#ppf: business proposal
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peachpassionfruit · 12 days ago
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BUSINESS PROPOSAL
>> scaramouche x reader | genshin impact AU
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synopsis
>> you, y/n l/n, are the heir to your father’s company, spina di rosula. after his sudden passing, you inherited the role of CEO sooner than you expected. in the aftermath of your father’s death, a rival company, raiden industries, seized the opportunity to profit off of your moment of weakness, quickly monopolizing the market the spina had created. the only thing to save your company—your father’s legacy—from bankruptcy is a merger with the very company responsible for driving it off the deep end.
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cast of characters
>> spina di rosula | raiden industries | the board of directors
part one | terms & conditions
>> 00. prologue
>> 01. diplomatic solutions
>> 02. aggressive negotiations
>> 03. deny, deny, deny
>> 04. invasion
>> 05. messy
>> 06. like him
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NOTES ☆
>> hi guys! i’m back! i don’t know how long this’ll last but it’s lasted long enough for me to want to start this. i wanted to continue if it wasn’t for the nights but i lost all my apps and it would be too much work to redo all that.
>> cast of characters will be out soon - i just wanted to release the masterpost. i'm not very good at the social media aspect, so bear with me! - it may be sparsely included, but the cast of characters will remain up for fun. i don’t want to be stressed out by having to add social media parts because i’ve enjoyed writing this story so far
>> vaguely vaguely inspired by business proposal. not really but very vaguely. i just stole the name
>> all photos are for poses, not faces
TAGLIST ☆
>> comment to be added
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incometaxreturn · 4 years ago
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Tax allowances for taxpayers in New Tax Regime
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The Income Tax department has introduced a new tax regime with lower interest rates compared with the earlier one. Given beneath is the rundown of incomes that are excluded from income tax under the new tax system that has become effective from April 1, 2020:
Interest received on post office savings account Interest received on post office savings account balance is absolved under section 10(15)(i) of the Income-tax Act up to a certain limit. Interest received from post office savings account was absolved from tax via a notification dated June 3, 2011 for up to Rs 3,500 if there should be an occurrence of individual records and Rs 7,000 in the event of joint records per financial year.
Gratuity received from your boss/employer If you receive gratuity from your boss, at that point the sum received by you will be absolved from tax according to specified limits. A worker is eligible to receive gratuity if he/she has worked for over five years in an organization.
Sum received on maturity of life insurance The tax benefit on paying life insurance premiums to bring down the tax liability under section 80C is not available in the new income tax chunk structure. "Be that as it may, maturity continues received from a life insurance organization continues to be absolved from tax under section 10(10D) in the new tax regime," says Mr. Naveen Wadhwa, DGM, Taxmann.
Manager's contribution to your EPF/NPS account From FY 2020-21, contributions made by the business to the worker's EPF, NPS as well as superannuation record will be excluded from tax provided the yearly contribution to all the records (concerning representative) doesn't surpass Rs 7.5 lakh in a financial year.
Interest up to 9.5% per year from EPF The interest received from EPF account continues to be absolved from tax in the new tax regime also, provided it doesn't surpass 9.5 percent.
Interest and maturity sum received from PPF Under the new tax regime, an individual can't avail tax benefit under section 80C on the contribution made to his/her PPF account. Be that as it may, any interest gathered or maturity sum received from the PPF account continues to be tax-excluded in the new tax structure too.
Interest and installment received from Sukanya Samriddhi Yojana Individuals investing in Sukanya Samriddhi Yojana for their girl child will continue to receive tax-absolved interest in the record under the new tax regime. Further, the installment continues received from the plan's record will remain excluded from tax. In any case, investment under this plan will not be available for tax-break under section 80C under the new tax regime.
Installment received from NPS account The single amount sum received at the time of maturity of one's NPS record will remain without tax in the new tax regime too.
Gift from business/employer In spite of the fact that various tax exemptions and deductions received from the business have been evacuated under the new tax regime, no progressions have been made in the taxation of gifts received from a business.
Recompenses received for performing official duties The logical reminder to the spending report states: "It is additionally proposed to change rule 3 of the Rules thusly, in order to evacuate exemption in regard of free food and drink through vouchers provided to the worker, being the individual exercising option under the proposed section, by the business."
Commutation of pension Commutation of pension alludes to receiving some portion of pension as singular amount installment in lieu of future periodic installments.
Leave encashment on retirement At the time of retirement, numerous companies offer installment in lieu of leaves that are not taken. Wadhwa says, "Leave encashment received by non-government workers is excluded from tax up to Rs 3 lakh. If the worker has picked the new tax regime, at that point leave encashment received at the time of retirement will continue to remain tax-excluded in the new tax regime."
VRS sum Financial benefit received at the time of taking willful retirement is excluded from tax under the new regie. Money related benefits received by a worker due to opting for an intentional retirement conspire from his manager will remain excluded from tax for maximum up to Rs 5 lakh in both - the tax regime.
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Financial Hacks, As a Young Parent
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“When someone becomes a young parent there is an emotional joy to it, but there are also Financial responsibilities like planning for child’s education.
The occasion was joyous and we were gathered around my wife’s bed in the Nursing Home. As I held my newborn daughter in my arms for the first time, I was mesmerized by her perfection. She was adorable. As I gazed down on her, my father tapped me on the shoulder. “Your new responsibilities are entwined with this little bundle of joy. Have you planned how to save for her? How to invest in her future? We started the process when you and your sister were born.”
The plans that were fluid till then got a jolt. Though I had a fair idea about investments but due to my busy schedule and stressful work it was difficult for me to give enough time and do research myself, I could not risk my little one’s future by doing random investments, I needed to make sure that I could provide for all her wants and needs in the future. After all, she came into this world depending on me to fulfill her dreams. That’s where my dad advised to seek professional advice from a Certified Financial Planner and then my father introduced me to Mr. Sharma.
Case study
With the help of Mr. Sharma, I prepared a financial plan for myself taking all the factors into consideration. Financial goals were discussed and set up to invest wisely so that we could reach the goals I aspired to.
My income is Rs 12,00,000 per annum. The first step is to keep aside at least 6 months of household expenses as a buffer for any emergencies like medical problems or a loss of income that could crop up. My savings of Rs 8,00,000 could be invested in short term debt funds that are safe and can give me a return of 6-7% per annum.
The living expenses I may require with a new baby are about Rs 6,00,000 per annum. About Rs 30, 000 will be paid towards Term and Medical insurance. This will provide a safety net for my family if something untoward happens to me. The medical insurance will ensure that we can avail the best of treatment in case of illness. These are the basic steps towards financial freedom, I learned from Mr. Sharma, my investment advisor. These policies also save tax under sections 80C and 80D.
That leaves an excess of Rs 5, 70,000 that I can invest for my future. Mr. Sharma had concrete plans for investments too! the first step towards building a portfolio for my child is to open a minor account for her in a bank. That done, we proceeded to the next steps. The amount my baby had received as gifts totaled up to a whopping Rs1,00,000. this amount was to be used to start a Sukanya Samriddhi Scheme that is a special small savings scheme for the girl child. Mr. Sharma proposed that any cash gifts she gets in the next 21 years can be invested in this scheme.
He suggested that I open a PPF for my child which will cover a part of her higher educational needs and also save tax for me. As it has a 15-year lock-in, I can look forward to high-interest rates ( current rate is 8% with a cumulative component). An investment of Rs 1,00,000 will give me approx. Rs 30,00,000 at the end of 15 years which I can use as the fund I need for her higher education.  This amount can be reinvested in short term debt or in PPF itself till needed. This will also contribute towards my 80C investments and returns that accrue in her file are tax-free too.
Recurring deposits can be the best way to look after my short term goals as the investment is low risk and protects my capital. Setting aside Rs 1,50,000 p.a. in these could result in creating a corpus of Rs 5,25,917 in 3 years at the current 8% interest rate. This will suffice in paying the admission fees for High School and also for a down payment on our car.
SIP’s will be the other instrument that will make reaching goals easy, advised Mr.Sharma. The rest Rs 3,20,000 can be invested to create corpuses for mid and long term goals.  he recommended choosing low-risk blue chip oriented funds for reaching mid-term goals. I reckon I would need about Rs 4,00,000 in 8 years for the vacation I dream of giving my family and Rs 15,00,000 for the down payment of my house. I am not in favour of buying a very expensive and large home as it will put a large burden of EMI’s on my shoulders. Rs 1,20,000 in SIP with a CAGR of 15% in 8 years will give you roughly this amount (Returns of most blue-chip equity fund SIPs over the last 8 years is over 15%). The house will also become an asset for our child. Real estate is also an asset class that has an important place in financial planning for the future.
The rest of the income that needs to be invested for the long term is about Rs 2,00,000. SIP’s in a variety of funds like ELSS (I still need approximately Rs 50,000 in tax saving instruments), large-cap and the riskier but higher return generating mid and small-cap funds will easily take care of my future long term goals of my child’s marriage and retirement. The historic returns over 25 years in a good and stable mid-cap fund are well over 16%. This should create a corpus of 6.7 crores. My budget for my child’s wedding would be about a crore and retirement corpus about 10 crores. This amount will be a good way to start saving towards it. I do believe that having a retirement plan is the best gift that we can give our children. The burden of looking after parents financially is huge and no child should be made to do it.
Conclusion
Financial planning is very important. It eases the mind and gives me a direction. I am forced to budget and that helps me save and invest to make my dreams come true. My child’s future is tied up with my plan, so I cannot take too many risks.  The trick is to evaluate my current position, invest smartly and keep reviewing these dynamic plans as required. Thank Goodness for Mr. Sharma!
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Energy Audit at the Kolej Mawar in the UiTM Shah Alam
Deliberation The proposition presents a thing undertaking of vitality review at the Kolej Mawar in the UiTM Shah Alam. The main expectation of this proposition to break down on the vitality ingestion in that building and to build up the GUI, with the goal that client can figure informations from the force analyzer hardware. In light of this data, the weight structure and vitality structure ingestion at every building can be investigated and to offer suggestion to chop down the vitality ingestion, squander vitality and to expand the vitality effectiveness of the structure. Chapter1 IntroductionIntroductionAs twelvemonth 2020 assaults, Malaysia, an immature state, considers the to be of vitality as a viral segment to help it to achieve the sign of twelvemonth 2020, which is created state. For what it's worth, about portion of the vitality ingestion in the state is in mechanical, private and business divisions [ 1 ] . Universiti Teknologi Mara ( UiTM ) Shah Alam is one of the college coordinated by the Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia ( MOHE ) to set up the program of green Technology [ 2 ] . Green Technology is the turn of events and utilization of product, hardware and framework used to ration the indigenous habitat and assets, to limit and chop down the negative effect of human exercises [ 3 ] . Vitality effectiveness is an arrangement that brings extraordinary rescuing with appropriate arranging and actualized right. The top heading ought to be educated about the present level of working effectiveness, additional economy potencies and assets expected to achieve it [ 4 ] . In this manner, the collaboration of top bearing is gently valued. Vitality review is a method to pull off the electrical vitality ingestion usefully and to expand the vitality proficiency. The vitality review talked about in this endeavor will be only engaged in the Kolej Mawar UiTM Shah Alam structure. These building has a limit of 3450 school students and started activities in May 2002 with the principal utilization of understudies on semester Jun-Nov 2002. The College has four squares of private structures viz. Square 1A †5 degree, Block 1B †5 degree, Block 2A †8 degrees and square 2B †10 degrees. School removal building is situated in the focal point of the Block 1A and 2A. These structure is situated close to the door 2 UiTM and Health Center and close to the Kolej Melati. The plan of the four squares in this building is house the female understudies. These building is non simply considered as student alteration however fills in as a topographic purpose of procurement and understudy Center. Other than that, for the school removal building the purpose to pull off the student and their exercises. In these removal structure is obliges 10 staff and work during office hr from 8.00am to 5.00pm. Figure 1 shows the area of Kolej Mawar in UiTM Shah Alam. Figure 1: Location of Kolej Mawar.PROBLEM STATEMENTUiTM Shah Alam has spent about RM20, 819,758 power measure every year as in 2013. The measure ingestion originates from all schools, establishments, enlistment office, chancellery office, eating lobby, athleticss Center and road illuming about in UiTM Shah Alam. The high power measure cause from the utilization chilling framework, illuming and gear is utilized non appropriate for the gracefully vitality at that structure. The second factor that can do the high power measure, is discovered that at the hair-raiser framework. That is on the grounds that, unsuitable current open introduction, activity and planning the incorporated cooling framework. From the perceptions that have been done, it found that the a portion of the universities in UiTM Shah Alam has non utilized electrical vitality speedily. It is associated that the Kolej Mawar one with the reason contribute the incredibly measure open assistance organizations contrast with different universities by the old informations accumulated. By do the stroll through review, it found that in Kolej Mawar a large portion of staff and students will in general go forward their power contraptions in status switch on. Understudies ordinarily leave the suites with the light and fan switch-on status. The greater part of the staff leave their live with the climate control system with switch-on place. This awful wont can do blowing vitality and increment in the month to month measure open assistance companies. Other than that, in this building the electrical vitality has non been overseen nicely. For delineation, the lights at the hallway schools have been light on the daytime. All things considered the light have been switch on to illume up the specific light at left side. Be that as it may, due to the wiring have been set to illume all light with one switch when the switch is turn on. This inadequate wiring can do the waste vitality use in this edifice.AimTo examine the vitality use, trouble profile and the vitality productivity of the picked edifice.To break down informations gathered and create Ocular BASIC ( VB ) bundle and to figure the vitality utilization of an edifice.To discover the vitality rescuing chances.Scope OF WORKThis undertaking is progressively focussed on investigating the vitality ingestions by bundle visual BASIC ( VB ) , GUI to make the calculation from the existent data. This vitality review, is led to look for opportunities to better the vitality effectiveness of the structure in UiTM Shah Alam exceptionally Kolej Mawar. By the bettering the vitality productivity, the vitality ingestions can be diminished what's more can douse the waste vitality. Other than that, this endeavor other than center to propose cost-productive strides to better the effectiveness of vitality utilization and examination of execution expenses and compensation periods for each suggested activity. This endeavor can be isolated in two stages:Phase 1 ( FYP 1 )Carry out by and large vitality review for Kolej Mawar UiTM Shah Alam.Collect informations by stroll through review the structure and spot the sort of weight in that edifice.Analysis of vitality use and weight profile from the common data ( Flukes Analyser 435 and 1750 ) .2.Phase 2 ( FYP 2 )Develop the bundle intend to figure the vitality use and weight profile by using Ocular Basic ( VB ) , GUI.Determining the vitality rescuing possibilities and to propose the suggestion to the direction.Chapter2 Writing REVIEW 2.1Introduction In light of research by Mohd Azrin [ 5 ] , the electrical vitality at their FKE removal square UTEM has non hold been overseen modestly. He discovered that the antechamber lights have been light on the daytime and the light and the climate control systems of certain room have been turned on in spite of the fact that the room is unfilled. Such go oning offered ascend to misuse of the electrical vitality. He proposed that, to expand the vitality productivity at FKE UTEM removal is by trading on a couple of lights close to the gateway would be adequate during dull clasp. “Energy Audit in Block 3 in S and A ; T Tower towards Energy Efficiency in UiTM Shah Alam” [ 6 ] was completed last twelvemonth. This Building can be separated into 3 squares and 2 towers. By referencing on the exploration Muhammad Azwan [ 6 ] , such research simply centered around the square 3 in S and A ; T structure. From the work, square 3 has a two kinds of cooling. The 1sttype of cooling is unified constrained by the hair-raiser. This sort can be set naturally turn on and off. The 2neodymiumtype of cooling is detached unit, these sort can be constrained by physically. Every one of schoolroom is fitted with type 1 and the workplaces with type 2 [ 6 ] . Other than that, fitting to the exploration Siti Nor Ayu [ 7 ] , “Energy Audit for Energy Efficiency at Facility Management Office in UiTM Shah Alam” was done 2 mature ages prior. The structure of the establishment heading office in UiTM Shah Alam can be partitioned into 5 classs. This five classs office is under the establishment heading and this all building originates from the one substation which are Pejabat Pengurusan Fasiliti ( PPF ) , Pejabat Pembangunan, Annex, Bahagian Khidmat Elektrikal dan Telekomunikasi ( BKET ) , Pembangunan dan Pengurusan Fasiliti ( ICT ) , Bilik Gerakan Krisis ( Cabin ) and Bendahari Zon 5. She discovered that the whole vitality utilized in UiTM is expanding each twelvemonth from the main utilization since the foundation have large populace. By referencing on the exploration is led, she found that the vitality ingestion can be decreased by actualizing vitality productivity build at the climate control system, illuming, registering machines and other electrical contraptions. Other than that, she found that, the air conditoner is expended the most elevated vitality ingestion which is around 72 % of whole vitality ingestion. So that, from this it can blow the electrical vitality. She recommended to change the gas from R22 gas to R22 cold gas. In the wake of iplementing this way the vitality ingestion by using R22 cold gas for climate control system is diminished [ 7 ] . 2.2ENERGY AUDIT Vitality review is a survey or study and examination and to put vitality that been utilized in that structure. In view of this vitality review, it is other than characterized as the conceivable vitality economy or vitality bearing [ 8 ] . Vitality review is perhaps the best strategy to order the waste vitality ingestion. Other than that, these vitality review is like monetary bookkeeping strategy, in which the methodology to dissect a vitality history, look intoing the correct way vitality is utilized what's more spot which nation can be limited to chop down the wastage vitality ingestion. 2.2.1Energy Audit Stages. These vitality review stages, can be sorted into two kinds that is, primer review and inside informations review. a )Preliminary Audit. Primer review is the investigation dependent on the structure. As it were, before the review is played out, a total agenda ought to be made. The rundown point must be considered in this review vitality includes:Lighting systemAir-molding SystemUtility measuresB )Detailss Audit. Detailss review is completed for the vitality rescuing proposition suggested in primer review. It will gracefully capable arrangement choices and financial examination for the structure heading to decide undertaking execution. A practicality study will
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newsfaceup-blog · 5 years ago
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Taxpayers with income between Rs 50 lakh and Rs 1 crore will continue to pay a 10% surcharge on the tax.
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After presenting the popular budget, this time most confusion is about tax proposals. There are nonetheless many confusions about whether choosing the new tax slab is better or older? Will you get the advantage of deduction now or not? If the new device is adopted then you can go again to the historical or not. We are clearing your 5 primary illusions here. 1. After getting into the new slab, can it be back to the historical one Yes, if a man or woman chooses a new tax slab in the next economic 12 months and then the next 12 months he feels that it is better for him to choose the previous tax slab, then he can go returned to the historic slab again. But the situation in this is that there must be no income of business etc. besides the job of such a person. Experts say that simply if a person has a home loan or different investment in a year, then it is better to remain in the ancient tax system and if in some year he feels that he does now not have a home loan or any different most important investment that year, then he The new slab have to be adopted again. 2. What are the deductions left in the new tax system? Tax specialist Balwant Jain says, "The largest aspect about the new tax slab is that most of the deductions have been abolished. There are about 70 deductions eradicated in which most humans have been taking benefit of tax after investing. These include all deductions found below part 80C, 80D. If we talk about the important item, then solely the funding made by means of the organization in the New Pension Scheme (NPS) is left. The government makes more than a hundred concessions in total. But on taking benefit of the new tax slab, you will have to depart around 70 concessions in tax. These encompass travel allowance (LTA), house hire (HRA), amusement allowance, a standard deduction up to Rs 50,000 for salaried class. Experts say that in the new tax system, the concessions under part 80C, 80D, 24 of earnings tax will additionally be abolished. Simply put, beneath the 80C insurance, PPF, NSC, ULIPs, tuition fees, mutual cash ELSS, pension funds, domestic loan principal, term deposits in banks, 5-year deposits at the post workplace and Sukanya Samriddhi Yojana Those who used to take advantage of tax exemption with the aid of investing, will not get it at the new tax rates. Apart from this, tax exemption will also have to be waived on a fitness insurance plan under 80D. 3. Only these concessions will survive In the new tax regime, these concessions will continue to be reachable such as death-less retirement benefits, pensions, money in lieu of retirement on retirement, VRS amount up to Rs 5 lakh, EPF fund withdrawals, scholarship dollars for education, the public interest. Amount received as an honor for any work performed in, quick-time period withdrawals and maturity amount beneath the National Pension Scheme. 4. Is the new scheme really helpful to the jobber? Generally speaking, the new scheme is not beneficial for salaries beneath Rs thirteen lakh per annum. Actually, salaried people still get a general deduction of 50 thousand rupees, besides LTA and HRA. If they undertake the new system, they will no longer get the benefit of their contribution to PF, lesson prices of children, insurance premiums, domestic loans, etc. Therefore the new slab system is no longer appropriate for most jobbers. 5.Whether earnings tax up to five lakh rupees is taxed Many humans are additionally careworn about this, whether the annual profits of 5 lakh rupees is tax-free or not. In fact, in the new or historical tax slab, profits from Rs 2.5 lakh to Rs 5 lakh have been taxed at the fee of 5 percent. That is why many people assume that tax on earnings up to 5 lakh is stated to be zero. In fact, in the 2019-20 finances presented ultimate year, the government has made a one-of-a-kind arrangement of rebate for these with earnings between 2.5 to 5 lakh rupees. According to this, if the profits of any individual are 5 lakh or less, then something tax is made on his, the authorities will give a one of a kind rebate and limit it to zero. The thinking at the back of this is that people earning less than Rs 5 lakh must be given relief. This rebate is up to a maximum of 12,500 rupees (maximum tax on 2.5 lakhs per 5 percent). This rebate has not been abolished in this finances as well, that is, it will be benefited in the subsequent economic yr also. In this way, understand it nicely that there is no tax on income up to Rs 5 lakh. Will NRI profits are taxed
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Indians residing backyard u. s. a. (NRI) have suffered a principal setback due to the universal budget. In this budget, NRIs will now have to pay tax on their Indian earnings. However, until now there have been reports that the earnings earned from the NRI would be taxed from all over the world. But in this case, Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman has given clarification. During a dialog with Business Today, Nirmala Sitharaman told that tax will be taken only on the Indian income of NRI. Till now this type used to be free from tax mess. Tax professionals believe that this step of the government is a shock for Indians who live outside the united states only to save tax. Read the full article
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siva3155 · 5 years ago
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300+ TOP SAP CRM Interview Questions and Answers
SAP CRM Interview Questions for freshers experienced :-
1. What Is Sap crm? SAP CRM (Customer Relationship Management) is a software tool provided by SAP to support end to end customer related supports. It handles various activities like invoicing, delivery, decision making, accounts receivable and so on. 2. What is master data in sap crm ? Master Data is org & CP baqsic data which are mandatory for creating org & CP in CRM system. EX: Org Name & adress detaisl & Contact details and CP related Names and contact details. 3. what is the action profile in sap crm?how to use complaints and returns life cycle in service process ? Action Profile is a Post Processing Frame work (PPF) which gives some output (like as smart form, fax, document ) on given conditions. And this is used in every place in SAP CRM where we define the Conditions for the successful implementation of the activity. like in Opportunity Management,Monitoring the Activity of the enterprise employees etc. 4. What is the relation between crm and sapr3 architecture ? R 3 Means ( Three tier architechture ) 1st Tier ( R1 ) launched at the time of SAP inception with five x ibm employees , later on 2 nd & 3 rd tier had come in the form of advanced . Now latest is My SAP CRM. R 3 actual Nomeneclature is ( ECC - Enterprise Central Component ) CRM acts as a central server attached to its external systems such as ( BIW , ECC & Third party systems , etc ). Eg : If a client has already had installed SAP ECC ( R3 ) and wants to upgrade with SAP CRM , in this scenario , we have to integrate or fetch some data related to Sales , Pricing Conditions etc thru R 3 / ECC . This is done thru middle ware concept ( connectivity ) , for which you should posses knowledge on the middleware concepts 5. What is the difference between R/3 AND CRM ? R/3: ERP CRM:Customer Centric Extended ERP, process, functions revolves around Customer. R/3:Three Tier architecture,Client,Server product CRM:Internet enabled, no need to have client software.Only internet browser 6. Explain some example of business object, customizing object, condition object ? Business objects are business partner sales order etc customizing objects are customizing country, customizing time zone etc, conditions objects are pricing related. 7. Quotation transaction type comes under which functionality in CRM ? Quotation transaction type: AG Functionality: Create or Generate leads with Marketing Campaign Track, qualify and close oppt Manage and track ERP quotations Process ERP Sales Orders Fulfill logistics needs Process invoices in ERP Manage account payables 8. What is the standard transaction type for quatation ? Transactio type - AG Item category - AGN 9. How to enhance BP ? Key features of the Easy Enhancement Workbench include the following: Wizard for adding new fields and new tables to business partner master data No required detailed knowledge of the development environment and data model Wizards for the extension process 10. Can we download data from datasets/Info sets ? Attribute sets, Info sets, BW query and ELM are the different data sources for segmentation.
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SAP CRM Interview Questions 11. How many types of campaign are their ? There are different types of campaigns like E-mail campaigns, Call list can be generated, Campaigns can be run to create leads etc., 12. What type of Business Scenario you are following in you Project? Business Scenario means what ? Business scenario is nothing but what is the process, like for example how is the CRM application used by your client. Example: for us the sales reps from different location in US raise the sales orders in the CRM system and they flow to R/s and we also implemented the marketing module to run the e-mail campaigns for the product promotions. 13. How to find target group & what is the flow of BP to Target group ? In marketing to execute a campaign you need a Target group.Target group in simple words is nothing but a group of BP's. You can create a target group in segment builder (T-code CRMD_MKTSEG). 14. What is Activity Journal ? With activity journals, you can record and update information gathered from customer visit or telephone calls. For example activity journals can contain: Products or product categories Product-related information such as what products were discussed with the customer or the number of samples given to the customer 15. What is the rule of organizational determination ? There are two types of Organizational determination rules. Organization determination rule: The respective organization is determined based on the organization or general attributes assigned to the organization in the organizational model. Responsibility rule: In this rule, the Org attributes are not considered and the responsible Organization unit is assigned directly. 16. In Delta download which table is retrieve from R/3 to CRM ? Based on the filters set initially for different object types whenever the data is modified or deleted the same will be replicated to CRM from R3 in the form of Bdocs or Idocs. 17. What is Task & Activity ? There are two kinds of Activities, which are called as Tasks and Business activities.A Business activity contains information about business partner interaction on a particular date A Task contains information about what one or more employees have to complete by a particular date. In very simple words Tasks are activities in which the BP is not involved and activities are in which the BP data is involved. 18. Role of a functional consultant. A functional consultant evaluates the demands in talking with the customer’s representatives, transforms the essence into an abstract and algorithmic business model. Hence, he identifies the use cases and transforms them into logical and technical views. Then the main task starts: customizing the respective business area and making sure the system reacts in the manner according to the constraints of the requested use case. The consultant documents the settings and prepares proper guidelines that allow other consultants to do further changes or repairs with due efforts. The consultant takes care that proper training is given to the users and that the system is usable, performing appropriately and the business flow is complete and correct. During go live he assists the technical staff by testing the behaviour of the system. After go live he guarantees that the procedures remain usable and consistent in real live situation and proposes enhancements. The main duty of a consultant is to transfer external know-how to the client. It is not manpower that counts but intelligence, understanding of processes, a feeling for defects and general a common sense. 19. Role of a Functional Consultant in an End To End Implementation When you talk about the role of a Functional consultant in an end to end implementation, I think it won’t be possible for me or anybody to define everything but I will try to summarize it: Functional consultant is expected to generate knowledge about the current business process, design current business flows, study current business processes and its complication, in all we can say getting through with current business setup. Flow diagrams and DFD are prepared, most of the time in Vision format, all this forms the part of AS IS document. Everything configured has to be documented as per their categories in the form of predefined templates, these have to be then approved by the team leads or who ever the consultant is reporting to. Mapping and GAP analysis is done for each module, I have seen people defining integration after mapping, gap analysis and configuration is done, but as per my experience in implementation, it is a simultaneous process. Before starting configuring future business processes in SAP, the DFD/ERD are prepared, this documentation is called TO BE, which can be also siad as the result of mapping and gap analysis. Sometimes Functional consultants are also expected to prepare test scripts for testing the configured scenarios. End user manual and user training is also expected from F.Consultants. The project normally starts off with a Kick off meeting in which the team size, team members, reporting system, responsibilities, duties, methodlogy, dates and schedules, working hours which have been predicided are formally defined. ASAP, it won’t be possible for me to explain it here, but all I can tell you about it is that it is SAP standard implementation methodology, which SAP prescribes but is not mandatory for any company to follow, such as IBM follow some blue Methodlogy, some companies follow typical SDLC steps, ASAP stands for Accerlated SAP, you can find all the steps on SAP site, through google, reading it from there won’t give you a great knowledge about ASAP but will obviously get you to know the definitions of various term. 20. How is CRM and R/3 differ from each other? R/3 is an integration of different application suits. It has its own architecture and way fo functioning. CRM is all about maintaining the relationship with a customer. It is supposed to enhance the profit of the company or organisation since the ultimate goal of any company is profit. Therefore CRM is one step ahead for their goal achievements. SAP R/3 is a 3 tier based client/ server based application. One layer is presentation layer (Client) which interfaces with the end user. Second layer is application layer for all business – specific requirements (Program), and third is database which contains all information and records about the system, including transcational and configration data. SAP R/3 has been developed in it’s own language called ABAP (Advanced business application programming). 21. Advantages of CRM Using CRM, a business can: Provide better customer service Increase customer revenues Discover new customers Cross sell/Up Sell products more effectively Help sales staff close deals faster Make call centers more efficient Simplify marketing and sales processes The types of data CRM projects collect Responses to campaigns Shipping and fulfillment dates Sales and purchase data Account information Web registration data Service and support records Demographic data Web sales data 22. What is Task & Activity? Basically there are two kinds of Activities, which are called as Tasks and Business activities. A Business activity contains information about business partner interaction on a particular date A Task contains information about what one or more employees have to complete by a particular date. In very simple words Tasks are activities in which the BP is not involved and activities are in which the BP data is involved. 23. How to integrate R/3 with CRM? To exchange data between ECC ( R3 ) and CRM systems we need to maintain connectivity for both systems. Please ask your Basis consultant to do the following configuration. Maintain Logical Systems in both systems and link with respective clients. Maintain RFC destinations in both systems pointing to each other system. Maintain Number ranges as mirror images in both systems. Ex: Maintain same number range in ECC as Internal and in CRM as External or vice versa. Below are the steps for the integration between R/3 & CRM : SAP ECC : Define logical system for ECC ( Name ) Define logical system for CRM ( To establish the cross connection ) Identify the data which you wanted to copy to crm Assign logical system to the client SAP CRM : Define logical system for CRM Define logical system for ECC Assign logical system to client Copy the required data from ECC . 24. What is master data in sap crm? Master Data is org & CP baqsic data which are mandatory for creating org & CP in CRM system. EX: Org Name & adress detaisl & Contact details and CP related Names and contact details 25. How to enhance BP? You can enhance the business partner from Easy Enhancement Workbench (EEW) Key features of the Easy Enhancement Workbench include the following: Wizard for adding new fields and new tables to business partner master data No required detailed knowledge of the development environment and data model Wizards for the extension process 26. What is Activity Journal? With activity journals, you can record and update information gathered from customer visit or telephone calls. For example activity journals can contain: Products or product categories Product-related information such as what products were discussed with the customer or the number of samples given to the customer 27. In Delta download which table is retrieve from R/3 to CRM? It’s not just one table or a specific table that is retrieved from R/3 to CRM. Based on the filters set initially for different object types whenever the data is modified What is the rule of organizational determination?or deleted the same will be replicated to CRM from R3 in the form of Bdocs or Idocs. 28. There are two types of Organizational determination rules. Organization determination rule: The respective organization is determined based on the organization or general attributes assigned to the organization in the organizational model. Responsibility rule: In this rule, the Org attributes are not considered and the responsible Organization unit is assigned directly. 29. At the time of Implemention, What type of problem you generally face? There will be different phases in Implementation, you actually do a lot of brain storming sessions in the blue print phase and in the realization phase you do all your trials and configurations or may be experiments :) in the sand box. So you can’t really say there are specific problems. It actually involves a lot of discussions. 30. What is the standard transaction type for quatation? Transactio type - AG Item category - AGN 31. How can links be maintained between various sub opportunities and asingle opportunity? Project profile can help in maintaining the link between an opportunity and other various sub opportunities. 32. Define CRM Marketing? CRM Marketing is considered to be the main components used to maintain good Customer Relationship Management and are used in planning actions marketing activities. Analysis of various segments of marketing is all done with the help of CRM Marketing. 33. Define Market Plan? The market plan is used for the implementation of the market policy of an organization. 34. What are the benefits of CRM? CRM benefits are wide-ranging – from higher levels of customer engagement, loyalty, and revenue to lower costs and smarter customer-facing activities. Explore some of the top benefits of CRM systems below. Increase the sales and revenue Access deep customer insights Highly targeted marketing Boost customer satisfaction Easy for internal and external collaboration 35. What is Marketing Permissions Assignment Block (AB)? Depending on your legal requirements, you can use some or all of the following fields in the Marketing Permissions assignment block for accounts and contacts assigned to an account: Communication Channels - Specifies how marketing messages can be communicated, for example by e-mail, letter, or SMS. You configure values for communication media in Customizing of campaign execution. Form of Consent - Specifies how the account or contact communicated the consent information, for example by letter or by e-mail. You configure values for the form of consent in Customizing. Date of Consent - Specifies the date on which the account gave or rejected consent Consent - Specifies the consent status as Given or Rejected Communication Details - Specifies the e-mail address, telephone number, pager or so on that can be used, or must not be used for accounts and contact. 36. What is Master Data? Master data comprise data about basic objects used in business transactions in SAP Customer Relationship Management (SAP CRM) and stored on a long-term basis, such as data on accounts, products, installed bases, or warranties. 37. What is Organizational Management in CRM? Organizational Management in CRM offers you a flexible tool for displaying your company’s task-related, functional organizational structure as a current organizational model. Displaying your service or sales and distribution structure is at the forefront of CRM. To work with SAP CRM, you can simply display the organizational units that are relevant for your sales and service-related processes CRM organizational management has many options for linking to your organizational units: The organizational units (for example, sales organization, service organization) are not already specified: You can include your own organizational levels and leave levels out. The SAP ECC organizational units (for example, sales organization, distribution channel, division, maintenance processing plant) can be assigned as attributes to the organizational units in CRM. These attributes are not mandatory for planning the organizational model. However, they are required for automatically determining organizational data in transactions. You can activate an organization to be used for several scenarios, enabling it to be a sales organization and a service organization at the same time. The organizational model is time-dependent. This enables you to plan organizational changes in the future. Organizational units can occur as business partners. The system automatically creates a business partner record for an organizational unit with the organizational unit role. 38. What are the differences in the Organizational Data in SAP ECC (SD) and CRM? Organizational management in SAP CRM offers a flexible tool for maintaining the company structure for different scenarios (Sales, Service and Enterprise Buyer Professional). SAP ECC component Sales and Distribution (SD) You maintain the sales organization in Customizing Organization Settings. You maintain the organizational plan for HR and Workflow independently in Business Management (Basis). Organizational data in Sales and Distribution is static, changes in organizational data result in major changes in Customizing. Responsibilities are proposed from the sales area-related data from the customer master SAP CRM component Organizational Data You maintain the organizational model once for all applications in CRM. Scenario-specific data in the structure is assigned by attributes to the organizational units. These attributes are passed onto subordinate organizational units. Organizational models can be maintained and adapted dynamically. Responsibilities are defined independently from the business partner master and are determined, if required, from the organizational model. 39. What are Organizational Objects? Objects used for the object-orientated design of Organizational Management when structuring an organizational model. The following object types are available in CRM: Organizational unit Position 40. What is Organizational Management in SAP CRM? Organizational Management in CRM offers you a flexible tool for displaying your company’s task-related, functional organizational structure as a current organizational model. 41. Define campaign management? For the improvement of the sales, campaign management is used by an organization. It includes creating campaigns. SAP CRM Questions and Answers Pdf Download Read the full article
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letsharish12345us-blog · 6 years ago
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Bulgaria Telecoms, Mobile and Broadband Industry 2018 Manufacturers, Key Vendors, Suppliers Market Research Report to 2023
WiseGuyReports.com “Bulgaria - Telecoms, Mobile and Broadband - Statistics and Analyses” report has been added to its Research Database.
Scope of the Report: Bulgaria - Telecoms
Bulgarian telecoms sector attracting more international investment. Bulgaria’s telecoms market in recent years has been affected by the country’s difficult macroeconomic climate, as well as relatively high unemployment and a shrinking population. These factors have contributed to steadily declining revenue across the sector since 2008. Consumers continue to migrate from fixed-line voice telephony to mobile and VoIP alternatives, while there is increasing pressure on SMS and MMS services from the growing use of alternative OTT messaging services.
Mobile network operators are also faced with reduced roaming revenue and the popularity of bundled services which has reduced revenue from stand-alone offers. Nevertheless, there are considerable opportunities for telcos, and despite these manifest pressures the country’s telecom sector continues to attract investors, as seen in Telenor Group’s recent sale of its local unit to the PPF Group.
The broadband market enjoys excellent cross-platform competition, including services based on DSL, cable, fibre, WiMAX and LAN technologies. While the share of the market held by cable has increased slightly in recent years, the DSL sector is losing market share as a result of customers being migrated to fibre networks, particularly those operated by the incumbent telco Vivacom. By mid-2018 about 56% of Vivacom’s fixed-line broadband subscribers were on fibre infrastructure.
Request a Sample Report @ https://www.wiseguyreports.com/sample-request/2485185-bulgaria-telecoms-mobile-and-broadband-statistics-and-analyses
The country has undertaken steps to develop an internet society encompassing commerce, health and government services. This report provides an overview of Bulgaria’s fixed-line telecom market, including data on regulatory developments, the strategies and performances of the major operators and an assessment of the evolution of fixed-line networks. The report also covers the fixed-line and fixed-wireless broadband sectors, including a review of technologies, the major players, market developments, statistics and subscriber forecasts. In addition the report assesses the mobile market, including a variety of statistics and analyses covering the major operators, market developments, services offered and emerging technologies.
Key developments:
Telenor Bulgaria and Vivacom launch VoLTE services; A1 Bulgaria trials 5G; Regulator proposes auction of up to 580MHz of additional spectrum; Vivacom extends the reach of its LTE-A service; Telenor Group sells in business in Bulgaria to the PPF Group; Amended Electronic Communications Act focused on enhancing regulator’s powers; Regulator awards additional spectrum in the 1800MHz band for LTE use; MNP takes off under new regulatory measures; Cooolbox launches 1Gb/s FttP service; Government investment program for broadband in rural areas; Vivacom’s FiberNet offer passes 1.15 million premises; Report update includes the regulator’s market data for 2017, telcos’ operating and financial data to Q2 2018, recent market developments.
Companies mentioned in this report:
Vivacom, A1 Bulgaria (MobilTel), Telenor Bulgaria, A1 Bulgaria (MobilTel), Trans Telecom, Vivacom, Bulgarian Telecom and Television, Blizoo, Vivacom, Orbitel, Vestitel, A1 Bulgaria (MobilTel).
For Detailed Reading Please visit @ https://www.wiseguyreports.com/reports/2485185-bulgaria-telecoms-mobile-and-broadband-statistics-and-analyses
Major Key Points in Table of Content:
1. Key statistics    
1.1 Country overview
2. Telecommunications market    
2.1 Market analysis
3. Regulatory environment    
3.1 Historical overview
3.2 Regulatory authority
3.3 Telecom sector liberalisation
4. Fixed network operators    
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Vivacom/Bulgarian Telecommunications Company (BTC)
4.3 A1 Bulgaria
5. Telecommunications infrastructure    
5.1 Overview of the national telecom network
5.2 International networks
6. Broadband market    
6.1 Introduction and statistical overview
6.2 Hybrid Fibre Coax (HFC) networks
6.3 Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) networks
7. Digital economy    
7.1 E-government
7.2 E-health
8. Mobile communications    
8.1 Market analysis
8.2 Mobile statistics
8.3 Mobile infrastructure
Continuous...
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NORAH TRENT
Partner Relations & Marketing Manager
www.wiseguyreports.com
Ph: +1-646-845-9349 (US)
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elawoman123-blog · 6 years ago
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IVF Doctors in Delhi | IVF Centre in Delhi | ElaWoman
Dr. Manika Khanna Gaudium Trained at Melbourne IVF, Australia & the University of Kiel, Germany, she founded Gaudium IVF & Gynae Solutions Centre to fulfill her long standing dream of bringing international standards of fertility care to India. The unprecedented success of the first Gaudium IVF Centre in Delhi paved the way for Gaudium to evolve into the best IVF clinic chain in India.
Hailed as the youngest consistent achiever in infertility and IVF care, Dr. Manika has over 10,000 successful IVF treatments to her credit with healthy Gaudium babies growing in over 30 countries.
Born and raised in Delhi in a family of freedom fighters and doctors, Dr. Manika is a Gold Medallist from Baroda Medical College, Gujarat. After completing her MBBS in 1996, followed by MD (Obstetrics & Gynaecology) in 1999, she completed her Diploma Training in Advanced Gynaecological Endoscopic Surgery (D.A.G.E.) at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Germany. This was followed by an advanced training course in Assisted Reproduction in Humans (IVF) from Melbourne IVF, Australia.
Before founding Gaudium IVF & Gynae Solutions Centre in 2009, Dr. Manika served as Consultant Physician at Deen Dayal Upadhyay Hospital, New Delhi and later as Senior Consultant and Head of Department, Gynaecology and Obstetrics at Sri Balaji Action Medical Institute, New Delhi for several years.
An acclaimed infertility expert with over 17 years of clinical experience, Dr. Manika has done pioneering work in the field of IVF and gynaecology-related medical conditions. She is particularly experienced in treating serious infertility conditions such as recurrent IVF failure, recurrent miscarriage, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), endometriosis and uterine fibroids. Besides heading a team of top fertility experts at Gaudium IVF & Gynae Solutions Centres, she is on the expert panel of infertility units of various renowned hospitals.
In 2014, she created history in IVF treatment in India by successfully treating a patient with 15 previously failed IVF cycles. The patient gave birth to a healthy baby boy at Gaudium IVF and Gynae Solutions after an agonising 17 years of immense physical, emotional and financial strain.
Founded the Gaudium Foundation to provide free and subsidised treatment to economically weak patients.
In 2015, initiated Naari Jeevan Strot, a unique women & child health campaign by Gaudium Foundation that has connected the largest network of cities and districts in 5 major North Indian states of Delhi-NCR, Haryana, Chandigarh, Punjab and Himachal Pradesh. The initiative, which provides health education and free and subsidised medical relief to the less privileged through health camps and nukkad natak (street plays), has touched the lives of nearly 10 million women and was recognised as the best philanthropy project of the year 2014-2015 by Healthcare Leaders’ Forum & Awards 2015.
Established the Poor Patient Fund (PPF) at Gaudium IVF — a unique and innovative way for well- to-do families to donate for the treatment of underprivileged fertility patients. The initiative, which has received tremendous support from our dear patrons, provides for the treatment of 3 to 4 patients each month and has so far supported over 120 disadvantaged couples.
Active member of the Ekta Mission, a Delhi-based organisation working to provide elementary health services for underprivileged women and children.
Working proactively for the cause of the Girl Child – felicitated by the Lions Club for raising awareness against female infanticide.
Active ongoing participation in raising AIDS awareness through strategy-formulation summits, lectures and seminars.
Awarded by the Ekta Mission for outstanding contribution to the field of medicine.
An ethical, compassionate and committed medical professional, Dr. Manika is revered in the medical community for her exemplary contributions to infertility treatment in India.
With a vision to provide the best of advanced fertility care, Dr. Manika established Gaudium IVF, she has emerged as the Global Icon in IVF by delivering the highest success rate and over 10,000 IVF babies all over the world and again by treating the most complicated and challenging infertility conditions.
She has been consistently recognised and honoured with several awards such as “Asia’s greatest Health leader”, “Mahila Achiever Award” and the prestigious “Delhi Ratan”.
Dr. Manika has been credited with some of the highest IVF success rates and unequalled success in cases of recurrent IVF failure, male factor infertility, endometriosis and high-risk pregnancies.
Gaudium, Latin for joy, has ushered a new era of affordable and effective IVF clinic in Delhi, India, emerging as the preferred destination for patients seeking fertility care they can trust. A leading Government-approved IVF centre with 9 state-of-the-art centres across North India, Gaudium IVF centre combines advanced reproductive technology with world-class clinical expertise to bring you customised fertility solutions that work. Each patient who walks into a Gaudium facility is treated with utmost compassion and respect and receives personalised attention from a dedicated team of experts.
Today there are over 10,000 Gaudium babies all over the world — a resounding affirmation of unparalleled success of Gaudium IVF centre which has brought us numerous awards and honours along and unprecedented global acclaim.
At Gaudium IVF Centre, we treat your dream as our own and work tirelessly to help you have a healthy baby to take home. We provide the best surrogacy services and IVF treatment to infertile people at our IVF clinic. We are determined to offer our patients the best IVF treatment at affordable cost.
One of the main gynecologists of the city, Dr. Manika Khanna (Gaudium Ivf And Gynae Solutions) in Janak Puri has built up the facility and has picked up a devoted customer base in the course of recent years and is additionally as often as possible went to by a few VIPs, trying models and other decent customers and global patients too. They likewise anticipate growing their business further and giving administrations to a few more patients inferable from its prosperity in the course of recent years. The proficiency, devotion, exactness and empathy offered at the center guarantee that the patient's prosperity, solace and needs are kept of best need.
Dr. Manika Khanna (Gaudium Ivf And Gynae Solutions) in Delhi treats the different diseases of the patients by helping them experience top notch medicines and methodology. Among the various administrations offered here, the center gives medications to Uterine Fibroids or Myomas, Ovarian Cysts, Endometriosis, Pelvic Organ Prolapse, Urinary Problems, Vaginal Discharge, Subfertility, Menopause, Gynecological Cancers, Abnormal Pap Smears - Pre-Invasive Cervical/Vaginal Disease and Vulva Conditions.
The basic evaluation can be performed by an interested and experienced primary care physician or an obstetrician-gynecologist. The primary care physician generally should refer the patient to a specialist for treatment of infertility. Many gynecologists initiate treatment prior to referral to a reproductive endocrinologist. This decision depends upon the results of infertility tests and clinician experience.
Multiple tests have been proposed for evaluation of female infertility. Some of these tests are supported by good evidence, while others are not. This topic will provide an evidence-based approach to the evaluation of female infertility. The etiology and treatment of female infertility, as well as the etiology, evaluation, and treatment of male infertility, are discussed separately.
INITIAL APPROACH — Both partners of an infertile couple should be evaluated for factors that could be impairing fertility. The infertility specialist then uses this information to counsel the couple about the possible etiologies of their infertility and to offer a treatment plan targeted to their specific needs.
It is important to remember that the couple may have multiple factors contributing to their infertility; therefore, a complete initial diagnostic evaluation should be performed to detect the most common causes of infertility, if present. When applicable, evaluation of both partners is performed concurrently [1].
The recognition, evaluation, and treatment of infertility are stressful for most couples [2]. The clinician should not ignore the couple's emotional state, which may include depression, anger, anxiety, and marital discord. Information should be supportive and informative. (See "Psychological stress and infertility".)
The techniques for semen analysis and interpretation of results are discussed in detail separately. (See "Approach to the male with infertility", section on 'Semen analysis'.)
Assessment of ovulatory function — Assessment of ovulatory function is a key component of the evaluation of the female partner since ovulatory dysfunction is a common cause of infertility. The treatment of women with ovulatory dysfunction is aimed at improving or inducing ovulatory function; a variety of treatment strategies is available. (See "Treatments for female infertility".)
Women who have regular menses approximately every 28 days with molimina symptoms prior to menses (breast tenderness, bloating, fatigue, etc.) are most likely ovulatory. In women who do not describe their cycles as such, laboratory assessment of ovulation should be performed. Ovulation is most easily documented by a mid-luteal phase serum progesterone level, which should be obtained approximately one week before the expected menses. For a typical 28-day cycle, the test would be obtained on day 21. A progesterone level >3 ng/mL is evidence of recent ovulation .
An alternative is to have the patient use an over-the-counter urinary ovulation prediction kit. These kits detect luteinizing hormone (LH) and are highly effective for predicting the timing of the LH surge that reliably indicates ovulation. Home kits have a 5 to 10 percent false positive and false negative rate. Therefore, serum confirmation can be useful in patients who are unable to detect a urinary LH surge.
Other methods of determining ovulation, such as daily ultrasounds to follow the development and ultimately the disappearance of a follicle (the most accurate method of documenting ovulation  and endometrial biopsy to document secretory changes in the endometrium are too expensive or invasive for routine diagnostic assessment of ovulation.
If the mid-luteal progesterone concentration is <3 ng/mL, the patient is evaluated for causes of anovulation. The minimal work-up includes serum prolactin, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), FSH, and assessment for polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). The etiology and diagnostic evaluation of anovulation are reviewed separately. (See "Evaluation and management of secondary amenorrhea".)
Assessment of ovarian reserve — Diminished ovarian reserve can refer to diminished oocyte quality, oocyte quantity, or reproductive potential [7]. The identification of diminished ovarian reserve is an increasingly important component of the initial infertility evaluation as patients are presenting for diagnostic evaluation later in their reproductive lifespan. Guidelines for testing from national organizations are available [7,8]. However, there is no ideal test for assessing ovarian reserve. A number of screening tests are utilized, but no single test is highly reliable for predicting pregnancy potential. Therefore, coordination of tests provides the best assessment.
We test ovarian reserve with an anti-müllerian hormone (AMH) level and a day 3 follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and estradiol levels. Other tests such as the clomiphene citrate challenge test (CCCT) and antral follicle count are utilized by some specialists and in special circumstances. These tests have good specificity for predicting a poor response in in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles, but have more limited value for predicting IVF outcome.
Day 3 FSH and CCCT — Both the day 3 FSH level (where day 1 is the first day of full menstrual flow) and the CCCT, which is a provocative test for measurement of FSH, are widely used for screening ovarian reserve. The CCCT involves oral administration of 100 mg clomiphene citrate on cycle days 5 through 9 with measurement of day 3 and day 10 FSH levels and day 3 estradiol level.
The premise of these tests is that women with good ovarian reserve have sufficient production of ovarian hormones from small follicles early in the menstrual cycle to maintain FSH at a low level. In contrast, women with a reduced pool of follicles and oocytes have insufficient production of ovarian hormones to provide normal inhibition of pituitary secretion of FSH, so FSH rises early in the cycle [9].
Meta-analyses of nonrandomized studies concluded that basal cycle day 3 FSH and the CCCT perform similarly for predicting ability to achieve a clinical pregnancy in women undergoing infertility treatment [10,11]. With either test, a normal result is not useful in predicting fertility, but a highly abnormal result (we use FSH >20 mIU/mL) suggests that pregnancy is unlikely with treatment involving the woman's own oocytes, particularly in women of more advanced reproductive age.
Based on these findings and the cost advantage and simplicity of the day 3 FSH, we obtain a day 3 FSH concentration and consider a value less than 10 mIU/mL suggestive of adequate ovarian reserve, and levels of 10 to 15 mIU/ml borderline. The upper threshold for a normal FSH concentration is laboratory dependent; cutoff values of 10 to 25 mIU/mL have been reported because of use of different FSH assay reference standards and assay methodologies.
We also check a cycle day 3 estradiol level, although there are conflicting data as to whether it is predictive of ovarian reserve and the response to ovarian stimulation (as in IVF) [12,13]. We consider a value <80 pg/mL suggestive of adequate ovarian reserve, but other cut-offs are also utilized. In one prospective study of women undergoing IVF, day 3 estradiol levels >80 pg/mL resulted in higher cycle cancellation rates and lower pregnancy rates, and estradiol levels >100 pg/mL were associated with a 0 percent pregnancy rate [14].
Elevated basal estradiol levels are due to advanced premature follicle recruitment that occurs in women with poor ovarian reserve. High estradiol levels can inhibit pituitary FSH production and thus mask one of the signs of decreased ovarian reserve in perimenopausal women. Thus, measurement of both FSH and estradiol levels helps to avoid false-negative FSH testing.
Dr. Manika Khanna, MBBS, MD, D.A.G.E (Germany) is an award-winning Infertility Specialist and Laparoscopic Surgeon who has been facilitated with numerous honours and awards for her exemplary achievements in the field of Assisted Reproduction.
Dr. Rita Bakshi has more than 31 years of experience working in the richness business. As originator and of International Fertility Center (IVF Center India), she directs all administration operations of the organization. An idea pioneer in the business, she is much of the time met regarding the matters of egg gift and surrogacy and goes the world over advancing the largest amount of expert guidelines in a continually developing field. She's additionally the originator of Adiva Group Of Hospitals. She finished her MBBS in 1983 from Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi. She did her Diploma in Gynecology and Obstetrics (DGO) in 1987 from St. Stephen's Hospital, Delhi. She finished her M.D in 1990, from Safdarjung Hospital, Delhi. She did her 1-year certificate from St. Stephen Hospital, Delhi, two years MD from Safdarjung Hospital, Delhi.
She is prepared in the craftsmanship (Assisted Reproductive Techniques) and IVF (In Vitro Fertilization) from Inst. of contraceptive pharmaceutical, Kolkata under the doyen and pioneer of IVF. Dr. B.N. Chakravorty. She has a recognition in the workmanship from KKIVF Hospital Singapore, and a confirmation in endoscopy from KIEL, Germany. She has acted as authority and leader of the office in an open area undertaking clinic for more than 15 years. She has accomplished more than 4000 workmanship cycles with a win rate of more than half. She has additionally accomplished more than 4000 cesarean segments, 3000 hysterectomies including non-drop hysterectomies of even up to 16-week measure uterus. She has uncommon outcomes in egg benefactor surrogacy having a win rate of more than 85 %.
Dr. Rita Bakshi is a main IVF expert and Chairperson of India's head IVF and surrogacy focus broadly perceived as International Fertility Center. With a foundation from eminent names, for example, AIIMS, Lady Harding Medical College, St. Stephens, and her work with the best organizations from Singapore, Germany and Belgium, she has amassed priceless involvement in the fields of Assisted Reproduction, Laparoscopy, Gynecology and Obstetrics. Dr. Rita has over 30 years of experience as a fruitlessness pro and under her authority, IFC has ended up being the biggest system of ripeness facilities in India.
Dr. Rita Bakshi is a senior IVF authority and Chairperson of India's Premier IVF and surrogacy focus generally known as International Fertility Center. She has over twenty years of involvement in helped multiplication, and, under her course, the inside has developed into one of the biggest system of richness facilities in India. Since its origin in 2004, Dr Rita has treated a huge number of couples bringing out more than 2000 surrogacy conceived babies into the world. She has broad involvement in settling richness issues with helped regenerative systems, for example, IVF, IUI, Egg contributor and Surrogacy.
With more than 10,000 IVF cycles, International Fertility Centre has helped childless couples have a happy parenthood involvement with reliable conveyance of most elevated achievement rates in our administrations including IVF, Natural IVF, IVF with Egg Donor, ICSI, IUI, Surrogacy, Surrogacy with Egg contributor, Embryo Donation, Assisted Hatching, PESA/TESA, Hysteroscopy, Laparoscopy, Blastocyst and significantly more.
Dr. Rk Sharma in Delhi is a prestigious Gynecologist in Chanakyapuri, Delhi. You can counsel Dr. R K Sharma at Primus Super Speciality Hospital in Chanakyapuri, Delhi. Book an arrangement online with Dr. R K Sharma on Elawoman.com.
In the year 1994, Dr. (Brig.) R.K. Sharma finished his first IVF case and from that point forward he has been treating patients superbly. The simple first case Dr. Brig. R.K. Sharma took was of a Christian couple, who was not able consider from the previous 10 years and had lost all would like to shoulder a kid. Dr. (Brig.) R.K. Sharma took up this case and chose to encourage the patient. By then of time, IVF innovations were at introductory stage and Dr. (Brig.) R.K. Sharma successfully used the accessible assets, for example, meds. The patient imagined and they were enchanted with delight and satisfaction. A sound kid was conceived. The dad of the tyke approached Dr. (Brig.) R.K. Sharma and kissed his hand and stated, "You have a favored hand". This rate had an enduring impact on Dr. (Brig.) R.K. Sharma and he chose to move advance into the little known yet difficult territory of IVF.
Today things have gone far from that point forward, in India. Anyway in the ocean of IVF focuses mushrooming crosswise over India, Dr. (Brig.) R.K. Sharma is a name that needs no presentation. He has had a distinguished profession serving the Armed Forces of India for more than 30 years. He was the first to pioneer IVF in India in people in general area and in the armed force, which he started 20 years back. He was instrumental in setting up an IVF focus in the armed force. With his enthusiastic and energetic endeavors; the principal IVF child in the armed force was conceived in 1995 at Pune (Maharashtra). He utilized his keen influence, steadiness or extensive experience to set up the incredibly famous ART Center at Army R and R (Research and Referral) at New Delhi in 2003. The whole IVF focus was outlined, conceptualized, set up and run solely by Dr. R.K. Sharma. He made an unmatched situation of work culture and IVF treatment, which is missed till today. The total access to the immense assets in the armed force has assisted him to play a spearheading part with the knowledge and direct utilization of the most recent hardware and innovations in the field of IVF. The IVF focus at Pune was additionally set up by him without any preparation and is today a power to figure with. Dr. (Brig.) R.K. Sharma has more than 5000 IVF infants shockingly. The number is developing with each passing day. Dr. (Brig.) R.K. Sharma has had patients coming to him from the whole way across the nation, with trust in their psyche and has been returning very much fulfilled.
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mylucky137276 · 7 years ago
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Budget 2018: From digitisation to NPAs, a lot expected for banking sector
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While there has been a lot of push lately on digital transactions from the Narendra Modi-led central government, it is expected that the coming Union Budget 2018-19 will see Finance Minister Arun Jaitley renewing the thrust by announcing some incentives for small businesses to increasingly go digital in so far as banking transactions are concerned.
Also, against the backdrop of the government’s plan to recapitalise public-sector banks, which have been suffering because of their ballooning non-performing assets, Budget 2018 will be keenly watched for any announcement towards that end.
PwC and Business Standard look at the present scenario in the banking sector, the issues facing it, and the Budget expectations the industry has from Finance Minister Arun Jaitley:
KEY DEVELOPMENTS
Digitisation push
Various measures and app-based services have been introduced to promote digitization
Cabinet has approved the proposal that the govt would bear merchant discount rate (MDR) charges on digital transactions up to Rs 2,000 for two years.
In Budget 2018, the government might introduce additional incentives like tax rebates of, say, 0.2% on digital transactions up to a threshold for small businesses
Capital infusion in PSU banks
The govt has announced a recapitalisation scheme to infuse capital in the banking system.
Additional capital may be infused based on banks’ governance structure, bad debt recovery plan, capital planning & budgeting and HR strategy.
ISSUES FACING THE SECTOR & WHAT INDUSTRY WANTS
Bankruptcy code: It is still evolving. It needs to be strengthened and the objective and spirit have to be adequately demonstrated
Home loan benefits: Considering higher unit prices in metros, higher tax deduction is needed on principal repayment of housing loan under section 80C
Insurance penetration: Currently, a high GST rate of 18% is applicable on insurance premium. That is a drag, especially given a weak life insurance penetration of under 4%.
Regulatory timelines: Various regulations like IFRS, margining of non- centrally cleared trades, New Basel III norms are under way, but clearer timelines need to be defined.
Pension plans not tax-friendly: The pension from annuity is currently treated as income and taxed accordingly which is unfavourable when compared with PF, PPF, etc.
LTCG tax benefits: The MF industry and brokerages expect long-term capital gains tax benefits for equities/equity-oriented funds to continue.
Dividend distribution tax: There is no dividend distribution tax applicable on equity-oriented mutual funds but debt mutual funds, AMCs pay DDT at the rate of 28.33%. Industry expects removal of this dividend distribution tax to improve investor sentiment.
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siva3155 · 5 years ago
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300+ TOP SAP CRM Interview Questions and Answers
SAP CRM Interview Questions for freshers experienced :-
1. What Is Sap crm? SAP CRM (Customer Relationship Management) is a software tool provided by SAP to support end to end customer related supports. It handles various activities like invoicing, delivery, decision making, accounts receivable and so on. 2. What is master data in sap crm ? Master Data is org & CP baqsic data which are mandatory for creating org & CP in CRM system. EX: Org Name & adress detaisl & Contact details and CP related Names and contact details. 3. what is the action profile in sap crm?how to use complaints and returns life cycle in service process ? Action Profile is a Post Processing Frame work (PPF) which gives some output (like as smart form, fax, document ) on given conditions. And this is used in every place in SAP CRM where we define the Conditions for the successful implementation of the activity. like in Opportunity Management,Monitoring the Activity of the enterprise employees etc. 4. What is the relation between crm and sapr3 architecture ? R 3 Means ( Three tier architechture ) 1st Tier ( R1 ) launched at the time of SAP inception with five x ibm employees , later on 2 nd & 3 rd tier had come in the form of advanced . Now latest is My SAP CRM. R 3 actual Nomeneclature is ( ECC - Enterprise Central Component ) CRM acts as a central server attached to its external systems such as ( BIW , ECC & Third party systems , etc ). Eg : If a client has already had installed SAP ECC ( R3 ) and wants to upgrade with SAP CRM , in this scenario , we have to integrate or fetch some data related to Sales , Pricing Conditions etc thru R 3 / ECC . This is done thru middle ware concept ( connectivity ) , for which you should posses knowledge on the middleware concepts 5. What is the difference between R/3 AND CRM ? R/3: ERP CRM:Customer Centric Extended ERP, process, functions revolves around Customer. R/3:Three Tier architecture,Client,Server product CRM:Internet enabled, no need to have client software.Only internet browser 6. Explain some example of business object, customizing object, condition object ? Business objects are business partner sales order etc customizing objects are customizing country, customizing time zone etc, conditions objects are pricing related. 7. Quotation transaction type comes under which functionality in CRM ? Quotation transaction type: AG Functionality: Create or Generate leads with Marketing Campaign Track, qualify and close oppt Manage and track ERP quotations Process ERP Sales Orders Fulfill logistics needs Process invoices in ERP Manage account payables 8. What is the standard transaction type for quatation ? Transactio type - AG Item category - AGN 9. How to enhance BP ? Key features of the Easy Enhancement Workbench include the following: Wizard for adding new fields and new tables to business partner master data No required detailed knowledge of the development environment and data model Wizards for the extension process 10. Can we download data from datasets/Info sets ? Attribute sets, Info sets, BW query and ELM are the different data sources for segmentation.
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SAP CRM Interview Questions 11. How many types of campaign are their ? There are different types of campaigns like E-mail campaigns, Call list can be generated, Campaigns can be run to create leads etc., 12. What type of Business Scenario you are following in you Project? Business Scenario means what ? Business scenario is nothing but what is the process, like for example how is the CRM application used by your client. Example: for us the sales reps from different location in US raise the sales orders in the CRM system and they flow to R/s and we also implemented the marketing module to run the e-mail campaigns for the product promotions. 13. How to find target group & what is the flow of BP to Target group ? In marketing to execute a campaign you need a Target group.Target group in simple words is nothing but a group of BP's. You can create a target group in segment builder (T-code CRMD_MKTSEG). 14. What is Activity Journal ? With activity journals, you can record and update information gathered from customer visit or telephone calls. For example activity journals can contain: Products or product categories Product-related information such as what products were discussed with the customer or the number of samples given to the customer 15. What is the rule of organizational determination ? There are two types of Organizational determination rules. Organization determination rule: The respective organization is determined based on the organization or general attributes assigned to the organization in the organizational model. Responsibility rule: In this rule, the Org attributes are not considered and the responsible Organization unit is assigned directly. 16. In Delta download which table is retrieve from R/3 to CRM ? Based on the filters set initially for different object types whenever the data is modified or deleted the same will be replicated to CRM from R3 in the form of Bdocs or Idocs. 17. What is Task & Activity ? There are two kinds of Activities, which are called as Tasks and Business activities.A Business activity contains information about business partner interaction on a particular date A Task contains information about what one or more employees have to complete by a particular date. In very simple words Tasks are activities in which the BP is not involved and activities are in which the BP data is involved. 18. Role of a functional consultant. A functional consultant evaluates the demands in talking with the customer’s representatives, transforms the essence into an abstract and algorithmic business model. Hence, he identifies the use cases and transforms them into logical and technical views. Then the main task starts: customizing the respective business area and making sure the system reacts in the manner according to the constraints of the requested use case. The consultant documents the settings and prepares proper guidelines that allow other consultants to do further changes or repairs with due efforts. The consultant takes care that proper training is given to the users and that the system is usable, performing appropriately and the business flow is complete and correct. During go live he assists the technical staff by testing the behaviour of the system. After go live he guarantees that the procedures remain usable and consistent in real live situation and proposes enhancements. The main duty of a consultant is to transfer external know-how to the client. It is not manpower that counts but intelligence, understanding of processes, a feeling for defects and general a common sense. 19. Role of a Functional Consultant in an End To End Implementation When you talk about the role of a Functional consultant in an end to end implementation, I think it won’t be possible for me or anybody to define everything but I will try to summarize it: Functional consultant is expected to generate knowledge about the current business process, design current business flows, study current business processes and its complication, in all we can say getting through with current business setup. Flow diagrams and DFD are prepared, most of the time in Vision format, all this forms the part of AS IS document. Everything configured has to be documented as per their categories in the form of predefined templates, these have to be then approved by the team leads or who ever the consultant is reporting to. Mapping and GAP analysis is done for each module, I have seen people defining integration after mapping, gap analysis and configuration is done, but as per my experience in implementation, it is a simultaneous process. Before starting configuring future business processes in SAP, the DFD/ERD are prepared, this documentation is called TO BE, which can be also siad as the result of mapping and gap analysis. Sometimes Functional consultants are also expected to prepare test scripts for testing the configured scenarios. End user manual and user training is also expected from F.Consultants. The project normally starts off with a Kick off meeting in which the team size, team members, reporting system, responsibilities, duties, methodlogy, dates and schedules, working hours which have been predicided are formally defined. ASAP, it won’t be possible for me to explain it here, but all I can tell you about it is that it is SAP standard implementation methodology, which SAP prescribes but is not mandatory for any company to follow, such as IBM follow some blue Methodlogy, some companies follow typical SDLC steps, ASAP stands for Accerlated SAP, you can find all the steps on SAP site, through google, reading it from there won’t give you a great knowledge about ASAP but will obviously get you to know the definitions of various term. 20. How is CRM and R/3 differ from each other? R/3 is an integration of different application suits. It has its own architecture and way fo functioning. CRM is all about maintaining the relationship with a customer. It is supposed to enhance the profit of the company or organisation since the ultimate goal of any company is profit. Therefore CRM is one step ahead for their goal achievements. SAP R/3 is a 3 tier based client/ server based application. One layer is presentation layer (Client) which interfaces with the end user. Second layer is application layer for all business – specific requirements (Program), and third is database which contains all information and records about the system, including transcational and configration data. SAP R/3 has been developed in it’s own language called ABAP (Advanced business application programming). 21. Advantages of CRM Using CRM, a business can: Provide better customer service Increase customer revenues Discover new customers Cross sell/Up Sell products more effectively Help sales staff close deals faster Make call centers more efficient Simplify marketing and sales processes The types of data CRM projects collect Responses to campaigns Shipping and fulfillment dates Sales and purchase data Account information Web registration data Service and support records Demographic data Web sales data 22. What is Task & Activity? Basically there are two kinds of Activities, which are called as Tasks and Business activities. A Business activity contains information about business partner interaction on a particular date A Task contains information about what one or more employees have to complete by a particular date. In very simple words Tasks are activities in which the BP is not involved and activities are in which the BP data is involved. 23. How to integrate R/3 with CRM? To exchange data between ECC ( R3 ) and CRM systems we need to maintain connectivity for both systems. Please ask your Basis consultant to do the following configuration. Maintain Logical Systems in both systems and link with respective clients. Maintain RFC destinations in both systems pointing to each other system. Maintain Number ranges as mirror images in both systems. Ex: Maintain same number range in ECC as Internal and in CRM as External or vice versa. Below are the steps for the integration between R/3 & CRM : SAP ECC : Define logical system for ECC ( Name ) Define logical system for CRM ( To establish the cross connection ) Identify the data which you wanted to copy to crm Assign logical system to the client SAP CRM : Define logical system for CRM Define logical system for ECC Assign logical system to client Copy the required data from ECC . 24. What is master data in sap crm? Master Data is org & CP baqsic data which are mandatory for creating org & CP in CRM system. EX: Org Name & adress detaisl & Contact details and CP related Names and contact details 25. How to enhance BP? You can enhance the business partner from Easy Enhancement Workbench (EEW) Key features of the Easy Enhancement Workbench include the following: Wizard for adding new fields and new tables to business partner master data No required detailed knowledge of the development environment and data model Wizards for the extension process 26. What is Activity Journal? With activity journals, you can record and update information gathered from customer visit or telephone calls. For example activity journals can contain: Products or product categories Product-related information such as what products were discussed with the customer or the number of samples given to the customer 27. In Delta download which table is retrieve from R/3 to CRM? It’s not just one table or a specific table that is retrieved from R/3 to CRM. Based on the filters set initially for different object types whenever the data is modified What is the rule of organizational determination?or deleted the same will be replicated to CRM from R3 in the form of Bdocs or Idocs. 28. There are two types of Organizational determination rules. Organization determination rule: The respective organization is determined based on the organization or general attributes assigned to the organization in the organizational model. Responsibility rule: In this rule, the Org attributes are not considered and the responsible Organization unit is assigned directly. 29. At the time of Implemention, What type of problem you generally face? There will be different phases in Implementation, you actually do a lot of brain storming sessions in the blue print phase and in the realization phase you do all your trials and configurations or may be experiments :) in the sand box. So you can’t really say there are specific problems. It actually involves a lot of discussions. 30. What is the standard transaction type for quatation? Transactio type - AG Item category - AGN 31. How can links be maintained between various sub opportunities and asingle opportunity? Project profile can help in maintaining the link between an opportunity and other various sub opportunities. 32. Define CRM Marketing? CRM Marketing is considered to be the main components used to maintain good Customer Relationship Management and are used in planning actions marketing activities. Analysis of various segments of marketing is all done with the help of CRM Marketing. 33. Define Market Plan? The market plan is used for the implementation of the market policy of an organization. 34. What are the benefits of CRM? CRM benefits are wide-ranging – from higher levels of customer engagement, loyalty, and revenue to lower costs and smarter customer-facing activities. Explore some of the top benefits of CRM systems below. Increase the sales and revenue Access deep customer insights Highly targeted marketing Boost customer satisfaction Easy for internal and external collaboration 35. What is Marketing Permissions Assignment Block (AB)? Depending on your legal requirements, you can use some or all of the following fields in the Marketing Permissions assignment block for accounts and contacts assigned to an account: Communication Channels - Specifies how marketing messages can be communicated, for example by e-mail, letter, or SMS. You configure values for communication media in Customizing of campaign execution. Form of Consent - Specifies how the account or contact communicated the consent information, for example by letter or by e-mail. You configure values for the form of consent in Customizing. Date of Consent - Specifies the date on which the account gave or rejected consent Consent - Specifies the consent status as Given or Rejected Communication Details - Specifies the e-mail address, telephone number, pager or so on that can be used, or must not be used for accounts and contact. 36. What is Master Data? Master data comprise data about basic objects used in business transactions in SAP Customer Relationship Management (SAP CRM) and stored on a long-term basis, such as data on accounts, products, installed bases, or warranties. 37. What is Organizational Management in CRM? Organizational Management in CRM offers you a flexible tool for displaying your company’s task-related, functional organizational structure as a current organizational model. Displaying your service or sales and distribution structure is at the forefront of CRM. To work with SAP CRM, you can simply display the organizational units that are relevant for your sales and service-related processes CRM organizational management has many options for linking to your organizational units: The organizational units (for example, sales organization, service organization) are not already specified: You can include your own organizational levels and leave levels out. The SAP ECC organizational units (for example, sales organization, distribution channel, division, maintenance processing plant) can be assigned as attributes to the organizational units in CRM. These attributes are not mandatory for planning the organizational model. However, they are required for automatically determining organizational data in transactions. You can activate an organization to be used for several scenarios, enabling it to be a sales organization and a service organization at the same time. The organizational model is time-dependent. This enables you to plan organizational changes in the future. Organizational units can occur as business partners. The system automatically creates a business partner record for an organizational unit with the organizational unit role. 38. What are the differences in the Organizational Data in SAP ECC (SD) and CRM? Organizational management in SAP CRM offers a flexible tool for maintaining the company structure for different scenarios (Sales, Service and Enterprise Buyer Professional). SAP ECC component Sales and Distribution (SD) You maintain the sales organization in Customizing Organization Settings. You maintain the organizational plan for HR and Workflow independently in Business Management (Basis). Organizational data in Sales and Distribution is static, changes in organizational data result in major changes in Customizing. Responsibilities are proposed from the sales area-related data from the customer master SAP CRM component Organizational Data You maintain the organizational model once for all applications in CRM. Scenario-specific data in the structure is assigned by attributes to the organizational units. These attributes are passed onto subordinate organizational units. Organizational models can be maintained and adapted dynamically. Responsibilities are defined independently from the business partner master and are determined, if required, from the organizational model. 39. What are Organizational Objects? Objects used for the object-orientated design of Organizational Management when structuring an organizational model. The following object types are available in CRM: Organizational unit Position 40. What is Organizational Management in SAP CRM? Organizational Management in CRM offers you a flexible tool for displaying your company’s task-related, functional organizational structure as a current organizational model. 41. Define campaign management? For the improvement of the sales, campaign management is used by an organization. It includes creating campaigns. SAP CRM Questions and Answers Pdf Download Read the full article
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Consolidation of Joint Wander Organization in India, Ventures for fuse
Fuse of Joint Wander Organization in India, Technique for Arrangement of Joint Wander Organization in India. Joint Wander in India by Outside Organizations, Another alternative accessible for remote substance to put resources into India is to set up a joint wander organization, which implies cooperation with an Indian organization and contributing as far as capital, framework, learning, innovation, and so forth. It might include a completely new business, or a current business that is relied upon to essentially profit by the presentation of the new member. A joint wander organization can be set up as a different lawful element, unmistakable from both, the outside substance and Indian element. Fuse of Joint Wander Organization in India Things to be remembered before fuse: Restricted control: Not at all like a completely claimed backup, a joint wander organization offers a constrained level of control to both the elements. This is because of an extremely clear reason that both, the Indian and additionally the outside organization, have practically measure up to stake in a joint wander. In this way, if an outside element will harvest the favorable circumstances like sharing of dangers, simple section into Indian markets, exploiting framework set up, and so forth., as opposed to practicing full control of the new organization, at that point setting up of a joint wander with an Indian organization is most appropriate. Social and social contrasts: Each nation has its own specific manner of working together. In a joint wander, at least two organizations from various outlooks, social and social foundations meet up for working together. Indian organization may fear finish procurement by its outside partner. Then again, outside element may be uneasy about Indian substance before contributing such a gigantic measure of capital. Hence, both the associates must make sure about their similarity with each other and willing to deal with their disparities for a smooth and productive business ahead. Picking the correct accomplice: Before going into a joint wander with any Indian organization, the outside financial specialist must comprehend what it should pick up from this joint wander. It must suit to the necessities of outside substance. For instance, if an outside financial specialist is prepared to contribute as far as capital, learning and ability and innovation yet needs in setting up of framework, labor, access to Indian markets, at that point the proposed Indian teammate must make up for it Documentation in a Joint Wander: Exchanges in a joint wander request effective, clear and secure documentation. Contingent on the idea of the structure, authoritative assentions would be drafted and executed, which will set out terms and conditions for both the accomplices. A couple of cases are, joint wander assention, investor's understanding, update and articles of affiliation or some other assention for coordinated effort. Setting up of a joint wander A joint wander may mean either to set up a totally new organization (open or private) in Indian with an Indian accomplice or it might include putting resources into an effectively existing organization in India. Applicable Parts of this article . Setting Up of Business in India by Remote Organizations . Remote Institutional Financial specialist Ventures for fuse Affirming Expert: Enlistment center of Organizations (RoC) Another joint wander organization: Method for consolidation and post fuse statutory compliances of another joint wander organization will be like that of fuse of an entirely claimed auxiliary (open or private) in India, with just contrast in its shareholding design. For this situation, both Indian and outside accomplices should have their concurred level of stakes in the joint wander organization. Interest in a current Indian organization: A remote speculator organization may subscribe a level of offers of a current Indian organization by method for assignment or exchange of offers officially designated. This will help sparing the underlying expense of joining and different foundations. It will likewise spare time of both the accomplices and the business can be begun instantly once the underlying conventions are finished. For this situation, if shares are allocated to the remote financial specialist, at that point the subtle elements of the same might be accounted for by the Indian organization to the Hold Bank of India (RBI) in Frame FC-GPR, inside 30 days of portion, through its approved merchant Then again, if the offers are exchanged from a current investor (transferor) to the remote speculator, at that point Shape FC-TRS should be recorded with RBI, through its approved merchant, inside 60 days of receipt of full and last measure of thought. It must be noted here that in this circumstance, recording of Frame FC-TRS is the obligation of the transferor, on the off chance that he is occupant in India. Suggested Articles . History of Shared Assets, Check Common Assets History in India . Best Taste Common Assets to Put resources into 2017 – Interest in India . Common Assets: How to Purchase and Offer – Reclamation of Shared Assets . 7 Brilliant Principles for Contributing Insightfully, How to Put resources into India . Gainfulness Record (PI): What is? . Retail Financial specialists and Shared Subsidizes in India . EPFO Versatile Application – Check EPF Adjust by Missed Call, SMS . Sectoral Shared Assets: Which means, Goals, Hazard . Best Long haul Venture Designs In India . KVP, PPF, NSC Which is ideal? Examination Outline . National Investment funds Declaration (NSC) – Introduction, Sorts, Financing costs . New businesses in India, Approaches to enhance your Startup In India
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kmelhart-blog · 8 years ago
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1.       How does the use of a very simplified model of the economy such as those found in a production possibilities frontier help you to understand the economy?
Production Possibilities Frontier, (PPF) reflects the output that the economy can produce.  When you expend X time while assuming ceteris paribus, how much time you will have for a set of product, and the amount of output that activity garners.  As in the production possibilities chart reflecting different combinations of two goods, cookies or cards allocating resources.  
Cookies
05
10
15
20
Cards
30
15
7
2
0These possible scenarios are plotted on a graph and the points are the PPF.  The points that lie outside PPF, points that lie to the left of the curve, are impossible and the points at the extremes 30 cards and 0 cookies or cookies 20 and cards 0 the opportunity costs are from the amount of cards are lost or not produced when a number of cookies are produced, example is to produce 15 cards I can produce 5 cookies but I have lost 15 cards in order to produce the combination.  
The points on the line are plotted to reach a PPF that will allow the economy to see what is possible vs. impossible with the allocated resources.  If it is inefficiency occurs the combination will not be on the curve it will be inside the curve which indicates the resources are not used to the maximum. The above combinations are an increasing opportunity due to the shape of the curve, and the law of increasing opportunity that to produce anything the opportunity to produce it is going to get bigger.  
Give an example of a positive or normative statement about the economy.  Why does it matter which it is?
Positive Statements are based on empirical evidence, can be tested, and involve no value judgments.
"Their research leads to two conclusions. First, tax evasion is extremely concentrated. ***the richest 1% of households, with net assets of at least $2m, underpaid by around 10%. "  This is provable as a graph and statistics provided the areas where taxes are concentrated.   This is provable as the tax documents were examined and complied from the tax documents that were available to them citing Swiss Leaks and Panama Papers, with quantitative evidence from taxes filed.
Normative Statements use values and or opinions in the analysis and expresses judgment about whether a situation is desirable or undesirable. 
"Globalisation has disproportionately benefited the rich in part by rewarding capital more handsomely than labour."   This statement can be thought of as, "What ought to be."  If this than that, however tax evasion is not a new practice.  As most European countries share borders the movement of money from one banking system is akin to U.S. citizens banking in the next state.  As Switzerland's bank secrecy, Banking Law of 1934.  This country has served as a tax haven since WWII possibly holding the Nazi party's assets.  These assets were under investigation when holocaust victim families petitioned UBS to open its banking records.   The statement of, "Globalisation has disproportionately benefited the rich in part by rewarding capital more handsomely than labour." is an opinion that should state globalization since at least 1934. 
The examples of the Positive and Normative Statements from research from the Swiss Leaks examined the bank accounts held at HBSC Ch and Panama Papers that use off shore accounts and shell companies to gain tax advantages. 
"Gimmie Shelter." June 1, 2017. The Economist.
http://www.economist.com/news/finance-and-economics/21722897-swiss-leaks-and-panama-papers-open-window-tax-dodgers-world
The proposal for the Koch industries to evade taxes were impressive as each company was to be set up for the benefit of the holding or subsidiary companies.  I reviewed one scheme where a shell company created in Malta known as the Malta company would accept profits from the parent company.  The Malta would act as a pass through to another Koch shell company that would receive the funds that should have been taxed under local tax laws in that country. 
Social scientists and public policies can askew the viewpoints of the under informed or the uneducated giving them some perversion of the data, facts that are indisputable. 
As an accounting manager it is remarkable that individuals haven’t found a way to wash their money in the same manner as multinational companies.  If we the citizens are supporting the economy and the infrastructure then why are domestic companies allowed to do business in the U.S. while legally evading U.S. taxes.
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elawoman123-blog · 7 years ago
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Dr. Manika Khanna Gaudium | Gaudium IVF Greater Kailash | Elawoman
Dr. Manika Khanna Gaudium Trained at Melbourne IVF, Australia & the University of Kiel, Germany, she founded Gaudium IVF & Gynae Solutions Centre to fulfill her long standing dream of bringing international standards of fertility care to India. The unprecedented success of the first Gaudium IVF Greater Kailash in Delhi paved the way for Gaudium to evolve into the best IVF clinic chain in India.
Hailed as the youngest consistent achiever in infertility and IVF care, Dr. Manika has over 10,000 successful IVF treatments to her credit with healthy Gaudium babies growing in over 30 countries.
Born and raised in Delhi in a family of freedom fighters and doctors, Dr. Manika is a Gold Medallist from Baroda Medical College, Gujarat. After completing her MBBS in 1996, followed by MD (Obstetrics & Gynaecology) in 1999, she completed her Diploma Training in Advanced Gynaecological Endoscopic Surgery (D.A.G.E.) at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Germany. This was followed by an advanced training course in Assisted Reproduction in Humans (IVF) from Melbourne IVF, Australia.
Before founding Gaudium IVF & Gynae Solutions Centre in 2009, Dr. Manika served as Consultant Physician at Deen Dayal Upadhyay Hospital, New Delhi and later as Senior Consultant and Head of Department, Gynaecology and Obstetrics at Sri Balaji Action Medical Institute, New Delhi for several years.
An acclaimed infertility expert with over 17 years of clinical experience, Dr. Manika has done pioneering work in the field of IVF and gynaecology-related medical conditions. She is particularly experienced in treating serious infertility conditions such as recurrent IVF failure, recurrent miscarriage, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), endometriosis and uterine fibroids. Besides heading a team of top fertility experts at Gaudium IVF & Gynae Solutions Centres, she is on the expert panel of infertility units of various renowned hospitals.
In 2014, she created history in IVF treatment in India by successfully treating a patient with 15 previously failed IVF cycles. The patient gave birth to a healthy baby boy at Gaudium IVF and Gynae Solutions Janakpuri after an agonising 17 years of immense physical, emotional and financial strain.
Founded the Gaudium Foundation to provide free and subsidised treatment to economically weak patients.
In 2015, initiated Naari Jeevan Strot, a unique women & child health campaign by Gaudium Foundation that has connected the largest network of cities and districts in 5 major North Indian states of Delhi-NCR, Haryana, Chandigarh, Punjab and Himachal Pradesh. The initiative, which provides health education and free and subsidised medical relief to the less privileged through health camps and nukkad natak (street plays), has touched the lives of nearly 10 million women and was recognised as the best philanthropy project of the year 2014-2015 by Healthcare Leaders’ Forum & Awards 2015.
Established the Poor Patient Fund (PPF) at Gaudium IVF — a unique and innovative way for well- to-do families to donate for the treatment of underprivileged fertility patients. The initiative, which has received tremendous support from our dear patrons, provides for the treatment of 3 to 4 patients each month and has so far supported over 120 disadvantaged couples.
Active member of the Ekta Mission, a Delhi-based organisation working to provide elementary health services for underprivileged women and children.
Working proactively for the cause of the Girl Child – felicitated by the Lions Club for raising awareness against female infanticide.
Active ongoing participation in raising AIDS awareness through strategy-formulation summits, lectures and seminars.
Awarded by the Ekta Mission for outstanding contribution to the field of medicine.
An ethical, compassionate and committed medical professional, Dr. Manika is revered in the medical community for her exemplary contributions to infertility treatment in India.
With a vision to provide the best of advanced fertility care, Dr. Manika established Gaudium IVF, she has emerged as the Global Icon in IVF by delivering the highest success rate and over 10,000 IVF babies all over the world and again by treating the most complicated and challenging infertility conditions.
She has been consistently recognised and honoured with several awards such as “Asia’s greatest Health leader”, “Mahila Achiever Award” and the prestigious “Delhi Ratan”.
Dr. Manika has been credited with some of the highest IVF success rates and unequalled success in cases of recurrent IVF failure, male factor infertility, endometriosis and high-risk pregnancies.
There could not have been a better name for an institution, Gaudium, Delhi IVF Clinics that has brought a lifetime of joy to thousands of families across the world.
Gaudium, Latin for joy, has ushered a new era of affordable and effective IVF clinic in Delhi, India, emerging as the preferred destination for patients seeking fertility care they can trust. A leading Government-approved IVF centre with 9 state-of-the-art centres across North India, Gaudium IVF centre combines advanced reproductive technology with world-class clinical expertise to bring you customised fertility solutions that work. Each patient who walks into a Gaudium facility is treated with utmost compassion and respect and receives personalised attention from a dedicated team of experts.
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One of the main gynecologists of the city, Dr. Manika Khanna (Gaudium Ivf And Gynae Solutions) in Janak Puri has built up the facility and has picked up a devoted customer base in the course of recent years and is additionally as often as possible went to by a few VIPs, trying models and other decent customers and global patients too. They likewise anticipate growing their business further and giving administrations to a few more patients inferable from its prosperity in the course of recent years. The proficiency, devotion, exactness and empathy offered at the center guarantee that the patient's prosperity, solace and needs are kept of best need.
Dr. Manika Khanna (Gaudium Ivf And Gynae Solutions) in Delhi treats the different diseases of the patients by helping them experience top notch medicines and methodology. Among the various administrations offered here, the center gives medications to Uterine Fibroids or Myomas, Ovarian Cysts, Endometriosis, Pelvic Organ Prolapse, Urinary Problems, Vaginal Discharge, Subfertility, Menopause, Gynecological Cancers, Abnormal Pap Smears - Pre-Invasive Cervical/Vaginal Disease and Vulva Conditions.
An Infertility Evaluation is usually initiated after one year of regular unprotected intercourse in women under age 35 years and after six months of unprotected intercourse in women age 35 years and older. However, the evaluation may be initiated sooner in women with irregular menstrual cycles or known risk factors for infertility, such as endometriosis, a history of pelvic inflammatory disease, or reproductive tract malformations.
The basic evaluation can be performed by an interested and experienced primary care physician or an obstetrician-gynecologist. The primary care physician generally should refer the patient to a specialist for treatment of infertility. Many gynecologists initiate treatment prior to referral to a reproductive endocrinologist. This decision depends upon the results of infertility tests and clinician experience.
Multiple tests have been proposed for evaluation of female infertility. Some of these tests are supported by good evidence, while others are not. This topic will provide an evidence-based approach to the evaluation of female infertility. The etiology and treatment of female infertility, as well as the etiology, evaluation, and treatment of male infertility, are discussed separately.
INITIAL APPROACH — Both partners of an infertile couple should be evaluated for factors that could be impairing fertility. The infertility specialist then uses this information to counsel the couple about the possible etiologies of their infertility and to offer a treatment plan targeted to their specific needs.
It is important to remember that the couple may have multiple factors contributing to their infertility; therefore, a complete initial diagnostic evaluation should be performed to detect the most common causes of infertility, if present. When applicable, evaluation of both partners is performed concurrently [1].
The recognition, evaluation, and treatment of infertility are stressful for most couples [2]. The clinician should not ignore the couple's emotional state, which may include depression, anger, anxiety, and marital discord. Information should be supportive and informative. (See "Psychological stress and infertility".)
History and physical examination — Findings on history and physical examination may suggest the cause of infertility and thus help focus the diagnostic evaluation. Components of the infertility history are listed in the table (table 1).
History — The most important points in the history are:
●Duration of infertility and results of previous evaluation and therapy.
●Menstrual history (cycle length and characteristics), which helps in determining ovulatory status. For example, regular monthly cycles with molimina (breast tenderness, ovulatory pain, bloating) suggest the patient is ovulatory and characteristics such as severe dysmenorrhea suggest endometriosis.
●Medical, surgical, and gynecological history (including sexually transmitted infections, pelvic inflammatory disease, and treatment of abnormal Pap smears) to look for conditions, procedures, or medications potentially associated with infertility. At a minimum, the review of systems should determine whether the patient has symptoms of thyroid disease, galactorrhea, hirsutism, pelvic or abdominal pain, dysmenorrhea, or dyspareunia. Young women who have undergone unilateral oophorectomy generally do not have reduced fertility since young women have many primordial follicles per ovary; however, prior unilateral oophorectomy may impact fertility in older women as they may develop diminished ovarian reserve sooner than women with two ovaries [3].
●Obstetrical history to assess for events potentially associated with subsequent infertility or adverse outcome in a future pregnancy.
●Sexual history, including sexual dysfunction and frequency of coitus. Infrequent or ineffective coitus can be an explanation for infertility.
●Family history, including family members with infertility, birth defects, genetic mutations, or mental retardation. Women with fragile X premutation may develop premature ovarian failure, while males may have learning problems, developmental delay, or autistic features.
●Personal and lifestyle history including age, occupation, exercise, stress, dieting/changes in weight, smoking, and alcohol use, all of which can affect fertility.
Physical examination — The physical examination should assess for signs of potential causes of infertility. The patient's body mass index (BMI) should be calculated and fat distribution noted, as extremes of BMI are associated with reduced fertility and abdominal obesity is associated with insulin resistance.
In the setting of primary amenorrhea, incomplete development of secondary sexual characteristics is a sign of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. A body habitus that is short and stocky, with a squarely shaped chest, suggests Turner syndrome in patients with absent periods.
Abnormalities of the thyroid gland, galactorrhea, or signs of androgen excess (hirsutism, acne, male pattern baldness, virilization) suggest the presence of an endocrinopathy (eg, hyper- or hypothyroidism, hyperprolactinemia, polycystic ovary syndrome, adrenal disorder).
Tenderness or masses in the adnexae or posterior cul-de-sac (pouch of Douglas) are consistent with chronic pelvic inflammatory disease or endometriosis. Palpable tender nodules in the posterior cul-de-sac, uterosacral ligaments, or rectovaginal septum are additional signs of endometriosis.
Vaginal/cervical structural abnormalities or discharge suggest the presence of a müllerian anomaly, infection, or cervical factor.
It is difficult to predict the likelihood of pregnancy based upon the results of semen analysis alone, as there is extensive overlap between the semen parameters of fertile and infertile men. If the semen analysis is abnormal, the clinician should review details of specimen collection and transport with the patient, repeat the test due to the marked inherent variability of semen analyses, and consider referral to a urologist or other specialist in male reproduction.
The techniques for semen analysis and interpretation of results are discussed in detail separately. (See "Approach to the male with infertility", section on 'Semen analysis'.)
Assessment of ovulatory function — Assessment of ovulatory function is a key component of the evaluation of the female partner since ovulatory dysfunction is a common cause of infertility. The treatment of women with ovulatory dysfunction is aimed at improving or inducing ovulatory function; a variety of treatment strategies is available. (See "Treatments for female infertility".)
Women who have regular menses approximately every 28 days with molimina symptoms prior to menses (breast tenderness, bloating, fatigue, etc.) are most likely ovulatory. In women who do not describe their cycles as such, laboratory assessment of ovulation should be performed. Ovulation is most easily documented by a mid-luteal phase serum progesterone level, which should be obtained approximately one week before the expected menses. For a typical 28-day cycle, the test would be obtained on day 21. A progesterone level >3 ng/mL is evidence of recent ovulation .
An alternative is to have the patient use an over-the-counter urinary ovulation prediction kit. These kits detect luteinizing hormone (LH) and are highly effective for predicting the timing of the LH surge that reliably indicates ovulation. Home kits have a 5 to 10 percent false positive and false negative rate. Therefore, serum confirmation can be useful in patients who are unable to detect a urinary LH surge.
Other methods of determining ovulation, such as daily ultrasounds to follow the development and ultimately the disappearance of a follicle (the most accurate method of documenting ovulation  and endometrial biopsy to document secretory changes in the endometrium are too expensive or invasive for routine diagnostic assessment of ovulation.
If the mid-luteal progesterone concentration is <3 ng/mL, the patient is evaluated for causes of anovulation. The minimal work-up includes serum prolactin, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), FSH, and assessment for polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). The etiology and diagnostic evaluation of anovulation are reviewed separately. (See "Evaluation and management of secondary amenorrhea".)
Assessment of ovarian reserve — Diminished ovarian reserve can refer to diminished oocyte quality, oocyte quantity, or reproductive potential [7]. The identification of diminished ovarian reserve is an increasingly important component of the initial infertility evaluation as patients are presenting for diagnostic evaluation later in their reproductive lifespan. Guidelines for testing from national organizations are available [7,8]. However, there is no ideal test for assessing ovarian reserve. A number of screening tests are utilized, but no single test is highly reliable for predicting pregnancy potential. Therefore, coordination of tests provides the best assessment.
We test ovarian reserve with an anti-müllerian hormone (AMH) level and a day 3 follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and estradiol levels. Other tests such as the clomiphene citrate challenge test (CCCT) and antral follicle count are utilized by some specialists and in special circumstances. These tests have good specificity for predicting a poor response in in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles, but have more limited value for predicting IVF outcome.
Day 3 FSH and CCCT — Both the day 3 FSH level (where day 1 is the first day of full menstrual flow) and the CCCT, which is a provocative test for measurement of FSH, are widely used for screening ovarian reserve. The CCCT involves oral administration of 100 mg clomiphene citrate on cycle days 5 through 9 with measurement of day 3 and day 10 FSH levels and day 3 estradiol level.
The premise of these tests is that women with good ovarian reserve have sufficient production of ovarian hormones from small follicles early in the menstrual cycle to maintain FSH at a low level. In contrast, women with a reduced pool of follicles and oocytes have insufficient production of ovarian hormones to provide normal inhibition of pituitary secretion of FSH, so FSH rises early in the cycle [9].
Meta-analyses of nonrandomized studies concluded that basal cycle day 3 FSH and the CCCT perform similarly for predicting ability to achieve a clinical pregnancy in women undergoing infertility treatment [10,11]. With either test, a normal result is not useful in predicting fertility, but a highly abnormal result (we use FSH >20 mIU/mL) suggests that pregnancy is unlikely with treatment involving the woman's own oocytes, particularly in women of more advanced reproductive age.
Based on these findings and the cost advantage and simplicity of the day 3 FSH, we obtain a day 3 FSH concentration and consider a value less than 10 mIU/mL suggestive of adequate ovarian reserve, and levels of 10 to 15 mIU/ml borderline. The upper threshold for a normal FSH concentration is laboratory dependent; cutoff values of 10 to 25 mIU/mL have been reported because of use of different FSH assay reference standards and assay methodologies.
We also check a cycle day 3 estradiol level, although there are conflicting data as to whether it is predictive of ovarian reserve and the response to ovarian stimulation (as in IVF) [12,13]. We consider a value <80 pg/mL suggestive of adequate ovarian reserve, but other cut-offs are also utilized. In one prospective study of women undergoing IVF, day 3 estradiol levels >80 pg/mL resulted in higher cycle cancellation rates and lower pregnancy rates, and estradiol levels >100 pg/mL were associated with a 0 percent pregnancy rate [14].
Elevated basal estradiol levels are due to advanced premature follicle recruitment that occurs in women with poor ovarian reserve. High estradiol levels can inhibit pituitary FSH production and thus mask one of the signs of decreased ovarian reserve in perimenopausal women. Thus, measurement of both FSH and estradiol levels helps to avoid false-negative FSH testing.
Dr. Manika Khanna Gaudium, MBBS, MD, D.A.G.E (Germany) is an award-winning Infertility Specialist and Laparoscopic Surgeon who has been facilitated with numerous honours and awards for her exemplary achievements in the field of Assisted Reproduction. She is the Best Gynecologists in Delhi.
If CCCT is performed, we consider FSH less than 10 milli-international units/mL on both day 3 and day 10 suggestive of adequate ovarian reserve; a borderline FSH of 10 to 15 milli-international units/mL and an elevated FSH level on either day 3 or day 10 suggests decreased ovarian reserve. Estradiol can be measured on day 3, but a cycle day 10 estradiol is not part of the standard CCCT as it reflects the magnitude of the ovarian follicular response to clomiphene 100 mg daily for five days, not ovarian reserve.
If the day 3 FSH or CCCT is abnormal, the patient should be referred to a reproductive endocrinologist to discuss further diagnostic and treatment options. These options depend on the results of other diagnostic tests, the patient’s age [15], and other factors and may include aggressive ovulation induction, IVF, or use of donor oocytes. However, patients with markedly diminished ovarian reserve rarely conceive without the use of donor eggs.
Anti-müllerian hormone (AMH) — Anti-müllerian hormone (AMH) is a member of the TGF-beta family and is expressed by the small (<8 mm) preantral and early antral follicles. The AMH level reflects the size of the primordial follicle pool, and may be the best biochemical marker of ovarian function across an array of clinical situations [16]. In adult women, AMH levels gradually decline as the primordial follicle pool declines with age [17]; AMH is undetectable at menopause [18].
●AMH <0.5 ng/mL predicts reduced ovarian reserve with less than three follicles in an IVF cycle
Assessment of fallopian tube patency — We perform HSG as the first-line test for evaluation of tubal patency because of therapeutic, as well as diagnostic, benefits [38]. HyCoSy is a reasonable alternative; the choice of test is determined by availability.
When the diagnosis is in doubt, more invasive tests can be used to confirm the diagnosis and provide an opportunity for concurrent therapeutic intervention. These tests include laparoscopy with chromotubation and fluoroscopic/hysteroscopic selective tubal cannulation.
Hysterosalpingogram — HSG is the standard of care to look for tubal occlusion in all patients, unless laparoscopy is planned [39,40]. In HSG, water or lipid soluble contrast media is used. HyCoSy is a reasonable alternative. HSG also provides information about the uterine cavity. Women with abnormalities on HSG should be referred to a reproductive endocrinologist to discuss treatment options. (See "Hysterosalpingography".)
HSG is not useful for detecting peritubal adhesions or endometriosis [39]. We perform diagnostic laparoscopy and chromotubation in women suspected of having endometriosis or pelvic adhesions related to a previous pelvic infection or surgery. Ablation of implants and lysis of adhesions, when indicated, can be performed at the same procedure (see 'Role of laparoscopy' below).
A meta-analysis of 20 studies involving 4179 patients compared HSG and laparoscopy with chromotubation (the gold standard); the calculated sensitivity and specificity for diagnosis of tubal patency were only 65 and 83 percent, respectively [39]. However, when subgroups of women undergoing HSG were analyzed, HSG appeared to have very high specificity and sensitivity for diagnosing distal tubal occlusion or major distal tubal adhesions, but much lower specificity for diagnosing proximal tubal occlusion.
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