#pvc handrail capping | Explore Tumblr posts and blogs

jemch · 3 years ago

Text

How It’s Made Index（S01~S10）

How It’s Made是由 Discovery Channel 制作一款王牌节目，又被翻译为制造的原理或造物小百科，本片从2001年推出至今，涵盖了几乎所有的制造技术，非常适合机械专业和对此感兴趣的同学。希望大家享受这趟制造的艺术之旅！

第一季推出时间为2001-01-06至2001-03-31

S01E01 Aluminum foil, Snow Boards, Contact lenses, Bread. 铝箔，雪橇板，隐形眼镜，面包

本集看点：铝锭是如何一步步用轧制工艺压制成像纸一样薄的铝箔的；

S01E02 Compact Discs; Mozzarella Cheese; Pantyhose; Fluorescent Tubes. 光碟，奶酪，女式连袜裤，荧光灯管

本集看点：CD光盘是怎么从模具注塑出来的；玻璃管的热弯，以及荧光灯复杂的自动化制程；

S01E03 Toothpicks; Acrylic Bathtubs; Helicopters; Beer. 牙签，玻璃纤维增强塑料浴缸，直升机，啤酒

本集看点：牙签的制作，是类似于螺钉，是先用木材做成木板再切割而成；塑料的吸塑制程，玻璃纤维+树脂强化制程；碳纤维制作的飞机支架；

S01E04 Hearing Aids; 3-D Puzzles; Rubber Mats; Toilets 助听器，三维拼图，胶垫，抽水马桶

本集看点：用模具制作陶瓷的加工制程；

S01E05 Copy Paper; Jeans; Computers; Plate Glass 复印纸，牛仔裤，电脑，平板玻璃

本集看点：浮法平板玻璃的制作过程；

S01E06 Nails and Staples; Safety Glasses; Fabrics; Bicycles 钉子，护目镜，布匹，自行车

本集看点：一卷钢丝的艺术之旅；透明塑胶模具的高亮抛光；线全自动编制成布；自行车架的焊接与喷涂工艺；

S01E07 Kayaks; Safety Boots; Electronic Signs; Cereals 皮划艇，安全靴，电子招牌，麦片粥

本集看点：热塑性塑料的成型方法加工，不需要压力，只需要加热和摇晃即可；LED制成的大型广告或体育比赛显示屏

S01E08 Trucks; Adhesive Bandages; Computer Circuit Boards; Liquors 卡车，创口贴，计算机电路（PCB），酿酒（威士忌）

本集看点：SMT和波峰焊制程（单面器件），目前手机等产品已经主要使用回流焊制程；

S01E09 Steel; Apple Juice; Aircraft Landing Gear; Cosmetics 钢铁，苹果汁，起落架，化妆品

本集看点：钢铁是怎样练成的；车削和铣削加工，喷砂工艺，外观电镀处理；

S01E10 Holograms; Package Printing; Skin Culture; Canned Corn 全息摄影，包装盒，皮肤培植，罐装玉米

本集看点：还是不懂的全息摄影和底片冲洗；

S01E11 Plastic Bags; Solar Panels; Plastic Gasoline Containers; Hockey Sticks 塑料袋，太阳能电池板，塑料汽油桶，曲棍球棍

本集看点：塑料袋通过聚乙烯吹膜制程制作；吹塑制作塑料桶；

S01E12 Aluminum Screw Caps; Chocolate; Pills; Pasta 铝瓶盖，巧克力，药丸，面食

本集看点：铝合金的拉伸制程；

S01E13 Bicycle Helmets; Aluminum; Car Brakes; Lithium Batteries 自行车头盔，铝，汽车刹车，锂电池

本集看点：聚苯乙烯发泡注塑；电解铝制程，制作成铝锭；电池是怎么卷出来的；

本季资源链接：

magnet:?xt=urn:btih:e1ec692441019f65979f29e09bc9f84b3bdf563e&dn

第二季推出时间为2002-09-07至2002-12-07

S02E01 Eyeglass Lenses; Granite; Potato Chips; Microprocessors 眼睛镜片，花岗石板，薯片，微处理器

本集看点：塑胶镜片的抛光和AR镀膜；芯片的封装制程；

S02E02 Honey; Fiber-Optics; Bricks; Pipe Organs 蜂蜜，光纤，砖块，管风琴

本集看点：玻璃管拉丝成为光纤；

S02E03 Personal Watercraft; Wine; Office Furniture; Ice Skates 水上摩托，葡萄酒，办公家具，溜冰鞋

S02E04 Winter Jackets; Animation; Mushrooms; Gold Rings 冬季夹克衫，动画片，蘑菇，金戒指

本集看点：用熔模铸造工艺制作魔戒；

S02E05 Hydroponic Lettuce; Construction Wood; Recycling; Fishing Flies 水培莴苣，建筑木材，垃圾回收，假蝇饵

本集看点：完全工业化种菜；

S02E06 Diamond Cuttings; Wood Doors; Paintballs; Newspapers 切割钻石，木门，彩色球，报纸

S02E07 Carpets; Drinking Water; Laser Eye Surgery; Acoustic Guitars 地毯，饮用水，激光眼科手术，吉他

S02E08 Fiberglass Boats; Clothes Dryers; Bubble Gum; Fireworks 玻璃纤维艇，干衣机，泡泡糖，焰火

本集看点：玻璃纤维+树脂制作的船体上盖；钢板制作圆筒；

S02E09 Steel Safes; False Teeth; Airplanes; Maple Syrup 保险箱，假牙，轻型飞机，枫糖浆

本集看点：来了，玻璃纤维+树脂制作的飞机机身；

S02E10 Gummies; Aluminum Cans; Fish Farming; Bronze Sculptures 花色软糖，易拉罐，养鱼，青铜雕塑

本集看点：可口可乐，来一罐！

S02E11 Aluminum Pots and Pans; Artificial Limbs; Peanut Butter; High Intensity Light Bulbs 旋压铝制品，假肢，花生酱，高光灯泡

本集看点：用旋压而非拉伸制作的铝合金罐子和盖子，两种方式各有优势；

S02E12 Cars; Grocery Carts; Rapid Tooling and Prototyping; Collectible Coins 小汽车，购物车，快速模具成型，纪念币

本集看点：钣金的加工制程，电阻焊；3D打印树脂零件，浇铸工艺及其模具制作；银币复杂的图案转移过程；

S02E13 Ball Bearings; Electrical Wires; Lost Wax Process Casting; Automated Machines 轴承，电线，熔模铸造，自动化机器

本集看点：钢球的制造过程（冲压+研磨）；熔模铸造的金属铸造件，熔模本身也是通过模具制造的；极其舒适的全自动化制造过程合集；

本季资源链接：

magnet:?xt=urn:btih:543050ad51e44c744d235680efec5db2693724f7&dn

第三季推出时间为2003-10-01至2003-12-30

S03E01 Pre-inked Stamps; Cranberries; Cotton Yarn; Road Signs 原子章，酸果，棉纱，交通标志

本集看点：丝印网板的制作过程；

S03E02 Combination Locks; Pottery; Recreational Vehicles; Erasers 字码锁，陶器，休闲拖车，橡皮擦

本集看点：如何用模具制作陶罐；

S03E03 Wheel Loaders; Vegetable Oil; Hand Tools; Cotton Swabs 轮式装运机，植物油，手动工具，棉签

S03E04 Temporary Metal Fences; Asphalt Shingles; Polystyrene Products; Hard Candies 金属栅栏，沥青屋面板，泡沫板，花式硬糖

本集看点：泡沫发泡制程；

S03E05 Horse-drawn Carriages; Artificial Eyes; Dog and Cat Food; Mirrors 老式马车，假眼，猫粮和狗粮，镜子

S03E06 Yogurt; Candles; Neon Signs; Bookbindings 酸奶，蜡烛，霓虹灯，装订

S03E07 Prepared Mustard; Violins; Nuts and Bolts; Toilet Paper 芥末，小提琴，螺母螺帽，卫生纸

本集看点：螺杆的滚丝螺纹制程，螺母是钢丝在高温下压制而成的，螺母的螺纹后加工CNC制成；

S03E08 Fresh Cut Flowers; Adhesive Tape; Tofu; Lottery Tickets 鲜花，胶带，豆腐，彩票

S03E09 Inflatable Watercraft; Couscous; Modelling Dough; Wicker Products 充气筏，蒸粗麦粉，玩具胶泥，柳条编织

S03E10 Wind Generators; PVC Gloves; Thermo-Formed Glass; Fire Trucks 风力发电机，塑胶手套，热塑玻璃，消防车

本集看点：手工让平板玻璃热成型成精美盘子；

S03E11 Radiators; Hatchery Chicks; Filo Pastry; Cross-Country Skis 汽车散热器，孵蛋机，薄生面片，滑雪撬

S03E12 Electric Baseboard Heaters; Moulded Pulp Containers; Chicken; Video Games 电加热器，纸浆（鸡蛋）托盘，鸡肉，电脑游戏

本集看点：钣金连续冲压过程；

S03E13 Fire Fighter Boots; Garden Tools; Automated Machines; Gypsum Board 防火靴，园艺工具，自动化机械，石膏板

本集看点：新一期极其舒适的自动化流水线；

本季资源链接：

magnet:?xt=urn:btih:724f7b0bbf3278e4eec84db6c0373551017fb874&dn

第四季推出时间为2005-01-04至2005-03-29

S04E01 Plastic Bottles & Jars; Mail; Eggs; Handcrafted Wooden Pens 塑料瓶，邮件分拣，鸡蛋，木柄定制钢笔

本集看点：塑料瓶的吹塑制程（舒适）；鸡蛋是怎么生产的；

S04E02 Plastic Injection Moulds; Automotive Oil Filters; Filing Cabinets; Blown Glass 塑料注塑模具，汽车滤油器，档案柜，吹塑玻璃

本集看点：塑料注塑模具的加工制程：CNC加工、EDM电极加工，以及双色注塑过程；钣金柜子的加工制程；美女是如何吹玻璃的；

S04E03 High-Precision Cutting Tools; Stained Glass; Semi-Trailers; Recorders 钻头，拼花玻璃，拖车，木直笛

本集看点：涡流加热，通过热处理后软化或硬化金属；

S04E04 Conga Drums; Metal Plating; Buttons; 康茄鼓，金属电镀，纽扣

本集看点：金属电镀制程；

S04E05 Grinding Wheels; Compost; Window Blinds; Milk 砂轮，堆肥，百叶窗，牛奶

S04E06 Brushes & Push Brooms; Blackboards; Smoked Salmon; Zippers 木刷子，黑板，熏鲑鱼片，拉链

本集看点：毛刷组装时的金属U型倒扣固定住刷毛；

S04E07 3D Commercial Signs; Hardwood Floors; Corrugated Polyethylene Pipe; Mattresses 立��标牌，硬木地板，聚乙烯管，床垫

本集看点：大型塑胶型材的成型过程；弹簧的制作过程；

S04E08 Ceramic Tiles; Nuts; Steel Forgings; Skateboards 瓷砖，果仁，炼钢，滑板

本集看点：炼钢和轧钢；

S04E09 Car Engines; Flour; Recliners; Envelopes 轿车引擎，面粉，活动躺椅，信封

S04E10 Plastic Cups & Cutlery; Special Effects Makeup; Gold; Harps 塑料杯和餐具，特技化妆，黄金，竖琴

本集看点：热成型一次性塑料杯；简单一些的塑料管型材制作过程；金锭的制作过程；

S04E11 Countertop Laminate; Frozen Treats; Children's Building Blocks; Detergents 表面压片，雪糕，儿童积木，清洁剂

S04E12 Architectural Moldings; Pulleys; Industrial Rubber Hose; Sheet Vinyl Flooring 装饰嵌条，滑轮，橡皮管，树脂地板

S04E13 Putty Knives; Garage Doors; Electric Motors; Wool 油灰刀，车库活动门，电动机，毛料衣物

本季资源链接：

magnet:?xt=urn:btih:0e69c6104b7c64173fa6ef64df6d7a801dd95f6f&dn

第五季推出时间为2005-09-07至2005-11-29

S05E01 Paving Asphalt; Marshmallow Cookies; Loudspeakers; Electronic Door Locks 沥青石料，葵糖饼干，高音喇叭，电子门锁

S05E02 Wood Burning Stoves; Orthoses; Ballet Slippers; Buses 木炭火炉，矫正鞋具，芭蕾舞鞋，公共汽车

S05E03 Robotic Arms; Tattoos; Sanitary Napkins; Concrete Pipes 机械手，纹身，卫生巾，水泥管

S05E04 Hockey Gloves; Snack Cakes; Remoulded Tires; Wastewater Treatment 曲棍球手套，点心蛋糕，轮胎翻新，污水处理

S05E05 Ambulances; Dining Room Tables; Diatonic Accordians; Acrylic Awards 救护车，餐桌，手风琴，有机玻璃工艺品

S05E06 Alkaline Batteries; Wheelchairs; Flutes; Cowboy Boots 碱性电池，轮椅，长笛，牛仔靴

本集看点：学习一下最常见类型电池的制作原理；

S05E07 Golf Balls; Furniture Handles; Parking Meters; Room Dividers 高尔夫球，门扣，停车计时器，房间屏风

S05E08 Suits of Armour; Street Light Poles; Bent Hardwood; Membrane Switches 铁盔甲，电灯杆，弯曲硬木，薄膜开关

本集看点：可以看到锅仔片的结构原理；

S05E09 Sulkies; Bagpipes; Yule Logs; Fishing Lures 单座两轮马车，风笛，圣诞节原木形大蛋糕，假鱼饵

S05E10 Goalie Pads; Lapel Pins; Cardboard Boxes; Crystal Wine Glasses 守门员护具，衣襟徽章，纸盒，水晶杯

S05E11 Cement; Caskets; Soft Drinks; Glider Rockers 水泥，棺材，饮料，摆动式摇椅

S05E12 Kitchen Knives; Mannequins; Socks; Hypodermic Needles 厨刀，人体模型，纱袜，针头

S05E13 Electrical Panels; Kites; Eyeglass Frames; Toothbrushes 配电板，风筝，眼镜架，牙刷

本季资源链接：

magnet:?xt=urn:btih:997cae2b195f96293de6b35858cc50fdc73431f3&dn

第六季推出时间为2006-01-04至2006-03-29

S06E01 Three-Wheeled Vehicles; Baseball Bats; Artificial Bonsais; Trombones 三轮摩托，棒球棍，盆景，长号

S06E02 Springs; Pavers; Pianos; 弹簧，路砖，钢琴

本集看点：各种弹簧的全自动制作过程；

S06E03 Ropes; Billiard Tables; Sailboards; Cymbals 绳索，台球桌，帆板，铙钹

S06E04 Seatbelts; Windows; Wax Figurines; Hot Air Balloons 安全带，塑钢窗，小蜡像，热气球

S06E05 Air Filters; Billiard Cues; Ice Sculptures; Suits 空气过滤器，台球杆，冰雕，西服

S06E06 Escalator Handrails; Highlighters; Guitar Strings; Wigs 自动扶梯扶手，荧光记号笔，吉他弦，假发

S06E07 Traditional Bows; Coffee Machines; Mascots; Hammocks 传统的弓，咖啡机，吉祥物，吊床

S06E08 Fiberglass Insulation; Wooden Ducks; Gumball Machines; Exhaust Systems 玻璃纤维隔层，木鸭子，口香糖球售卖机，排气管

S06E09 Chains; Bagels; Vinyl Records; 链条，硬面包圈，唱片

S06E10 Windshields; English Saddles; Butter; Post Clocks 挡风玻璃，英式马鞍，黄油，柱钟

本集看点：夹层玻璃的制作过程；

S06E11 Individual Transporters; Canoes; Electric Guitars 双轮代步车，雪松独木舟，电吉它

S06E12 Residential Water Heaters; Air Bags; Jelly Beans; Ice Resurfacers 宅用热水器，气囊，胶质软糖，冰面修整器

S06E13 Amphibious Vehicles; Putters; Model Ships; Drumheads 水陆两用车，高尔夫球杆，轮船模型，鼓面

本季资源链接：

magnet:?xt=urn:btih:2575f1794b6554ba85b38125e673a95ecb7bb668&dn

第七季推出时间为2006-09-05至2007-03-30

S07E01 Footballs; Electric Guitar Amplifiers; Marbles; Airplane Propellers 橄榄球，吉它扩音器，玻璃球，飞机螺旋桨

本集看点：精美的艺术品玻璃球；先锻造再CNC成型的结构件；

S07E02 Engine Blocks; Jawbreakers; Drum Shells; Drums 引擎铸模，硬球糖，爵士鼓

本集看点：引擎的模具制造��浇铸过程；

S07E03 Lighters; Fossils; Hockey Pucks; High-Pressure Cylinders 打火机，化石，冰球，高压钢瓶

本集看点：铝合金的多次拉伸成型过程；

S07E04 Balloons; Wallpaper; Frozen French Fries; Incandescent Light Bulbs 气球，墙纸，炸薯条，白炽灯泡

S07E05 Matches; Carousel Horses; Fine Porcelain; Fuel Tanks 火柴，旋转木马，细瓷，汽油箱

S07E06 Glass Cookware; Soap Bars; Steel Drums; Firefighter Uniforms 玻璃炊具，肥皂，铁皮鼓，防火服

S07E07 Crayons; Wooden Kayaks; Lawnmowers; Gold Chains 蜡笔，木伐子，割草机，金项链

S07E08 Inflatable Safety Devices; Braille Typewriters; Carbon-Fibre Cellos 安全气囊，盲人打字机，碳纤维大提琴

S07E09 Carbon-Fibre Masts; Fortune Cookies; IMAX Projectors; Roller Chains 碳纤维桅杆，好运饼干，IMAX 放映机，滚子链

S07E10 Firefighter Helmets; Nautical Compasses; Packaging Tubes; Hand Saws 消防员头盔，罗盘，包装软管，手锯

S07E11 Halogen Bulbs; Cellulose Insulation; Aluminum Ladders; Bamboo Fly Rods 卤素灯，纤维绝缘层，铝梯，竹制飞蝇钓竿

S07E12 Drill Bits; Photo Booths; Stamps 钻头，照相亭，邮票

S07E13 Yacht Wheels; Braided Rugs; Automobile Thermostats; Chisels 游艇方向盘，编织毯，汽车调温器，凿子

本季资源链接：

magnet:?xt=urn:btih:06d33183a0f6ea98b8a64257d73ae0ce870082c6&dn

第八季推出时间为2007-01-02至2007-04-03

S08E01 Motorcycles; Clay Pipes; Drumsticks; Whistles 摩托车，水泥管，鼓槌，哨子

S08E02 Glass Bottles; Hacksaws; Goalie Masks 玻璃瓶，钢锯，守门员面具

本集看点：极其舒适的玻璃瓶模具制造和吹制成型制程；

S08E03 Lacrosse Sticks; Frozen Fish Products; Flashlights; Paintbrushes 长柄曲棍球杆，油炸冻鱼肉，手电筒，油漆刷

S08E04 Deep Cycle Batteries; Tins; Optical Lenses 蓄电池，白铁罐，光学镜头

本集看点：镜头的打磨抛光制程，以及多层镜片结构；

S08E05 Pistons; Paint Rollers; Parachutes; Chimneys 活塞，油漆滚筒，降落伞，烟筒

本集看点：先锻压成型再CNC的典型结构件；由钢板卷成圆筒的典型制程，提前制作倒钩结构进行预固定，自动化制程不需要；

S08E06 Fishing Reels; Miniature Houses; Kitchen Mixers 渔线轮，迷你房屋，厨房搅拌器

S08E07 Photographs; Fur Tanning; Welding Electrodes; Electric Violins 照片，毛皮制革，电焊条，电子小提琴

S08E08 Horseshoes; Dishwashers; Graphite Fly Rods; Pizza 马蹄铁，洗碗机，石墨飞蝇钓竿，比萨��

S08E09 CO2 Cartridges; Pretzels; Scissor Lifts; Skating Rinks 二氧化碳弹药筒，椒盐卷饼，剪式提升机，滑冰场

S08E10 Pro Hockey Sticks; Bronzed Shoes; Treadmills; Computers 职业曲棍球棍，古铜色婴儿鞋，跑步机，掌上电脑

S08E11 Handcuffs; Caulking Compound; Propane Tanks; Forensics 手铐，堵缝剂，丙烷罐，法医学面部再造

本集看点：上下焊接的冲压铝罐制程；

S08E12 Fur Coats; Hearses; Outdoor Lighting Fixtures; Golf Tees 毛皮大衣，灵车，室外照明器材，高尔夫球座

S08E13 Manhole Covers; Range Hoods; Artificial Logs; Snowmobiles 下水道井盖，抽油烟机，人造原木，雪地摩托

本集看点：简单一些的金属铸造制程；

本季资源链接：

magnet:?xt=urn:btih:c04d9b7696663c9326761cf99038907f5db5f089&dn

第九��推出时间为2007-09-21至2008-04-06

S09E01 Solid Tires; Cheesecake; Canoe Paddles; Globes 实心轮胎，奶酪蛋糕，独木舟短桨，地球仪

S09E02 Boomerangs; Barbeques; Pinball Machines; Strobe Lights 回力镖，烧烤炉具，弹球机，闪光灯

S09E03 Wooden Bowls; Chainsaws; Stackable Potato Chips; Jet Compressor Blades 木圆盆，链锯，马铃薯片，喷气压缩机叶片

S09E04 Steel Wool; Ranges; Carved Candles; Slot Machines 钢丝棉，炊具系列，雕刻蜡烛，老虎机

S09E05 CCD Semiconductors; Airline Meals; Paper Cups; Trumpets CCD半导体，航空餐，纸杯，小号

本集看点：先进制程之相机CCD感应芯片制作过程；

S09E06 Padlocks; Hair Clippers; Wooden Shoes; Synthetic Leather 挂锁，电推剪，木鞋，人造革

S09E07 Racing Shells; Stainless Steel Sinks; Leather; Pedal Steel Guitar 划艇，不锈钢水池，皮革，踏板钢铁吉他

S09E08 Swords; Pontoons; Grandfather Clocks; Fuses 剑，浮船，落地大摆钟，保险丝

S09E09 Bumpers; Lighting Gels and Camera Filters; Steam-Powered Models; Candy Canes 保险杠，滤色片，蒸汽模型，苔杖糖

S09E10 Umbrellas; Outboard Motors; Silver Cutlery; Tape Measures 雨伞，舷外马达，银制餐具，卷尺

S09E11 Scalpels; Oil Paints; British Police Helmets; Ice Axes 手术刀，油画颜料，英国警察头盔，冰斧

S09E12 Bacon; Snowblowers; Luxury Cars 熏肉，扬雪车，豪华轿车

S09E13 Automatic Transmissions; Silver Miniatures; Hot Air Balloon Baskets; Darts 自动��速器，银制微型复制品，热气球吊篮，飞镖

本季资源链接：

magnet:?xt=urn:btih:a9aa449eda3eeaa8d9e9d91996dde5510940630f&dn

第十季推出时间为2008-06-11至2008-09-03

S10E01 Magnets; Cooked Ham; Silver Teapots; Crash Test Dummies 磁铁，火腿，银制茶壶，撞击测试人体模型

本集看点：用线圈磁化的磁铁；对于收口的茶壶，内芯位置冲压模具应该是用可变形的橡胶；

S10E02 Curling Stones; Refrigerators; Aluminum Baseball Bats; Opalescent Glass 冰壶，冰箱，铝制棒球棍，乳白玻璃

S10E03 Levels; Hot Dogs; Abrasive Grains; Sandpaper 水平尺，热狗，抛光粉，砂纸

S10E04 Ice Cream Treats; Wooden Golf Clubs; Aircraft Wings; Car Battery 冰淇淋，木制高尔夫球杆头，飞机机翼，车用蓄电池回收

S10E05 Automotive Fuel Pumps; Cricket Bats; Change Machines; Ductile Iron Pipe 汽车燃油泵，板球，纸币找换机，球墨铸铁管

S10E06 Wooden Barrels; Fire Hydrants; Automotive Seats; Cathode Ray Tubes 木桶，消防栓，汽车座椅，阴极射线管

本集看点：老式CRT电视是如何制作的；

S10E07 Stainless Steel; Football Helmets; Resin Figurines; Laboratory Glassware 不锈钢，橄榄球头盔，树脂小塑像，实验室玻璃器具

本集看点：不锈钢轧制制程；玻璃管的热切割制程；

S10E08 Fire Extinguishers; Doughnuts; Shock Absorbers; Banjos 灭火器，甜甜圈，减震器，班卓琴

S10E09 Dress Forms; Boat Propellers; Duvets; Faucets 女装人体模型，小艇螺旋桨，羽绒被，水龙头

本集看点：注塑的融模，再进行浇铸；

S10E10 Bronze Bells; Wooden Airplane Propellers; Charcoal Briquettes; Gas Log Fireplaces 铜钟, 木制螺旋桨, 木炭和煤气炉

S10E11 Ice Cream Cones; Tent Trailers; Shoe Polish; Pliers 折叠刀, 皂石, 变压器和传统雪鞋

S10E12 Steel Shipping Drums; Police Whistles; Miniature Train Wagons; Glass Blocks 油桶, 警笛, 微型车厢和玻璃垫块

S10E13 Pocket Knives; Soapstone Products; Electric Pole Transformers; Snowshoes 蛋筒, 篷式挂车, 鞋油和钳子

本季资源链接：

magnet:?xt=urn:btih:3e5cd2ae716c8363111416709f962ae68ec36a60&dn

#how it's made

8 notes · View notes

pergola800 · 3 years ago

Text

Why Is WPC Decking Better Than Normal Timber Decking?

A balcony decking area can be a relaxing retreat for you and your family. Decking is typically a raised platform that sits directly on your flooring, transforming it into a completely new space.

Are you wondering about making your space subtle, appealing, and one-of-a-kind?

Giving it a new look with composite decking is a great option. You may be wondering what composite decking is. It is a plastic, wood floor, PVC, and thermoplastic material. In addition, several inorganic fillers may be used to make composite decking. The natural impact that this decking adds to the environment is its main USP, as suggested by most landscaping services providers Dubai. So, if you want to create a pleasant atmosphere in your space, WPC Decking is an excellent choice.

There is no denying that wood-plastic composite decking is a popular choice for Dubai owners due to its numerous advantages. So let us take a closer look-

Requires Low Maintenance

As WPC decking can withstand the effects of harsh natural elements, it requires little to no maintenance. In fact, it can retain its beauty for many years. On the other hand, traditional timber decks depict a different story. Decks made of wood-plastic composite do not rot, warp, discolor, twist, fade, or attract insects. Natural wood requires regular oiling and staining, which can be costly. Composite decking does not require traditional painting, staining, or sealing, and it’s resistant to weathering, warping, and UV ray damage.

Ideal for Small and Large Outdoor Areas

One can use WPC Decking in both small and large outdoor areas. You simply need to choose the right setting, and the mixed wood decking will bring wonders for you. It can be tinted to your preference to give it a new look. It is one of the best options for providing the space with a new look.

Distinctive

The overall finish and appearance of the WPC decking are so appealing that it draws everyone in and draws them in in a unique way. Decking can significantly improve the exterior of your space. You can also include live effects to make it more appealing. If you want to stand out from the entire crowd, this decking style is ideal for your place.

Provides More Safety

Most decking options become slippery during the rainy season, leading to an accident. On the other hand, WPC Decking has an anti-slip feature. This means that there is no chance of wetting the surface, but there is a chance of slipping. WPC decking, unlike other wood decking materials, is splinter-free and slip-resistant. These characteristics make a home safe for children and pets to walk on barefoot. In a nutshell, this is a safe option that transforms your outdoor areas into luxurious settings.

Beautiful and Durable

WPC Decking combines beauty and durability. It provides a natural finish and preserves the country’s aura. Further, it enhances the natural beauty of your home space. A unique type of crafting is used to create a magnificent decking, and you should ensure that it is challenging, cute, and worthwhile. It is long-lasting and durable because it is made of PVC and wood floor.

Wide Color and Accessory Selection

WPC decking is available in a wide range of colors and accessories. Deck lighting, handrails, gates, and post caps are available accessories. This wide range of options enables homeowners to make better decisions that will complete their outdoor living space and complement the deck’s beauty.

Aside from increasing the value of a homeowner’s lifestyle, wood plastic composites decking significantly increases the value of a home. Homes with wood-plastic composite decks have a higher resale value.

Long-term Cost

Compared to WPC plastic decking, pressure-treated decking is more expensive in the long run. Although traditional wood decking is less costly, the numerous costs associated with regular maintenance drive up the price. While homeowners will have to dig deeper into their pockets to install it, WPC decking can pay for itself in less than two years. Pressure-treated wood decking will simply warp and splinter after a short period. Regardless of how well wood decking is maintained, it will need to be replaced in less than five years.

Easy to Install

Wood-plastic composite decking is typically installed on a sub-frame, which allows it to be used to replace rotten timber without replacing the frame. Furthermore, the below-surface fixings make the installation of composite deck boards extremely quick and simple.

Professionals offering landscaping services Dubai will arrive with finished decking materials and install them quickly. It is also sufficient to clean it regularly to keep it in good condition. You do not need to spend any extra money on maintenance.

Why choose 800 Landscaping WPC Decking Services?

800 Landscaping is one of the top-most landscaping companies in Dubai, offering quality WPC decking services to improve and enhance your space. 800 Landscaping WPC decking services is a revolutionary decking system with a one-of-a-kind composition that replicates wood without the hazards of traditional timber decks.

They offer WPC decking in various colors, designs, and lengths to meet the needs of different customers. When are you availing of your WPC decking services? Contact 800 Landscaping right now to get an advantage of WPC decking over normal timber decking.

#landscaping company in dubai #landscaping services in dubai #top landscaping company in dubai #best landscaping company in dubai #wpc decking services in dubai #wpc decking

0 notes

nuttystrawberrysalad · 3 years ago

Text

Understanding Pipe Fittings

Pipe fittings are components used to join pipe sections together with other fluid control products like valves and pumps to create pipelines. The common connotation for the term fittings is associated with the ones used for metal and plastic pipes which carry fluids. There are also other forms of malleable iron pipe fitting that can be used to connect pipes for handrails and other architectural elements, where providing a leak-proof connection is not a requirement. Pipe fittings may be welded or threaded, mechanically joined, or chemically adhered, to name the most common mechanisms, depending on the material of the pipe.

There is some inconsistency in terminology surrounding the terms pipe, tube, and tubing. Therefore, the term Carbon Steel Pipe Fitting will sometimes be mentioned in the context of tubing as well as pipe. While similar in shape to tube fittings, pipe fittings are seldom joined by methods such as soldering. Some methods overlap, such as the use of compression fittings, but where these are commonplace for connecting tubes or tubing, their use in pipe connections is rarer. It suffices to say that while there are general distinctions, the common usage of terms can differ from supplier-to-supplier, although they represent the same items.

In this article, the concentration will be on discussing typical fittings and connection methods associated with rigid pipe and piping, with a limited presentation of the fittings that are associated with flexible tubes, tubing, or hose.

To learn more about the varieties of pipe, consult our related guide to pipe and piping.

Pipe Fittings Explained: Fitting Materials and Manufacturing Processes

Cast and malleable iron

Fittings for cast iron pipe fall under hubless and bell-and-spigot styles. Hubless designs rely on elastomeric couplers that are secured to the outer diameters of the pipe or fitting by clamps, usually a stainless steel band clamp that compresses the elastomeric material and forms a seal. These hubless or no hub designs are sometimes referred to as rubber pipe couplings or rubber plumbing couplings and are especially popular for transitioning from one material to another—from copper to cast iron, for instance. Bell-and-spigot, or sometimes, hub-and-spigot, fittings are joined today primarily with elastomeric gaskets that fit inside the bell and accommodate the insertion of the plain pipe end or fitting. Older systems before the 1950s were caulked using a combination of molten lead and a fibrous material such as oakum. Cast iron pipe is sometimes joined with bolted flanges, or in some cases, mechanical compression connections. Flanged joints employed in underground applications can subject the pipe to settlement stresses unless the pipe is adequately supported.

While there are both malleable iron pipe fittings and ductile iron pipe fittings available, the improved mechanical properties and lower cost of ductile iron is causing a shift towards greater use of that material.

Fittings for steel (aka, “black pipe”) and galvanized pipe as found in residential and commercial plumbing work are generally cast and referred to as “malleable iron fittings." They can be galvanized. Although standards list threaded fittings up to fairly large diameters, these generally are not used today as the threading of large-diameter pipe is considered needlessly difficult.

Steel and steel alloys

Galvanized malleable iron pipe fittings are often extruded or drawn over a mandrel from welded or seamless pipe. In smaller sizes they are often threaded to match threads on the ends of pipe. As sizes and pressures increase, they are often welded in place by either butt-weld or socket-weld methods. Socket-weld fittings, usually forged, are restricted to smaller pipe diameters (up to NPS 4, but usually NPS 2 or smaller) and are available in 3000, 6000, and 9000 class pressure ratings, corresponding to Schedule 40, 80, and 160 pipe. Socket fittings are welded into place with fillet welds, which makes them weaker than butt- welded fittings, but still preferable to threaded fittings for high-end work. The need for an expansion gap in the fitting precludes their use in high-pressure food applications.

Flanges are also used, with the resulting flanged sections of pipe connected via bolts. The use of flanges makes breaking the pipeline feasible so as to enable replacement of valves, etc. Most pipeline equipment such as pumps and compressors are also connected via flanges for this same reason.

Flange fittings are available in a handful of styles, rated by pressure and temperature. These styles include lapped, weld neck, socket weld, ring-type joint, screwed, and slip-on. The threaded flange is suitable only for low- to medium-pressure applications. The other various welded-on flanges permit higher pressures to be used. Lapped flanges are often used where disconnections will be frequent as the flange can spin freely, simplifying bolt-hole alignment. A special case is the so-called blind flange, which is used to seal the end of a pipeline but allow connection to another pipe or piece of equipment later.

Flanges can incorporate several different methods to seal adjoining faces, including O-rings, seal rings, and gaskets. Seal rings provide an especially tight joint and for the same bolt stress applied to a flat-face gasket, can resist a higher pressure.

Primarily, three standards govern pipe flanges. ASME 16.5 defines the ANSI flange, the most commonly-used flange. ASME B16.47 covers two series, A and B, which represent large diameter applications. Series A flanges are heavier and thicker than Series B for the same pressure and size. Series B flanges are normally selected for refurbishment work. ASME B16.1 defines the AWWS flange, but it is only for flanges used in potable-water service at atmospheric temperatures. Then, there is the so-called Industry Standard flange which is not defined by a governing body but instead reflects historical practice. The dimensions for these flanges are covered by ASME B16.1, the standard for 25, 125, and 250 class cast-iron-pipe flange and flange fittings.

Stainless steel pipe fittings can be used for sanitary applications such as food and dairy processing, and are commonly fitted with quick-connect clamps to enable dismantling of the line for internal cleaning. The flanges for these clamping systems are available as weld-on entities or in many instances available as wyes, tees, etc. with the flange integral to the fitting.

Metal pipes sections may also be joined and built up as pipelines using pipe couplings and other standard black malleable iron pipe fitting such as metal pipe end caps or 180-degree pipe elbows.

Nonferrous

Aluminum fittings are typically cast. They are available in all the same forms or shapes as steel fittings. Aluminum threaded fittings such as caps or nipples are available, as are fittings that feature a combination of threaded and butt weld connection styles. Socket weld options also exist. Welding of aluminum fittings usually requires a MIG or TIG process.

Aluminum pipe is also a popular choice for use in creating handrails, and a host of fittings for structural applications are available, both weldable and slip on/clamp-on varieties.

Red brass fittings such as brass pipe nipples are available corresponding to pipe diameters, and these are often assembled by soldering or brazing.

Concrete

Concrete pipe fittings are available in a variety of styles suitable to their application in large civil projects such as storm-water control. Aside from the typical wye connections, specialized fittings include utility hole portals and various styles of vaults. Typical connections use shouldered ends on the fittings which mate with counterparts on the receiving pipes. A rubber gasket provides for a leakproof joint.

Plastics

Plastic pipe fittings are available in both socket weld (sometimes called solvent weld) and threaded styles, with the former the most common. Socket weld fittings are designed to be welded in place chemically, thereby making installation quick and straightforward to complete. Plastic pipes are usually dry fitted, then marked, as the solvent used to connect them is especially fast-acting. Couplings are typically used to connect and join straight lengths of pipe together.

Fittings are available in standard shapes and styles and with the dimensional size ranges of material common to plastic pipe, including PVC, CPVC, PE, PEX, PP, and ABS.

Common PVC pipe fittings include reducers, elbows, caps, tees, wyes, couplings, unions, and crosses, to name a few. The standard cross-sectional profile for most PVC pipe or tubing fittings is circular, but there are other profile shapes available, such as square PVC fittings. However, these alternative fitting profiles are usually associated with PVC pipe that is designated for structural use, such as fences, railings, or furniture grade use, and are not associated with PVC pipe that is fluid handling applications. Besides PVC, other materials may be used for structural fittings, one example being galvanized pipe railing fittings.

Other PVC fittings include barbed insert designs, which are intended to be used with tubing and are pressed into the tubing and secured with band clamps.

CPCV pipe fittings, as well as ABS pipe fittings (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene), also are usually joined with fittings that are solvent welded. Suitable conversion adapters for changing material types, such as from CPVC to brass, are also commonly available.

In some applications using plastic pipe, such as in plumbing for sink drains, certain pipe fixtures such as p-traps may be joined with a threaded connection using nylon washers and a retaining or locking nut. This feature facilitates easy disassembly to clear clogs.

Polyethylene pipe fittings and polypropylene Galavanized carbon steel pipe fitting are usually available with both threaded style or barbed style connections, and socket weld or fused options being also available. Similarly, PDVF pipe fittings also are produced with socket or threaded connections.

Where an air or watertight seal is needed, nylon pipe fittings may be employed and can be used with nylon tube or pipe as well as with other types of plastic or metal pipe.

Glass

In some specialized industrial fluid process settings, glass pipe and fittings are employed. Borosilicate glass offers several key advantages over alternative forms of piping systems. The material has high purity, so it will not contaminate process fluids. The natural transparency of glass permits the inspection of the process as needed, while the smooth surface prevents the development of scale or other residues on the interior surface of the pipe.

Laboratory applications may also frequently employ glass tubing and glass profile fittings.

Glass pipe should not be confused with pipes that employ a glass lining, which would be more correctly identified as glass-lined pipe.

Vitrified clay

Fittings for vitrified clay pipe are available in the typical configurations required for sewer installations. Like cast iron, bell-and-spigot is the usual coupling method for these fittings, with an O-ring or gasket used to seal the joint.

Types of Pipe Fittings: Applications and Industries

Callouts

Threaded fittings follow a standardized format on drawings. The nominal dimension comes before the description. When two or more ends of the fitting are not of the same dimension, the dimension of the run precedes those of the branches, or for reducing fittings, the largest dimension precedes the smallest dimension. Thus, a 1 x 1 x 3/4 Street Tee; a 1 x 1x 3/4 45° Y Bend; a 1 x 3/4 x 1/2 x 1/4 Cross; and so forth. The thread size on threaded fittings will correspond to the nominal pipe size thread as specified by ANSI.

Thread Types

Most pipe applications use threaded fittings whose connections can be typically characterized by one of the following systems:

American National Standard Pipe Threads (NPT)

British Standard Pipe Threads (BSPT)

The principal difference between these two is the taper angle. The NPT system uses a thread taper angle of 60 degrees, whereas the British Standard Pipe Thread (BPST) fittings use a slightly lower taper angle of 55 degrees. In addition to threaded pipe fittings which are tapered, these systems also specify straight pipe thread fittings, which do not rely on a taper to seal against pressure loss or leaks. Generally, a suitable sealant is needed to assure that the seal integrity of the joint or connection is achieved. Most threaded pipe fittings are designed to be right-hand threads, but there are some left-handed (LH) thread options available.

Metric pipe fittings are also available, identified by the nominal outside diameter and the thread pitch. So an M12 x 1.5 metric pipe nipple would have an outside diameter of 12 millimeters and a thread pitch of 1.5 threads per millimeter.

Screw fittings are usually threaded internally. The exception is the street fitting, which, in the case of a simple elbow, has one external thread and one internal thread. Pipes are readily threaded in the field. Joining threaded pipes and fittings can be aided by Teflon tape or pipe compound. When applying the compound, it is recommended that it be placed on the external thread only, to avoid introducing any impurities into the pipeline during joint assembly.

Piping layouts are generally one-line or two-line drawings, depending on the complexity of the installation. Where clearances are tight,and for many shop-fabricated pipelines, the two-line drawing is used, which shows the pipe dimensionally to scale. For simpler installations, the one-line drawing suffices, with fittings, valves, etc. designated symbolically. Pipeline drawings are sometimes shown as “developed,” which assumes the vertical pipes are revolved into the horizontal plane, or vice versa, to allow the entire piping system to be shown in the same plane.

Weldolets

These small, weldable branch fittings reinforce the pipe where a hole is made, eliminating the need to add reinforcing. Different forms of these fittings are available under various trademarks, covering butt- and socket-welded styles, thread-on varieties, as well as some special designs which enable connections at elbows, etc.

Welding process

Pipe ends and flanges are prepared for butt welding according to pipe-wall thickness. For walls 3/4 inch thick or less, the walls are beveled to an included angle of 70° and a 3/16 inch gap is left between them. The welder makes a root pass, a fill pass (or passes), and a capping pass, often varying the filler material between passes. For larger thickness, the pipe is tapered to a similar angle but only partway up the wall. In addition, a small relief angle is ground on the inside wall, serving as the location for a backing ring. Socket welds are generally used for thinner-walled pipes. Welding procedures are spelled out by an engineer in Weld Procedure Specifications and the welder making the weld will be certified for the specific process. Pipes sometimes must be preheated prior to welding and heat-treated after to relieve heat stress.

The necessity of proper pipe-end preparation and the need for careful fit-up prior to joining butt-welded fittings makes the use of socket-weld fittings appealing. No bevel is required for socket-weld fittings and the socket itself serves to align the pipe. About the only special requirement is that the pipe must be backed out of the fitting slightly to allow for expansion during the weld.

Prefabrication of pipeline sections, called “spools,” is often done indoors where automation can be applied to the fabrication process. Pipes joints can be rolled on slow turning machines to bring the work to the welder. Robot welders can be used. Techniques such as submerged-arc welding can be applied for productivity gains.

There are non-welded pipe fittings or no weld pipe connectors available as alternatives to the traditionally welded piping systems. Using a combination of swaged mechanical fittings along with the cold bending of pipe or tubing, this solution eliminates the stresses to the pipeline from the welding operation, reduces costs, and can provide for a modular system that is easier to disassemble or modify as needed.

Plastic pipe, and HDPE pipe, in particular, can be joined by heat welding, sometimes referred to as electrofusion welding. Pipes can be butt-welded or socket-welded. This is a fairly common practice for large-diameter HDPE pipeline installations. A range of specialized equipment is available for producing these welds.

0 notes