#procurement webinars

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Steps to Prepare for Your Certified Procurement Professional Exam

Embarking on the journey to become a Certified Procurement Professional in Canada can be as challenging as it is rewarding. The sense of accomplishment that comes with mastering the intricacies of procurement is unparalleled. Preparation is key, whether you aim to enhance your skills through the best procurement courses or stay updated via procurement webinars. Below, we’ve outlined several creative steps to help you effectively prepare for your certification exam.

Understanding the Fundamentals of Procurement

Dive into Essential Learning Resources

Before you tackle the complexities of the procurement process, it's essential to have a solid understanding of the basics. This foundational knowledge will serve as a strong platform for your further learning. Engage with comprehensive textbooks and online resources that cover the fundamentals of procurement in Canada. These resources should provide a broad overview of procurement practices, legal considerations, and ethical issues, laying the groundwork for your successful exam preparation.

Explore Interactive Learning Platforms

Utilize online platforms offering interactive courses catering to beginners and intermediate professionals. These platforms often use real-life scenarios and case studies, making the learning process engaging and practical.

Leveraging Structured Courses

Enroll in Targeted Procurement Courses

Look for the best procurement courses that offer structured learning paths from foundational to advanced levels. Courses should cover contract management, competitive solicitation processes, and public sector procurement specifics.

Gain Practical Insights from Webinars

Participate in procurement webinars to hear from experienced professionals and experts in the field. These webinars, which often focus on topics directly related to the Certified Procurement Professional exam, provide insights into current trends and changes in procurement practices. They can be particularly beneficial for staying updated with the latest industry developments, a key aspect of your exam preparation.

Application and Practice

Engage in Case Studies and Real-Life Scenarios

To solidify your understanding, apply your knowledge to case studies that mimic real procurement challenges. These exercises improve your problem-solving skills and help you apply theoretical knowledge in practical situations.

Utilize Simulation Tests

Prepare for your exam by taking simulation tests that mirror the Certified Procurement Professional exam. This practice will help you familiarize yourself with the exam format, which typically includes multiple-choice questions and case studies, and identify areas for further study or improvement. The exam covers a wide range of topics, including contract management, competitive solicitation processes, and public sector procurement specifics.

Networking and Professional Interaction

Connect with Other Procurement Professionals

Networking with peers and seasoned professionals not only provides insider tips and personal guidance but also fosters a sense of community and support. Join online forums, attend local seminars, and connect with professionals through social media groups focused on procurement in Canada. Remember, you're not alone in this journey.

Participate in Study Groups

Join or form study groups with fellow aspirants preparing for the Certified Procurement Professional exam. Study groups are great for sharing resources, discussing complex topics, and providing moral support.

Continuous Learning and Improvement

Stay Updated with New Resources

Procurement is an ever-evolving field, and to stay ahead, continuous learning is crucial. Keep yourself updated with the latest books, articles, and online content to ensure you are aware of new methodologies or legislative changes that could impact your exam preparation. The need for ongoing improvement is a constant in the world of procurement.

Reflect on Feedback

Seeking feedback on your progress is a crucial part of the learning journey. Whether it's from mentors or through the interactive courses you undertake, feedback can provide valuable insights into your strengths and areas for improvement. Use this feedback to fine-tune your understanding and approach, ensuring you are well-prepared for any exam scenario. Remember, feedback is not a criticism but an opportunity for growth and improvement.

How "The Procurement School" Contributes

The Procurement School offers a wide range of resources and training programs that are particularly beneficial for those preparing for the Certified Procurement Professional exam. These include comprehensive textbooks, interactive courses, and webinars led by industry experts. These learning materials are designed to cater to beginners and intermediate professionals, ensuring a comprehensive understanding of foundational and complex procurement processes. Their courses are updated regularly to reflect the latest public sector procurement needs, making them an ideal resource for ongoing education.

Preparing for the Certified Procurement Professional exam requires a commitment to learning and an openness to embracing new experiences and methodologies. By following these steps and utilizing resources like those offered by The Procurement School, you'll be well on your way to becoming a proficient procurement professional in Canada.

For More:- www.theprocurementschool.com

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Two Simple Images: Why The Akirolabs' Webinar Is In My All-Time Top 3 List

What is the difference between "Buy Better" and "Spend Better?"

I am going to show you two simple yet powerfully insightful images with corresponding links to demonstrate why the best ProcureTech solutions don’t come from tech companies. In 1998, my company’s solution was structured around levels “three to five,” as depicted in the above graphic. Here are the corresponding reference links that explain how we got there and what we achieved: Are you chasing…

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Notice

The Public Right-of-Way Accessibility Guidelines (PROWAG) rulemaking has concluded. The PROWAG final rule has been published in the Federal Register. Please visit the Access Board’s PROWAG page for the guidelines.

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U.S. Access Board

Advancing Full Access and Inclusion for All

Information and Communication Technology

Revised 508 Standards and 255 Guidelines

PDF

About the ICT Accessibility 508 Standards and 255 Guidelines

These standards address access to information and communication technology (ICT) under Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act and Section 255 of the Communications Act.

Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act charges the Access Board with developing and promulgating this rule. The statute also charges the Access Board with providing Technical Assistance on Section 508, which is provided through webinars, trainings, and in close collaboration with GSA and materials available from Section508.gov.

Section 508 requires access to ICT developed, procured, maintained, or used by federal agencies. Examples include computers, telecommunications equipment, multifunction office machines such as copiers that also operate as printers, software, websites, information kiosks and transaction machines, and electronic documents. The Section 508 Standards, which are part of the Federal Acquisition Regulation, ensure access for people with physical, sensory, or cognitive disabilities.

The Section 255 Guidelines cover telecommunications equipment and customer-premises equipment — such as telephones, cell phones, routers, set-top boxes, and computers with modems, interconnected Voice over Internet Protocol products, and software integral to the operation of telecommunications function of such equipment.

Background

February 3, 1998 – The Board publishes the original Telecommunications Act Accessibility Guidelines.

December 21, 2000 – The Board issues the original Section 508 Standards.

July 6, 2006 – The Board organizes TEITAC, the Telecommunications and Electronic and Information Technology Advisory Committee, to assist in updating the Section 508 Standards and Telecommunications Act Guidelines.

April 3, 2008 – The Advisory Committee presents its final report to the Board.

March 22, 2010 – The Board releases a draft proposed rule for public comment, docket ATBCB-2010-0001.

December 8, 2011 – The Board issues a revised draft proposed rule for public comment, docket ATBCB-2011-0007.

February 27, 2015 – The Board ICT proposed rule for public comment, docket ATBCB-2015-0002.

January 18, 2017 – The Board issues the final rule, docket ATBCB-2015-0002-014.

January 22, 2018 – The Board issues correction to the final rule to restore provisions for TTY access, docket document ATBCB-2015-0002-0146.

Additional Resources

Section508.gov — GSA’s Government-wide IT Accessibility Program

Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act (29 U.S.C. §794d)

Final Regulatory Impact Analysis (FRIA)

Comparison Table of WCAG 2.0 to Original 508 Standards

Mapping of WCAG 2.0 to Functional Performance Criteria

ICT Testing Baseline for Web Accessibility

Appendix A to Part 1194 – Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act: Application and Scoping Requirements

508 Chapter 1: Application and Administration

E101 General

E101.1 Purpose

These Revised 508 Standards, which consist of 508 Chapters 1 and 2 (Appendix A), along with Chapters 3 through 7 (Appendix C), contain scoping and technical requirements for information and communication technology (ICT) to ensure accessibility and usability by individuals with disabilities. Compliance with these standards is mandatory for Federal agencies subject to Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, as amended (29 U.S.C. 794d).

E101.2 Equivalent Facilitation

The use of an alternative design or technology that results in substantially equivalent or greater accessibility and usability by individuals with disabilities than would be provided by conformance to one or more of the requirements in Chapters 4 and 5 of the Revised 508 Standards is permitted. The functional performance criteria in Chapter 3 shall be used to determine whether substantially equivalent or greater accessibility and usability is provided to individuals with disabilities.

E101.3 Conventional Industry Tolerances

Dimensions are subject to conventional industry tolerances except where dimensions are stated as a range with specific minimum or maximum end points.

E101.4 Units of Measurement

Measurements are stated in metric and U.S. customary units. The values stated in each system (metric and U.S. customary units) may not be exact equivalents, and each system shall be used independently of the other.

E102 Referenced Standards

E102.1 Application

The specific editions of the standards listed in Chapter 7 are incorporated by reference into 508 Chapter 2 (Scoping Requirements) and Chapters 3 through 6 to the prescribed extent of each such reference. Where conflicts occur between the Revised 508 Standards and the referenced standards, these Revised 508 Standards apply.

E103 Definitions

E103.1 Terms Defined in Referenced Standards

Terms defined in referenced standards and not defined in E103.4 shall have the meaning as defined in the referenced standards.

E103.2 Undefined Terms

Any term not defined in E103.4 or in referenced standards shall be given its ordinarily accepted meaning in the sense that the context implies.

E103.3 Interchangeability

Words, terms, and phrases used in the singular include the plural and those used in the plural include the singular.

E103.4 Defined Terms

For the purpose of the Revised 508 Standards, the terms defined in E103.4 have the indicated meaning.

Agency

Any agency or department of the United States as defined in 44 U.S.C. 3502, and the United States Postal Service.

Alteration

A change to existing ICT that affects interoperability, the user interface, or access to information or data.

Application.

Software designed to perform, or to help the user to perform, a specific task or tasks.

Assistive Technology (AT)

Any item, piece of equipment, or product system, whether acquired commercially, modified, or customized, that is used to increase, maintain, or improve functional capabilities of individuals with disabilities.

Audio Description.

Narration added to the soundtrack to describe important visual details that cannot be understood from the main soundtrack alone. Audio description is a means to inform individuals who are blind or who have low vision about visual content essential for comprehension. Audio description of video provides information about actions, characters, scene changes, on-screen text, and other visual content. Audio description supplements the regular audio track of a program. Audio description is usually added during existing pauses in dialogue. Audio description is also called “video description” and “descriptive narration”.

Authoring Tool

Any software, or collection of software components, that can be used by authors, alone or collaboratively, to create or modify content for use by others, including other authors.

Closed Functionality

Characteristics that limit functionality or prevent a user from attaching or installing assistive technology. Examples of ICT with closed functionality are self-service machines, information kiosks, set-top boxes, fax machines, calculators, and computers that are locked down so that users may not adjust settings due to a policy such as Desktop Core Configuration.

Content

Electronic information and data, as well as the encoding that defines its structure, presentation, and interactions.

Document

Logically distinct assembly of content (such as a file, set of files, or streamed media) that: functions as a single entity rather than a collection; is not part of software; and does not include its own software to retrieve and present content for users. Examples of documents include, but are not limited to, letters, email messages, spreadsheets, presentations, podcasts, images, and movies.

Existing ICT

ICT that has been procured, maintained or used on or before January 18, 2018.

Hardware

A tangible device, equipment, or physical component of ICT, such as telephones, computers, multifunction copy machines, and keyboards.

Information Technology

Shall have the same meaning as the term “information technology” set forth in 40 U.S.C. 11101(6).

Information and Communication Technology (ICT)

Information technology and other equipment, systems, technologies, or processes, for which the principal function is the creation, manipulation, storage, display, receipt, or transmission of electronic data and information, as well as any associated content. Examples of ICT include, but are not limited to: computers and peripheral equipment; information kiosks and transaction machines; telecommunications equipment; customer premises equipment; multifunction office machines; software; applications; Web sites; videos; and, electronic documents.

Keyboard

A set of systematically arranged alphanumeric keys or a control that generates alphanumeric input by which a machine or device is operated. A keyboard includes tactilely discernible keys used in conjunction with the alphanumeric keys if their function maps to keys on the keyboard interfaces.

Label

Text, or a component with a text alternative, that is presented to a user to identify content. A label is presented to all users, whereas a name may be hidden and only exposed by assistive technology. In many cases, the name and the label are the same.

Menu

A set of selectable options.

Name

Text by which software can identify a component to the user. A name may be hidden and only exposed by assistive technology, whereas a label is presented to all users. In many cases, the label and the name are the same. Name is unrelated to the name attribute in HTML.

Non-Web Document

A document that is not: a Web page, embedded in a Web page, or used in the rendering or functioning of Web pages.

Non-Web Software

Software that is not: a Web page, not embedded in a Web page, and not used in the rendering or functioning of Web pages.

Operable Part

Hardware-based user controls for activating, deactivating, or adjusting ICT.

Platform Accessibility Services

Services provided by a platform enabling interoperability with assistive technology. Examples are Application Programming Interfaces (API) and the Document Object Model (DOM).

Platform Software

Software that interacts with hardware or provides services for other software. Platform software may run or host other software, and may isolate them from underlying software or hardware layers. A single software component may have both platform and non-platform aspects. Examples of platforms are: desktop operating systems; embedded operating systems, including mobile systems; Web browsers; plug-ins to Web browsers that render a particular media or format; and sets of components that allow other applications to execute, such as applications which support macros or scripting.

Programmatically Determinable

Ability to be determined by software from author-supplied data that is provided in a way that different user agents, including assistive technologies, can extract and present the information to users in different modalities.

Public Facing

Content made available by an agency to members of the general public. Examples include, but are not limited to, an agency Web site, blog post, or social media pages.

Real-Time Text (RTT)

Communications using the transmission of text by which characters are transmitted by a terminal as they are typed. Real-time text is used for conversational purposes. Real-time text also may be used in voicemail, interactive voice response systems, and other similar application.

Revised 508 Standards

The standards for ICT developed, procured, maintained, or used by agencies subject to Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act as set forth in 508 Chapters 1 and 2 (36 CFR part 1194, Appendix A), and Chapters 3 through 7 (36 CFR part 1194, Appendix C).

Software

Programs, procedures, rules, and related data and documentation that direct the use and operation of ICT and instruct it to perform a given task or function. Software includes, but is not limited to, applications, non-Web software, and platform software.

Software Tools

Software for which the primary function is the development of other software. Software tools usually come in the form of an Integrated Development Environment (IDE) and are a suite of related products and utilities. Examples of IDEs include Microsoft® Visual Studio®, Apple® Xcode®, and Eclipse Foundation Eclipse®.

Telecommunications

The signal transmission, between or among points specified by the user, of information of the user’s choosing, without change in the form or content of the information as sent and received.

Terminal

Device or software with which the end user directly interacts and that provides the user interface. For some systems, the software that provides the user interface may reside on more than one device such as a telephone and a server.

Text

A sequence of characters that can be programmatically determined and that expresses something in human language.

TTY

Equipment that enables interactive text based communications through the transmission of frequency-shift-keying audio tones across the public switched telephone network. TTYs include devices for real-time text communications and voice and text intermixed communications. Examples of intermixed communications are voice carry over and hearing carry over. One example of a TTY is a computer with TTY emulating software and modem.

Variable Message Signs (VMS)

Non-interactive electronic signs with scrolling, streaming, or paging-down capability. An example of a VMS is an electronic message board at a transit station that displays the gate and time information associated with the next train arrival.

Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP)

A technology that provides real-time voice communications. VoIP requires a broadband connection from the user’s location and customer premises equipment compatible with Internet protocol.

Web page

A non-embedded resource obtained from a single Universal Resource Identifier (URI) using HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) plus any other resources that are provided for the rendering, retrieval, and presentation of content.

508 Chapter 2: Scoping Requirements

E201 Application

E201.1 Scope

ICT that is procured, developed, maintained, or used by agencies shall conform to the Revised 508 Standards.

E202 General Exceptions

E202.1 General

ICT shall be exempt from compliance with the Revised 508 Standards to the extent specified by E202.

E202.2 Legacy ICT

Any component or portion of existing ICT that complies with an earlier standard issued pursuant to Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, as amended (as republished in Appendix D), and that has not been altered on or after January 18, 2018, shall not be required to be modified to conform to the Revised 508 Standards.

E202.3 National Security Systems

The Revised 508 Standards do not apply to ICT operated by agencies as part of a national security system, as defined by 40 U.S.C. 11103(a).

E202.4 Federal Contracts

ICT acquired by a contractor incidental to a contract shall not be required to conform to the Revised 508 Standards.

E202.5 ICT Functions Located in Maintenance or Monitoring Spaces

Where status indicators and operable parts for ICT functions are located in spaces that are frequented only by service personnel for maintenance, repair, or occasional monitoring of equipment, such status indicators and operable parts shall not be required to conform to the Revised 508 Standards.

E202.6 Undue Burden or Fundamental Alteration

Where an agency determines in accordance with E202.6 that conformance to requirements in the Revised 508 Standards would impose an undue burden or would result in a fundamental alteration in the nature of the ICT, conformance shall be required only to the extent that it does not impose an undue burden, or result in a fundamental alteration in the nature of the ICT.

E202.6.1 Basis for a Determination of Undue Burden

In determining whether conformance to requirements in the Revised 508 Standards would impose an undue burden on the agency, the agency shall consider the extent to which conformance would impose significant difficulty or expense considering the agency resources available to the program or component for which the ICT is to be procured, developed, maintained, or used.

E202.6.2 Required Documentation

The responsible agency official shall document in writing the basis for determining that conformance to requirements in the Revised 508 Standards constitute an undue burden on the agency, or would result in a fundamental alteration in the nature of the ICT. The documentation shall include an explanation of why and to what extent compliance with applicable requirements would create an undue burden or result in a fundamental alteration in the nature of the ICT.

E202.6.3 Alternative Means

Where conformance to one or more requirements in the Revised 508 Standards imposes an undue burden or a fundamental alteration in the nature of the ICT, the agency shall provide individuals with disabilities access to and use of information and data by an alternative means that meets identified needs.

E202.7 Best Meets

Where ICT conforming to one or more requirements in the Revised 508 Standards is not commercially available, the agency shall procure the ICT that best meets the Revised 508 Standards consistent with the agency’s business needs.

E202.7.1 Required Documentation

The responsible agency official shall document in writing: (a) the non-availability of conforming ICT, including a description of market research performed and which provisions cannot be met, and (b) the basis for determining that the ICT to be procured best meets the requirements in the Revised 508 Standards consistent with the agency’s business needs.

E202.7.2 Alternative Means

Where ICT that fully conforms to the Revised 508 Standards is not commercially available, the agency shall provide individuals with disabilities access to and use of information and data by an alternative means that meets identified needs.

E203 Access to Functionality

E203.1 General

Agencies shall ensure that all functionality of ICT is accessible to and usable by individuals with disabilities, either directly or by supporting the use of assistive technology, and shall comply with E203. In providing access to all functionality of ICT, agencies shall ensure the following:

That Federal employees with disabilities have access to and use of information and data that is comparable to the access and use by Federal employees who are not individuals with disabilities; and

That members of the public with disabilities who are seeking information or data from a Federal agency have access to and use of information and data that is comparable to that provided to members of the public who are not individuals with disabilities.

E203.2 User Needs

When agencies procure, develop, maintain or use ICT they shall identify the needs of users with disabilities to determine:

How users with disabilities will perform the functions supported by the ICT; and

How the ICT will be developed, installed, configured, and maintained to support users with disabilities.

E204 Functional Performance Criteria

E204.1 General

Where the requirements in Chapters 4 and 5 do not address one or more functions of ICT, the functions not addressed shall conform to the Functional Performance Criteria specified in Chapter 3.

E205 Electronic Content

E205.1 General

Electronic content shall comply with E205.

E205.2 Public Facing

Electronic content that is public facing shall conform to the accessibility requirements specified in E205.4.

E205.3 Agency Official Communication

Electronic content that is not public facing shall conform to the accessibility requirements specified in E205.4 when such content constitutes official business and is communicated by an agency through one or more of the following:

An emergency notification;

An initial or final decision adjudicating an administrative claim or proceeding;

An internal or external program or policy announcement;

A notice of benefits, program eligibility, employment opportunity, or personnel action;

A formal acknowledgement of receipt;

A survey questionnaire;

A template or form;

Educational or training materials; or

Intranet content designed as a Web page.

EXCEPTION: Records maintained by the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) pursuant to Federal recordkeeping statutes shall not be required to conform to the Revised 508 Standards unless public facing.

E205.4 Accessibility Standard

Electronic content shall conform to Level A and Level AA Success Criteria and Conformance Requirements in WCAG 2.0 (incorporated by reference, see 702.10.1).

EXCEPTION: Non-Web documents shall not be required to conform to the following four WCAG 2.0 Success Criteria: 2.4.1 Bypass Blocks, 2.4.5 Multiple Ways, 3.2.3 Consistent Navigation, and 3.2.4 Consistent Identification.

E205.4.1 Word Substitution when Applying WCAG to Non-Web Documents

For non-Web documents, wherever the term “Web page” or “page” appears in WCAG 2.0 Level A and AA Success Criteria and Conformance Requirements, the term “document” shall be substituted for the terms “Web page” and “page”. In addition, in Success Criterion in 1.4.2, the phrase “in a document” shall be substituted for the phrase “on a Web page”.

E206 Hardware

E206.1 General

Where components of ICT are hardware and transmit information or have a user interface, such components shall conform to the requirements in Chapter 4.

E207 Software

E207.1 General

Where components of ICT are software and transmit information or have a user interface, such components shall conform to E207 and the requirements in Chapter 5.

EXCEPTION: Software that is assistive technology and that supports the accessibility services of the platform shall not be required to conform to the requirements in Chapter 5.

E207.2 WCAG Conformance

User interface components, as well as the content of platforms and applications, shall conform to Level A and Level AA Success Criteria and Conformance Requirements in WCAG 2.0 (incorporated by reference, see 702.10.1).

EXCEPTIONS:

Software that is assistive technology and that supports the accessibility services of the platform shall not be required to conform to E207.2.

Non-Web software shall not be required to conform to the following four Success Criteria in WCAG 2.0: 2.4.1 Bypass Blocks; 2.4.5 Multiple Ways; 3.2.3 Consistent Navigation; and 3.2.4 Consistent Identification.

Non-Web software shall not be required to conform to Conformance Requirement 3 Complete Processes in WCAG 2.0.

E207.2.1 Word Substitution when Applying WCAG to Non-Web Software

For non-Web software, wherever the term “Web page” or “page” appears in WCAG 2.0 Level A and AA Success Criteria and Conformance Requirements, the term “software” shall be substituted for the terms “Web page” and “page”. In addition, in Success Criterion in 1.4.2, the phrase “in software” shall be substituted for the phrase “on a Web page.”

E207.3 Complete Processes for Non-Web Software

Where non-Web software requires multiple steps to accomplish an activity, all software related to the activity to be accomplished shall conform to WCAG 2.0 as specified in E207.2.

E208 Support Documentation and Services

E208.1 General

Where an agency provides support documentation or services for ICT, such documentation and services shall conform to the requirements in Chapter 6.

Appendix B to Part 1194 – Section 255 of the Communications Act: Application and Scoping Requirements

255 Chapter 1: Application and Administration

C101 General

C101.1 Purpose

These Revised 255 Guidelines, which consist of 255 Chapters 1 and 2 (Appendix B), along with Chapters 3 through 7 (Appendix C), contain scoping and technical requirements for the design, development, and fabrication of telecommunications equipment and customer premises equipment, content, and support documentation and services, to ensure accessibility and usability by individuals with disabilities. These Revised 255 Guidelines are to be applied to the extent required by regulations issued by the Federal Communications Commission under Section 255 of the Communications Act of 1934, as amended (47 U.S.C. 255).

C101.2 Equivalent Facilitation

The use of an alternative design or technology that results in substantially equivalent or greater accessibility and usability by individuals with disabilities than would be provided by conformance to one or more of the requirements in Chapters 4 and 5 of the Revised 255 Guidelines is permitted. The functional performance criteria in Chapter 3 shall be used to determine whether substantially equivalent or greater accessibility and usability is provided to individuals with disabilities.

C101.3 Conventional Industry Tolerances

Dimensions are subject to conventional industry tolerances except where dimensions are stated as a range with specific minimum or maximum end points.

C101.4 Units of Measurement

Measurements are stated in metric and U.S. customary units. The values stated in each system (metric and U.S. customary units) may not be exact equivalents, and each system shall be used independently of the other.

C102 Referenced Standards

C102.1 Application

The specific editions of the standards listed in Chapter 7 are incorporated by reference into 255 Chapter 2 (Scoping Requirements) and Chapters 3 through 6 to the prescribed extent of each such reference. Where conflicts occur between the Revised 255 Guidelines and the referenced standards, these Revised 255 Guidelines apply.

C103 Definitions

C103.1 Terms Defined in Referenced Standards

Terms defined in referenced standards and not defined in C103.4 shall have the meaning as defined in the referenced standards.

C103.2 Undefined Terms

Any term not defined in C103.4 or in referenced standards shall be given its ordinarily accepted meaning in the sense that the context implies.

C103.3 Interchangeability

Words, terms, and phrases used in the singular include the plural and those used in the plural include the singular.

C103.4 Defined Terms

For the purpose of the Revised 255 Guidelines, the terms defined in C103.4 have the indicated meaning.

Application

Software designed to perform, or to help the user perform, a specific task or tasks.

Assistive Technology (AT)

Any item, piece of equipment, or product system, whether acquired commercially, modified, or customized, that is used to increase, maintain, or improve functional capabilities of individuals with disabilities.

Audio Description

Narration added to the soundtrack to describe important visual details that cannot be understood from the main soundtrack alone. Audio description is a means to inform individuals who are blind or who have low vision about visual content essential for comprehension. Audio description of video provides information about actions, characters, scene changes, on-screen text, and other visual content. Audio description supplements the regular audio track of a program. Audio description is usually added during existing pauses in dialogue. Audio description is also called “video description” and “descriptive narration.”

Authoring Tool

Any software, or collection of software components, that can be used by authors, alone or collaboratively, to create or modify content for use by others, including other authors.

Closed Functionality

Characteristics that limit functionality or prevent a user from attaching or installing assistive technology.

Content

Electronic information and data, as well as the encoding that defines its structure, presentation, and interactions.

Customer Premises Equipment (CPE)

Equipment used on the premises of a person (other than a carrier) to originate, route, or terminate telecommunications service or interconnected VoIP service, including software integral to the operation of telecommunications function of such equipment. Examples of CPE are telephones, routers, switches, residential gateways, set-top boxes, fixed mobile convergence products, home networking adaptors and Internet access gateways which enable consumers to access communications service providers’ services and distribute them around their house via a Local Access Network (LAN).

Document

Logically distinct assembly of content (such as a file, set of files, or streamed media) that: functions as a single entity rather than a collection; is not part of software; and does not include its own software to retrieve and present content for users. Examples of documents include, but are not limited to, letters, email messages, spreadsheets, presentations, podcasts, images, and movies.

Hardware

A tangible device, equipment, or physical component of ICT, such as telephones, computers, multifunction copy machines, and keyboards.

Information and Communication Technology (ICT)

Information technology and other equipment, systems, technologies, or processes, for which the principal function is the creation, manipulation, storage, display, receipt, or transmission of electronic data and information, as well as any associated content.

Keyboard

A set of systematically arranged alphanumeric keys or a control that generates alphanumeric input by which a machine or device is operated. A keyboard includes tactilely discernible keys used in conjunction with the alphanumeric keys if their function maps to keys on the keyboard interfaces.

Label

Text, or a component with a text alternative, that is presented to a user to identify content. A label is presented to all users, whereas a name may be hidden and only exposed by assistive technology. In many cases, the name and the label are the same.

Manufacturer

A final assembler of telecommunications equipment or customer premises equipment that sells such equipment to the public or to vendors that sell to the public.

Menu

A set of selectable options.

Name

Text by which software can identify a component to the user. A name may be hidden and only exposed by assistive technology, whereas a label is presented to all users. In many cases, the label and the name are the same. Name is unrelated to the name attribute in HTML.

Non-Web Document

A document that is not: a Web page, embedded in a Web page, or used in the rendering or functioning of Web pages.

Non-Web Software

Software that is not: a Web page, not embedded in a Web page, and not used in the rendering or functioning of Web pages.

Operable Part

Hardware-based user controls for activating, deactivating, or adjusting ICT.

Platform Accessibility Services

Services provided by a platform enabling interoperability with assistive technology. Examples are Application Programming Interfaces (API) and the Document Object Model (DOM).

Platform Software

Software that interacts with hardware or provides services for other software. Platform software may run or host other software, and may isolate them from underlying software or hardware layers. A single software component may have both platform and non-platform aspects. Examples of platforms are: desktop operating systems; embedded operating systems, including mobile systems; Web browsers; plug-ins to Web browsers that render a particular media or format; and sets of components that allow other applications to execute, such as applications which support macros or scripting.

Programmatically Determinable

Ability to be determined by software from author-supplied data that is provided in a way that different user agents, including assistive technologies, can extract and present the information to users in different modalities.

Real-Time Text (RTT)

Communications using the transmission of text by which characters are transmitted by a terminal as they are typed. Real-time text is used for conversational purposes. Real-time text also may be used in voicemail, interactive voice response systems, and other similar application.

Revised 255 Guidelines

The guidelines for telecommunications equipment and customer premises equipment covered by Section 255 of the Communications Act as set forth in 255 Chapters 1 and 2 (36 CFR part 1194, Appendix B), and Chapters 3 through 7 (36 CFR part 1193, Appendix C).

Software

Programs, procedures, rules, and related data and documentation that direct the use and operation of ICT and instruct it to perform a given task or function. Software includes, but is not limited to, applications, non-Web software, and platform software.

Software Tools

Software for which the primary function is the development of other software. Software tools usually come in the form of an Integrated Development Environment (IDE) and are a suite of related products and utilities. Examples of IDEs include Microsoft® Visual Studio®, Apple® Xcode®, and Eclipse Foundation Eclipse®

Specialized Customer Premises Equipment

Assistive technology used by individuals with disabilities to originate, route, or terminate telecommunications or interconnected VoIP service. Examples are TTYs and amplified telephones.

Telecommunications

The signal transmission between or among points specified by the user of information and of the user’s choosing without change in the form or content of the information as sent and received.

Telecommunications Equipment

Equipment, other than customer premises equipment, used by a carrier to provide telecommunications service or interconnected VoIP service and includes software integral to the operation of telecommunications function of such equipment.

Terminal

Device or software with which the end user directly interacts and that provides the user interface. For some systems, the software that provides the user interface may reside on more than one device such as a telephone and a server.

Text

A sequence of characters that can be programmatically determined and that expresses something in human language.

TTY

Equipment that enables interactive text based communications through the transmission of frequency-shift-keying audio tones across the public switched telephone network. TTYs include devices for real-time text communications and voice and text intermixed communications. Examples of intermixed communications are voice carry over and hearing carry over. One example of a TTY is a computer with TTY emulating software and modem.

Variable Message Signs (VMS)

Non-interactive electronic signs with scrolling, streaming, or paging-down capability. An example of a VMS is an electronic message board at a transit station that displays the gate and time information associated with the next train arrival.

Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP)

A technology that provides real-time voice communications. VoIP requires a broadband connection from the user’s location and customer premises equipment compatible with Internet protocol.

Web page

A non-embedded resource obtained from a single Universal Resource Identifier (URI) using HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) plus any other resources that are provided for the rendering, retrieval, and presentation of content.

255 Chapter 2: Scoping Requirements

C201 Application

C201.1 Scope

Manufacturers shall comply with the requirements in the Revised 255 Guidelines applicable to telecommunications equipment and customer premises equipment (and related software integral to the operation of telecommunications functions) when newly released, upgraded, or substantially changed from an earlier version or model. Manufacturers shall also conform to the requirements in the Revised 255 Guidelines for support documentation and services, including electronic documents and Web-based product support.

C201.2. Readily Achievable

When a manufacturer determines that conformance to one or more requirements in Chapter 4 (Hardware) or Chapter 5 (Software) would not be readily achievable, it shall ensure that the equipment or software is compatible with existing peripheral devices or specialized customer premises equipment commonly used by individuals with disabilities to the extent readily achievable.

C201.3 Access to Functionality

Manufacturers shall ensure that telecommunications equipment and customer premises equipment is accessible to and usable by individuals with disabilities by providing direct access to all telecommunications functionality. Where manufacturers can demonstrate that it is not readily achievable for such equipment to provide direct access to all functionality, the equipment shall support the use of assistive technology and specialized customer premises equipment where readily achievable.

C201.4 Prohibited Reduction of Accessibility, Usability, and Compatibility

No change shall be undertaken that decreases, or has the effect of decreasing, the net accessibility, usability, or compatibility of telecommunications equipment or customer premises equipment.

EXCEPTION: Discontinuation of a product shall not be prohibited.

C201.5 Design, Development, and Fabrication

Manufacturers shall evaluate the accessibility, usability, and interoperability of telecommunications equipment and customer premises equipment during its product design, development, and fabrication.

C202 Functional Performance Criteria

C202.1 General

Where the requirements in Chapters 4 and 5 do not address one or more functions of telecommunications or customer premises equipment, the functions not addressed shall conform to the Functional Performance Criteria specified in Chapter 3.

C203 Electronic Content

C203.1 General

Electronic content that is integral to the use of telecommunications or customer premises equipment shall conform to Level A and Level AA Success Criteria and Conformance Requirements in WCAG 2.0 (incorporated by reference, see 702.10.1).

EXCEPTION: Non-Web documents shall not be required to conform to the following four WCAG 2.0 Success Criteria: 2.4.1 Bypass Blocks, 2.4.5 Multiple Ways, 3.2.3 Consistent Navigation, and 3.2.4 Consistent Identification.

C203.1.1 Word Substitution when Applying WCAG to Non-Web Documents

For non-Web documents, wherever the term “Web page” or “page” appears in WCAG 2.0 Level A and AA Success Criteria and Conformance Requirements, the term “document’ shall be substituted for the terms “Web page” and “page.” In addition, in Success Criterion in 1.4.2, the phrase “in a document” shall be substituted for the phrase “on a Web page.”

C204 Hardware

C204.1 General

Where components of telecommunications equipment and customer premises equipment are hardware, and transmit information or have a user interface, those components shall conform to applicable requirements in Chapter 4.

EXCEPTION: Components of telecommunications equipment and customer premises equipment shall not be required to conform to 402, 407.7, 407.8, 408, 412.8.4, and 415.

C205 Software

C205.1 General

Where software is integral to the use of telecommunications functions of telecommunications equipment or customer premises equipment and has a user interface, such software shall conform to C205 and applicable requirements in Chapter 5.

EXCEPTION: Software that is assistive technology and that supports the accessibility services of the platform shall not be required to conform to the requirements in Chapter 5.

C205.2 WCAG Conformance

User interface components, as well as the content of platforms and applications shall conform to Level A and Level AA Success Criteria and Conformance Requirements in WCAG 2.0 (incorporated by reference, see 702.10.1).

EXCEPTIONS:

Software that is assistive technology and that supports the accessibility services of the platform shall not be required to conform to C205.2.

Non-Web software shall not be required to conform to the following four Success Criteria in WCAG 2.0: 2.4.1 Bypass Blocks; 2.4.5 Multiple Ways; 3.2.3 Consistent Navigation; and 3.2.4 Consistent Identification.

Non-Web software shall not be required to conform to Conformance Requirement 3 Complete Processes in WCAG 2.0.

C205.2.1 Word Substitution when Applying WCAG to Non-Web Software

For non-Web software, wherever the term “Web page” or “page” appears in WCAG 2.0 Level A and AA Success Criteria and Conformance Requirements, the term “software” shall be substituted for the terms “Web page” and “page.” In addition, in Success Criterion 1.4.2, the phrase “in software” shall be substituted for the phrase “on a Web page.”

C205.3 Complete Processes for Non-Web Software

Where non-Web software requires multiple steps to accomplish an activity, all software related to the activity to be accomplished shall conform to WCAG 2.0 as specified in C205.2.

C206 Support Documentation and Services

C206.1 General

Where support documentation and services are provided for telecommunications equipment and customer premises equipment, manufacturers shall ensure that such documentation and services conform to Chapter 6 and are made available upon request at no additional charge.

Appendix C to Part 1194 – Functional Performance Criteria and Technical Requirements

Chapter 3: Functional Performance Criteria

301 General

301.1 Scope

The requirements of Chapter 3 shall apply to ICT where required by 508 Chapter 2 (Scoping Requirements), 255 Chapter 2 (Scoping Requirements), and where otherwise referenced in any other chapter of the Revised 508 Standards or Revised 255 Guidelines.

302 Functional Performance Criteria

302.1 Without Vision

Where a visual mode of operation is provided, ICT shall provide at least one mode of operation that does not require user vision.

302.2 With Limited Vision

Where a visual mode of operation is provided, ICT shall provide at least one mode of operation that enables users to make use of limited vision.

302.3 Without Perception of Color

Where a visual mode of operation is provided, ICT shall provide at least one visual mode of operation that does not require user perception of color.

302.4 Without Hearing

Where an audible mode of operation is provided, ICT shall provide at least one mode of operation that does not require user hearing.

302.5 With Limited Hearing

Where an audible mode of operation is provided, ICT shall provide at least one mode of operation that enables users to make use of limited hearing.

302.6 Without Speech

Where speech is used for input, control, or operation, ICT shall provide at least one mode of operation that does not require user speech.

302.7 With Limited Manipulation

Where a manual mode of operation is provided, ICT shall provide at least one mode of operation that does not require fine motor control or simultaneous manual operations.

302.8 With Limited Reach and Strength

Where a manual mode of operation is provided, ICT shall provide at least one mode of operation that is operable with limited reach and limited strength.

302.9 With Limited Language, Cognitive, and Learning Abilities

ICT shall provide features making its use by individuals with limited cognitive, language, and learning abilities simpler and easier.

Chapter 4: Hardware

401 General

401.1 Scope

The requirements of Chapter 4 shall apply to ICT that is hardware where required by 508 Chapter 2 (Scoping Requirements), 255 Chapter 2 (Scoping Requirements), and where otherwise referenced in any other chapter of the Revised 508 Standards or Revised 255 Guidelines.

EXCEPTION: Hardware that is assistive technology shall not be required to conform to the requirements of this chapter.

402 Closed Functionality

402.1 General

ICT with closed functionality shall be operable without requiring the user to attach or install assistive technology other than personal headsets or other audio couplers, and shall conform to 402.

402.2 Speech-Output Enabled

ICT with a display screen shall be speech-output enabled for full and independent use by individuals with vision impairments.

EXCEPTIONS:

Variable message signs conforming to 402.5 shall not be required to be speech-output enabled.

Speech output shall not be required where ICT display screens only provide status indicators and those indicators conform to 409.

Where speech output cannot be supported due to constraints in available memory or processor capability, ICT shall be permitted to conform to 409 in lieu of 402.2.

Audible tones shall be permitted instead of speech output where the content of user input is not displayed as entered for security purposes, including, but not limited to, asterisks representing personal identification numbers.

Speech output shall not be required for: the machine location; date and time of transaction; customer account number; and the machine identifier or label.

Speech output shall not be required for advertisements and other similar information unless they convey information that can be used for the transaction being conducted.

402.2.1 Information Displayed On-Screen

Speech output shall be provided for all information displayed on-screen.

402.2.2 Transactional Outputs

Where transactional outputs are provided, the speech output shall audibly provide all information necessary to verify a transaction.

402.2.3 Speech Delivery Type and Coordination

Speech output shall be delivered through a mechanism that is readily available to all users, including, but not limited to, an industry standard connector or a telephone handset. Speech shall be recorded or digitized human, or synthesized. Speech output shall be coordinated with information displayed on the screen.

402.2.4 User Control

Speech output for any single function shall be automatically interrupted when a transaction is selected. Speech output shall be capable of being repeated and paused.

402.2.5 Braille Instructions

Where speech output is required by 402.2, braille instructions for initiating the speech mode of operation shall be provided. Braille shall be contracted and shall conform to 36 CFR part 1191, Appendix D, Section 703.3.1.

EXCEPTION: Devices for personal use shall not be required to conform to 402.2.5.

402.3 Volume

ICT that delivers sound, including speech output required by 402.2, shall provide volume control and output amplification conforming to 402.3.

EXCEPTION: ICT conforming to 412.2 shall not be required to conform to 402.3.

402.3.1 Private Listening

Where ICT provides private listening, it shall provide a mode of operation for controlling the volume. Where ICT delivers output by an audio transducer typically held up to the ear, a means for effective magnetic wireless coupling to hearing technologies shall be provided.

402.3.2 Non-private Listening

Where ICT provides non-private listening, incremental volume control shall be provided with output amplification up to a level of at least 65 dB. A function shall be provided to automatically reset the volume to the default level after every use.

402.4 Characters on Display Screens

At least one mode of characters displayed on the screen shall be in a sans serif font. Where ICT does not provide a screen enlargement feature, characters shall be 3/16 inch (4.8 mm) high minimum based on the uppercase letter “I”. Characters shall contrast with their background with either light characters on a dark background or dark characters on a light background.

402.5 Characters on Variable Message Signs

Characters on variable message signs shall conform to section 703.7 Variable Message Signs of ICC A117.1-2009 (incorporated by reference, see 702.6.1).

403 Biometrics

403.1 General

Where provided, biometrics shall not be the only means for user identification or control.

EXCEPTION: Where at least two biometric options that use different biological characteristics are provided, ICT shall be permitted to use biometrics as the only means for user identification or control.

404 Preservation of Information Provided for Accessibility

404.1 General

ICT that transmits or converts information or communication shall not remove non-proprietary information provided for accessibility or shall restore it upon delivery.

405 Privacy

405.1 General

The same degree of privacy of input and output shall be provided to all individuals. When speech output required by 402.2 is enabled, the screen shall not blank automatically.

406 Standard Connections

406.1 General

Where data connections used for input and output are provided, at least one of each type of connection shall conform to industry standard non-proprietary formats.

407 Operable Parts

407.1 General

Where provided, operable parts used in the normal operation of ICT shall conform to 407.

407.2 Contrast

Where provided, keys and controls shall contrast visually from background surfaces. Characters and symbols shall contrast visually from background surfaces with either light characters or symbols on a dark background or dark characters or symbols on a light background.

407.3 Input Controls

At least one input control conforming to 407.3 shall be provided for each function.

EXCEPTION: Devices for personal use with input controls that are audibly discernable without activation and operable by touch shall not be required to conform to 407.3.

407.3.1 Tactilely Discernible

Input controls shall be operable by touch and tactilely discernible without activation.

407.3.2 Alphabetic Keys

Where provided, individual alphabetic keys shall be arranged in a QWERTY-based keyboard layout and the “F” and “J” keys shall be tactilely distinct from the other keys.

407.3.3 Numeric Keys

Where provided, numeric keys shall be arranged in a 12-key ascending or descending keypad layout. The number five key shall be tactilely distinct from the other keys. Where the ICT provides an alphabetic overlay on numeric keys, the relationships between letters and digits shall conform to ITU-T Recommendation E.161 (incorporated by reference, see 702.7.1).

407.4 Key Repeat

Where a keyboard with key repeat is provided, the delay before the key repeat feature is activated shall be fixed at, or adjustable to, 2 seconds minimum.

407.5 Timed Response

Where a timed response is required, the user shall be alerted visually, as well as by touch or sound, and shall be given the opportunity to indicate that more time is needed.

407.6 Operation

At least one mode of operation shall be operable with one hand and shall not require tight grasping, pinching, or twisting of the wrist. The force required to activate operable parts shall be 5 pounds (22.2 N) maximum.

407.7 Tickets, Fare Cards, and Keycards

Where tickets, fare cards, or keycards are provided, they shall have an orientation that is tactilely discernible if orientation is important to further use of the ticket, fare card, or keycard.

407.8 Reach Height and Depth

At least one of each type of operable part of stationary ICT shall be at a height conforming to 407.8.2 or 407.8.3 according to its position established by the vertical reference plane specified in 407.8.1 for a side reach or a forward reach. Operable parts used with speech output required by 402.2 shall not be the only type of operable part complying with 407.8 unless that part is the only operable part of its type.

407.8.1 Vertical Reference Plane

Operable parts shall be positioned for a side reach or a forward reach determined with respect to a vertical reference plane. The vertical reference plane shall be located in conformance to 407.8.2 or 407.8.3.

407.8.1.1 Vertical Plane for Side Reach

Where a side reach is provided, the vertical reference plane shall be 48 inches (1220 mm) long minimum.

graphical representation of dimensions for vertical plane side reach

407.8.1.2 Vertical Plane for Forward Reach

Where a forward reach is provided, the vertical reference plane shall be 30 inches (760 mm) long minimum.

graphical representation of dimensions for vertical plane forward reach

407.8.2 Side Reach

Operable parts of ICT providing a side reach shall conform to 407.8.2.1 or 407.8.2.2. The vertical reference plane shall be centered on the operable part and placed at the leading edge of the maximum protrusion of the ICT within the length of the vertical reference plane. Where a side reach requires a reach over a portion of the ICT, the height of that portion of the ICT shall be 34 inches (865 mm) maximum.

407.8.2.1 Unobstructed Side Reach

Where the operable part is located 10 inches (255 mm) or less beyond the vertical reference plane, the operable part shall be 48 inches (1220 mm) high maximum and 15 inches (380 mm) high minimum above the floor.

graphical representation of dimensions for unobstructed side reach

407.8.2.2 Obstructed Side Reach

Where the operable part is located more than 10 inches (255 mm), but not more than 24 inches (610 mm), beyond the vertical reference plane, the height of the operable part shall be 46 inches (1170 mm) high maximum and 15 inches (380 mm) high minimum above the floor. The operable part shall not be located more than 24 inches (610 mm) beyond the vertical reference plane.

graphical representation of dimensions for obstructed side reach

407.8.3 Forward Reach

Operable parts of ICT providing a forward reach shall conform to 407.8.3.1 or 407.8.3.2. The vertical reference plane shall be centered, and intersect with, the operable part. Where a forward reach allows a reach over a portion of the ICT, the height of that portion of the ICT shall be 34 inches (865 mm) maximum.

407.8.3.1 Unobstructed Forward Reach

Where the operable part is located at the leading edge of the maximum protrusion within the length of the vertical reference plane of the ICT, the operable part shall be 48 inches (1220 mm) high maximum and 15 inches (380 mm) high minimum above the floor.

graphical representation of dimensions for unobstructed forward reach

407.8.3.2 Obstructed Forward Reach

Where the operable part is located beyond the leading edge of the maximum protrusion within the length of the vertical reference plane, the operable part shall conform to 407.8.3.2. The maximum allowable forward reach to an operable part shall be 25 inches (635 mm).

graphical representation of dimensions for obstructed forward reach

407.8.3.2.1 Operable Part Height for ICT with Obstructed Forward Reach

The height of the operable part shall conform to Table 407.8.3.2.1.

Table 407.8.3.2.1 Operable Part Height for ICT with Obstructed Forward Reach Reach Depth Operable Part Height

Less than 20 inches (510 mm) 48 inches (1220 mm) maximum

20 inches (510 mm) to 25 inches (635 mm) 44 inches (1120 mm) maximum

graphical representation of dimensions for operable part height for obstructed forward reach

407.8.3.2.2 Knee and Toe Space under ICT with Obstructed Forward Reach

Knee and toe space under ICT shall be 27 inches (685 mm) high minimum, 25 inches (635 mm) deep maximum, and 30 inches (760 mm) wide minimum and shall be clear of obstructions.

graphical representation of dimensions for knee and toe space for obstructed forward reach

EXCEPTIONS:

Toe space shall be permitted to provide a clear height of 9 inches (230 mm) minimum above the floor and a clear depth of 6 inches (150 mm) maximum from the vertical reference plane toward the leading edge of the ICT.

graphical representation of dimensions for knee and toe space for obstructed forward reach exception one

At a depth of 6 inches (150 mm) maximum from the vertical reference plane toward the leading edge of the ICT, space between 9 inches (230 mm) and 27 inches (685 mm) minimum above the floor shall be permitted to reduce at a rate of 1 inch (25 mm) in depth for every 6 inches (150 mm) in height.

graphical representation of dimensions for knee and toe space for obstructed forward reach exception two

Supplemental graphic combining both Exceptions 1 and 2:

graphical representation of dimensions for knee and toe space for obstructed forward reach exceptions one and two

408 Display Screens

408.1 General

Where provided, display screens shall conform to 408.

408.2 Visibility

Where stationary ICT provides one or more display screens, at least one of each type of display screen shall be visible from a point located 40 inches (1015 mm) above the floor space where the display screen is viewed.

408.3 Flashing

Where ICT emits lights in flashes, there shall be no more than three flashes in any one-second period.

EXCEPTION: Flashes that do not exceed the general flash and red flash thresholds defined in WCAG 2.0 (incorporated by reference, see 702.10.1) are not required to conform to 408.3.

409 Status Indicators

409.1 General

Where provided, status indicators shall be discernible visually and by touch or sound.

410 Color Coding

410.1 General

Where provided, color coding shall not be used as the only means of conveying information, indicating an action, prompting a response, or distinguishing a visual element.

411 Audible Signals

411.1 General

Where provided, audible signals or cues shall not be used as the only means of conveying information, indicating an action, or prompting a response

412 ICT with Two-Way Voice Communication

412.1 General

ICT that provides two-way voice communication shall conform to 412.

412.2 Volume Gain

ICT that provides two-way voice communication shall conform to 412.2.1 or 412.2.2.

412.2.1 Volume Gain for Wireline Telephones

Volume gain conforming to 47 CFR 68.317 shall be provided on analog and digital wireline telephones.

412.2.2 Volume Gain for Non-Wireline ICT

A method for increasing volume shall be provided for non-wireline ICT.

412.3 Interference Reduction and Magnetic Coupling

Where ICT delivers output by a handset or other type of audio transducer that is typically held up to the ear, ICT shall reduce interference with hearing technologies and provide a means for effective magnetic wireless coupling in conformance with 412.3.1 or 412.3.2.

412.3.1 Wireless Handsets

ICT in the form of wireless handsets shall conform to ANSI/IEEE C63.19-2011 (incorporated by reference, see 702.5.1).

412.3.2 Wireline Handsets

ICT in the form of wireline handsets, including cordless handsets, shall conform to TIA-1083-B (incorporated by reference, see702.9.1).

412.4 Digital Encoding of Speech

ICT in IP-based networks shall transmit and receive speech that is digitally encoded in the manner specified by ITU-T Recommendation G.722.2 (incorporated by reference, see 702.7.2) or IETF RFC 6716 (incorporated by reference, see 702.8.1).

412.5 Real-Time Text Functionality

[Reserved].

412.6 Caller ID

Where provided, caller identification and similar telecommunications functions shall be visible and audible.

412.7 Video Communication

Where ICT provides real-time video functionality, the quality of the video shall be sufficient to support communication using sign language.

412.8 Legacy TTY Support

ICT equipment or systems with two-way voice communication that do not themselves provide TTY functionality shall conform to 412.8.

412.8.1 TTY Connectability

ICT shall include a standard non-acoustic connection point for TTYs.

412.8.2 Voice and Hearing Carry Over

ICT shall provide a microphone capable of being turned on and off to allow the user to intermix speech with TTY use.

412.8.3 Signal Compatibility

ICT shall support all commonly used cross-manufacturer non-proprietary standard TTY signal protocols where the system interoperates with the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN).

412.8.4 Voice Mail and Other Messaging Systems

Where provided, voice mail, auto-attendant, interactive voice response, and caller identification systems shall be usable with a TTY.

413 Closed Caption Processing Technologies

413.1 General

Where ICT displays or processes video with synchronized audio, ICT shall provide closed caption processing technology that conforms to 413.1.1 or 413.1.2.

413.1.1 Decoding and Display of Closed Captions

Players and displays shall decode closed caption data and support display of captions.

413.1.2 Pass-Through of Closed Caption Data

Cabling and ancillary equipment shall pass through caption data.

414 Audio Description Processing Technologies

414.1 General

Where ICT displays or processes video with synchronized audio, ICT shall provide audio description processing technology conforming to 414.1.1 or 414.1.2.

414.1.1 Digital Television Tuners

Digital television tuners shall provide audio description processing that conforms to ATSC A/53 Digital Television Standard, Part 5 (2014) (incorporated by reference, see 702.2.1). Digital television tuners shall provide processing of audio description when encoded as a Visually Impaired (VI) associated audio service that is provided as a complete program mix containing audio description according to the ATSC A/53 standard.

414.1.2 Other ICT

ICT other than digital television tuners shall provide audio description processing.

415 User Controls for Captions and Audio Descriptions

415.1 General

Where ICT displays video with synchronized audio, ICT shall provide user controls for closed captions and audio descriptions conforming to 415.1.

EXCEPTION: Devices for personal use shall not be required to conform to 415.1 provided that captions and audio descriptions can be enabled through system-wide platform settings.

415.1.1 Caption Controls

Where ICT provides operable parts for volume control, ICT shall also provide operable parts for caption selection.

415.1.2 Audio Description Controls

Where ICT provides operable parts for program selection, ICT shall also provide operable parts for the selection of audio description.

Chapter 5: Software

501 General

501.1 Scope

The requirements of Chapter 5 shall apply to software where required by 508 Chapter 2 (Scoping Requirements), 255 Chapter 2 (Scoping Requirements), and where otherwise referenced in any other chapter of the Revised 508 Standards or Revised 255 Guidelines.

EXCEPTION: Where Web applications do not have access to platform accessibility services and do not include components that have access to platform accessibility services, they shall not be required to conform to 502 or 503 provided that they conform to Level A and Level AA Success Criteria and Conformance Requirements in WCAG 2.0 (incorporated by reference, see 702.10.1).

502 Interoperability with Assistive Technology

502.1 General

Software shall interoperate with assistive technology and shall conform to 502.

EXCEPTION: ICT conforming to 402 shall not be required to conform to 502.

502.2 Documented Accessibility Features

Software with platform features defined in platform documentation as accessibility features shall conform to 502.2.

502.2.1 User Control of Accessibility Features

Platform software shall provide user control over platform features that are defined in the platform documentation as accessibility features.

502.2.2 No Disruption of Accessibility Features

Software shall not disrupt platform features that are defined in the platform documentation as accessibility features.

502.3 Accessibility Services

Platform software and software tools that are provided by the platform developer shall provide a documented set of accessibility services that support applications running on the platform to interoperate with assistive technology and shall conform to 502.3. Applications that are also platforms shall expose the underlying platform accessibility services or implement other documented accessibility services.

502.3.1 Object Information

The object role, state(s), properties, boundary, name, and description shall be programmatically determinable.

502.3.2 Modification of Object Information

States and properties that can be set by the user shall be capable of being set programmatically, including through assistive technology.

502.3.3 Row, Column, and Headers

If an object is in a data table, the occupied rows and columns, and any headers associated with those rows or columns, shall be programmatically determinable.

502.3.4 Values

Any current value(s), and any set or range of allowable values associated with an object, shall be programmatically determinable.

502.3.5 Modification of Values

Values that can be set by the user shall be capable of being set programmatically, including through assistive technology.

502.3.6 Label Relationships

Any relationship that a component has as a label for another component, or of being labeled by another component, shall be programmatically determinable.

502.3.7 Hierarchical Relationships

Any hierarchical (parent-child) relationship that a component has as a container for, or being contained by, another component shall be programmatically determinable.

502.3.8 Text

The content of text objects, text attributes, and the boundary of text rendered to the screen, shall be programmatically determinable.

502.3.9 Modification of Text

Text that can be set by the user shall be capable of being set programmatically, including through assistive technology.

502.3.10 List of Actions

A list of all actions that can be executed on an object shall be programmatically determinable.

502.3.11 Actions on Objects

Applications shall allow assistive technology to programmatically execute available actions on objects.

502.3.12 Focus Cursor

Applications shall expose information and mechanisms necessary to track focus, text insertion point, and selection attributes of user interface components.

502.3.13 Modification of Focus Cursor

Focus, text insertion point, and selection attributes that can be set by the user shall be capable of being set programmatically, including through the use of assistive technology.

502.3.14 Event Notification

Notification of events relevant to user interactions, including but not limited to, changes in the component’s state(s), value, name, description, or boundary, shall be available to assistive technology.

502.4 Platform Accessibility Features

Platforms and platform software shall conform to the requirements in ANSI/HFES 200.2, Human Factors Engineering of Software User Interfaces — Part 2: Accessibility (2008) (incorporated by reference, see 702.4.1) listed below:

Section 9.3.3 Enable sequential entry of multiple (chorded) keystrokes;

Section 9.3.4 Provide adjustment of delay before key acceptance;

Section 9.3.5 Provide adjustment of same-key double-strike acceptance;

Section 10.6.7 Allow users to choose visual alternative for audio output;

Section 10.6.8 Synchronize audio equivalents for visual events;

Section 10.6.9 Provide speech output services; and

Section 10.7.1 Display any captions provided.

503 Applications

503.1 General

Applications shall conform to 503.

503.2 User Preferences

Applications shall permit user preferences from platform settings for color, contrast, font type, font size, and focus cursor.

EXCEPTION: Applications that are designed to be isolated from their underlying platform software, including Web applications, shall not be required to conform to 503.2.

503.3 Alternative User Interfaces

Where an application provides an alternative user interface that functions as assistive technology, the application shall use platform and other industry standard accessibility services.

503.4 User Controls for Captions and Audio Description

Where ICT displays video with synchronized audio, ICT shall provide user controls for closed captions and audio descriptions conforming to 503.4.

503.4.1 Caption Controls

Where user controls are provided for volume adjustment, ICT shall provide user controls for the selection of captions at the same menu level as the user controls for volume or program selection.

503.4.2 Audio Description Controls

Where user controls are provided for program selection, ICT shall provide user controls for the selection of audio descriptions at the same menu level as the user controls for volume or program selection.

504 Authoring Tools

504.1 General

Where an application is an authoring tool, the application shall conform to 504 to the extent that information required for accessibility is supported by the destination format.

504.2 Content Creation or Editing

Authoring tools shall provide a mode of operation to create or edit content that conforms to Level A and Level AA Success Criteria and Conformance Requirements in WCAG 2.0 (incorporated by reference, see 702.10.1) for all supported features and, as applicable, to file formats supported by the authoring tool. Authoring tools shall permit authors the option of overriding information required for accessibility.

EXCEPTION: Authoring tools shall not be required to conform to 504.2 when used to directly edit plain text source code.

504.2.1 Preservation of Information Provided for Accessibility in Format Conversion

Authoring tools shall, when converting content from one format to another or saving content in multiple formats, preserve the information required for accessibility to the extent that the information is supported by the destination format.

504.2.2 PDF Export

Authoring tools capable of exporting PDF files that conform to ISO 32000-1:2008 (PDF 1.7) shall also be capable of exporting PDF files that conform to ANSI/AIIM/ISO 14289-1:2016 (PDF/UA-1) (incorporated by reference, see 702.3.1).

504.3 Prompts

Authoring tools shall provide a mode of operation that prompts authors to create content that conforms to Level A and Level AA Success Criteria and Conformance Requirements in WCAG 2.0 (incorporated by reference, see 702.10.1) for supported features and, as applicable, to file formats supported by the authoring tool.

504.4 Templates

Where templates are provided, templates allowing content creation that conforms to Level A and Level AA Success Criteria and Conformance Requirements in WCAG 2.0 (incorporated by reference, see 702.10.1) shall be provided for a range of template uses for supported features and, as applicable, to file formats supported by the authoring tool.

Chapter 6: Support Documentation and Services

601 General

601.1 Scope

The technical requirements in Chapter 6 shall apply to ICT support documentation and services where required by 508 Chapter 2 (Scoping Requirements), 255 Chapter 2 (Scoping Requirements), and where otherwise referenced in any other chapter of the Revised 508 Standards or Revised 255 Guidelines.

602 Support Documentation

602.1 General

Documentation that supports the use of ICT shall conform to 602.

602.2 Accessibility and Compatibility Features

Documentation shall list and explain how to use the accessibility and compatibility features required by Chapters 4 and 5. Documentation shall include accessibility features that are built-in and accessibility features that provide compatibility with assistive technology.

602.3 Electronic Support Documentation

Documentation in electronic format, including Web-based self-service support, shall conform to Level A and Level AA Success Criteria and Conformance Requirements in WCAG 2.0 (incorporated by reference, see 702.10.1).

602.4 Alternate Formats for Non-Electronic Support Documentation

Where support documentation is only provided in non-electronic formats, alternate formats usable by individuals with disabilities shall be provided upon request.

603 Support Services

603.1 General

ICT support services including, but not limited to, help desks, call centers, training services, and automated self-service technical support, shall conform to 603.

603.2 Information on Accessibility and Compatibility Features

ICT support services shall include information on the accessibility and compatibility features required by 602.2.

603.3 Accommodation of Communication Needs

Support services shall be provided directly to the user or through a referral to a point of contact. Such ICT support services shall accommodate the communication needs of individuals with disabilities.

Chapter 7: Referenced Standards

701 General

701.1 Scope

The standards referenced in Chapter 7 shall apply to ICT where required by 508 Chapter 2 (Scoping Requirements), 255 Chapter 2 (Scoping Requirements), and where referenced in any other chapter of the Revised 508 Standards or Revised 255 Guidelines.

702 Incorporation by Reference

702.1 Approved IBR Standards

The Director of the Office of the Federal Register has approved these standards for incorporation by reference into this part in accordance with 5 U.S.C. 552(a) and 1 CFR part 51. Copies of the referenced standards may be inspected at the U.S. Access Board, 1331 F Street, NW, Suite 1000, Washington, DC 20004, (202) 272-0080, and may also be obtained from the sources listed below. They are also available for inspection at the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA). For information on the availability of this material at NARA, call 202–741–6030 or go to National Archives Code of Federal Regulations Incorporation by Reference.

702.2 Advanced Television Systems Committee (ATSC)

Copies of the referenced standard may be obtained from the Advanced Television Systems Committee, 1776 K Street NW, Suite 200, Washington, DC 20006–2304.

702.2.1 ATSC A/53 Part 5:2014

Digital Television Standard, Part 5—AC-3 Audio System Characteristics, August 28, 2014.

IBR approved for Appendix C, Section 414.1.1.

702.3 Association for Information and Image Management (AIIM)

Copies of the referenced standard may be obtained from AIIM, 1100 Wayne Ave., Ste. 1100, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910.

702.3.1 ANSI/AIIM/ISO 14289-1-2016

Document Management Applications — Electronic Document File Format Enhancement for Accessibility — Part 1: Use of ISO 32000-1 (PDF/UA-1), ANSI-approved February 8, 2016.

IBR approved for Appendix C, Section 504.2.2.

702.4 Human Factors and Ergonomics Society (HFES)

Copies of the referenced standard may be obtained from the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, P.O. Box 1369, Santa Monica, CA 90406–1369.

702.4.1 ANSI/HFES 200.2

Human Factors Engineering of Software User Interfaces — Part 2: Accessibility, copyright 2008.

IBR approved for Appendix C, Section 502.4.

702.5 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

Copies of the referenced standard may be obtained from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 10662 Los Vaqueros Circle, P.O. Box 3014, Los Alamitos, CA 90720–1264.

702.5.1 ANSI/IEEE C63.19-2011

American National Standard for Methods of Measurement of Compatibility between Wireless Communications Devices and Hearing Aids, May 27, 2011.

IBR approved for Appendix C, Section 412.3.1.

702.6 International Code Council (ICC)

Copies of the referenced standard may be obtained from ICC Publications, 4051 W. Flossmoor Road, Country Club Hills, IL 60478–5795.

702.6.1 ICC A117.1-2009

Accessible and Usable Buildings and Facilities, approved October 20, 2010.

IBR approved for Appendix C, Section 402.5.

702.7 International Telecommunications Union Telecommunications Standardization Sector (ITU-T)

Copies of the referenced standards may be obtained from the International Telecommunication Union, Telecommunications Standardization Sector, Place des Nations CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland.

702.7.1 ITU-T Recommendation E.161

Series E. Overall Network Operation, Telephone Service, Service Operation and Human Factors—International operation - Numbering plan of the international telephone service, Arrangement of digits, letters and symbols on telephones and other devices that can be used for gaining access to a telephone network, February 2001.

IBR approved for Appendix C, Section 407.3.3.

702.7.2 ITU-T Recommendation G.722.2

Series G. Transmission Systems and Media, Digital Systems and Networks – Digital terminal equipment – Coding of analogue signals by methods other than PCM, Wideband coding of speech at around 16 kbit/s using Adaptive Multi-Rate Wideband (AMR-WB), July 2003.

IBR approved for Appendix C, Section 412.4.

702.8 Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)

Copies of the referenced standard may be obtained from the Internet Engineering Task Force.

702.8.1 IETF RFC 6716

Definition of the Opus Codec, September 2012, J.M. Valin, Mozilla Corporation, K. Vos, Skype Technologies S.A., T. Terriberry, Mozilla Corporation.

IBR approved for Appendix C, Section 412.4.

702.9 Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA)

Copies of the referenced standard, published by the Telecommunications Industry Association, may be obtained from IHS Markit, 15 Inverness Way East, Englewood, CO 80112.

702.9.1 TIA-1083-B

Telecommunications—Communications Products—Handset Magnetic Measurement Procedures and Performance Requirements, October 2015.

IBR approved for Appendix C, Section 412.3.2.

702.10 Worldwide Web Consortium (W3C)

Copies of the referenced standard may be obtained from the W3C Web Accessibility Initiative, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 32 Vassar Street, Room 32-G515, Cambridge, MA 02139.

702.10.1 WCAG 2.0

Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.0, W3C Recommendation, December 11, 2008.

IBR approved for: Appendix A (Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act: Application and Scoping Requirements), Sections E205.4, E205.4 Exception, E205.4.1, E207.2, E207.2 Exception 2, E207.2 Exception 3, E207.2.1, E207.3; Appendix B (Section 255 of the Communications Act: Application and Scoping Requirements), C203.1, C203.1 Exception, C203.1.1, C205.2, C205.2 Exception 2, C205.2 Exception 3, C205.2.1, C205.3; and Appendix C (Functional Performance Criteria and Technical Requirements), 408.3 Exception, 501.1 Exception, 504.2, 504.3, 504.4, and 602.3.

Appendix D to Part 1194: Electronic and Information Technology Accessibility Standards as Originally Published on December 21, 2000

[65 FR 80523, Dec. 21, 2000. Redesignated and amended at 82 FR 5832, Jan. 18, 2017]

Subpart A — General

§ D1194.1 Purpose.

The purpose of this part is to implement section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, as amended (29 U.S.C. 794d). Section 508 requires that when Federal agencies develop, procure, maintain, or use electronic and information technology, Federal employees with disabilities have access to and use of information and data that is comparable to the access and use by Federal employees who are not individuals with disabilities, unless an undue burden would be imposed on the agency. Section 508 also requires that individuals with disabilities, who are members of the public seeking information or services from a Federal agency, have access to and use of information and data that is comparable to that provided to the public who are not individuals with disabilities, unless an undue burden would be imposed on the agency.

§ D1194.2 Application.

(a) Products covered by this part shall comply with all applicable provisions of this part. When developing, procuring, maintaining, or using electronic and information technology, each agency shall ensure that the products comply with the applicable provisions of this part, unless an undue burden would be imposed on the agency.

(1) When compliance with the provisions of this part imposes an undue burden, agencies shall provide individuals with disabilities with the information and data involved by an alternative means of access that allows the individual to use the information and data.

(2) When procuring a product, if an agency determines that compliance with any provision of this part imposes an undue burden, the documentation by the agency supporting the procurement shall explain why, and to what extent, compliance with each such provision creates an undue burden.

(b) When procuring a product, each agency shall procure products which comply with the provisions in this part when such products are available in the commercial marketplace or when such products are developed in response to a Government solicitation. Agencies cannot claim a product as a whole is not commercially available because no product in the marketplace meets all the standards. If products are commercially available that meet some but not all of the standards, the agency must procure the product that best meets the standards.

(c) Except as provided by §1194.3(b), this part applies to electronic and information technology developed, procured, maintained, or used by agencies directly or used by a contractor under a contract with an agency which requires the use of such product, or requires the use, to a significant extent, of such product in the performance of a service or the furnishing of a product.

§ 1194.3 General exceptions.

(a) This part does not apply to any electronic and information technology operated by agencies, the function, operation, or use of which involves intelligence activities, cryptologic activities related to national security, command and control of military forces, equipment that is an integral part of a weapon or weapons system, or systems which are critical to the direct fulfillment of military or intelligence missions. Systems which are critical to the direct fulfillment of military or intelligence missions do not include a system that is to be used for routine administrative and business applications (including payroll, finance, logistics, and personnel management applications).

(b) This part does not apply to electronic and information technology that is acquired by a contractor incidental to a contract.

(c) Except as required to comply with the provisions in this part, this part does not require the installation of specific accessibility-related software or the attachment of an assistive technology device at a workstation of a Federal employee who is not an individual with a disability.

(d) When agencies provide access to the public to information or data through electronic and information technology, agencies are not required to make products owned by the agency available for access and use by individuals with disabilities at a location other than that where the electronic and information technology is provided to the public, or to purchase products for access and use by individuals with disabilities at a location other than that where the electronic and information technology is provided to the public.

(e) This part shall not be construed to require a fundamental alteration in the nature of a product or its components.

(f) Products located in spaces frequented only by service personnel for maintenance, repair, or occasional monitoring of equipment are not required to comply with this part.

§ D1194.4 Definitions.

The following definitions apply to this part:

Agency

Any Federal department or agency, including the United States Postal Service.

Alternate formats

Alternate formats usable by people with disabilities may include, but are not limited to, Braille, ASCII text, large print, recorded audio, and electronic formats that comply with this part.

Alternate methods

Different means of providing information, including product documentation, to people with disabilities. Alternate methods may include, but are not limited to, voice, fax, relay service, TTY, Internet posting, captioning, text-to-speech synthesis, and audio description.

Assistive technology

[voskhozhdeniye]

The U.S. Army Cyber Command told defense contractors it planned to surveil global social media use to defend the “NATO brand,” according to a 2022 webinar recording reviewed by The Intercept.

The disclosure, made a month after Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, follows years of international debate over online free expression and the influence of governmental security agencies over the web. The Army’s Cyber Command is tasked with both defending the country’s military networks as well as offensive operations, including propaganda campaigns.

The remarks came during a closed-door conference call hosted by the Cyber Fusion Innovation Center, a Pentagon-sponsored nonprofit that helps with military tech procurement, and provided an informal question-and-answer session for private-sector contractors interested in selling data to Army Cyber Command, commonly referred to as ARCYBER.

Though the office has many responsibilities, one of ARCYBER’s key roles is to detect and thwart foreign “influence operations,” a military euphemism for propaganda and deception campaigns, while engaging in the practice itself. The March 24, 2022, webinar was organized to bring together vendors that might be able to help ARCYBER “attack, defend, influence, and operate,” in the words of co-host Lt. Col. David Beskow of the ARCYBER Technical Warfare Center.

While the event was light on specifics — the ARCYBER hosts emphasized that they were keen to learn whatever the private sector thought was “in the realm of possible” — a recurring topic was how the Army can more quickly funnel vast volumes of social media posts from around the world for rapid analysis.

At one point in the recording, a contractor who did not identify themselves asked if ARCYBER could share specific topics they plan to track across the web. “NATO is one of our key brands that we are pushing, as far as our national security alliance,” Beskow explained. “That’s important to us. We should understand all conversations around NATO that has happened on social media.”

He added, “We would want to do that long term to understand how — what is the NATO, for lack of a better word, what’s the NATO brand, and how does the world view that brand across different places of the world?”

Beskow said that ARCYBER wanted to track social media on various platforms used in places where the U.S. had an interest.

“Twitter is still of interest,” Beskow told the webinar audience, adding that “those that have other penetration are of interest as well. Those include VK, Telegram, Sina Weibo, and others that may have penetration in other parts of the world,” referring to foreign-owned chat and social media sites popular in Russia and China. (The Army did not respond to a request for comment.)

The mass social media surveillance appears to be just one component of a broader initiative to use private-sector data mining to advance the Army’s information warfare efforts. Beskow expressed an interest in purchasing access to nonpublic commercial web data, corporate ownership records, supply chain data, and more, according to a report on the call by the researcher Jack Poulson.

Tracking a brand’s reputation is an extremely common marketing practice. But a crucial difference between a social media manager keeping tabs on Casper mattress mentions and ARCYBER is that the Army is authorized to, in Beskow’s words, “influence-operate the network … and, when necessary, attack.” And NATO is an entity subject to intense global civilian scrutiny and debate.

While the webinar speakers didn’t note whether badmouthing NATO or misrepresenting its positions would be merely monitored or actively countered, ARCYBER’s umbrella includes seven different units dedicated to offense and propaganda. The 1st Information Operations Command provides “Social Media Overwatch,” and the Army Civil Affairs and Psychological Operations Command works to “gain and maintain information dominance by conducting Information Warfare in the Information Environment,” according to ARCYBER’s website.

Though these are opaque, jargon-heavy concepts, the term “information operations” encompasses activities the U.S. has been eager to decry when carried out by its geopolitical rivals — the sort of thing typically labeled “disinformation” when emanating from abroad.

The Department of Defense defines “information operations” as those which “influence, disrupt, corrupt or usurp adversarial human and automated decision making while protecting our own,” while “influence operations” are the “United States Government efforts to understand and engage key audiences to create, strengthen, or preserve conditions favorable for the advancement of United States Government interests, policies, and objectives through the use of coordinated programs, plans, themes, messages, and products synchronized with the actions of all instruments of national power.”

ARCYBER is key to the U.S.’s ability to do both.

While the U.S. national security establishment frequently warns against other countries’ “weaponization” of social media and the broader internet, recent reporting has shown the Pentagon engages in some of the very same conduct.

Last August, researchers from Graphika and the Stanford Internet Observatory uncovered a network of pro-U.S. Twitter and Facebook accounts covertly operated by U.S. Central Command, an embarrassing revelation that led to a “sweeping audit of how it conducts clandestine information warfare,” according to the Washington Post. Subsequent reporting by The Intercept showed Twitter had whitelisted the accounts in violation of its own policies.

Despite years of alarm in Washington over the threat posed by deepfake video fabrications to democratic societies, The Intercept reported last month that U.S. Special Operations Command is seeking vendors to help them make their own deepfakes to deceive foreign internet users.

It’s unclear how the Army might go about conducting mass surveillance of social media platforms that prohibit automated data collection.

During the webinar, Beskow told vendors that “the government would provide a list of publicly facing pages that we would like to be crawled at a specific times,” specifically citing Facebook and the Russian Facebook clone VK. But Meta, which owns Facebook and Instagram, expressly prohibits the “scraping” of its pages.

Asked how the Army planned to get around this fact, Beskow demurred: “Right now, we’re really interested in just understanding what’s in the realm of the possible, while maintaining the authorities and legal guides that we’re bound by,” he said. “The goal is to see what’s in the realm of possible in order to allow our, uh, leaders, once again, to understand the world a little bit better, specifically, that of the technical world that we live in today.”

[carrotttus]

How to Start a Successful Crowdsourcing Challenge Using Prize-Based Innovation Initiatives

The rapidly evolving innovation landscape has seen a major transformation, with crowdsourcing challenges emerging as a powerful tool for organizations seeking fresh ideas and solutions. To start a successful crowdsourcing challenge, it is essential to understand the intricacies involved as well as acquire next-generation procurement services to streamline the process. Prize-based innovation initiatives motivate participants and foster a competitive environment that leads to groundbreaking solutions.

Understanding the Motivation Behind Crowdsourcing Challenges

Crowdsourcing challenges tap into the collective intelligence of a diverse audience to solve complex problems. They are prize-based innovation initiatives encouraging participation from individuals or teams with varied expertise. To ensure success, defining clear objectives and offering incentives that resonate with potential participants is crucial.

Essential Steps to Start a Successful Crowdsourcing Challenge

1. Define Clear Goals and Objectives: A well defined problem statement helps participants understand the challenge and aligns their efforts with your expectations.

2. Design Attractive Incentives: Attractive incentives and rewards to attract top talent. Prizes can range from monetary rewards to recognition or career opportunities.

3. Choose the Right Platform: Utilize next-generation procurement services to manage submissions and evaluations. A robust platform ensures a seamless experience for both organizers and participants.

4. Engage the Target Audience: Promote the challenge through various channels to reach a diverse group of potential solvers. Engagement strategies may include social media campaigns, webinars, and partnerships with relevant organizations.

5. Establish Evaluation Criteria: Develop transparent and fair evaluation metrics. This builds trust and encourages high-quality submissions.

Best Practices for Prize-Based Innovation Initiatives

Transparency: Be open about the rules, timelines, and expectations. Transparency in fosters trust and increases participation.

Support and Resources: Provide participants with the necessary resources and support. This could include data sets, mentorship, or access to proprietary tools.

Feedback Mechanisms: Offer constructive feedback during and after the challenge. This not only helps participants improve but also enhances your organization's reputation.

Successful Crowdsourcing Challenges: Case Study Analysis

Examining successful crowdsourcing challenges can provide valuable insights:

Case Study 1: NASA Universal Payload Interface Challenge

The NASA Universal Payload Interface Challenge aimed at advancing payload integration by developing interface systems that easily integrate diverse space payloads onto flight vehicles. By starting a successful crowdsourcing challenge, NASA harnessed global expertise to reduce the cost and complexity of payload integration.

Case Study 2: Washington Resident Portal Challenge

The state of Washington initiated a prize-based innovation initiative inviting proposals to develop a roadmap for an unprecedented resident experience. The Washington Resident Portal Challenge sought visionary ideas to enhance government services through a comprehensive resident portal.

Case Study 3: Prebys Sparx

Focusing on mental and behavioral health for San Diego youth, Prebys Sparx awarded $1.1 million to solutions employing arts, culture, and nature. This successful crowdsourcing challenge leveraged community creativity to address mental health disparities among young people.

Conclusion

To start a successful crowdsourcing challenge involves careful planning, defining clear objectives, and the right incentives. Incorporating prize-based innovation initiatives and utilizing next-generation procurement services can help organizations effectively engage a wide audience and drive innovative solutions.

Platforms like Carrot offers comprehensive tools to streamline the process, from program design to participant engagement, ensuring your crowdsourcing challenge achieves its desired impact. To learn more, visit the Carrot platform today!

[contadorpj]

Entrar no mundo da tecnologia pode ser empolgante e desafiador! Se você está começando na área de TI, aqui estão algumas dicas para dar os primeiros passos na sua carreira tech. 💻🌟

𝟭. 𝗘𝘀𝗰𝗼𝗹𝗵𝗮 𝘂𝗺𝗮 Á𝗿𝗲𝗮 𝗱𝗲 𝗜𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗿𝗲𝘀𝘀𝗲 🎯

O setor de tecnologia é vasto, então é importante escolher uma área que te interesse. Algumas opções incluem:

- 𝘋𝘦𝘴𝘦𝘯𝘷𝘰𝘭𝘷𝘪𝘮𝘦𝘯𝘵𝘰 𝘥𝘦 𝘚𝘰𝘧𝘵𝘸𝘢𝘳𝘦: 𝘊𝘳𝘪𝘢çã𝘰 𝘥𝘦 𝘢𝘱𝘭𝘪𝘤𝘢𝘵𝘪𝘷𝘰𝘴 𝘦 𝘴𝘪𝘴temas. 🖥️

- 𝘚𝘦𝘨𝘶𝘳𝘢𝘯ç𝘢 𝘥𝘢 𝘐𝘯𝘧𝘰𝘳𝘮𝘢çã𝘰: 𝘗𝘳𝘰𝘵𝘦çã𝘰 𝘥𝘦 𝘥𝘢𝘥𝘰𝘴 𝘦 𝘴𝘪𝘴𝘵𝘦𝘮𝘢𝘴. 🔒

- 𝘈𝘯á𝘭𝘪𝘴𝘦 𝘥𝘦 𝘋𝘢𝘥𝘰𝘴: 𝘐𝘯𝘵𝘦𝘳𝘱𝘳𝘦𝘵𝘢çã𝘰 𝘥𝘦 𝘨𝘳𝘢𝘯𝘥𝘦𝘴 𝘷𝘰𝘭𝘶𝘮𝘦𝘴 𝘥𝘦 𝘥𝘢𝘥𝘰𝘴. 📊

- 𝘙𝘦𝘥𝘦𝘴 𝘦 𝘐𝘯𝘧𝘳𝘢𝘦𝘴𝘵𝘳𝘶𝘵𝘶𝘳𝘢: 𝘔𝘢𝘯𝘶𝘵𝘦𝘯çã𝘰 𝘥𝘦 𝘳𝘦𝘥𝘦𝘴 𝘦 𝘴𝘦𝘳𝘷𝘪𝘥ores. 🌐

𝟮. 𝗔𝗽𝗿𝗲𝗻𝗱𝗮 𝗮𝘀 𝗛𝗮𝗯𝗶𝗹𝗶𝗱𝗮𝗱𝗲𝘀 𝗡𝗲𝗰𝗲𝘀𝘀á𝗿𝗶𝗮𝘀 📚

- 𝘊𝘶𝘳𝘴𝘰𝘴 𝘖𝘯𝘭𝘪𝘯𝘦: Plataformas como Coursera, Udemy e edX oferecem cursos acessíveis.

- 𝘊𝘦𝘳𝘵𝘪𝘧𝘪𝘤𝘢çõ𝘦𝘴: Considere obter certificações reconhecidas, como CompTIA, Cisco ou AWS.

- 𝘗𝘳𝘰𝘫𝘦𝘵𝘰𝘴 𝘗𝘳á𝘵𝘪𝘤𝘰𝘴: Crie projetos pessoais para aplicar o que aprendeu.

𝟯. 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘀𝘁𝗿𝘂𝗮 𝘂𝗺 𝗣𝗼𝗿𝘁𝗳ó𝗹𝗶𝗼 🌟

Mostre suas habilidades através de um portfólio online. Inclua projetos, contribuições para código aberto e qualquer trabalho relevante. Isso ajuda a destacar suas competências para potenciais empregadores. 📁

𝟰. 𝗡𝗲𝘁𝘄𝗼𝗿𝗸𝗶𝗻𝗴 é 𝗙𝘂𝗻𝗱𝗮𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗮𝗹 🤝

- 𝘗𝘢𝘳𝘵𝘪𝘤𝘪𝘱𝘦 𝘥𝘦 𝘔𝘦𝘦𝘵𝘶𝘱𝘴 𝘦 𝘊𝘰𝘯𝘧𝘦𝘳ê𝘯𝘤𝘪𝘢𝘴: Conheça outros profissionais da área.

- 𝘎𝘳𝘶𝘱𝘰𝘴 𝘖𝘯𝘭𝘪𝘯𝘦: Participe de fóruns e grupos em redes sociais.

Mentoria: Procure mentores que possam guiar seu desenvolvimento.

𝟱. ��𝗮𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗻𝗵𝗮-𝘀𝗲 𝗔𝘁𝘂𝗮𝗹𝗶𝘇𝗮𝗱𝗼 🔄

A tecnologia está sempre evoluindo. Leia blogs, assista a webinars e participe de cursos de atualização para se manter informado sobre as últimas tendências e ferramentas. 📖

🔗𝘗𝘢𝘳𝘢 𝘮𝘢𝘪𝘴 𝘪𝘯𝘧𝘰𝘳𝘮𝘢çõ𝘦𝘴, 𝘯𝘰𝘴 𝘤𝘩𝘢𝘮𝘦 𝘯𝘰 𝘞𝘩𝘢𝘵𝘴𝘢𝘱𝘱 (11) 97305-3545

✨o𝘶 𝘷𝘪𝘴𝘪𝘵𝘦 𝘯𝘰𝘴𝘴𝘰 𝘚𝘪𝘵𝘦: 𝘳𝘦𝘤𝘳𝘶𝘵𝘦.𝘵𝘦𝘤𝘩

#tech #tecnologia #carreiratech #dev #devlops

[brentpearson2022]

How to Leverage Procurement Webinars for Career Growth and Skill Development

Staying ahead in today's competitive world requires constant learning and skill enhancement. For procurement professionals, this means evolving with industry trends, acquiring new skills, and keeping up with best practices. But where do you start? The answer lies in a readily accessible and often underutilized resource: webinars.

Ready to take your procurement skills to the next level? Join our procurement webinars to learn from industry experts, gain practical insights, and accelerate your career growth!

Webinars have transformed from simple online meetings to powerful tools for professional growth. They offer in-depth knowledge, practical advice, and direct access to experts. 

But how can you maximize these sessions to advance your procurement career? Here, business owners and procurement professionals can harness webinars ' full potential for career growth and skill development.

Why Are Procurement Webinars So Valuable?

Have you ever wondered why webinars have become so popular among professionals? Webinars, especially in procurement, bring several advantages. They allow you to learn from industry experts, gain insights into real-life case studies, and ask questions—all without leaving your desk. With organizations like The Procurement School hosting procurement-focused webinars, you're getting an education from a credible source dedicated to advancing procurement skills.

Webinars often cover specialized topics, including negotiation tactics, supplier relationship management, risk assessment, etc. Imagine having access to all these resources in one place! This concentrated knowledge can be a game-changer for procurement professionals, offering practical and actionable guidance.

The First Step: Choosing the Right Procurement Webinar

Not all webinars are created equal. So, how do you choose one that aligns with your goals? Start by identifying areas you'd like to improve. Are you looking to sharpen your negotiation skills, understand ethical procurement, or learn the latest technologies shaping the industry?

One of the easiest ways to find reliable webinars is through trusted platforms like The Procurement School. With a clear focus on procurement, The Procurement School provides high-quality webinars on topics essential for modern procurement professionals. Browsing through their upcoming sessions or recordings might give you the jumpstart you need to focus on a specific area.

Ask Yourself: What's my career focus right now? Do I need immediate help with a project, or am I looking to develop a long-term skill? 

Don't miss out on the opportunity to advance your procurement skills! Register for the procurement courses today and start learning from the experts!

By identifying your objectives, you can pick webinars that align with your goals and make the most out of each session.

Making the Most Out of a Procurement Webinar

Attending a webinar is only the beginning. To truly benefit, take an active approach during and after each session. Here are some tips:

1. Prepare Ahead of Time: Read the webinar agenda and note down any questions you have on the topic. If you're joining The Procurement School webinar, familiarize yourself with any suggested readings or topics to get the whole experience.

2. Take Detailed Notes: This will help you retain information and be handy when you apply what you've learned to real-world scenarios.

3. Engage with the Host and Participants: Don't hesitate to ask questions or participate in discussions. Engaging with the presenters and other attendees helps you grasp concepts better and can lead to networking opportunities with other procurement professionals.

Post-Webinar: Applying What You've Learned

Now that you've attended a webinar, what's next? Learning without application is just theory. To make webinars worth your time, take immediate action based on your learning.

Consider creating a personal action plan. Start by reviewing your notes and pinpointing key takeaways. For example, if the webinar covered advanced negotiation techniques, plan to apply these in your next supplier meeting. Practicing these skills while fresh in your mind will solidify your learning and show measurable improvements in your work.

Webinars from The Procurement School often include valuable resources such as key takeaways, detailed notes, and session recordings, so be sure to revisit these materials to reinforce your knowledge.

Building Your Network Through Procurement Webinars

Did you know webinars can also be a valuable networking tool? Many procurement professionals overlook this aspect, but it's one of the key benefits. During a session, you'll find others in similar roles facing similar challenges. By engaging with other attendees, you're setting the groundwork for a supportive professional network.

The Procurement School webinars, in particular, attract a community of engaged professionals, which can open doors to potential mentors, collaborators, or even new job opportunities. Introduce yourself in the chat, connect on LinkedIn afterward, and consider following up with other attendees to discuss insights from the session. You'd be surprised how a simple message can lead to career growth.

Measuring the Impact of Webinars on Your Career

What are the measurable outcomes of attending procurement webinars? 

Many professionals make the mistake of passively attending webinars without tracking their progress. Here's a simple way to evaluate the impact:

1. Identify Skills Enhanced: After each webinar, list any skills you've improved or new concepts you've learned. For example, after a session with The Procurement School on supplier management, you may feel more confident identifying and negotiating with suppliers.

2. Set Realistic Goals: Use your new knowledge to set career goals. If you attended a webinar on procurement ethics, consider how to implement ethical guidelines in your organization's purchasing policies.

3. Track Professional Development: Record all the webinars you attend and what you learned. Over time, this can serve as a portfolio of your skills development, which you can leverage when discussing your career progression with your employer.

Staying Updated with Emerging Trends

Procurement is an evolving field, and staying updated is key to career growth. Webinars allow you to remain connected with current trends without committing to long-term courses or certifications. Through webinars hosted by organizations like The Procurement School, you gain insight into the latest developments in procurement law, technology, and best practices. This keeps you ahead and helps you provide valuable insights to your team or clients.

Are You Ready to Take Your Procurement Career to the Next Level?

Webinars are accessible, flexible, and packed with value. They're an ideal tool for busy procurement professionals looking to advance their careers without extensive time commitments. By attending thoughtfully selected webinars, participating actively, and applying your knowledge in real-world situations, you'll be well on your way to professional growth.

Remember, the value of a webinar isn't just in attending—it's in how you use what you've learned. The Procurement School offers a range of webinars that cover critical procurement Canada topics and skill-building opportunities designed to fit your needs. So, why not take the first step? Sign up for a webinar and leverage these resources to boost your procurement skills and career potential. 

In a world where continuous learning is key, procurement webinars are the competitive edge you need. So, what's stopping you?

[procurement-insights]

How do you know you are really "ready" to attend a live webinar?

Are you "really" prepared to get the most out of webinars?

Yet another webinar. I remember the first webinar I did was in early 2005. Webex was the platform, and there were some initial challenges, such as getting through company firewalls. Not only was the drawbridge up but the entire castle was locked down, as many organizations were unfamiliar with the technology. Today, webinars are as common as wheat in a wheatfield. Obviously, they were invaluable…

[msmeregin]

What role Udyam Registration plays in Government Tenders and Contracts?

Introduction:

Udyam Registration is one of the most impactful initiatives by the Indian government toward enabling and supporting MSMEs. It acts like a catalyst or an easy gateway that provides businesses with easy access to numerous resultant benefits, especially while participating in government tenders and contracts. That is why business people, entrepreneurs, and new ventures look for this reach enhancement with a body of understanding of how Udyam Registration impacts the reach. It is on this account that the article covers why it is important, its benefits, and how to overcome registration barriers.

Role of Udyam Registration in Government Tenders and Contracts:

The Udyam Registration primarily caters to the needs of those firms that are willing to take up government contracts. The government has kept some procurement strictly for MSMEs, therefore permitting small firms and medium firms to level each other's fields. This way, business registration under Udyam benefits businesses when tendering happens in the following ways:

1. Accessibility to tenders is easy:

In return, the government will allow tenders on GeM and CP portals to be available to all registered companies under Udyam. These eventually turn out to be an immense backhand support for businesses to search for their prospects through tenders. Udyam Registration will further enable MSMEs to achieve prospects in construction, IT services, manufacturing sectors, etc.

2. EMD exemption:

The cost of providing EMD is prohibitively expensive for most of the entities. Most of the Udyam-registered MSMEs are exempted from furnishing EMD which saves them from front-end expenses and thereby removes one of the entry barriers in the tendering process. Small units will compete on a level playing field where they are not burdened with the cost of taking a large tender.

3. MSME Protection Procurement:

The other part of procurement is specifically kept aside by the Indian government for MSME. This policy will rejuvenate the growth of smaller firms as they will be made to feel that they shall be taken into account for services or products offered to government agencies. In Udyam Registration, it means must-req research into this very procurement, thus increasing the chances of winning the contracts.

4. Price Preference:

In tendering, the businesses registered and identified under Udyam have an upper hand over their competitors who did not enroll themselves. For example, it will be a little higher than the companies, but if it is within the price margins allotted, then they will prefer the MSMEs. Such treatment brings competitiveness among the MSMEs during the process of tendering.

Common Problems in Udyam Registration and the Way to Overcome Them :

Despite many gains through Udyam registration, most people face real hassles in the process of registration or processing. Here are some common problems and their way to overcome them :

1. Lack of Awareness:

• Problem: Many entrepreneurs and small business owners do not know about the process of Udyam Registration or its benefits.

• SOLUTION: The registration process can be grasped by doing it through online tutorials, government-organized webinars, or MSME facilitation centers.

• PROBLEM: The registration procedure will involve some documents like PAN, Aadhaar, and business-related details. Small businesses face the problem of giving proper information.

• Solution: Obtain a list of documents beforehand to begin the process for registration. Registration may also be submitted by soliciting help from a service provider for registration also, in case problems are being faced

3. Technical Glitches at Udyam Portal:

Problem: Technical issue in case of a down server or uploading information on the Udyam Registration portal.

Apart from this, try to log in to portals during regular hours with proper internet connectivity, and at the same time, technical support is also provided by the government's side for any such problems.

Compliance and Utilization Tips for Udyam Services:

To receive all the benefits of Udyam Registration, these enterprises must update themselves with the rules and update their registration data periodically. Some compliance tips are as follows:

• Udyam business details update every Year: Every change in business details, such as any turnover or investment changes, is to be updated through the Udyam portal yearly.

• Low-Interest Loans: Loans that are given at a low rate of interest can be applied for simultaneously with loans for business or credit schemes while applying for the Udyam certificate.

• Tracking of the Tenders that are currently Tendered: It is a tracking, say, on the government tender portals such as GeM and CPPP for getting fresh opportunities whenever they are tendered.

Conclusion:

Udyam Registration is a strategic tool for getting mainstream access to MSMEs into Government Tenders and Contracts. In doing so, it facilitates easy access, exemptions, and preferential treatment from competitive barriers for small businessmen in and by the process. So, with all the benefits of the pursuit of Udyam Registration, there will be a compulsive demand on business persons to know the registration process and common issues, and they have to follow them. It is, therefore, an opportunity for the businessmen to avail the benefits at scale level as they are actively engaged in all government projects.

[channeltechnologies]

Mastering Content Marketing Tactics for B2B Companies: A Strategic Approach

In the B2B landscape, content marketing is no longer just a buzzword—it’s a business necessity. Unlike traditional advertising, content marketing allows companies to build meaningful relationships, establish authority, and drive growth in a more nuanced way. But for B2B companies, the approach requires a thoughtful, strategic perspective that resonates with decision-makers across industries.

So, how can you master content marketing and use it to accelerate your B2B success? Let’s dive into the key tactics that will set your brand apart.

1. Understand Your Audience on a Deeper Level

While all businesses need to know their audience, B2B companies deal with a more complex decision-making process. Your content must address multiple layers of stakeholders, from technical experts to senior executives.

Identify Key Decision-Makers: Who influences the purchasing decisions? Understand the roles and responsibilities of those in the decision-making chain—C-suite, procurement officers, managers, and other influencers.

Pain Points and Solutions: B2B buyers aren’t just looking for products or services—they’re seeking solutions to real challenges. Your content should address their pain points directly and demonstrate how your offering solves their specific problems.

By understanding your audience’s needs and speaking their language, your content becomes more than just marketing—it’s a resource.

2. Develop a Content Strategy Aligned with the Buyer’s Journey

In B2B, the sales cycle is longer and more complex, with multiple touchpoints along the buyer’s journey. Your content should guide prospects from the awareness stage to consideration and finally to decision.

Top-of-Funnel (Awareness): Focus on educational content, such as industry insights, blog posts, and thought leadership pieces. The goal is to inform and build trust.

Middle-of-Funnel (Consideration): Offer more in-depth resources like whitepapers, case studies, and webinars that showcase your solutions in action.

Bottom-of-Funnel (Decision): Here, you’ll want to present product demos, pricing information, and testimonials that help drive the final decision.

A well-structured content funnel ensures your audience finds value at every stage of their journey, increasing the chances of conversion.

3. Focus on Authority and Trustworthiness

B2B buyers are risk-averse by nature. They want to ensure that they’re partnering with a company that understands the intricacies of their industry. Establishing authority through your content is crucial in gaining their trust.

Thought Leadership: Share expert opinions on industry trends and emerging technologies. B2B buyers value insights that help them stay ahead in their own industries.

Case Studies and Testimonials: Real-world success stories are one of the most powerful forms of content for B2B. Highlight how you’ve helped other businesses overcome challenges and achieve results.

Industry Research: Invest in data-driven reports, surveys, or studies that provide valuable information to your audience. By sharing exclusive insights, you position your company as a knowledgeable leader in the field.

4. Optimize Content for Niche Audiences

In B2B marketing, the one-size-fits-all approach doesn’t work. Content must be highly relevant and tailored to specific industries, company sizes, or even individual roles within a business.

Segment Your Content: Create different versions of your content that speak directly to your various audience segments. A CEO and an IT director may both influence a decision, but they will have different concerns and priorities.

Use Account-Based Marketing (ABM): ABM allows you to craft highly personalized content for high-value accounts. This can be especially effective for enterprise-level B2B sales, where tailored messaging and solutions can make a significant impact.

Tailored content helps position your brand as not only knowledgeable but also genuinely invested in solving each audience's unique challenges.

5. Embrace Multi-Channel Distribution

Creating great content is only half the battle. The other half is making sure it gets in front of the right people. B2B decision-makers consume content across various channels, and your distribution strategy should reflect that.

LinkedIn as a Powerhouse: LinkedIn remains one of the most effective platforms for B2B marketing. Share articles, post thought leadership content, and engage with industry discussions to grow your network and influence.

Email Marketing: Deliver personalized content directly to key decision-makers’ inboxes. Use newsletters to keep them updated on industry trends, and offer gated content like whitepapers or reports to generate leads.

Webinars and Podcasts: These formats allow for deeper engagement. Invite industry experts or leaders within your company to share insights and answer live questions.

By leveraging a multi-channel approach, you increase your content’s visibility and ensure it reaches all relevant stakeholders.

6. Leverage SEO to Attract Organic Traffic

SEO (Search Engine Optimization) is essential for driving organic traffic to your website, but in B2B marketing, the focus should be on optimizing for highly targeted, niche search terms.

Long-Tail Keywords: Unlike B2C, where broad keywords might work, B2B buyers often search for very specific terms. Optimize your content for these long-tail keywords that reflect detailed queries related to your product or service.

SEO for Thought Leadership: Publish SEO-friendly articles that not only rank well but also offer in-depth insights. Google’s algorithm rewards valuable, relevant content, and so will your readers.

Optimizing for search helps your brand stay top of mind when businesses are actively seeking solutions.

7. Data-Driven Decisions for Continuous Improvement

One of the benefits of digital content marketing is the ability to measure performance in real-time. Use analytics to monitor the success of your campaigns and adjust your strategies accordingly.

Measure Key Metrics: Track KPIs like website traffic, content engagement, lead generation, and conversions. Tools like Google Analytics, HubSpot, or SEMrush can provide valuable insights.

A/B Testing: Experiment with different content formats, headlines, and distribution channels to see what resonates best with your audience.

B2B content marketing is not a one-and-done effort—it requires continuous optimization to achieve the best results.

Conclusion: Positioning Your Brand for Success

Mastering content marketing in the B2B space is about delivering value, building trust, and fostering long-term relationships. By understanding your audience deeply, tailoring content to their needs, and maintaining a consistent multi-channel presence, your business can build authority and drive meaningful growth.

At Channel Technologies, we specialize in helping B2B companies like yours craft and execute impactful content marketing strategies. Let’s work together to create content that not only speaks to your audience but also delivers measurable results. Reach out today to learn more!

[spacenutspod]

The Pride Progress Flag is seen waving in the wind following a flag raising ceremony in recognition and celebration of LGBTQI+ Pride Month at the Mary W. Jackson NASA Headquarters building in Washington on June 1, 2023.Credits: NASA/Keegan Barber Two new resources are available for businesses that provide products and services to support NASA’s missions, from supersonic flight to lunar exploration, as well as companies that aim to engage the agency as a customer. While NASA practices transparency in its procurement processes to ensure access and participation by all businesses, we recognize that barriers to participation remain for smaller, less experienced companies. In addition, new federal-wide policy and guidance has increased focus on NASA’s small and minority business goals. “NASA’s dedication to fostering collaboration with small and disadvantaged businesses remains at the forefront of our mission,” said NASA Deputy Administrator Pam Melroy. “By implementing innovative practices and refining our procurement processes, we aim to not only drive forward our key mission objectives but also to stimulate industry-wide innovation and inclusivity. These efforts are vital as we seek to leverage the full spectrum of talent and creativity available, ensuring that all voices have a chance to contribute to our groundbreaking work in space exploration.”  To assess the agency’s best practices and biggest barriers, Deputy Administrator Melroy established a multi-disciplinary team that included the Offices of Procurement and Small Business Programs. One of the outcomes was the creation of a communication plan for the small and minority business enterprise alongside NASA’s annual vendor communication plan. “Inherent in NASA’s commitment to innovation and ingenuity, is the recognition that a diverse and broad supply chain is essential for mission success,” said Karla Smith Jackson, assistant administrator for NASA’s Office of Procurement. “The updated Vendor Communication and the new Small and Minority Business Enterprise Communication plans are the next logical step in NASA’s continuous effort to foster an inclusive acquisition environment. By broadening our communication and outreach, we are strengthening our industrial base and empowering businesses of all sizes to contribute to the future of space exploration.” In the NASA Small and Minority Business Enterprise Communication Plan, the agency outlines its goals for enhancing its outreach efforts and increasing spending with these businesses to reduce obstacles to participation in NASA’s missions and more intentionally engage companies throughout the procurement process. Engagement activities outlined in these plans support more robust communication with potential vendors. As an example, the NASA Acquisition Innovation Launchpad (NAIL) encourages one-on-one conversations with small and minority-owned businesses to improve participation, drive innovation, identify and remove barriers as well as collaboration to share best practices and methods across the agency. Further, by publishing annual forecasts we give industry insight as early as possible to promote maximum competition. “Our commitment to small and minority businesses is unwavering,” said Dwight Deneal, assistant administrator for NASA’s Office of Small Business Programs. “This communication plan is not just about outreach; it’s about building lasting partnerships that drive innovation and inclusion across NASA’s missions.” The Vendor Communication Plan goes into more depth on how NASA engages with all businesses before, during, and after contract awards are given, providing various examples of events and methods of communication the agency uses to remain in contact with award recipients. This includes holding webinars with award applicants and recipients, providing email support throughout the award process, and reviewing final performance and financial reports. NASA also provides information about how the agency promotes diversity throughout the contracting process, including a dedicated equity action plan and increased subcontracting opportunities. In the spirit of exploration, NASA is expanding its reach to new entrants and businesses that have not traditionally done business with the agency. NASA is committed to increasing its small business prime and subcontract awards, with an emphasis on innovative barrier reducing procurement practices and transparent contracting methods.   Learn more about how NASA is improving its acquisition process at: https://www.nasa.gov/procurement Share Details Last Updated Sep 23, 2024 LocationNASA Headquarters Related TermsNASA HeadquartersGeneralGet InvolvedOffice of Small Business Programs (OSBP)Opportunities to Contribute to NASA Missions & Get InvolvedPartner With UsSmall Business Innovation Research / Small Business

[promptedify]

SAP Course Online & SAP Professional Training In South Africa At Prompt Edify

In today's competitive job market, possessing specialized skills can significantly enhance your career prospects. SAP (Systems, Applications, and Products in Data Processing) is one of the most sought-after skill sets globally. If you're in South Africa and looking to advance your career, Prompt Edify offers comprehensive SAP courses and SAP professional training to help you achieve your professional goals.

Why Choose SAP Training?

SAP is a leading enterprise resource planning (ERP) software used by organizations worldwide to manage business operations and customer relations. By mastering SAP, you open doors to numerous career opportunities in various industries, including finance, logistics, and IT. Here are some reasons why SAP training is beneficial:

High Demand for SAP Professionals: Companies across the globe seek skilled SAP professionals to streamline their business processes.

Lucrative Career Opportunities: SAP-certified professionals often command higher salaries and hold significant positions within organizations.

Comprehensive Skill Development: SAP training covers various modules, includingK, SAP HCM, SAP SD, and more, providing a well-rounded skill set.

SAP Courses Offered by Prompt Edify

Prompt Edify, based in South Africa, offers a range of SAP courses tailored to meet the needs of both beginners and experienced professionals. Here’s an overview of the courses available:

SAP FICO (Financial Accounting and Controlling): This course focuses on financial management, accounting, and controlling processes within an organization.

SAP HCM (Human Capital Management): Learn to manage human resources effectively with SAP HCM, covering recruitment, payroll, and performance management.

SAP SD (Sales and Distribution): Gain expertise in managing sales and distribution processes, including order processing, shipping, and billing.

SAP MM (Materials Management): This module covers procurement processes, inventory management, and materials planning.

SAP PP (Production Planning): Learn to plan and manage production processes, including manufacturing and production scheduling.

SAP PM (Plant Maintenance): Focus on maintaining and managing plant equipment and facilities.

SAP BW (Business Warehouse): Gain insights into data warehousing, business intelligence, and reporting.

Benefits of Choosing Prompt Edify

When it comes to SAP training, Prompt Edify stands out for several reasons:

Experienced Instructors: Our courses are taught by certified SAP professionals with extensive industry experience.

Flexible Learning Options: We offer both online and classroom training to suit your schedule and learning preferences.

Comprehensive Curriculum: Our courses are designed to cover all aspects of SAP, ensuring you gain a deep understanding of the software.

Hands-On Experience: Get practical experience with real-world SAP projects and case studies.

Certification Support: We provide guidance and support to help you achieve SAP certification, a globally recognized credential.

Career Support: Benefit from our job placement assistance and career counseling services.

Online SAP Courses

For those who prefer the convenience of learning from home, Prompt Edify offers online SAP courses. Our online training programs are designed to provide the same quality education as our in-person classes, with the added flexibility to study at your own pace.

Interactive Learning: Engage with instructors and peers through live webinars, interactive sessions, and discussion forums.

Access to Learning Resources: Enjoy access to a wealth of learning materials, including video tutorials, e-books, and practice exams.

24/7 Support: Our dedicated support team is available around the clock to assist you with any queries or issues.

Professional Training and Development

In addition to SAP courses, Prompt Edify offers a range of professional training programs to enhance your skills and knowledge. Our training programs are designed to cater to various industries and career levels, from entry-level employees to senior executives.

Corporate Training: Customized training solutions for organizations looking to upskill their workforce.

Soft Skills Development: Improve your communication, leadership, and teamwork skills with our soft skills training programs.

Project Management: Learn the principles of project management and earn certifications like PMP (Project Management Professional).

IT Training: Enhance your IT skills with courses on cloud computing, cybersecurity, data analytics, and more.

At Prompt Edify, we take pride in the success of our students. Here are a few testimonials from our alumni who have transformed their careers with our SAP training:

John D.: "The SAP FICO course at Prompt Edify helped me secure a job as a financial analyst. The hands-on training and support from instructors were invaluable."

Maria S.: "Thanks to the SAP HCM training, I was able to transition from a general HR role to a specialized SAP HR consultant position. Highly recommend Prompt Edify!"

Lerato M.: "The online SAP SD course was perfect for me. I could study at my own pace and still received excellent support from the instructors. I'm now working as an SAP SD consultant."

"Advance your career with SAP courses and professional training at Prompt Edify in South Africa. Our comprehensive programs, taught by experienced instructors, offer flexible learning options and practical experience to help you achieve SAP certification and succeed in your career. Join us today and become a sought-after SAP professional."

Investing in SAP training can significantly enhance your career prospects, providing you with the skills and knowledge needed to excel in today's competitive job market. At Prompt Edify, we are committed to helping you achieve your professional goals through our comprehensive SAP courses and professional training programs. Enroll today and take the first step towards a successful career in SAP.

This content is designed to be both SEO-friendly and informative, providing potential students with detailed information about the SAP courses and professional training offered by Prompt Edify in South Africa. The use of relevant keywords, such as "SAP courses," "professional training," and "Prompt Edify," helps improve search engine visibility, while the detailed course descriptions and benefits highlight the value of choosing Prompt Edify for SAP training.

(+91) 99932 86938  contact@promptedify.com  www.promptedify.com  You can chat with us on WhatsApp  Book your spot now Register Now

[sudhir123u64uu]

What are the major differences between B2B and B2C web marketing?

Web Development Company in Dehradun

When it comes to web marketing, businesses often encounter two distinct audiences: Business-to-Business (B2B) and Business-to-Consumer (B2C). Understanding the differences between these two marketing strategies is crucial for achieving success in the digital realm. AdxVenture, a leading web development and digital marketing company, sheds light on the major differences between B2B and B2C web marketing.

1. Target Audience

B2B Marketing: In B2B marketing, the target audience comprises businesses, organizations, and professionals. The decision-makers in these companies often include managers, executives, and procurement specialists. B2B marketing strategies are designed to appeal to logic, focusing on how a product or service can improve business operations, increase efficiency, or boost ROI.

B2C Marketing: B2C marketing targets individual consumers. The decision-making process is often quicker and influenced by emotions, personal preferences, and immediate benefits. B2C campaigns aim to create an engaging and entertaining experience to attract and retain customers.

2. Sales Cycle

B2B Marketing: The B2B sales cycle is typically longer and more complex. It involves multiple stages such as awareness, consideration, evaluation, and decision. B2B marketing strategies emphasize building relationships and providing detailed information, case studies, and demos to aid in decision-making.

B2C Marketing: The B2C sales cycle is generally shorter. Consumers often make quick purchasing decisions based on personal needs, desires, and impulse. B2C marketing leverages clear, concise messaging, attractive visuals, and strong calls-to-action to drive immediate sales.

3. Content Strategy

B2B Marketing: Content in B2B marketing is more educational and informative. It includes white papers, e-books, webinars, and in-depth blog posts that provide value and demonstrate expertise. The goal is to build trust and establish the company as an industry authority.

B2C Marketing: B2C content is designed to entertain, inspire, and resonate with consumers on an emotional level. It includes social media posts, videos, infographics, and lifestyle blogs. The focus is on creating a strong brand identity and connecting with the audience’s personal experiences.

4. Communication Channels

B2B Marketing: B2B marketing utilizes channels such as LinkedIn, industry-specific forums, email marketing, and professional networks. These platforms facilitate direct communication with other businesses and industry professionals.

B2C Marketing: B2C marketing relies heavily on social media platforms like Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, and Pinterest, along with email marketing and influencer partnerships. These channels help in reaching a broad audience and fostering engagement.

5. Marketing Goals

B2B Marketing: The primary goals of B2B marketing include lead generation, nurturing relationships, and driving conversions that lead to long-term partnerships. The focus is on delivering value and demonstrating how the product or service can solve business challenges.

B2C Marketing: B2C marketing aims to generate brand awareness, drive sales, and foster customer loyalty. The emphasis is on creating a memorable brand experience and encouraging repeat purchases.

Conclusion

While both B2B and B2C web marketing aim to attract and retain customers, the strategies differ significantly based on the target audience, sales cycle, content strategy, communication channels, and marketing goals. By understanding these differences, businesses can tailor their marketing efforts to effectively reach and engage their desired audience. AdxVenture, with its expertise in both B2B and B2C marketing, can help you navigate these nuances and achieve your digital marketing objectives.

[ingredientsonline]

BECOME A PROCUREMENT PRO AT INGREDIENTS ONLINE!

Are you ready to master your ingredient sourcing? Don't miss our upcoming webinar "Become a Procurement Pro" where we’ll guide you through the power features on our platform. RSVP now to secure your spot! Availability is limited.

[magazinesubscriptions11]

The Power of Government e-Marketplace Training

In today's digital era, public procurement is evolving, and India's Government e-Marketplace (GeM) is at the forefront of this transformation. Launched in 2016, GeM is a one-stop online portal designed to facilitate the procurement of goods and services by government departments, organizations, and public sector undertakings (PSUs). To fully leverage this platform, comprehensive training is essential.

Why GeM Training Matters

The Government e-Marketplace training module is crucial for maximizing the benefits of this innovative platform. Here's why:

Boosts Efficiency: Training equips users with the skills to navigate GeM smoothly, reducing errors and enhancing procurement speed.

Promotes Transparency: Educating users fosters transparency and accountability in procurement processes.

Ensures Optimal Use: Proper training ensures all features of GeM are utilized, maximizing its potential.

Maintains Compliance: Understanding the platform helps users comply with procurement regulations, avoiding legal pitfalls.

Key Components of the GeM Training Module

The GeM training module covers:

Introduction: Overview of GeM, its benefits, and key stakeholders.

Registration: Step-by-step registration guide for buyers and sellers.

Portal Navigation: Tips for effectively navigating the GeM portal.

Procurement Process: Managing orders, bidding, and contracts.

Payment & Invoicing: Procedures for payments and invoice tracking.

Reporting & Analytics: Accessing reports and using analytics for better decision-making.

Support Resources: Helpdesk support, FAQs, and contact information for assistance.

Training Delivery Methods

GeM training is accessible through:

Online Tutorials & Webinars: Interactive sessions available anytime.

Workshops & Seminars: Hands-on training by GeM experts.

Training Manuals & Guides: Detailed documentation for reference.

Helpdesk Support: Dedicated teams to assist with queries.

Conclusion

Investing in the Government e-Marketplace training module is essential for anyone involved in public procurement. It ensures efficient, transparent, and compliant use of the GeM platform, ultimately leading to a more effective procurement system. Embrace GeM training today to streamline your procurement processes and contribute to a more efficient public sector.