#reviews Celsus Book Review

[helenbwriting]

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[entropyontherise]

How to do plastic surgery

Remedies for the plastic repair of a damaged nostril are first mentioned in the edwin smith papyrus,[7] a transcription of an historical egyptian clinical text, one of the oldest known surgical treatises, dated to the old kingdom from 3000 to 2500 bc.[8] reconstructive surgical treatment techniques were being executed in india by means of 800 bc.[9] sushruta turned into a physician who made vital contributions to the sector of plastic and cataract surgical operation in 6th century bc.[10] the medical works of chemical peel houston tx each sushruta and charaka, originally in sanskrit, were translated into the arabic language at some stage in the abbasid caliphate in 750 ad.[11] the arabic translations made their manner into europe through intermediaries.[11] in italy, the branca family[12] of sicily and gaspare tagliacozzi (bologna) have become acquainted with the techniques of sushruta.

Statue of sushruta, the father of plastic surgical operation, at haridwar

British physicians traveled to india to peer rhinoplasties being done by way of indian methods.[13] reviews on indian rhinoplasty completed via a kumhar vaidya have been published within the gentleman's magazine via 1794.[13] joseph constantine carpue spent twenty years in india studying neighborhood plastic surgical procedure methods.carpue become able to perform the primary main surgery within the western facelift houston tx international inside the 12 months of 1815. contraptions defined within the sushruta samhita have been similarly changed in the western international. The roman student aulus cornelius celsus recorded surgical techniques, inclusive of plastic surgical operation, within the first century ad.

The romans also executed plastic beauty surgical procedure. The romans have been able to carry out easy strategies, inclusive of repairing broken ears, from around the 1st century bc. For non secular reasons, they did no longer dissect either humans or animals, accordingly their know-how was primarily based in its entirety on the texts in their greek predecessors. However, aulus cornelius celsus left a few exceptionally correct anatomical descriptions,[15] a number of which — for example, his studies at the genitalia and the skeleton — are of unique hobby to plastic surgical treatment.

In 1465, sabuncu's e-book, description, and category of hypospadias become extra informative and up to date. Localization of urethral meatus changed into defined in element. Sabuncuoglu also distinct the description and category of ambiguous genitalia.in mid-fifteenth-century europe, heinrich von pfolspeundt defined a system "to make a new nostril for one that lacks it totally, and the puppies have devoured it" via doing away with skin from the lower back of the arm and suturing it in breast reconstruction houston tx. But, because of the dangers associated with surgical procedure in any form, specially that regarding the head or face, it turned into no longer until the 19th and 20th centuries that such surgical procedure became not unusual.

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The top things to do in on a day trip.

It was the final day of my Athos barge cruise on the Canal du Midi in the South of . We slowly sailed between tiny medieval towns, exploring each one along the way. These included Marseillan, Pézenas, Narbonne, Minerve, Capestang, and . Even if you only have a day, I’m going to outline all of the best things to do in during your stay.

Out of all the villages we visited, was the most famous, arguably the most noteworthy, and it was the busiest with tourists. After all, it’s a UNESCO World Heritage Site for its preserved and restored fortifications. My sister also let me know that is the name of a fun and popular board game that she’s played.

Visiting La Cite de

is actually quite large, consisting of the medieval village, the rest of the city down below the hill, some outlying areas, and even its own airport. I only visited La Cité de for the day, which is the old, medieval town up on the hill. If you’re going to visit for more than a day, I am sure you will have time to see the town down below, too. This travel guide will only go into detail about visiting La Cite de .

Even though La Cité de isn’t very big, there’s a surprising amount of things to do in . If you’re looking for precisely what to see in , you’ve come to the right place. I have five fantastic ideas of must see spots around the medieval old town. is one of the most special medieval towns in . Even though it’s going to be busier and more crowded than other lesser known spots, it’s definitely worth the trip. This is one of the South of destinations you’ll surely want to add to your bucket list.

Things to Do in : The Fortified Walls

If you’re looking for what to do in , you really can’t miss checking out its fortifications. After all, you must walk through the fortified walls to enter the old town center. However, I suggest that before you venture right into town, you take some time to walk along the fortified walls themselves.

A Brief History

Since the days of the Roman Empire, a fortified settlement has existed up on the hill where you’ll find present day . There’s 2500 years of history here. Over time, the city was occupied by Romans, Visigoths, Crusaders and Saracens, and it was once the largest fortress in . The citadel is encircled by double fortified walls about 3 kilometers in length. During the Crusade against the Albigenses in the 13th century, was captured by Simon de Montfort. He decided to construct the outer wall to strengthen its position.

After the town lost its military significance in the 1600s, ’s fortifications were abandoned. In 1849, the French government wanted to demolish the fortified walls, but there was a great opposition to this decision by the locals. Thankfully, the government changed their minds and decided to restore the walls.

Restorations of ’s Fortifications

The architect Eugène Viollet-le-Duc started to renovate the ramparts around La Cite de . His work was met with some criticism as the restorations might not be that similar to the original structures. The pointed caps of the towers evoke architecture from northern and not those from the south of . Viollet-le-Duc wanted to completely restore each building for a feeling of completeness, although some believe that looks a little too “Disney-fied”.

Defenders of Viollet-le-Duc believe that he was only working with the knowledge he had at the time, and otherwise the buildings could have been lost completely. All in all, Viollet-le-Duc’s restorations only affect less than 20% of the monument. What do you think? I can personally see how the restorations look a little too “new” or not original, but I am certainly glad that we didn’t lose one of the most important medieval towns in .

Wandering the Walls

My first suggestion for what to see in ? Naturally, take a stroll between the ramparts. Don’t rush right into the old town. Take the time to admire the walls themselves. When you visit , enter through the Narbonne Gate and take a turn to your left rather than walking straight into town. There’s a large space where you can walk between the double fortifications. It’s different from other fortified walls that I’ve checked out in the past.

For example, Quebec City’s fortifications surround the old town and you can walk on top of the walls themselves. While the walls of aren’t designed for tourists to walk on, you can wander right between the walls, admiring the towers and stone walls themselves on either side of you. Wandering the walls is one of the top things to do in and shouldn’t be missed.

Explore Château Comtal, ’s Castle

If you’re wondering what to do in , don’t miss Chateau Comtal, the castle of . A trip to the castle is one of the top things to do in . There’s so much fascinating history to explore at the count’s castle. As a symbol of feudal and then royal power, the castle dominated the city and its surroundings.

The castle was constructed in the 1100s and improvements continued through to the 14th century. Additional buildings were added, stories were added to existing buildings, and the castle gained multiple functions. It was defensive (with its fortified walls), residential, housed the military, and was also a political center.

At the entrance of the castle, there’s a wide stone bridge, ending with a wooden drawbridge. There are also several towers lining the front entrance where guards could easily attack any foreign soldiers with bows and arrows or crossbows.

As you walk through the castle, you’ll notice courtyards, walkways, and incredible views of ’s lower town. There’s also an archaeological museum in the west wing of the castle for historic and beautiful objects from and the area.

No matter when you visit , the castle is going to be one of the busiest spots in town. A trip to the magnificent castle of the Counts of is one of the most important things to do in . I highly recommend that you buy a skip the line ticket in advance. It is not very expensive and it will save you lots of time. That way, you’ll be able to make the most of your day trips even if you have a limited amount of time in the village.

Visit the Basilica of Saints Nazarius and Celsus

Another main attraction is the St. Nazaire Basilica. The Basilica of Saints Nazarius and Celsus is a national monument, constructed in the Gothic-Romanesque architectural styles. The original Visigothic church at the same site most likely dates to the 6th century, but no traces of it remain. Back in 1096, Pope Urban II visited the site and blessed the building materials for the construction of a new church. This cathedral was built between the 12th century and the late 13th century.

Don’t stop at the outside of the church without going inside. The most impressive features of the basilica are the glorious stained glass windows and the intricate carved decorations. The central stained glass window of the choir is one of the oldest in , from 1280.

Aside from several brilliant stained glass windows and sculptures, you can view the Siege Stone inside the church. It’s a 13th century relief that most likely illustrates a scene from the Albigensian Crusade. There are a couple of other artifacts in this same area: a large bell and an etched image of Simon de Montfort from his tomb.

Admire the Scenery from Various Vantage Points

As you take in the wondrous scenery from , you might feel like you’ve stepped back in time. Though some of the best views are from the castle, you can catch glimpses of lower town and beyond from various spot around town. You’ll see some great views as you wander around the ramparts at the edge of town. The cobblestone streets of are also rather postcard perfect, if you can manage to see them without too many crowds. Viewing the scenery of the medieval village and its surroundings was one of my favorite things to do in .

Stroll through Cobblestone Streets

As you wander through town, you might feel a little bit like Belle in Beauty and the Beast. The buildings are primarily from medieval times with Renaissance ornamentation. The best preserved building from the 13th and 14th centuries is the Inquisiton House at the corner of Rue du Four-Saint-Nazaire and Rue de la Porte-d’Aude.

Walking through town, you’ll also see houses with corbelled facades from the 16th and 17th centuries. These stand alongside facades from the late 19th and early 20th century. The restoration of the town impacted some of its inhabitants, as they wished to take part in the town’s revival. If you’d like to know more about the history, I recommend taking a walking tour with a knowledgeable guide.

Naturally, there are lots of little shops and cafes dotted through the old town of . You can find lots of interesting gifts and goodies to bring home with you. I even managed to find a candy shop in town that had a whole shelf of vegan candies!

Where to Stay

Inside the Cite de , there are only a few hotels where you can spend the night. There are hotels that vary in price according to their amenities and overall fanciness. Here are a couple to check out:

Hotel de la Cité : This is a very luxurious hotel with spectacular views. It’s an upscale, five star hotel right in the heart of old town. There’s even an outdoor pool, a spa with a hot tub, and sophisticated rooms. This is my top choice for best hotel in , budget allowing, of course! Book your stay at the Hotel de la Cite or view additional reviews by fellow travelers.

Best Western Hotel Le Donjon: This is a middle of the road, three star hotel in the middle of Old Town. The hotel is located within three medieval buildings inside the old town walls. Book your stay at the Best Western or view more reviews by travelers who have spent the night.

La Demeure De La Cite: For a bed and breakfast experience inside the fortifications of , check out La Demeure De La Cite. It’s a cozy and welcoming place to spend the night. Plus, you’ll have the town to yourself when all the tourists leave from their day trips. Book your stay at La Demeure or read more reviews by fellow travelers.

Most other hotels are outside of the city walls, near the airport, or you can find them in lower town. Here is a full listing of hotels so you can compare. You can also find Airbnb rental listings in (sign up with my link if you haven’t used Airbnb before and you can receive $60 off your stay!)

Getting There

It’s easy to reach , even if you’re not sailing aboard a barge cruise. There are direct trains from to from many French towns, including Arles, Beziers, Bordeaux, Montpellier, Marseille, Narbonne, Toulouse, and others. Book your high speed train trip to quickly and easily online.

You can also fly to from many cities in . Once you reach , you can rent a car to get around the South of or compare car rental prices online. There are parking lots outside the wall city (no cars are allowed inside the old town).

.kt-blocks-info-box-link-wrap {background:rgba(206, 249, 248, 1);padding:20px 20px 20px 20px;border-width:0px 0px 0px 0px;} .kt-blocks-info-box-link-wrap:hover {border-color:rgba(238, 238, 238, 1);background:rgba(206, 249, 248, 1);} .kt-blocks-info-box-media {color: 0px 0px 0px;padding:10px 10px 10px 10px;} .kt-blocks-info-box-media-container {margin:0px 15px 0px 15px;} .kt-blocks-info-box-link-wrap:hover .kt-blocks-info-box-media {color:#444;background:transparent;border-color:#444444;} .kt-blocks-info-box-title {color: 0px 0px 0px;margin:5px 0px 10px 0px;} .kt-blocks-info-box-link-wrap:hover .kt-blocks-info-box-title {color:#444;} .kt-blocks-info-box-text {color:#444;} .kt-blocks-info-box-link-wrap:hover .kt-blocks-info-box-text {color:#444;} .kt-blocks-info-box-learnmore {color: 0px 0px 0px;padding:4px 8px 4px 8px;margin:10px 0px 10px 0px;} .kt-blocks-info-box-link-wrap:hover .kt-blocks-info-box-learnmore {color: <div id="" class="wp-block-kadence-infobox"><div class="kt-blocks-info-box-link-wrap kt-blocks-info-box-media-align-top kt-info-halign-center"><div class="kt-blocks-info-box-media-container"><div class="kt-blocks-info-box-media kt-info-media-animate-none"><div class="kadence-info-box-icon-container kt-info-icon-animate-none"><div class="kadence-info-box-icon-inner-container"><span style="display:block;justify-content:center;align-items:center" class="kt-info-svg-icon kt-info-svg-icon-fas_camera"><svg style="display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle" viewbox="0 0 512 512" height="80" width="80" fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M512 144v288c0 26.5-21.5 48-48 48H48c-26.5 0-48-21.5-48-48V144c0-26.5 21.5-48 48-48h88l12.3-32.9c7-18.7 24.9-31.1 44.9-31.1h125.5c20 0 37.9 12.4 44.9 31.1L376 96h88c26.5 0 48 21.5 48 48zM376 288c0-66.2-53.8-120-120-120s-120 53.8-120 120 53.8 120 120 120 120-53.8 120-120zm-32 0c0 48.5-39.5 88-88 88s-88-39.5-88-88 39.5-88 88-88 88 39.5 88 88z"><div class="kt-infobox-textcontent"><h4 class="kt-blocks-info-box-title"> Want to see more photos of ? <p class="kt-blocks-info-box-text"> Check out my whole collection of pictures from . You can buy prints, canvas art, housewares, and more of my photos. Click the “buy” button by any pic! <div class="kt-blocks-info-box-learnmore-wrap"><a class="kt-blocks-info-box-learnmore" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://go.redirectingat.com/?id=125747X1586856&xs=1&url=https%3A%2F%2Ftravelphotos.justinpluslauren.com%2F%2F-2019%2F&sref=rss">Learn More <div class="wp-block-image"><figure class="aligncenter"><a href="http://go.redirectingat.com/?id=125747X1586856&xs=1&url=https%3A%2F%2Ftravelphotos.justinpluslauren.com%2F%2F-2019%2Fi-2pDFSFT%2Fbuy&sref=rss" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://photos.smugmug.com//-2019/i-2pDFSFT/0/0364b959/XL/P1380658-XL.jpg" alt="Things to do in - Day trips to "/> <p>Even though it can get a little crowded during shoulder and peak seasons, you definitely need to visit . Whether you’re booking day trips, spending the night, or visiting from a Canal du Midi barge cruise like I did, it’s worth the trip. There are so many things to do in , including the five activities that I listed above. Expand your trip to La Cite de by venturing to the lower town, the Canal du Midi, and beyond. <ul class="wp-block-gallery columns-3"><li class="blocks-gallery-item"><figure><img src="https://justinpluslauren.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/-Pinterest3-683x1024.jpg" alt="5 Perfect Things to Do in : Explore the Spectacular La Cite de in a Day data-id="18607" data-link="https://justinpluslauren.com/?attachment_id=18607" class="wp-image-18607" srcset="https://justinpluslauren.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/-Pinterest3-683x1024.jpg 683w, https://justinpluslauren.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/-Pinterest3-200x300.jpg 200w, https://justinpluslauren.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/-Pinterest3.jpg 735w" sizes="(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px" /><li class="blocks-gallery-item"><figure><img src="https://justinpluslauren.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/-Pinterest2-683x1024.jpg" alt="5 Perfect Things to Do in : Explore the Spectacular La Cite de in a Day data-id="18606" data-link="https://justinpluslauren.com/?attachment_id=18606" class="wp-image-18606" srcset="https://justinpluslauren.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/-Pinterest2-683x1024.jpg 683w, https://justinpluslauren.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/-Pinterest2-200x300.jpg 200w, https://justinpluslauren.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/-Pinterest2.jpg 735w" sizes="(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px" /><li class="blocks-gallery-item"><figure><img src="https://justinpluslauren.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/-Pinterest1-683x1024.jpg" alt="5 Perfect Things to Do in : Explore the Spectacular La Cite de in a Day data-id="18605" data-link="https://justinpluslauren.com/?attachment_id=18605" class="wp-image-18605" srcset="https://justinpluslauren.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/-Pinterest1-683x1024.jpg 683w, https://justinpluslauren.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/-Pinterest1-200x300.jpg 200w, https://justinpluslauren.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/-Pinterest1.jpg 735w" sizes="(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px" /> <p style="text-align:center"> PIN one of the above images to Pinterest for future reference. 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Treating Sinusitis & Migraine With Homeopathy

Pediatrics is the branch of pharmaceutical that consolidates the therapeutic care of baby children, kids, and adolescents. The American Academy of Pediatrics suggests individuals be under pediatric care up to the age of 21. A helpful professional who has some capacity here is known as a pediatrician, or pediatrician. The word pediatrics and its cognates mean "healer of teenagers". Pediatricians work both in repairing concentrates, especially those working in its subspecialties, for example, neonatology, and as key care authorities.

Starting at now Hippocrates, Aristotle, Celsus, Soranus, and Galen comprehended the refinements in making and making creatures that required contrasting treatment: Ex toto non sic pueri ut viri curari debent ( "if all else fails, youthful colleagues ought not be overseen relatively as men." Celsus.

A touch of the most arranged hints of pediatrics can be found in Ancient India where kids' lords were called kumara bhrtya. Sushruta Samhita an ayurvedic content, surrounded amidst the 6th century BC contains the substance about pediatrics. Another ayurvedic content from this period is Kashyapa Samhita.

Find More Pediatricians in Sector-8, Gurgaon:

Pediatricians in Sector-8, Gurgaon, Child Specialists in Sector-8, Gurgaon. Book Doctor’s Appointment, Consult Online, View Doctor Fees, User Reviews, Address and Phone Numbers of Pediatricians in Sector-8, Gurgaon | Lybrate

Sinusitis and cerebral pain both are to a great degree anguishing condition, causing tremendous uneasiness. Homeopathy oversees both the conditions astoundingly well.

1. Sinus and Homeopathic cure: Sinusitis is the disturbance or sullying of no less than one of the sinuses. It can be caused by a contamination, organisms, parasite, hypersensitivities or over the top nose blowing and results in the blockage of the sinus opening. Sinusitis can be extraordinary (persisting 4 or lesser weeks), subacute (continuing 4 to two months), interminable (persevering recent months) and rehashing (a couple of ambushes in a year).

There are particular cures open to treat the different signs of sinusitis, which participate to absolutely cure it by boosting the body's invulnerable system without having any responses.

Homeopathy for Nasal Polyps: Soft improvements rising up out of the mucous film of the nose or paranasal sinus are insinuated as nasal polyps and causes extreme sinusitis. The most broadly perceived treatment elective prescribed by a standard system in nasal polyps is careful departure. All things considered, nasal polyps return after medical procedure. In any case, medical procedure is a short fix since it doesn't convey the body's inclination to outline polyps. Homeopathy, of course, offers an enduring plan by treating the fundamental driver.

Following six homeopathic pharmaceuticals are ordinarily recommended for nasal polyps — Lemna Minor, Sanguinaria Can, Calcarea Carb, Kali Bichrome, Teucrium, and Phosphorus.

2. Migraine and Homeopathic cure: A cerebral pain is a cerebral torment that causes a specific throbbing torment, as a general rule in one side of the head. It isn't exactly the same as ought not out of the ordinary headaches as in the torment is fundamentally more outstanding and it may be joined by affliction or spewing as well.

A segment of the ordinary and known causes, which may trigger cerebral pains in people are:

Parchedness is known to trigger cerebral pains: Patients with hypoglycemia may moreover go up against migraines if the glucose level drops inside their body. Change in vaporous strain due to advance in rise may in like manner cause headache. — Lack of rest — Stress

Answers for Migraine in Homeopathy:

Glonoine: For people who a significant part of the time have cerebral pains in view of blockage of the sinuses, this solution has been known to be astoundingly feasible.

Spigelia: To treat migraines in the left 50% of the head.

Natrum Mur: This gives remarkable easing from migraines, which may have been caused by weight. Moreover, if a suitable estimation is taken, it can help cure it too.

Belladonna: This had been known to be an exceptional provider of easing for people who reliably defy throbbing headaches.

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Baylor School Of Medication

The Middle for Historical past Of Medication at Washington College School of Drugs in St. Louis stimulates scholarship on how progress in drugs, science, and engineering has taken place. When someone has dissociative seizures, epilepsy drugs is not going to work for them. So it is not clear why you have simply started on lamotrigine if the medical doctors say you do not have epilepsy. Indiana University College of Drugs was not too long ago awarded a 5-yr, $1.9 million grant by to review diabetic retinopathy, an extended-term, imaginative and prescient-threatening complication of diabetes. The emergence of Internet 2.0 and social media has supported public collaboration round healthcare concerns. By the use of instruments equivalent to wikis, social networks, blogs, digital worlds, a worldview typically described as Well being 2.zero or Drugs 2.0 has developed, characterized by communal exchanges and comparability of private experiences ninety five. The usage of these instruments has fostered wider and quicker citizen responses in public well being crisis situations, equivalent to epidemics and pure disasters. It has additionally generated more vocal and visible advocacy groups for particular health pursuits or causes, reminiscent of tissue donors or rare illness sufferers.

We invite you to study more about our excellent applications within the Division of Medicine. The one museum dedicated to the history of drugs on the Balkans is situated in Varna. Based in 1869 as the first charity hospital in Bulgaria, right now the Museum of the Historical past of Drugs is below the administrative management of St. Marina” University Hospital - Varna and Medical University - Varna. The White House is unveiling final Privateness and Trust Principles for the Precision Medicine Initiative (PMI). The principles present broad steering for future PMI activities regarding: governance; transparency; participant empowerment; respect for participant preferences; information sharing, access, and use; and knowledge high quality and integrity. The ideas articulate a set of core values and responsible methods for sustaining public belief and maximizing the advantages of precision medication.

Publicly funded medicine may be administered and provided by the federal government , but in some systems that isn't an obligation: there exist techniques the place medication is publicly funded, yet most health suppliers are private entities. The organization offering public medical insurance shouldn't be necessarily a public administration, and its funds could also be isolated from the principle state finances. Likewise, some systems do not necessarily provide common healthcare, nor limit coverage to public well being services. You find yourself getting rejuvenated and other people start saying, That man or that lady was on the verge of demise but do you see what that medicine can do" (Feminine, Transformed, forty seven years, 7 children, 6-months). Dr. Hinz is presently finishing work on a Masters of Medical Education, examining elements that affect inpatient administration of diabetes by medical college students and residents. She is enthusiastic about medical training and is thrilled to be a member of the Grasp Teacher program at the University of Calgary Cumming College of Drugs. The principle source of knowledge on historic Hebrew medication is the Bible, which refers to drugs as it pertains to spiritual or civil laws or when vital characters are involved. No common historical Hebrew medical paperwork are extant, though the Talmud stories that King Hezekiah canceled the "Medical Guide" (Ber. 10b; Pes. 56a) and that a scroll on pharmacology was lost. From earliest times, the Jewish faith sought to suppress magic customs and practices in every discipline of life, including those involved with the health of its members. The Hebrews had been doubtlessly influenced of their medical ideas and practices by the encircling nations, notably by Egypt, where medical data was highly developed. Prevailing superstitions and beliefs in magic drugs had been far less accepted and practiced by the Jews, however, than by their neighbors. However like their contemporaries, the traditional Hebrews attributed health and disease to a divine source. Medical tourism in Edinburgh, palliative medicine, anatomical fashions and medical illustrations are among the free seminars within the 18th yr of the Edinburgh Historical past of Medicine Group. Medical history: 1. In medical medicine, the patient's previous and present which may comprise relevant info bearing on their well being previous, present, and future. The medical history, being an account of all medical events and issues an individual has experienced is a vital instrument in the management of the patient. All through its historical past, the medical faculty has distinguished itself as a frontrunner in medical schooling, rural medication, analysis and innovation. This tradition of excellence continues, making a vibrant, modern establishment. The Department of the Historical past of Drugs provides a collection of graduate-degree on-line programs. College students may take particular person programs or pursue a Certificate or MA Degree within the History of Medicine. You possibly can register for Spring 2017 programs now, and you will discover out the way to apply for the MA or Certificate now. In 1478 a book by the Roman physician Celsus was printed. (The printing press made all books including medical ones much cheaper). The guide by Celsus shortly became a regular textbook. However in the early sixteenth century a man named Theophrastus von Hohenheim (1493-1541) called himself Paracelsus (meaning beyond or surpassing Celsus). He denounced all medical instructing not primarily based on experiment and experience. Nevertheless conventional ideas on medication held sway for long afterwards. Marie Curie © So medicine in 1900 had seen vital modifications from a century earlier than. Scientific discoveries had given medication new impetus, and a patient searching for care around this time would have had entry to new diagnostic procedures and new technologies. Surgery had undergone large change, with practitioners now working in robes, masks and the opposite accoutrements so familiar from TELEVISION today. Docs had began wearing white coats and stethoscopes, and have been capable of bask in the reflected glory of scientific pioneers comparable to Marie Curie. Our educational mission strives to coach the following generation of internists. Educational opportunities are multiple, with an outstanding core residency program, and fellowship packages in all subspecialty divisions. In all of those areas, we attempt to make sure that our trainee rotations are centered on instructional priorities rather than service wants. 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Dr Brenda Hemmelgarn is a clinician scientist with sub-specialty training in Nephrology from the College of Calgary and a PhD in epidemiology from McGill University. She is Professor and Head of the Division of Community Health Sciences the place she undertakes her academic activities, and maintains a medical practice in nephrology by means of the Department of Drugs. Her research pursuits are within the examine of continual medical situations including power kidney illness, diabetes, hypertension and heart problems, in addition to knowledge translation methods to enhance care offered to this affected person inhabitants. She is the recipient of the Roy and Vi Baay Chair in Kidney Analysis, has over 390 peer-reviewed publications, and has acquired quite a few awards and recognitions including Fellowship within the Canadian Academy of Health Sciences. The UCD Centre for the Historical past of Drugs in Ireland is a full of life, interdisciplinary group of scholars and college students engaged in analysis and instructing in medical historical past and humanities, the life sciences and public health. Authoritative data from the National Library of Medication (NLM), the National Institutes of Well being (NIH), and other well being-associated organizations to provide shopper health info.

[keeshawadham-blog]

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[morganh1066-blog]

why the historicity of the jesus character is poor

did the jesus character really exist?

keep in mind that i'm not saying that this character 100% didn't exist. i'm saying that it's extremely unlikely due to the lack of credible evidence. it is fallacious to say that because something is possible that it is therefore probable. i'll answer this in multiple posts, and they will be a bit long, but give it some patience, and i'll describe it in as much depth as i can.

historically the question on the historicity isn't anything new, there have been a number of people who have doubted the credibility of the proposed data. the scholarly research into the idea that the jesus character wasn't real goes back to the 1700s with Volney and Dupuis. There's also Bauer, Remsberg, W.B. Smith, Arthur Drews, Couchoud, Bolland, Allegro, GA Wells, Richard Carrier, Robert Price, Thomas Brodie, and Doherty

the main point is that *there is absolutely no direct evidence or primary sources for the character. * it never wrote anything, no one who met the character wrote anything about it, thus all of the proposed evidence is secondary at best and hearsay.

the people i have communicated with have brought up a number of people's writing as "proof." in particular:

Mara Bar Serapion (prisoner awaiting execution), Clement of Rome, 2 Clement4, Ignatius, Josephus  (Jewish historian), Polycarp, Martyrdom of Polycarp, Didache, Barnabas,  Shepherd of Hermas,  Fragments of Papias,  Tacitus (Roman historian),  Lucian  (Greek satirist), Justin Martyr,  Aristides,  Athenagoras,  Theophilus of Antioch,  Quadratus,  Aristo of Pella, Phlegon (freed slave who wrote histories), Melito of Sardis, Diognetus, Gospel of Peter, Apocalypse of Peter, Epistula Apostolorum, Celsus  (Roman philosopher), Pliny the Younger (Roman politician), Gospel of Thomas, Gospel of Truth, Apocryphon of John, Treatise, Suetonius, Thallus, gospels: Matt, Mark, Luke, John, Paul, and the reference to tiberius

first off, the gospels themselves are not valid forms of biography.

_"Paul did not write the letters to Timothy to Titus or several others published under his name; and it is unlikely that the apostles Matthew, James, Jude, Peter and John had anything to do with the canonical books ascribed to them."_ -- Michael D. Coogan, Professor of religious studies at Stonehill College (Bible Review, June 1994)

_"The Gospel authors were Jews writing within the midrashic tradition and intended their stories to be read as interpretive narratives, not historical accounts."_ -- Bishop Shelby Spong, Liberating the Gospels

_"Other scholars have concluded that the Bible is the product of a purely human endeavor, that the identity of the authors is forever lost and that their work has been largely obliterated by centuries of translation and editing."_ -- Jeffery L. Sheler, “Who Wrote the Bible,” (U.S. News & World Report, Dec. 10, 1990)

_"Yet today, there are few Biblical scholars– from liberal skeptics to conservative evangelicals- who believe that Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John actually wrote the Gospels. Nowhere do the writers of the texts identify themselves by name or claim unambiguously to have known or traveled with Jesus."_ -- Jeffery L. Sheler, “The Four Gospels,” (U.S. News & World Report, Dec. 10, 1990)

_"The bottom line is we really don’t know for sure who wrote the Gospels."_ -- Jerome Neyrey, of the Weston School of Theology, Cambridge, Mass. in “The Four Gospels,” (U.S. News & World Report, Dec. 10, 1990)

_"So unreliable were the Gospel accounts that 'we can now know almost nothing concerning the life and personality of Jesus.' "_ -- Rudolf Bultmann, University of Marburg, the foremost Protestant scholar in the field in 1926

_"The gospels are very peculiar types of literature. They’re not biographies."_ -- Paula Fredriksen, Professor and historian of early Christianity, Boston University (in the PBS documentary, From Jesus to Christ, aired in 1998)

_"The gospels are not eyewitness accounts."_ -- Allen D. Callahan, Associate Professor of New Testament, Harvard Divinity School

the other very important fact is that there is no contemporaneous historical account of the jesus character. there are first century historians that never mention the jesus character at all:

*seneca*: 4bce-65ce *pliny the elder*: 23-79 *quintilian*: 39-96 *epictetus*: 55-135 *martial*: 38-103 *juvenal*: 55-127 *plutarch*: 46-119 *philo-judaeus*: 15bce-50ce

some of the dead sea scrolls were contemporaneous and they don't mention the character either.

next i’ll discuss the books of the new testament.

================================

here is the list of the books in the new testament:

_*writer       book*_ *matt*       matt *mark*      mark *luke*       luke                   acts *john*       john                   I john                   II john                   III john                   revelation *peter*     I peter                   II peter *james*    james *jude*       jude *paul*       romans                   philipians                   I timothy                   II timothy                   I corinthians                   II corinthians                   colossians                   titus                   I thessalonians                   II thessalonians                   philemon                   galatians                   ephesians *undetermined*    hebrews

note that paul appears to have written pretty much half of these books and according to *galatians 1:11-12* he clearly states that he didn't get this information from a man, but rather from revelation.

*matt*: not able to confirm author. _written in the 80s_. (ehrman, lost christianities: the battles for scripture and the faiths we never knew [oup2003], p235) no original manuscripts are in existence. could not have been an eyewitness as written far after the supposed death (einar thomassen, " 'forgery' in the new testament," in the invention of sacred tradition, ed. james r lewis and olav hammer [cambridge: cambridge university press, 2007], p141)

*mark*: not able to confirm author. _written 70-75._  no original manuscripts are in existence. not an eyewitness as per matt reference

*luke, acts*: not able to confirm author. _written in the 80s._ no original manuscripts are in existence.not an eyewitness as per matt reference

*john, I john, II john, III john, revelation*: not able to confirm author. however it is the only gospel that gives a clue that the actual author could have been john (john 21:20-24). _written in the 90s._ no original manuscripts are in existence. not an eyewitness as per matt reference.

*I peter, II peter*: not able to confirm author. _written about 80-90_ [Stanton, Graham. Eerdmans Commentary of the Bible. Wm.B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. 2003.]  considered to be "wisdom literature."  Many scholars are convinced that Peter was not the author. (Achtemeier, Paul. Peter 1 Hermeneia. Fortress Press. 1996)  authorship of 1 Peter remains contested. (Travis B. Williams (1 November 2012). Persecution in 1 Peter: Differentiating and Contextualizing Early Christian Suffering. BRILL. pp. 28–. ISBN 978-90-04-24189-3. Retrieved 1 April 2013.)

*james*: not able to confirm author, considered to be pseudonymous. considered to be written in the last 1st and first 2nd century ("Epistle of James". Early Christian Writings. Retrieved 16 May 2012.) _The earliest extant manuscripts of James usually date to the mid-to-late third century._ (McCartney, Dan G (2009). Robert W Yarbrough and Robert H Stein, ed. Baker Exegetical Commentary on the New Testament: James. Grand Rapids: Baker Academic.)

*jude*: _written at the end of the 1st century_. Although some scholars consider the letter a pseudonymous work written between the end of the 1st century and the first quarter of the 2nd century, arguing from the references to the apostles (jude 17&18), and tradition (jude 3). and the book's competent Greek style, conservative scholars date it between 66 to 90 (Norman Perrin, (1974) The New Testament: An Introduction, p. 260 and Bauckham,RJ (1986), Word Biblical Commentary, Vol.50, Word (UK) Ltd. p.16-17)

*attributed to paul*: romans, philipians,  I timothy,  II timothy, I corinthians, II corinthians, colossians, titus, I thessalonians, II thessalonians, philemon, galatians, ephesians. thessalonians is usually dated to 49 ce, but later ones are mid 60s. paul, by his own witness was not an eye-witness of the jesus character as stated in galatians 1:11-12. no originals are in existence. the earliest are some from 200 (Ehrman, Bart (2005) Misquoting Jesus: The Story Behind Who Changed the Bible and Why, Harper SanFrancisco. ISBN 0-06-073817-0. page 60)

*hebrews*: author unknown. _written around 80_. no original manuscript is in existence.

bruze metzger wrote: *"none of the original documents is extant, and the existing copies differ from one another."* (Bruce M. Metzger, The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption, and Restoration, 1992) the earliest manuscripts date back to 125 to 400, and none of those are originals.

incidentally, bart ehrman considers that  11 or more books out of the 27 books of the new testament were written as forgeries and that the "New Testament books attributed to Jesus’ disciples could not have been written by them because they were illiterate." the article continues to say that ehrman believes that _"Many of the New Testament’s forgeries were manufactured by early Christian leaders trying to settle theological feuds."_ (*"Half of New Testament forged, Bible scholar says".* CNN. 2011. retrieved 1 25 14)

ehrman continues to say that these are the forged books: Acts of the Apostles, First Epistle of Peter, Second Epistle of Peter, Epistle of James, Epistle of Jude, First Epistle of Paul to the Thessalonians, First Epistle of Paul to Timothy, Second Epistle of Paul to Timothy, Epistle of Paul to Titus, Epistle of Paul to the Ephesians, and the Epistle of Paul to the Colossians.

thus from this information, with no original documents in existence, none of the manuscripts is a primary source for the sole purpose of evaluating the historicity of the jesus character.

next, i'll show the "proofs" outside of the bible

==========================

now regarding the "proofs" outside of the bible that people have frequently presented to me:

1    Mara Bar Serapion (prisoner awaiting execution) 2    Clement of Rome 3    2 Clement4 4    Ignatius 5    Josephus  (Jewish historian) 6    Polycarp 7    Martyrdom of Polycarp 8    Didache 9    Barnabas 10    Shepherd of Hermas 11    Fragments of Papias 12    Tacitus (Roman historian) 13    Lucian  (Greek satirist) 14    Justin Martyr 15    Aristides 16    Athenagoras 17    Theophilus of Antioch 18    Quadratus 19    Aristo of Pella 20    Phlegon (freed slave who wrote histories) 21    Melito of Sardis 22    Diognetus 23    Gospel of Peter 24    Apocalypse of Peter 25    Epistula Apostolorum 26    Celsus  (Roman philosopher) 27    Pliny the Younger (Roman politician) 28    Gospel of Thomas 29    Gospel of Truth 30    Apocryphon of John 31    Treatise. 32    Suetonius 33    Thallus

gospels: 34    Matt 35    Mark 36    Luke 37    John 38    Paul

39    reference to tiberius

what's also important is to not fall into the fallacy of mistaking *quantity over quality.* this is akin to two wrongs making a right. it needs to be *quality over quantity.*

so let's start with #39, tiberius:

that someone says another person lived during the time of the supposed character but that the person never wrote about the character is not proof. you have to have the writing about the character for there to actually be contemporaneous evidence. until then it's just claimed contemporaneous _*existence.*_  NOT evidence.

and let's go to 34-38. the gospels. and paul.

These are a few of the quotes regarding the gospels as non-historical accounts like i had mentioned before:

_"The Gospel authors were Jews writing within the midrashic tradition and intended their stories to be read as interpretive narratives, not historical accounts."_ -- Bishop Shelby Spong, Liberating the Gospels

_"The gospels are very peculiar types of literature. They’re not biographies."_ -- Paula Fredriksen, Professor and historian of early Christianity, Boston University (in the PBS documentary, From Jesus to Christ, aired in 1998)

_"The gospels are not eyewitness accounts."_ -- Allen D. Callahan, Associate Professor of New Testament, Harvard Divinity School

_"the gospels are very peculiar types of literature. they're not biographies. I mean, there are all sorts of details about jesus that they're simply not interested in giving us. they are a kind of religious advertisement. what they do is proclaim their individual author's interpretation of the christian message through the device of using jesus of nazareth as a spokesperson for the evangelists's position"_ -- religious scholar and historian (paula fredriksen, pbs, "paula fredriksen: religious advertisements," accessed 2/4/12)

gospel "proof":

#34: *matt*: not able to confirm author. _written in the 80s_. (ehrman, lost christianities: the battles for scripture and the faiths we never knew [oup2003], p235) no original manuscripts are in existence. could not have been an eyewitness as written far after the supposed death (einar thomassen, " 'forgery' in the new testament," in the invention of sacred tradition, ed. james r lewis and olav hammer [cambridge: cambridge university press, 2007], p141)

#35: *mark*: not able to confirm author. _written 70-75._  no original manuscripts are in existence. not an eyewitness as per matt reference

#36: *luke, acts*: not able to confirm author. _written in the 80s._ no original manuscripts are in existence.not an eyewitness as per matt reference

#37: *john, I john, II john, III john, revelation*: not able to confirm author. however it is the only gospel that gives a clue that the actual author could have been john (john 21:20-24). _written in the 90s._ no original manuscripts are in existence. not an eyewitness as per matt reference.

#38: *attributed to paul*: romans, philipians,  I timothy,  II timothy, I corinthians, II corinthians, colossians, titus, I thessalonians, II thessalonians, philemon, galatians, ephesians. thessalonians is usually dated to 49 ce, but later ones are mid 60s. paul, by his own witness was not an eye-witness of the jesus character as stated in galatians 1:11-12. no originals are in existence. the earliest are some from 200 (Ehrman, Bart (2005) Misquoting Jesus: The Story Behind Who Changed the Bible and Why, Harper SanFrancisco. ISBN 0-06-073817-0. page 60)

the gospels make no mention that the name of the gospel was written by that person. these are written far after the death of the jesus character, and thus is hearsay. none of these people ever met the jesus character.

hearsay is not credible evidence.

and now on to #1-#33 non-biblical "proofs:"

*#1:* Mara Bar Serapion (prisoner awaiting execution).  the reference to the "crucifixion" was written 73 AD does not show direct evidence but just proves that people talked about it. he could have been talking about santa claus, but that doesn't mean it would be true.

*#2:* Clement of Rome. his papacy was between 92-99. he never met the character.

*#3:* 2 Clement4. this character is in the new testament. modern scholars believe 2 clement is written around 95-140 by an anonymous author.

*#4:* Ignatius. never met the jesus character. (from 98 to 117)

*#5:* Josephus  (Jewish historian). born after the supposed death of the characer. never met the jesus character. this only confirms that christians existed. this is not direct evidence; it is hearsay

*#6:* Polycarp. was a 2nd-century Christian bishop of Smyrna. never met the character.

*#7:* Martyrdom of Polycarp. from 155-160. this is well outside the life of the supposed jesus character. it just proves that christians existed.

*#8:* Didache.  late first and early 2nd century.

*#9:* Barnabas. never anywhere does it say that barnabas met the jesus character. and amusingly, there's another book called, the "gospel of barnabas" which is a post-medieval manuscript that says that the jesus character wasn't even the son of god and that it never died on the cross. dating on it is disputed, but it's post-medieval

*#10:* Shepherd of Hermas.  first or second century. in the document it never states that the character ever met the jesus character.

*#11:* Fragments of Papias. who died in AD 155. never met the jesus character.

*#12:* Tacitus (Roman historian) 56-133. born after the supposed death of the characer. never met the jesus character. this only again confirms that christians existed. this is not direct evidence; it is hearsay. rafael lataster writes, _"it is interesting that the name 'jesus', 'jesus son of joseph' or 'jesus of nazareth' is never used, and that this is tacitus' only supposed reference to jesus."_  he continues, _"though 'Annals' covers the period of rome's history from around 14ce to 66ce no other mention is made of 'jesus christ'."_ ehrman references this as well in "did jesus exist, p54. lataster, p61.

Tacitus writes in annals, book 15, chapter 44, *written 116 ad:* _“Christus, from whom the name had its origin, suffered the extreme penalty during the reign of Tiberius at the hands of one of our procurators, Pontius Pilatus.”_

*most importantly tacitus was born 20 years after the supposed death of the character and lived 2000 miles away and wrote the passage in 116. So as for the two sentences attributed to tacitus' to be a source to without a doubt to clinch it for the jesus character to actually exist, it's not going to be with tacitus.*

notice also that it was *written 116 ad.* this is almost 100 years after the supposed death of the jesus character. We have no primary sources for Tacitus only *copies or copies* that were *written centuries later.* To suggest that these are word for word copies of the original are absurd considering the considerable christian forgeries during that time.

This passage is also not any different or a more credible source for the jesus character than for me writing in 2014 on Mormonism, "the great golden plates were delivered unto joseph smith as told by moroni" just because i went to school 23.5 miles away from palmyra new york doesn't make it any more plausible.

johannes weiss, the german theologian wrote, _*“Assuredly there were the general lines of even a purely fictitious Christian tradition already laid down about the year 100; Tacitus may therefore draw upon this tradition” *_

german theologian david strauss wrote that the earliest christian communities reworded the gospels to suit local prejudices. hegel noted that christian doctrine kept changing to suit power hierarchy. forgery in the early church was rampant and nothing new.

the contradictions are rampant with regard to the completely missing mention of christianity in book 5 chapters 8 through 10 of the annals that describe judea at the supposed time of the jesus character. *they make no mention of the crucifiction of the jesus character as described in the dubious book 15 chapter 44 two sentences.*

What's more is in the annals of chapters 8-10 makes not even a mention of christians, christianity or the jesus character at all.  and all of these references are from writings that are not primary sources as the originals are no longer extant and all we have are copies of copies.

In the tacitus' histories book 5.2-5 he rationalies the greek-roman myths by believing that zeus and kronos were kings. So we're not particularly dealing with someone who could separate fact from fiction.

and with these glaring contradictions, we can thoroughly question the credibility of the claim that the *mere two sentences* attributed to tacitus in any way corroborates anything about the life of a jesus figure's historicity.

We still have no contemporary sources for the existence of the jesus character, nothing written by the character, and especially nothing written about the tons of people that flocked to the character whether or not the character was miraculous or not.

*we want evidence; distinct, obvious, uncompromised evidence.* That is a reasonable request. we want evidence not based on hearsay accounts or ambiguous and slightly dubious sources. Evidence that is not just being argued to fit a narrative that is devoid of any contemporary evidence. then I will change my opinion. but until then, it doesn't matter at all how many times you bang the drum of an appeal to authority or populace or through abusive ad hom call those that require unabiguous evidence "delusional."

*#13:* Lucian  (Greek satirist). *lucian (Greek satirist)* -- 125-180. born after the supposed death of the characer. never met the jesus character. this once again only confirms that christians existed. this is not direct evidence; it is hearsay.

*#14:* Justin Martyr. 100 – 165 Ad. he never met the jesus character.

*#15:* Aristides. do you mean "aristides the athenian"  who was born in the 2nd century ad or do you mean aelius aristides (117-181)? neither of these people met the jesus character.

*#16:* Athenagoras.  born 133 ad in greece. never met the character.

*#17:* Theophilus of Antioch. died around 183-185. never met the jesus character.

*#18:* Quadratus. again, born way late in the first century, and died 129. never met the jesus character. *#19:* Aristo of Pella.  from 100-160, who is only known because of a mention by eusebius.

*#20:* Phlegon (freed slave who wrote histories).  who lived in the 2nd century AD. born after the supposed death of the characer. never met the jesus character.

*#21:* Melito of Sardis. mid 2nd century.

*#22:* Diognetus. late 2nd century.

*#23:* Gospel of Peter.  this is actually in the bible, so it's not, "outside the new testament." *I peter, II peter*: not able to confirm author. _written about 80-90_ [Stanton, Graham. Eerdmans Commentary of the Bible. Wm.B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. 2003.]  considered to be "wisdom literature."  Many scholars are convinced that Peter was not the author. (Achtemeier, Paul. Peter 1 Hermeneia. Fortress Press. 1996)  authorship of 1 Peter remains contested. (Travis B. Williams (1 November 2012). Persecution in 1 Peter: Differentiating and Contextualizing Early Christian Suffering. BRILL. pp. 28–. ISBN 978-90-04-24189-3. Retrieved 1 April 2013.)

*#24:* Apocalypse of Peter.  this is from the 2nd century. way after the death of the supposed character. this does not corroborate anything.

*#25:* Epistula Apostolorum. also from the 2nd century.

*#26:* Celsus  (Roman philosopher). 2nd-century Greek philosopher. born after the supposed death of the character. never met the jesus character. this is not direct evidence; it is hearsay

*#27:* Pliny the Younger (Roman politician). 61-112 born after the supposed death of the character. never met the jesus character. this is not direct evidence; it is hearsay.

*#28:* Gospel of Thomas. Heretical Writings Gospel of Thomas, Gospel of Truth, Apocryphon of John, and Treatise on resurrection. this is very nice, but most scholars state that thomas was written in the second century.

*#29:* Gospel of Truth. Was written in greek probably between 140 and 180 by valentinian gnostics. (Attridge, Harold W. and MacRae, George W. "The Gospel of Truth (Introduction and Translation)". The Nag Hammadi Library, James M. Robinson (ed.), pp. 38-51.)  the text puts "error" in personified form. and says that the jesus character was sent down by god to remove ignorance. error grew angry that the jesus character confounded scribes and teachers and nailed the jesus character to a tree. bit of a different story there.

*#30:* Apocryphon of John. written in 185. it was referred to by irenaeus in "adversus haereses" and stated that teachers in the 2nd century were producing an "an indescribable number of secret and illegitimate writings, which they themselves have forged, to bewilder the minds of foolish people, who are ignorant of the true scriptures" (adversus haereses 1.20.1 and Pagels 2003:96)

*#31:* Treatise. not exactly sure what this is referring to. the book of acts refers to the gospel of luke as "the former treatise." if this is the case, it is not non-biblical. luke and acts do not have a confirmed author. _written in the 80s._ no original manuscripts are in existence.not an eyewitness as per matt reference.

*#32:* Suetonius.  aside from seutonius not being a contemporary of the jesus character, only wrote, "since the jews constantly made disturbances at the instigation of chrestus, he expelled them from rome." (seutonius and jc rolfe, the lives of the caesars, vol 2[london: heinemann, 1914, life of claudius 25.4]) chrestus is a greek name, meaning "the good," so does not necessarily have to refer to the jesus character. note that christians are also not specified, though many early christians were undoubtedly jews. this passage offers little to no information about the jesus of nazareth character.

*#33:* Thallus. lived in the third century. born after the supposed death of the character. never met the jesus character. it's just a reference that 9th century christian chronologer george syncellus wrote, "Thallus calls this darkness an eclipse of the Sun in the third book of his Histories."  this is ultimately not non-christian reference as syncellus wrote it.

nothing in the dead sea scrolls, btw, which actually was contemporaneous!

and lastly the talmud which some christians reference:  there are a number of reference to various character called "jesus" (specifically from the "gemara") which may or may not reference the jesus character of nazareth. the gemara is actually from the 5th or 6th century which is 400-500 years after the death of the supposed character. there are other jesuses refered to in josephus as well, such as , "jesus ben pandira," jesus bar phabet,” and “jesus bar gamaliel." the name “jesus” was a very common name. nothing to directly connect to the jesus of nazareth character.

there is no additive truths here, that the more fractional truths add up to an actual truth. you can have a bunch of people pretending that santa claus was real and the more people saying it's true doesn't make it any more true due the the fallacy of appealing to populace.  don't mistake quantity over quality and make two wrongs make a right.

and that something must have been amazing to cause people to write so much after the fact is not evidence either. it just made it an ad hoc popular idea. and evidence from silence is still silence not evidence.

there's also a quote from historian robert wilken:

_"when christianity gained control of the roman empire it suppressed the writings of its critics and even cast them into flames."_ (robert louis wilken, the christians as the romans saw them, [new haven, ct: yale university press, 2003] p xvi)

so there's some censorship for ya of critics of christianity. what they complained about we'll never know either.

next i will discuss the problem of the jesus character not fullfilling the prophecies. these are not at all related to proofs for the historical existence of the jesus character but internal criticism (relating just within the bible itself).

=============================

this is the last post of why the evidence (or lack of evidence) suggest that the jesus character very likely didn't exist. these are not at all related to proofs for the historical existence of the jesus character but internal criticism (relating just within the bible itself).

as for if the character even fulfilled the prophecies that's another problem and let's go over that, too:

and according to the jews, the jesus character doesn't fulfill the prophecies. specifically, the bible says he will:    Build the Third Temple -- *Ezekiel 37:26-28*    Gather all Jews back to the Land of Israel -- *Isaiah 43:5-6*    Usher in an era of world peace, and end all hatred, oppression, suffering and disease. As it says: "Nation shall not lift up sword against nation, neither shall man learn war anymore." -- *Isaiah 2:4*    Spread universal knowledge of the God of Israel, which will unite humanity as one. As it says: "God will be King over all the world ― on that day, God will be One and His Name will be One" -- *Zechariah 14:9*

If an individual fails to fulfill even one of these conditions, then he cannot be the Messiah. none of these has been fulfilled.

and that this deity which cannot support any burden of proof of itself either sends this message of a mortal son to illiterate bronze age idiots instead of people who could actually make written testimony of it like china for example.

Sin is an imaginary disease that was invented to sell you an imaginary cure. it's the essence of marketing. and the outlandish cures are snake oil cures.

even the old testament doesn't allow for the scapegoat: Deut 24:16 states "Parents are not to be put to death for their children, nor children put to death for their parents; each will die for their own sin."

Exodus 32:30-34 shows that the deity refuses to make a scapegoat of moses:  The next day Moses said to the people, “You have committed a great sin. But now I will go up to the Lord; perhaps I can make atonement for your sin.” So Moses went back to the Lord and said, “Oh, what a great sin these people have committed! They have made themselves gods of gold. But now, please forgive their sin—but if not, then blot me out of the book you have written.” The Lord replied to Moses, “Whoever has sinned against me I will blot out of my book. Now go, lead the people to the place I spoke of, and my angel will go before you. However, when the time comes for me to punish, I will punish them for their sin.”

ezekiel 18:1-4 shows that the deity refuses to make scapegoats, each shall take responsibility for their actions:  "guilty he word of the Lord came to me:  “What do you people mean by quoting this proverb about the land of Israel: ‘The parents eat sour grapes, and the children’s teeth are set on edge’? “As surely as I live, declares the Sovereign Lord, you will no longer quote this proverb in Israel. For everyone belongs to me, the parent as well as the child—both alike belong to me. The one who sins is the one who will die."

and then of course there's the point that the jesus character was a total commie, " sell all that you own and distribute the money to the poor and you will have treasure in heaven." *luke 18:22, mark 10:21, matt 19:21. *

horrible family values of the jesus character: _"... i have come to set a man against his father, and a daughter against her mother, and a daughter-in-law against her mother in law and one's foes will be members of one's own household"_ -- matt 10:35-36; luke 12:52-53

more horrible family values of the jesus character: _"whoever loves father or mother more than me is not worthy of me; and whoever loves son or daughter more than me is not worthy of me"_ -- matt 10:37

and even more bad family values of leaving one's own family: _"another said, 'i will follow you lord; but let me first say farewell to those at home.' jesus said to him 'no one who puts a hand to the plow and looks back is fit for the kingdom of god"_ -- luke 9:61-62

we all are a better example of this so-called savior who wants people to abandon their family.

and great forgotten teachings that no one follows: _".. anyone who divorces his wife, except on the ground of unchastity, causes her to commit adultery; and whoever marries a divorced woman commits adultery"_ -- matt 5:32; 19:9; mark 10:11-12; luke 16:18

this immoral character is not only not likely to be real, but is an horrible example of any kind of idol one should ever follow.

and after all of that, 1 cor 15:14, _"... if christ has not been raised, our preaching is useless and so is your faith."_

[celusbookreview]

Brotherhood of the Lion

Brotherhood of the Lion” is an intriguing and action-packed novel that takes readers on a thrilling journey filled with magic, mystery, and suspense. The story revolves around two brothers, Andre and Remi, who possess unique and powerful abilities. Their lives are forever changed when they stumble upon a hidden portal within an ancient abbey, granting them extraordinary powers.

#celsusbookreviewCelsus Book Review#books#review#brotherhood

[helenbwriting]

A Snape by any other name would smell as sweet... and I hope you can agree that Celsus Stidolph fits the bill!

This bank holiday is a complete washout, but there's still time to make it memorable by indulging yourself with a little steamy romance! I have three books out now, and will soon release Book 4 in the series, Absolved. Click on the link below for an epic love story! The reviews don't lie 📷

http://getbook.at/AlchemySeries

[helenbwriting]

Where’s my niche?

Book marketing is, to me, a necessary evil. I really do wish that my books would just sell on their own, because they're worth it.  However, there are thousands and thousands of new books published every week, and it's likely mine will languish unnoticed.

Despite my very best efforts so far, still days and days go by without a single sale. I've used Facebook ads, Kindle Unlimited, Amazon sponsored ads and price reductions but most of my sales are restricted to people who know me to some extent.

My target audience is women who enjoy steamy romance novels with a Byronic hero. The genre is very popular and unfortunately for me I appear to be competing with 'series' books which are all marketed with bare-chested men on the covers and are in niche subgenres.

Here is a list of subgenres very popular at the moment, if their appearance on my timelines and their review numbers are anything to go by;

Dark bully

Alien Master

Rock star romance

Enemies to Lovers

Billionaire

Bratty Princess

Reverse Harem

Mafia romance

Secret baby

Reverse harem

Hot firefighters

High school bully reverse harem

All of these appear to me to follow a very typical trope - an overbearing man and a feisty or submissive heroine, a la 50 Shades of Grey. Despite the different settings, the stories are very formulaic. Dominant male meets submissive/feisty/both female, instant lust, drama and happy ending.

All very well, and satisfying for the average reader.  There is obviously a huge market out there.

But does my writing fit into this genre?

Well, I'm not sure.  It kind of does, in that I have an overbearing hero and a feisty heroine, who go through drama and have a happy ending... eventually.

However, I think that is as far as the comparison can go.  I'm not writing formulaic series fiction. I can't move from one hero to the next, from book to book.  My inspiration doesn't flow that way. My books are a serial, telling one long story; not a series, with a new couple every book.

My hero is a Byronic hero in the truest sense - see my blog post of 14th December for more detail on their qualities. My heroine is feisty, yes - but she too has a dark past and her mental issues colour everything she does, with often disastrous effects. I don't think she is a typical heroine.

So, how do I market my work? Where is my niche?

That's something I'm going to have to work on in 2021.

If you haven't done so yet, please consider buying my books.  They're free on Kindle Unlimited. They're available in paperback. I'm not in this for the money, I know it'll never make me more than a few quid - but I really want people to read and enjoy my words as much as I have enjoyed writing them.

Never mind the 7 hot aliens or the 5 werewolf brothers with scarred hearts of gold.  Read about sorcerers Celsus and Ella, and their real mental issues, and the barriers they have to tear down to overcome them. They're as real as I can make them, and they're worth it.

Alchemy

Amazon UK link -

https://smile.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/B08KWK2156/ref=dbs_a_def_rwt_bibl_vppi_i0              

Amazon.com link - https://www.amazon.com/Alchemy-H-N-Burkquest-ebook/dp/B08KWK2156/ref=tmm_kin_swatch_0?_encoding=UTF8&qid=&sr=        

Redemption

Amazon UK link

- https://smile.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/B08NK2XP5B/ref=series_rw_dp_sw    

Amazon.com link

https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B08NK2XP5B?notRedirectToSDP=1&ref_=dbs_mng_calw_1&storeType=ebooks