use a great impedance calculator (search google) to find the correct prices for width, height on the power-plane, and width of the metallic layer, to help achieve the preferred impedance (usually 50 or even seventy-five ohms). Be suggested that a miss-matched impedance interconnection (especially on RF, High speed USB, SATA or PCI-Express, and memory lines such as SSTL or HSTL), create the board fail without the obvious reasons. This will probably force you to move for the next nouveau modele, without ever finding what brought on the first type to fail. 5 various. Power-planing. Power-islands are one the most critical factors in a dangerously fast digital camera design. An FPGA or perhaps high-speed processor table together with in-accurate power-planing could be very shaky. Throughout early days, you could route power tracks any little wider than signal-tracks, and taken care of them such as normal cable connections. Today, often the story is different. The use of and FPGAs or Speedy processors, you should know that a great number of flip-flops are transitioning on any given moment in your system. Their switching causes a huge amount of existing going back-and-forward through their very own electric power and ground pins. The particular ground-pins in that case can create ground-bounce if the amount of current (and especially the actual slew-rate) is high. I actually must remind you actually of the famous V=L. di/dt (Delta-Voltage equals inductance a current-rate). If you utilize a the path (for instance) to way ground signal, you will have diverse voltages on each edge on the track. It will certainly be very humorous for you to have +0. 5V on a single side of your yard, in addition to -1V on often the other side. This will probably lead to COMPLETE SYSTEM FAILURE. From the experiencing this problem in early days, which forced me to be able to query even the very standard entire physique rules I recognized. Discovering this specific bug can be difficult, and also if discovered, you can have no choice although to make another prototype. Often the same concept applies intended for power-plane 2. You could easily have drops in some tracks if you do not use a planes, or a large power-islands, to aid your power discorde. Using a greater number involving decoupling capacitors is highly recommended for high speed and high-powered processors/FPGAs, close to their particular power lines. Often the RF section, and the power-supply switching sections needs specific care for their ground-planes. Their particular islands should possibly be isolated from system ground-plane, and necessitie tracks joining your switching island to system terrain (the trails should be okay to help have near-zero DC resistance, but not more). That is because changing as well as RF section, can establish dunes on ground-plane, which can generate ground-bounce on your devices ground. You can look for google with this subject when you need more reason.

[fastpcbsupply]

PCB (Printed Circuit Board) Layout and Routing Tips along with Methods

fast pcb supply 1. Introduction

Some sort of PCB is a branded circuit panel. PCBs tend to be a part of each of our everyday lives; Computers, Cell phones, Calculators, Wrist-watches and each electrical power component we work together with each and every day.

fast pcb supply

This write-up is targeted at pros which are familiar with Computer hardware design and still have PCB layout background.

second . Shaping the actual PCB

The most prevalent shape with regard to PCB is usually rectangle. A lot of people also would prefer to get the corners rounded, since this decreases the possibility involving edge-cracking. The contour of PCB highly depends upon where anyone are going to area the table, and exactly what your mechanical demands are usually (the final field exactly where the product is placed).

Normally, there are some big gaps in the particular board, each opening throughout one corner. These openings are used to carry the board available applying a patch or some sort of PCB holder. The height is usually more than 2 millimeters, in addition to it is plated.

several. How many layers to make use of?

Now we get in order to the next action, exactly how many layers should all of us use? This highly will depend on the maximum frequency utilized in the look, how a lot of components you have, no matter if you have Ball-Grid-Array ingredients not really, and most essential of all, just how compressed your design is definitely.

Intended for systems running approximately 85 MHz, usually really fine to use 2 Cellular levels, should it be probable to way the aboard doing so. Acquire M. E. Certification as well as FCC regulations in thought. Almost all of the times, typically the require a more -130dBm emission on open public stereo band (FM 80-108MHz). This particular can be problematic in the event that you use a new high-current clock operating among forty five to 80 MHz (The second harmonic can be in between 80 to one hundred sixty MHz, which can easily disobey these rules).

For techniques running above 80MHz, it is significant to consider using far more cellular levels, (4 is fine example).

There are actually 2 methods in 5 layers:

Best and bottom level layers could be Ground and also Electrical power planes. The middle coatings used for routing. Leading along with bottom layers applied for transmission, Middle levels used for aeroplanes

Typically the first method has the good signal quality, considering that alerts are sandwiched involving 2 power planes, in addition to as a result, you could minimum emission.

The subsequent technique can make direction-finding easy, while you will not necessarily need a via (vertical interconnect access) for every single flag, as the green resides for a passing fancy signalling coating. Further more, the inner airplanes can have multiple of the islands, to cover all your own personal power demands, reducing often the via count up even further more. BUT this method are often very tricky, and it

is actually extremely important NOT TO EVER bust power planes below excessive signal, as this appear into a return way hook, making unwanted release prone to occur.

Using considerably more tiers always results straight into good quality of product, nevertheless it could make it much more expensive to develop, particularly in the prototyping stage. (The variation between 2 layers type and 4-6 layers, is really as high as few number of dollars).

The six-layer+ approach is virtually ideal. Applying top as well as bottom level as power-planes and dimensions layers regarding routing can certainly prevent release, increase opposition to noise and also substantially reduce design endeavours, while there are more cellular levels to utilize for routing. Impedance-matching is possible easily, and we all will cover this intended for high-speed signals.

four. Preparing layers for Impedance-matching

With this point I think you coping with high-speed technique which has SSTL, HSTL, LVDS, RSDS, GTL+, Dangerously fast TTL and other high speed interconnections (USB HS, 2 . not 5Gbps PCI-Express, etc. ). These routings require unique considerations. The lines call for impedance-matching. For many starters, landscaping design questioning term. Often the difference concerning Impedance along with Resistance is wonderful. If you actually need resistance matching, you can actually use a resistor in addition to be finished with it.

Impedance matching, in contrast, has acquired nothing to do along with resistors. It depends about the Girth of the actual track, the underside power-plane, whether is it Strip-Line (Surrounded between two electrical power planes) or uStrip (which signifies has a electric power plane beneath it, although the other part will be free, as in TopLayer or BottomLayer).

To obtain a clear impedance on any track, you must carefully decide on these guidelines. Use a impedance calculator (search google) to find the appropriate prices for width, top over a power-plane, and density from the metallic layer, to be able to achieve the ideal impedance (usually 50 or even 80 ohms).

Be encouraged in which a miss-matched impedance interconnection (especially on RF, Speedy USB, SATA or PCI-Express, and memory lines for instance SSTL or HSTL), create the board fail with virtually no obvious reasons. This will certainly power you to get for the next nouveau modele, without ever finding just what brought on the first modele to fail.

your five. Power-planing.

Power-islands are the most crucial factors in a dangerously fast a digital design. An FPGA or perhaps high-speed processor mother board together with in-accurate power-planing may be very volatile. Throughout early days, you could possibly course power tracks some sort of little much wider than signal-tracks, and taken care of them similar to normal internet connections. Today, the particular story is different.

The use of and FPGAs or Excessive processors, you should recognize that a large number connected with flip-flops are transitioning with any given moment in the system. Their switching the huge amount of latest planning back-and-forward through their own energy and ground codes. The actual ground-pins in this particular case can create ground-bounce if the amount associated with current (and especially typically the slew-rate) is usually high. My spouse and i must remind a person regarding the famous V=L. di/dt (Delta-Voltage equals inductance times current-rate). If you employ a keep tabs on (for instance) to path ground sign, you will have distinct voltages on each aspect in the track. It may be very interesting for you to have +0. 5V during one side of your floor, as well as -1V on often the other side.

This can lead to COMPLETE SYSTEM INABILITY. From the experiencing this matter in early nights, which often forced me to help problem even the very standard technique rules I recognized. Discovering this specific bug can easily be difficult, and possibly in the event discovered, you will probably have no choice however to make another prototype.

The particular same concept applies to get power-plane a couple of. You could easily have drops in most tracks if you accomplish not use a planes, or a large power-islands, to compliment your power brouille. Employing a greater number involving decoupling capacitors is remarkably recommended for speedy and also high-powered processors/FPGAs, next to their particular power lines.

Typically the RF section, and the power-supply switching sections needs specific care for their ground-planes. Their very own islands should always be isolated in the system ground-plane, and need to have tracks attaching your transferring island in order to system surface (the paths should be okay to be able to have near-zero DC level of resistance, but not more). This specific is because changing along with RF section, can cause swells on ground-plane, which will make ground-bounce on your devices ground. You can look for google for this subject in case you need more reason.

[jeniferdlanceau]

BMW working with psychologists to help robot cars befriend passengers

Self-driving cars will need to "build up a relationship" with their occupants to reassure them that they are safe, according to BMW board director Peter Schwarzenbauer.

Speaking to Dezeen, Schwarzenbauer said that psychological barriers were now bigger obstacles to driverless technology than legal ones.

"I don't think regulation, insurance and those kinds of barriers will hold back this kind of technology," he said. "I think we are going to find solutions to overcome them."

"But how do we give humans this safe feeling when they are being driven around by a robot? I think the psychological barriers are probably more important than the legal barriers."

BMW board director Peter Schwarzenbauer told Dezeen that BMW is working with psychologists to help self-driving cars befriend passengers

Schwarzenbauer said he expected human-driven cars to be banned in urban areas by around 2030 to reduce accidents and improve road-use efficiency, adding that BMW is already exploring ways to overcome human resistance to the notion of being inside a robot.

"We are working now with psychologists in this area to find out what is the right approach to make people feel really safe," he said.

Google launched a prototype self-driving car in 2014, but Schwarzenbauer said the company is now more interested in putting its technology in other brands' cars

Schwarzenbauer added that traditional car companies are battling with tech giants such as Apple and Google to lead the driverless vehicle revolution and dominate the way people interact with technology in all aspects of their lives.

However he suggested that these companies were more interested in putting their technology in other brands' vehicles than developing their own cars.

"I'm not sure [Apple and Google] are going to build cars [themselves] but it seems that they are moving towards a kind of mobility concept," he said. "They are trying to offer a mobility ecosystem that is part of their 'connected life' approach."

BMW is determined to build its own solutions, he said, adding: "We don't want to be dependent on one or the other tech company."

Designer Matthew Plummer-Fernandez explored the idea of intelligent personal avatars for cars in this project from 2014

Last summer the brand announced it had joined forces with Intel and vision-based tech company Mobileye to produce a driverless production car called iNEXT by 2021.

Earlier last year the company celebrated its centenary with its BMW Vision Next 100 concept, which included a digital "Companion" to assist the driver.

This idea was pre-empted in 2014 by designer Matthew Plummer-Fernandez, who proposed personal dashboard-mounted digital avatars to aid communication between car and occupant.

Related story

BMW's MINI Vision Next 100 concept car changes colour depending on the driver's mood

Schwarzenbauer, 57, is the BMW board member responsible for the German car company's MINI and Rolls Royce brands. He spoke to Dezeen following last month's Utopia vs Dystopia festival at A/D/O, a creative space launched by MINI in Brooklyn, New York.

At a dinner at the festival, MIT robotics expert Kate Darling brought a Pleo robotic toy dinosaur to the table, which attendees instinctively petted and cuddled. For Schwarzenbauer, the incident highlighted how humans are able to form emotional bonds with mechanical objects.

Schwarzenbauer said that the way people respond to artificially intelligent objects such as toy dinosaur Pleo demonstrates how relationships can form between humans and robots. Image courtesy of Flickr user Travis Isaacs

"Our brain tells us this is a machine but at the same time you immediately build up a human relationship with this animal," Schwarzenbauer said. "The question is, is there a way of doing something similar with your future robot car?"

Here is an edited transcript of the interview with Schwarzenbauer:

Marcus Fairs: At the A/D/O dinner you said you thought humans would be banned from driving in cities in the future.

Peter Schwarzenbauer: I can imagine that this is the direction cities are going in. If autonomous technology makes traffic safer than when humans are driving, then you will see as a logical step that in major cities, at least in downtown areas, you will probably only be allowed with autonomous cars.

One reason is safety and the other reason I think is that traffic can be organised much more efficiently with autonomous cars.

Marcus Fairs: How quickly will that happen?

Peter Schwarzenbauer: After the launch of this technology, which we think in our case is around 2021, it will probably take 10-15 years. We’re talking about 2030 and beyond probably.

Marcus Fairs: So in BMW's case, autonomous technology will be fully ready to go in four years?

Peter Schwarzenbauer: We are ready to launch this technology in 2021. We are going to showcase how, in our eyes, the perfect autonomous car can look and function. It will be fully autonomous and of course it will be emissions free and fully connected.

Marcus Fairs: That will be a production car?

Peter Schwarzenbauer: It will be a production car yes.

Marcus Fairs: People have assumed that the main barriers to autonomous cars are technological and legal. But what about the human barriers? Will people feel safe? Will they trust their cars?

Peter Schwarzenbauer: I don't think regulation, insurance and those kind of barriers will hold back this kind of technology. I think we are going to find solutions to overcome them. But how do we give humans this safe feeling when they are being driven around by a robot? I think the psychological barriers are probably more important than the legal barriers.

How do we give humans this safe feeling when they are being driven around by a robot?

Marcus Fairs: How do you address that?

Peter Schwarzenbauer: Well I'm not a psychologist but we are working now with psychologists in this area to find out what is the right approach to make people feel really safe. I guess partly it's also a generational issue. I have a 19-year-old son. I don't think that he will have an issue with jumping into a robot and being driven around. But elderly people who are used to being in control...

At the end of the day it comes back to going from being in control, to all of a sudden delegating this control to a machine. This makes it complicated psychology-wise.

It's a little like flying. Most modern jets don't need a pilot, but would people fly in an aeroplane without a pilot? Probably not. People would probably refrain from doing it. So on the car side it's hard to judge how long this will take to be accepted by society.

Marcus Fairs: How do you start to break down those barriers?

Peter Schwarzenbauer: Our approach is that we will need to offer a mobility concept for you as a person – for Marcus specifically – and this mobility concept for your neighbour or your friend could be completely different.

The BMW Vision Next 100 is an attempt by the manufacturer to predict what cars will look like in the not-too-distant future

Marcus Fairs: So people will need to form relationships with their cars – or the car will need to form a relationship with the user and respond to the user's psychological needs.

Peter Schwarzenbauer: That's a really interesting topic to be honest. I am fascinated by this myself. You saw it at dinner when we had this robot dinosaur on the table. Our brain tells us this is a machine but at the same time you immediately build up a human relationship with this animal. The question is, is there a way of doing something similar with your future robot car? It's really a companion that helps me to make my life easier. Is there a way of doing it?

I don't have an answer for you but I think it's very fascinating to really look more into this area and learn also. I think what we have to learn more about this area, how can it be that we really build up a relationship.

Marcus Fairs: But there will be other artificial relationships in your life, such as with your phone, and with domestic products like Amazon's Alexa. So people might have a cluster of robot friends. How will they relate to each other? Will they merge or will there be a proprietary battle between the different technology providers?

Most modern jets don't need a pilot, but would people fly in an aeroplane without a pilot?

Peter Schwarzenbauer: I think this is one of the key questions that I am not sure I can give you an answer to. One scenario could be what I call a "connected life", where one companion, or avatar, or whatever you want to call it, takes care of everything in your life. Definitely some of the tech companies are following this route.

The other could be that you have specialised areas. This is what our target is. We think that nobody will be better at catering to your mobility needs than us. It's not our vision to become one place to go which will resolve all your challenges in your life – this "connected life". But we want to be the one where you go to for your mobility needs because this is where we think we can bring the biggest benefit to the table and make you happy about your personal mobility challenges.

Marcus Fairs: What about firms like Apple and Google? Are they potential competitors?

Peter Schwarzenbauer: I don't know what Apple or Google's plans are beyond what I hear and read in the press but I definitely would say that as a car manufacturer, we are taking them quite seriously. I'm not sure they are going to build cars but it seems that they are moving towards a kind of mobility concept. They are trying to offer a mobility ecosystem that is part of their "connected life" approach. The writing is on the wall. I think it is important for us to take this very seriously, and we do.

Marcus Fairs: You're taking it seriously in the sense that you want to develop your own technology? Or you're looking to partner with a tech giant?

Peter Schwarzenbauer: Yes we are taking it seriously because at the end of the day, what everyone wants is access to the customers. It's all about consumer access and this is what I think the tech companies' approach is. They can scale very quickly, they have huge capabilities to approach customers directly and this is something where we think we need to have our own ecosystem. We don't want to be dependent on one or the other tech company. I personally would not like to work for a car manufacturer that becomes a supplier for a tech company. I think we can do this on our own and create this mobility ecosystem.

I'm not sure Apple and Google are going to build cars but it seems that they are moving towards a kind of mobility concept

Marcus Fairs: Besides setting up A/D/O, MINI has also started exploring urban living with its MINI Living concept. Why is MINI investing in these kinds of initiatives?

Peter Schwarzenbauer: The MINI brand was bought by BMW in 2001 to do exactly what MINI is doing now, to reach out to a more urban-minded, young, open crowd, which of course a mainstream brand is not sufficient for this kind of target group.

I think you saw it with the people who came to the A/D/O event – these are people who have different views maybe, very progressive thinkers, very open-minded people. I think this fits extremely well with the MINI brand. This adds potential, if you look at us as a total group, it's perfect with MINI because we can get to people that BMW cannot. It is a perfect set up, if we would have target groups that overlap too much, it wouldn't make sense from a group perspective.

Marcus Fairs: So how does A/D/O fit into MINI's strategy?

Peter Schwarzenbauer: I think that A/D/O is a way of reaching out to the target group in a completely different approach. I personally think that especially this target group for MINI, let's say the classic marketing tools – advertising, TV spots – is probably not the right way of positioning a brand like MINI. This is why I would say if you want to be an urban brand, our internal way of seeing is, MINI should be a brand, we strive to find solutions for a brighter urban life, this is our approach.

Related story

BMW unveils shape-shifting concept car with computers that can predict your every move

The post BMW working with psychologists to help robot cars befriend passengers appeared first on Dezeen.

from RSSMix.com Mix ID 8217598 https://www.dezeen.com/2017/02/22/bmw-working-psychologists-help-robot-cars-befriend-passengers-transport-news/