#polyurethane foam liquid suppliers

[industrialandsafetysupply]

Learn All About Spill Containment Berm to Prevent Workplace from Hazardous

A spill containment berm is designed to contain leaks, spills of oil, runoff, drips, and other hazardous liquids. It is a permanent trap solution that works like a catch basin. You can build a berm underneath a source of a spill to catch and slow down the spread of fluids. Let’s know the various types of spill-berm containment systems and their practical uses.

Uses of Spill Berm

There are two primary uses: spill containment and secondary containment. Spill containment berms enable facilities to comply with Spill Prevention, Control, and Countermeasure (SPCC) regulations set by the EPA.

Berms assist companies with hazardous spill handling. They collaborate with equipment, including spill absorbents, spill kits, and pallets, to keep spills under control. They have the essential job of preventing pollutants such as oil from entering stormwater.

Spill Containment Berm Types

There are many different types and styles of spill containment berms available to fit all your needs. Some are hard-sided with L-bracket wall frames. Others have spherical sidewalls that collapse. Some models need assembly, and some roll out or come unpacked for immediate use.

The world’s biggest spill containment manufacturer, UltraTech International, Inc., suggests choosing the right type that is made from high-quality materials to harsh chemicals. The sidewall heights and spill sizes of containment berms can be customized from small, portable berms that hold just a few gallons to large, custom-sized berms capable of containing thousands. Specialty berms are also available for specific applications, including wellheads and railroad tracks.

Secondary Containment Berms Materials

The spill berms’ area is made of malleable but durable materials, which keep liquids contained. These fabrics can be synthetic materials such as vinyl-coated polyester, PVC, polyurethane, and polyethylene.

Foam wall berms are built with a thick inner layer of blocks. For vehicles entering and exiting, a ground or track mat is suggested. This layer of the berm, tires, and dirt prevents erosion, prolonging the berm's life.

With numerous designs and versatile applications, picking the ideal spill containment berm for your business can be daunting. If you need guidance or have questions, reach out to the expert support.

About Industrial Safety and Supply:

Industrial Safety and Supply offers a broad range of construction supplies that combine superior safety standards with unmatched efficiency. Its spill berms, specialty products, light fixtures, facility protection, spill response, and stormwater management are known for their durability and effectiveness. The supplier’s commitment to safety, effectiveness, and affordability helps the company to establish a healthy connection with customers.

Explore more products at https://industrialandsafetysupply.com/

Original Source: https://bit.ly/3Bi20iW

[packaginginnigeria]

 What material is used for packaging box?

Materials Used for Packaging Boxes

When selecting materials for packaging boxes, the choice largely depends on the type of product, required durability, and cost considerations. A Packaging Boxes Manufacturer and Supplier in Lagos typically works with several key materials to meet diverse packaging needs. Here’s a breakdown of commonly used materials:

1. Corrugated Cardboard

Structure: Consists of a fluted layer sandwiched between two linerboards. This construction provides strength and cushioning.

Uses: Ideal for shipping and storage, commonly used for shipping boxes, moving boxes, and product packaging.

Benefits: Offers excellent protection, is cost-effective, and can be recycled.

2. Paperboard

Structure: A single layer of thick paper, often used for lightweight packaging.

Uses: Commonly used for cereal boxes, cosmetic packaging, and small product packaging.

Benefits: Lightweight, easily customizable, and often used for retail packaging due to its good printability.

3. Kraft Paper

Structure: Made from wood pulp through a chemical process, known for its strength and durability.

Uses: Used for both inner and outer packaging, such as wrapping paper, paper bags, and protective liners.

Benefits: Eco-friendly, biodegradable, and provides a natural, rustic look.

4. Plastic

Types: Includes polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), and polyvinyl chloride (PVC), among others.

Uses: Used for flexible packaging, blisters, and clamshells. Ideal for items that require a clear view or a seal-tight package.

Benefits: Water-resistant, durable, and versatile. Can be customized in terms of thickness, color, and finish.

5. Metal

Types: Includes aluminum and tin.

Uses: Commonly used for high-end product packaging such as food tins, cosmetic containers, and specialty packaging.

Benefits: Provides excellent protection, is tamper-evident, and has a premium feel.

6. Glass

Types: Includes clear, colored, and frosted glass.

Uses: Used for packaging liquids like beverages, perfumes, and pharmaceuticals.

Benefits: Offers high protection, an upscale appearance, and is recyclable.

7. Biodegradable and Compostable Materials

Types: Includes materials like cornstarch-based plastics, mushroom-based packaging, and recycled paper products.

Uses: Suitable for eco-friendly packaging solutions.

Benefits: Reduces environmental impact, often used for products targeting eco-conscious consumers.

8. Foam

Types: Includes polyethylene foam, polyurethane foam, and expanded polystyrene (EPS).

Uses: Provides cushioning and protection for delicate items.

Benefits: Lightweight, shock-absorbent, and effective for protecting fragile goods during shipping.

Conclusion

A Packaging Boxes Manufacturer and Supplier in Lagos offers a variety of materials tailored to different packaging needs, from robust corrugated cardboard to sophisticated metal and glass options. Understanding the properties and benefits of each material helps businesses choose the most suitable packaging solution for their products, ensuring protection, presentation, and cost-effectiveness.

[alaskapuf]

Pre-insulated Pipes Manufacturers in India - Alaska PUF Industries

Pre Insulated Pipe Manufacturer- Alaska Puf

A pre-insulated pipe is a type of pipeline designed to transport hot or cold liquids and gases while maintaining a consistent temperature throughout the pipeline. It consists of a core pipe, typically made of seamless steel, surrounded by high-density polyurethane foam insulation. This insulation layer helps to minimise heat loss or gain. The entire assembly is encased in an outer protective jacket, which shields it from environmental damage. Pre-insulated pipes are commonly used in various industrial and commercial applications because they are easy to install, require minimal maintenance, and offer high durability and energy efficiency.

Alaska Puf Industries is a top manufacturer and supplier of pre-insulated pipes in India. These pipes are made by combining seamless steel pipes with high-density polyurethane foam insulation and an outer protective jacket. They are designed to transport hot and cold liquids and gases while keeping the temperature steady throughout the pipeline, making them great for many industrial and commercial uses.

Pre-insulated pipes are easy to install, need little maintenance, and are very durable. This makes them a cost-effective and reliable choice for many industries. With a focus on quality and customer satisfaction, Alaska Puf Industries is the preferred supplier for pre-insulated pipes in India.

Alaska PUF Industries is a leading manufacturer and worldwide exporter of pre-insulated pipes based in India. Our pre-insulated pipes are designed for thermal insulation applications, efficiently transporting hot and cold liquids and gases while maintaining a consistent temperature throughout the pipeline. These pipes are constructed by combining seamless steel pipes with high-density polyurethane foam insulation and an outer protective jacket, ensuring excellent thermal performance and durability.

With state-of-the-art manufacturing facilities and a skilled team, we produce pre-insulated pipes that meet the highest industry standards. Our advanced techniques and top-quality materials ensure reliability, durability, and ease of installation. Pre-insulated pipes from Alaska PUF Industries require minimal maintenance, making them a cost-effective and long-lasting solution for various industrial and commercial applications.

Committed to quality and customer satisfaction, Alaska PUF Industries is the preferred supplier for pre-insulated pipes in India and globally. Contact us today for your thermal insulation needs and experience the excellence of our products.

For More Information:

karmraj@alaskapuf.com divyaraj@alaskapuf.com

8141433999,8200100912

102 Avantika Flats, 35 Chaitanya Society, Sardar Patel Stadium Rd,, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380009

https://www.alaskapuf.com/pre-insulated-pipes.php

[shakunindustries]

Explore the Indian market for polyurethane foam liquid suppliers and uncover excellence with Shakun Industries. As a renowned industry leader, Shakun Industries offers top-quality polyurethane foam liquids tailored to your unique needs. Discover why they stand out as one of the best suppliers in India for this versatile material.

[qibo-new-energy]

Melting point range of adipic acid

Adipic acid is an organic compound with the formula (CH2)4(COOH)2. It is a white crystalline powder that is mainly used as a precursor for the production of nylon. Adipic acid is also used as a food additive, a plasticizer, and a component of some polyurethanes. In this article, we will explore the melting point range of adipic acid and its implications for its applications.

What is the Melting Point of Adipic Acid?

The melting point of a substance is the temperature at which it changes from a solid to a liquid state. The melting point range is the interval between the onset and the completion of melting. The melting point range can indicate the purity and stability of a substance, as well as its intermolecular forces.

According to EU Method A.1 (Melting / Freezing Temperature), the melting point of adipic acid is 150.85°C. This means that adipic acid starts to melt at this temperature and becomes completely liquid when heated further. The melting point range of adipic acid is not very wide, which suggests that it is a relatively pure and stable substance.

How Does the Melting Point Affect the Properties of Adipic Acid?

The melting point of adipic acid affects its physical and chemical properties, as well as its suitability for different applications. For example, adipic acid has a high solubility in water, which increases with temperature. At 25°C, adipic acid dissolves in water at 24 g/L, while at 100°C, it dissolves at 1600 g/L. This means that adipic acid can be easily dissolved and purified by recrystallization from water.

Another example is that adipic acid has a low vapor pressure, which decreases with temperature. At 18.5°C, adipic acid has a vapor pressure of 0.097 hPa, while at 25°C, it has a vapor pressure of 0.073 mmHg. This means that adipic acid does not evaporate easily and has a low volatility. This makes adipic acid suitable for applications that require high thermal stability, such as nylon production.

What are Some Applications of Adipic Acid?

Adipic acid is mainly used as a raw material for the production of nylon 6,6, which is a synthetic polymer with high strength, elasticity, and resistance to abrasion and chemicals. Nylon 6,6 is widely used in textiles, carpets, clothing, ropes, and industrial materials.

Adipic acid is also used as a food additive (E355) to provide acidity and flavor to some beverages and foods. It can also act as a leavening agent in baked goods and a gelling agent in some desserts.

Additionally, adipic acid is used as a plasticizer to improve the flexibility and durability of some plastics, such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC). It can also be used as a component of some polyurethanes, which are versatile polymers that can form foams, coatings, adhesives, and elastomers.

Conclusion

Adipic acid is an important dicarboxylic acid that has a melting point of 150.85°C. The melting point range of adipic acid affects its solubility, volatility, and thermal stability, which in turn influence its properties and applications. Adipic acid is mainly used for nylon production, but it also has other uses in food, plastics, and polyurethanes.

If you are looking for a reliable Adipic Acid supplier(CAS124-04-9), you can visit our website www.qiboch.com. We supply high quality Adipic Acid with competitive price and fast delivery. We also provide technical support and customer service to ensure your satisfaction. Whether you need adipic acid for industrial or laboratory use, we have the right product for you, contact us today!

[unitedfiresafety]

Foam Suppliers: Your Guide to Understanding Foam and Finding the Right Supplier

Foam suppliers play a vital role in our daily lives, as they provide the materials that are used in various products we use and encounter regularly. From the cushioning in our furniture to the insulation in our homes, foam is a versatile and essential material. In this guide, we'll break down what foam is, how it is made, and the importance of choosing the right foam supplier for your needs.

What is Foam?

In simple terms, foam is a lightweight material formed by trapping pockets of gas in a solid or liquid substance. It can be soft and squishy like a sponge or rigid like the foam used in packaging. The versatility of foam lies in its ability to be tailored to various applications through differences in density, structure, and composition.

How is Foam Made?

Foam is manufactured through a process called foaming, which involves creating bubbles or cells in a liquid or solid. There are two primary methods of foaming:

Chemical Foaming: In this method, chemicals are added to a liquid to create gas bubbles. As the liquid solidifies, it forms a foam with a specific structure and properties. This type of foam is commonly used in mattresses and cushions.

Physical Foaming: Physical foaming involves introducing gas bubbles into a liquid or a solid polymer through mechanical means, such as using a blowing agent or whipping the material. Physical foaming is commonly used in foam plastics for packaging and insulation.

Types of Foam

There are various types of foam available, each with unique properties suited to specific applications:

Polyurethane Foam: This is one of the most common types of foam. It is used in furniture, bedding, car seats, and insulation. Polyurethane foam is known for its comfort, support, and durability.

Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) Foam: EPS foam, commonly known as Styrofoam, is widely used for packaging and insulation due to its excellent thermal properties and lightweight nature.

Polyethylene Foam (PE): PE foam is resistant to moisture and chemicals, making it ideal for packaging delicate items and as a protective cushioning material.

Memory Foam: Memory foam is a type of polyurethane foam that contours to the shape of the body, providing excellent support and pressure relief. It is commonly used in mattresses and pillows.

Crosslinked Polyethylene Foam (XLPE): XLPE foam offers high strength and is used in applications where resistance to impact and wear is essential, such as in sports and recreational equipment.

Importance of Choosing the Right Foam Supplier

Selecting the right foam supplier is crucial as it directly impacts the quality and performance of the foam-based products you use. Here are some reasons why it's essential to make an informed decision:

Product Quality: A reputable foam supplier will provide high-quality foam that meets industry standards. This ensures that the end products, like mattresses or furniture, maintain their performance and durability over time.

Customization: The right supplier will offer a variety of foam types and densities, allowing you to choose the ideal material for your specific needs.

Safety: Foam suppliers must comply with safety regulations to ensure that the foam they provide is free from harmful chemicals and safe for use.

Cost-effectiveness: Established suppliers can often offer competitive prices and help you optimize your material usage, reducing overall costs.

Technical Expertise: Experienced suppliers can offer valuable technical advice and assistance in selecting the most suitable foam for your applications.

Choosing a Foam Supplier

When searching for a foam supplier, consider the following factors:

Reputation: Look for suppliers with positive reviews and a proven track record of delivering quality foam products.

Range of Products: Ensure the supplier offers the type of foam you need and provides various options for customization.

Certifications: Check if the supplier complies with industry standards and holds relevant certifications for the foam they provide.

Customer Support: Opt for a supplier that offers excellent customer service and is willing to address any queries or concerns you may have.

In conclusion, foam suppliers play a vital role in providing us with the foam materials necessary for numerous everyday products. Understanding the different types of foam, the foaming process, and the significance of choosing the right supplier empowers consumers to make informed decisions that lead to the best product outcomes.

How do foam suppliers ensure consistent foam quality?

What factors affect the cost of foam materials?

Can foam be used for insulating homes and buildings?

Are there any eco-friendly foam options available?

Can foam be used in the automotive industry?

What is the typical lifespan of foam in different applications?

Are foam materials resistant to moisture and humidity?

Can I order foam samples before making a bulk purchase?

How does foam compare to other cushioning materials like feathers or cotton?

What is the process of foam recycling?

Are foam materials safe for children and pets?

Can foam suppliers assist with foam design and prototyping?

How can I store foam materials to maintain their quality?

What is the difference between high-density and low-density foam?

Can foam be used in the medical and healthcare industry?

How can I dispose of old foam products responsibly?

Are there any regulations regarding foam material in specific industries?

Can foam be used in the construction of watercraft and boats?

What are the benefits of using foam in DIY projects?

How can I identify the right foam for sound absorption?

Can foam suppliers deliver foam materials to remote locations?

What are the advantages of using foam in packaging delicate items?

Can foam materials withstand extreme temperatures?

How does foam contribute to reducing transportation costs for businesses?

Can foam be used in the production of outdoor cushions and furniture?

In conclusion, foam suppliers are instrumental in providing a wide range of foam materials used in various industries and applications. Understanding the different types of foam, considering factors such as quality, safety, and customization options, will help you make informed decisions when choosing the right foam supplier for your specific needs. Whether you require foam for comfort, packaging, insulation, or other purposes, a reliable foam supplier can make a significant difference in the performance and longevity of the products you use. Always prioritize reputable suppliers who prioritize product quality, customer support, and sustainability.

[aquapharm123]

ATMP: Understanding The Details

Aminotrimethylene phosphonic acid (ATMP) is a phosphonic acid used as a water treatment agent, specifically as a scale and corrosion inhibitor in industrial water systems. It is utilised as a chelating agent in the textile industry and as a metal ion stabilizer in cosmetics and personal care products.

ATMP is a colourless, transparent liquid that is highly soluble in water and has high thermal stability. It has a molecular formula of C3H12NO9P3 and a molecular weight of 299.05 g/mol.

How is it produced? 

Aminotrimethylene phosphonic acid (ATMP) is typically produced through a multistep synthesis involving the reaction of trimethylene glycol with phosphorous acid and ammonia. The reaction proceeds through several intermediate steps, resulting in the formation of ATMP.

The first step involves the reaction of trimethylene glycol with phosphorous acid, which leads to the formation of phosphonotrimethylene glycol (PTMPG). PTMPG is then treated with ammonia to yield aminophosphonotrimethylene glycol (APTMPG), which is subsequently dehydrated to form the final product, ATMP.

The entire reaction can be represented as follows:

Trimethylene glycol + Phosphorous acid + Ammonia → Aminotrimethylene phosphonic acid + Water

ATMP is a versatile phosphonate compound that finds various applications, including as a scale and corrosion inhibitor in water treatment, a chelating agent in the textile industry, and a flame retardant in the production of polyurethane foams.

What are its benefits? 

Scale and corrosion inhibition: 

ATMP is an effective inhibitor of scale and corrosion in water treatment systems, such as cooling towers and boilers. It can prevent the deposition of scale and reduce the corrosion rate of metal surfaces, leading to improved system performance, energy efficiency, and equipment lifespan.

Chelation: 

ATMP has excellent chelating properties, making it useful in the textile industry for removing metal ions from dyes and fabrics. It can also be employed as a stabilizer for hydrogen peroxide in the textile bleaching process.

Flame retardancy: 

ATMP can be used as a flame retardant in the production of polyurethane foams, reducing the risk of fire and improving the safety of products.

Biocompatibility: 

 ATMP has been found to have low toxicity and good biocompatibility, making it a potential candidate for biomedical applications, such as drug delivery and tissue engineering.

What are the factors to consider while choosing a good ATMP supplier? 

Quality: It is important to ensure that the ATMP supplied by the manufacturer is of high quality and meets the required standards for your application.

Experience: Look for a supplier with a proven track record of manufacturing and supplying ATMP, with experience in the industry.

Price and availability: Consider the cost of ATMP and its availability, ensuring that the supplier can provide sufficient quantities to meet your requirements.

Customer service: Choose a supplier that provides excellent customer service, with knowledgeable and responsive staff that can provide technical support and assistance.

Reputation: Check the supplier's reputation in the market, including reviews from previous customers, to ensure that they have a good track record of delivering quality products and services.

Aquapharm Chemicals is one of the leading ATMP manufacturers! They are devoted to providing top-notch quality chemicals! You should check them out! 

[clearfoxcolor]

What Is The Quality Of The Best PU Foam Store In Bhubaneswar? Is | Oga Home

The OGA Home PU foam is a reliable Manufacturer and Supplier of Home Furnishing Foam from Odisha. Over gas and liquid mixed given pressure and temperature. So Pu Foam Quality can not be compromised with another foam. It is an excellent quality polyurethane foam That Has Use Full life Of A Minimum of 50 years and more. It maintains very low conductivity over time uses. It Can't Be generated heat As Well As Didn't impact external moisture, ingress, or air movement. The best PU Foam store in Bhubaneswar is the highest quality foam store. 

[palvifze]

Top 3 Reasons Toluene Diisocyanate is Used In Prepolymer Production

What is Toluene Diisocyanate?

Toluene Diisocyanate (TDI) is an organic compound composed of toluene and isocyanate groups. It is a colorless to yellow liquid that is highly reactive and flammable. TDI manufactured as well as supplied by one of the top-ranked Toluene Diisocyanate suppliers in Kazakhstan, is used in the production of polyurethane (PU) foam, which is used in a variety of applications such as insulation, upholstery, and automotive parts.

The benefit of using Toluene Diisocyanate:

Toluene diisocyanate (TDI) is an industrial chemical used primarily in the production of polyurethane products. Some of the benefits of using TDI include:

1) Versatility: TDI can be used to produce a wide range of polyurethane products, including flexible and rigid foams, coatings, adhesives, and elastomers.

2) High strength: Polyurethane products made with TDI have excellent mechanical properties, making them suitable for use in a variety of applications, including insulation, automotive components, and construction materials.

3) Durability: Polyurethane products made with TDI have good resistance to chemicals and weathering, making them suitable for use in outdoor and industrial applications.

4) Lightweight: Polyurethane foams made with TDI are lightweight and have good insulation properties, making them suitable for use in transportation and construction applications.

5) Cost-effective: TDI is relatively inexpensive, making it a cost-effective choice for producing polyurethane products.

Overall, TDI is an important industrial chemical that offers a wide range of benefits, including versatility, durability, insulation, lightweight, and cost-effectiveness. It is widely used in various industries, such as construction, automotive and transportation, and furniture manufacturing.

Disadvantages of Toluene Diisocyanate (TDI):

1) Health hazards: TDI is toxic and can cause respiratory problems, skin irritation, and other health issues if proper precautions are not taken during handling and use.

2) Environmental hazards: TDI is toxic and can be harmful to the environment if it is not handled and disposed of properly.

3) Flammability: TDI is flammable, and proper precautions must be taken to prevent fires during handling and use.

4) Handling and Storage: TDI is a hazardous chemical and requires special handling and storage to ensure safety and minimize risks.

5) Regulations: TDI is subject to strict regulations and manufacturers must comply with the local regulations to be able to use it, which can add compliance costs to the production process.

Top 3 Reasons Toluene Diisocyanate is Used In Prepolymer Production

Toluene Diisocyanate (TDI) is widely used in the production of prepolymers, which are intermediate products that are used to make polyurethane (PU) products. If you are looking for the most trusted as well as noteworthy Toluene Diisocyanate distributor in Kazakhstan, Palvi FZE is the name you can count on.

1) Versatility: Toluene diisocyanate (TDI) is a versatile chemical that can be used to produce a wide range of polyurethane prepolymers with different properties and applications. This allows manufacturers to produce prepolymers that are tailored to specific customer needs and end-use applications.

2) High reactivity: TDI has high reactivity with polyalcohols, which allows for the rapid and efficient production of polyurethane prepolymers. This is particularly useful in large-scale production, where fast reaction times are important for meeting production quotas.

3) Low viscosity: TDI has a low viscosity, which makes it easy to handle and mix with other chemicals during the production of polyurethane prepolymers. This helps to ensure that the prepolymer mixture is homogeneous and that the final product will have consistent properties.

The use of TDI enables the production of a wide range of PU-based products that have different properties and characteristics, making it an important chemical in many industries such as construction, automotive, furniture, textile, and shoe manufacturing. Buy TDI from one of the most distinct as well as reliable Toluene Diisocyanate exporters in Kazakhstan, Palvi FZE to fulfill all of your industrial chemical needs.

[tajchem-blog]

Your Search For The Best Polyurethane Foam Liquid Suppliers Ends Here

Taj Al Mulook has been in the business of polyurethane foam liquid suppliers for long that they have been chosen as the preferred supplier for polyurethane foam liquid in Saudi Arabia and Africa.

[ajatechnology]

Internal Gear Pump

Internal gear pumps have a wide range of applications. Although they are frequently used for thin liquids like fuel oil and solvents, they are excellent in pumping heavy liquids like asphalt, cocoa, and glue. An internal gear pump may operate with viscosities ranging from 1cPs to more than 1,000,000cP.

Internal gear pumps are pulse-free, self-priming, and can idle for short periods of time. They also rotate in both directions, which means the same pump can be used to load and unload containers. Since the internal gear pump has only two moving parts, it is reliable, easy to operate and easy to maintain.AJA Technology is internal gear pump supplier,welcome to inquiry.

Working Principle of Internal Gear Pump

1. Liquid enters the suction port between the rotor (large external gear) and idler (small internal gear) teeth. The arrows indicate the direction of the pump and liquid.

2. The liquid passes through the pump between the teeth of the "gear in a gear" principle. The crescent shape separates the liquid and acts as a seal between the suction and discharge ports.

3. The pump head is now almost submerged, just before forcing the liquid out of the discharge port. The intermeshing gears of the idler and rotor form a locking pocket for the liquid, ensuring volume control.

4. The rotor and idler teeth are fully engaged to form a seal equidistant from the discharge and suction ports. This seal forces liquid out of the drain.

Advantages of Internal Gear Pumps

Only two moving parts and only one stuffing box

non-pulsating discharge

Ideal for high viscosity liquids

Consistent and even discharge regardless of pressure conditions

Works well in either direction

Can be operated in one flow direction by either rotation

easy to maintain

Flexible design provides application customization

Disadvantages of Internal Gear Pumps

Medium speed is usually required

medium pressure limit

One bearing runs in the pumped product

Suspended loads on bearings

Application of Internal Gear Pump

Common internal gear pump applications include, but are not limited to:

Various fuel oils and lubricants

Resins and Polymers

Alcohols and Solvents

Asphalt, bitumen and tar

Polyurethane foams (isocyanates and polyols)

Foods like corn syrup, chocolate, and peanut butter

Paints, Inks and Pigments

Soaps and Surfactants

Ethylene Glycol

AJA Technology is a hydraulic pumps and motors manufacturer and internal gear pump supplier. We meet the needs of users with continuous innovation, high-quality products and perfect services. If you have any questions about hydraulic pumps or hydraulic systems, please call or email us. We are more than happy to serve you.

[bb36ll]

Ｗhat is Polyurethane Foam? And How is It Made?

What Is modified MDI?

As a derivative of the Pu Systems MDI series products, modified MDI is currently commonly used as a technical extension of pure MDI and polymeric MDI, which could be widely used in such sectors as slab polyols, elastomers, coatings and adhesives by providing its special properties of usage and processing due to differences of product structure design and synthesis process. There are various kinds of modified MDI, and several MDI manufacturers giants have also been stepping up the research and development of modified MDI, which has enriched modified MDI types. And the products that have been produced and used in a large scale.

The two major components of polyurethane formulations are a polyol component and an isocyanate component. Polyols for Polyurethanes and polyester polyols have been used as the polyol component in polyurethane formulations for many decades. They remain the most commonly used polyols. Vast numbers of polyether polyols and polyester polyols, optimized to provide different combinations of behavior during fabrication processes and performance characteristics of fabricated articles, are available from many different manufacturers.

More recently, polycarbonate polyols have been gaining increasing interest and use in polyurethane formulations, either by themselves or more often in mixtures with selected polyether polyols or polyester polyols, because of their many attractive attributes. These attributes include performance benefits resulting from the high-density polycarbonate backbone. Furthermore, polycarbonate polyols are based on carbon dioxide (CO2), and sequester CO2 directly in their backbones, enhancing the sustainability of polyurethanes.

The images shown in this post are reproduced from product literature by Novomer which is a leading supplier of polycarbonate polyols.

The following reaction scheme shows how CO2 is sequestered in the backbone of a polycarbonate polyol by reaction with an epoxide during synthesis. Many different “R” groups can be used, to provide a broad range of polycarbonate polyol molecular structures.

The functionality of a polycarbonate polyol can also be chosen as desired, by using any one of many different possible starting molecules. For example, the choices of the following three starting molecules produce, from left to right, a diol, a triol, and a tetrol.

Rigid polyisocyanurate panel foams with better blowing efficiency (and hence smaller density when using the same concentration of the blowing agent pentane) and smaller cell sizes were obtained, while keeping the formulation viscosity manageable, by mixing 25% to 70% by weight of a polycarbonate polyol with a polyester polyol.

Ｗhat is Polyurethane Foam? And How is It Made?

What is Polyurethane Foam? Consumers and manufacturers alike may want to know the answer to this question. Are you a polyurethane foam technician, a plant manager, or the owner of the foaming plant itself? Do you want a stronger foundational understanding of how polyurethane flexible foaming actually works?

This article will detail the fundamental elements of polyurethane foaming, particularly as it applies to continuous flexible foaming.

At its most basic, polyurethane foam does two things in the factory. From the liquid stage it:

expands

and gels

The liquid first expands as air bubbles are introduced, then a secondary reaction gels, or hardens the material at some point in that expansion.

Let’s break down PU foaming Additives for Polyurethane by function. One of the most important additives is the catalyst, which can affect the basic reactions in several ways. It can speed the expansion, speed the gelling, cool the reaction (so you have less of a fire hazard on your hands), etc. There are also curing agents, which include chain-extenders and cross-linking agents. Chain-extenders, like their name suggests, extend polymer chains, which increases material flexibility. Cross-linking agents promote and strengthen cross-linkages, increasing structural integrity for more rigid foams.

Remember that CO2 gas from the reaction with water acts as a blowing agent? Well, other blowing agents may also be used or added. The main inconvenience of water blowing in the high temperature of the reaction, making PU foaming a fire hazard. Physical blowing agents (additives that physically encourage the expansion of cells instead of that initial CO2, which is chemically blown) reduce that fire hazard.

A similar class of additives is fillers. They come as particles or fibers. Particulate fillers can reduce flammability and add weight to foam (good for cushioning Flexible Foams). Fibrous fillers reinforce cell structure. All fillers function to 1) add physical properties like tensile or compressive strength to foam, and 2) save on costs by reducing the amount of liquid chemicals used per batch.

[chemanalyst]

Polypropylene Glycol Market is Projected to Grow at a CAGR of 5.25% by 2030

According to ChemAnalyst report, “Polypropylene Glycol Market Analysis: Plant Capacity, Production, Operating Efficiency, Technology, Demand & Supply, End-User Industries, Distribution Channel, Regional Demand, 2015-2030”. Global Polypropylene Glycol market witnessed a demand of around 1.64 million in 2020 and anticipated to grow at a significant rate with a healthy CAGR of 5.25% until 2030 attributed to the wide range applications of Polypropylene Glycol and its derivatives in various end use industries such as Cosmetics & Personal Care, Food & Beverage, Pharmaceuticals, Building & Construction and Automotive, and Others.

Read Full Report Here: https://www.chemanalyst.com/industry-report/polypropylene-glycol-ppg-market-629

Polypropylene Glycol is a polymer of Propylene Glycol also known as Polypropylene Oxide. Polypropylene is polyether and produced by adding propylene oxide to 1,2 Propylene Glycol at extreme temperature as well as under pressure ranging from 2000-6000 hPa in the presence of alkaline catalyst. It is an odorless and colorless liquid with medium viscosity, low volatility and toxicity.  PPG is hygroscopic in nature that is soluble water along with other solvents such as chloroform and acetone. With increasing molecular mass its solubility in water decreases rapidly and viscosity increases. Depending upon their molecular weight Polypropylene Glycol is segmented into different grades such as Grade PPG-1000, PPG- 2000, PPG-3000, PPG-4000 and PPG-6000 and its applications varies with the molecular weight.

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Versatile properties of Polypropylene Glycol include low density, chemical resistance, high moldability and tensile strength, low moisture absorption, excellent lubricity, high melting point, lightweight, can be dyed easily and low cost. Owing to these properties it finds several applications in the aforementioned end use industries as additives, chemical intermediates, solvents, wetting agents, dispersants, surfactants, lubricants, adhesives, humectants, antifoaming agents, antifreeze agents, hydraulic fluids, low heat transfer fluids etc. Additionally, Polypropylene are widely used in the production of polyurethanes which are further employed as foams, coatings, adhesives, composite wood panels, rollers and tyres etc. It also acts as cosolvent in the water-based paints and intermediate in the production of varnishes, latex paints, and alkyd resins. Moreover, its use in automotive industry in the production of engine coolants, heat transfer fluids, fire resistant brake, hydraulic fluids along with its utilization as a raw material in the manufacturing of aircraft deicing fluids is likely to boost its market in the upcoming years.

Apart from these applications Polypropylene Glycol is prominently used in cosmetics as a humectant in cosmetic products to increase the moisture retention in skin and hair. It’s this property of retaining moisture is also employed in Pharmaceuticals and Food industry. It is also used in pulp and paper processing as well as in theatrical productions and fire-fighting training to create artificial smoke or fog. In textile industry, PPGs are used as flexible fibers for making carpet backings, backings and tapes. In food and Beverage industry it is used to enhance the flavors and aroma of food products. Being the derivative of Petrochemical, the price of Polypropylene Glycol fluctuates with the fluctuation in the prices of Petrochemicals. Moreover, major manufacturers are now focusing to produce biobased PPG that is likely to help in reducing carbon footprint as well as lead to sustainability in its prices.

In first half of 2020, the unprecedented spread of COVID-19 across the global caused nationwide lockdowns and disruption in demand and supply chain which directly impacted several industries.  During the pandemic a decline in the demand of Polypropylene Glycol was observed due to slowdown in the manufacturing and sale of various end use industries. Moreover, the slum in the Automotive and Construction sector also affected the market for PPG amid the crisis. However, there was a surge in the demand for PPG owing to its application as a disinfectant for the production of sanitizers as well as liquid cleaners due to rising hygiene concerns amid pandemics. Additionally, after the exemption of trade restriction and resumption in industrial operations in the second half of 2020, Polypropylene Glycol demand was recovered promptly due to high demand from end use industries and is expected to surge the demand for Polypropylene Glycol in the forthcoming years.

Region wise, Asia Pacific accounts for the major share of the market for Polypropylene Glycol and is expected to boost over 2030 owing to various factors urbanization, large consumer base and the flourishing industries such as Automotive, Food and Beverage, Building and Construction, and Pharmaceuticals in the region. Additionally, China is the giant manufacturer of products involving Polypropylene Glycol such as resins, plasticizers, chemicals, automotive parts, inks, paints, personal care products etc. subsequently driving the market for Polypropylene Glycol in the APAC region.

According to ChemAnalyst report, “Polypropylene Glycol Market Analysis: Plant Capacity, Production, Operating Efficiency, Technology, Demand & Supply, End-User Industries, Distribution Channel, Regional Demand, 2015-2030”, Major players for Polypropylene Glycol globally include Mitsui Chemical, The Dow chemical Company, Kumho Petrochemical Ltd., DuPont Inc., BASF SE, Dow, AGC Inc., Ineos Group Ltd., Shell Plc., Covestro AG, Huntsman Corporation, LyondellBasell Industries N.V., Sanyo Chemical,  Archer Daniels Midland Company, Jiangsu Haian Petrochemical, SKC Co., Ltd , Zhejiang Huangma, Zibo Yunchuan Chemical, Sungda Chemical and Others.

“Polypropylene Glycol and its derivative such as PEG, alkyd resins, Plasticizers, etc. have wide range applications in numerous industries. Higher molecular weight PPGs are utilized in Cosmetics hence, the growth in skin care and cosmetics sector is likely to drive its market in the forthcoming years. Further, rapidly growing Construction and Automotive industry is anticipated to boost the demand for Polypropylene Glycol in the upcoming years as it is employed to make latex paints, emulsions, coatings, varnishes, lubricants, adhesives, coolants, hydraulic fluids, polyurethanes etc. that are extensively use in construction and automotive sectors. Additionally, its use in food and beverage industry along with pharmaceuticals as a humectant and solvents are likely to propel its demand in the upcoming years. Due to rising environmental concerns, giant manufacturers are focusing to shift from petrochemical based Polypropylene Glycol to biobased Polypropylene Glycol that would offer potential opportunities for the expansion of Polypropylene Glycol market size in the forecast period.” said Mr. Karan Chechi, Research Director with TechSci Research, a research based global management consulting firm promoting ChemAnalyst.

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https://www.chemanalyst.com/industry-report/global-plasticizers-market-356

Propylene Glycol Market: Plant Capacity, Production, Operating Efficiency, Demand & Supply, End Use, Grade, Distribution Channel, Region, Competition, Trade, Customer & Price Intelligence Market Analysis, 2015-2030.

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[jrmsindia-blog]

Choosing Stainless Steel Tanks to Store Caustic Soda Outdoors

Caustic soda, also known as sodium hydroxide, is a common inorganic compound with a strong chemical base. If in the liquid form, caustic soda turns extremely slippery. Hence it easily finds weak points inside the storage containers and the fittings. It creates a leak, and the chemical starts dripping. Hence it is important to store it in protective containers made by a reputable caustic tank manufacturer.  

Caustic soda is slippery and extremely corrosive. You can find it tricky to store the soda, especially when you need to store it in liquid format. The chemical starts crystalising at 54 degrees F. This is why finding the right storage tank is necessary. You can store the chemical there at exactly 60 degrees F. When caustic soda turns solid; you must dispose of the wasted chemical, which becomes a difficult clean-up.  

Storing caustic soda also requires a heat maintenance kit if you think of storing it outdoors. The system will comprise heating pads, polyurethane foam, a thermostat system, and a paint coat.

Are Stainless Steel Tanks Good for Storing Caustic Soda?

Several facilities use stainless steel tanks for the purpose of storing caustic soda. These tanks are exclusively made, resistant to corrosion, and you can keep the tanks outdoor. The tanks also come with heating kits which you can apply conveniently.

There are Cross-linked polyethylene or XLPE tanks that perform similarly to the stainless-steel tanks. But since steel tanks are costly, the XLPE tanks can save almost 75% of the company costs.  

There are packaged ETP tanks that are suitable for storing caustic soda. The tanks have the following features and excellent characteristics-

• Rugged and sturdy construction • Demands minimal maintenance   • Is leakproof   • Non-corrosive   • Durable and highly spacious   • Shows high levels of chemical resistance

The engineers at JRMS Engineering Work build caustic tanks at par with international standards. They implement contemporary techniques of producing tanks at a mass scale. The tanks come with special temperature control features and other advantages.  

Ways to Find the Best Caustic Tank Manufacturer

1. Look at their total years of industry work experience 2. Check their work reputation 3. Go through client feedback and reviews   4. Check the quality and kind of material they source for making caustic tanks 5. See if they deal with large scale production   6. Ensure if they work license and authorisation

Finding the best caustic tank manufacturer is crucial for a hassle-free chemical storage experience. In case of an accident, you can fall into legal trouble. An authorised and trustworthy supplier can assist you with your requirement and design bespoke tanks as per your need.

[puwheels]

Do you know what's PU wheels?

Established in 1990. Our Group is located in the Qingdao China, specializing in design and producing different kinds of Polyurethane wheels, Our Polyurethane wheel are widely used in shopping trolley,furniture,medical instruments,handcart, industrial apparatus,industrial trolley and rack, wheelbarrow, lawn cart, hand trolley, mobility chairs, home use, health care, Wheelchair,tool carts,baby troller etc. All wheels can be manufactured in different colors,sizes and various thickness accordling to per customer's design and specification .

Full name is called polyurethane foam wheels, it’s abbreviation is PU wheels or PU foam wheels.

Which polyurethane can be made wheels?

Polyurethanes are one of the most versatile plastic materials. The nature of the chemistry allows polyurethanes to be adapted to solve challenging problems, to be molded into unusual shapes and to enhance industrial and consumer products by adding comfort, warmth and convenience to our lives.

Polyurethanes are formed by reacting a polyol (an alcohol with more than two reactive hydroxyl groups per molecule) with a diisocyanate or a polymeric isocyanate in the presence of suitable catalysts and additives. Because a variety of diisocyanates and a wide range of polyols can be used to produce polyurethane, a broad spectrum of materials can be produced to meet the needs of specific applications.

It does not matter where you look, you are likely to find polyurethanes. Polyurethanes can be a found in mattresses, couches, insulation, liquid coatings and paints, tough elastomers such as roller blade wheels, soft flexible foam toys, some elastic fibers, and many other places and applications.

Polyurethane which makes wheels include component A and component B.We only use top-class polyurethane as raw materials of wheels, so our PU wheels is different with other manufacturers. We invested huge money to research and test polyurethane from different company to produce excellent wheels.

How are people made of PU wheel?

Raw materials of PU wheel include component A ,component B and accessory materials. I confirm that characteristic of polyurethane wheel depend on mainly accessory materials. Special PU foam tires must use special formula. We have developed five series of special use for PU wheel.

Advantage of PU wheel:

1) PU foam wheel with various rim, color and tread.

2) PU foam wheel is environment-friendly products.

3) Polyurethane wheel is much lighter than traditional rubber pneumatic wheel and solid wheel in weight.

4) Polyurethane foam wheel can save costly repair time or replacement

of tires and tubes.

5) Save all downtime related to flat tires.

6) PU wheel is long lasting use based on high standard raw materials.

7) Different dimension of wheel supplied, including 4",6", 8", 10", 13", 15", 16" etc.

8) PU foam wheel is excellent elasticity in both heat and cold condition. 9) PU wheel is resistant to water, oil, dirt, acid and alkali.

10) Solid polyurethane wheels are widely used for wheelbarrow, Lawn cart, hand trolley, mobility chairs, etc.

Since our establishment, we have considered "products quality first" as our principle. We have brought in advanced technology and a complete set of automatic equipment. At present, we have a group of skilled workers and an entire set of strict control examination systems. As an independent and professional hi-tech large-scale manufacturer, we guarantee to offer products in high quality and timely delivery. We are an export-oriented enterprise. With more than 20 years' experience, we have earned a global reputation for high quality products, excellent customer services and our reliability. We export 90% of our production throughout the world.

Why is notable different price of PU wheel among suppliers?

There are thousands of suppliers of polyurethane wheel in the world. Some companies quote very low price for customers, and another some give high price. In this case, importers often are confused. How do I choose PU foam wheel? Should I decide to buy cheap wheel or expensive one?

Everyone knows that price bases on quality of products. Nobody will lose money for business. You will make wrong if you only pay attention to price of wheels. Now I discover the secret of price for you. These suppliers with low quotation have to add some calcium powder to raw materials of polyurethane wheel. Do you know price of calcium powder is very cheap? Do you know the component of raw materials of PU wheel is very expensive? I would like to confirm the price of raw materials of PU wheels get to USD4600/ton, and the price of calcium powder is only USD300/ton. Now you should understand why the price of PU foam wheel is so different.

These wheels that mix calcium powder to raw materials are easy to crack under normal condition, and their life is very short. Would you like to import these with low price?

Why do someone quote low price for PU foam wheels?

You can get 100 different price of polyurethane wheels if you inquiry 100 suppliers. Someone can quote very low price, and someone quote high price. Importers will be confused. How should I choose?

You must understand the point which raw materials of PU wheel is expensive. Some companies add calcium powder to raw materials to cut down production cost. They add weight of calcium powder according to quotation. In fact, buyer give any price, polyurethane wheel manufacturer can supply, but PU foam wheel quality is different.

Raw materials of PU wheels have A grade B grade C grade. Those very cheap PU wheel only use C grade and mix to calcium powder. Do you know calcium powder price is very cheap?

We produce only use A grade raw materials and special formula for high performance. Our company invested huge money for research of high performance PU wheel.

Do you know the standard of good PU wheel?

One of my customers said that rough surface is good. What do you think of the point? I think that most consumers don’t understand what is good for polyurethane wheel. As an expert of PU wheel, I would like to share some ideas.

Good PU foam wheel must bear features as followings:

1)      smooth surface without small holes.

2)      It can recover original shape under loading heavy weight.

3)      Don’t crack under cold weather.

4)      Long life under normal condition

If someone add some cheap materials to raw materials of PU wheel, they have no above characteristics. Do you dare to buy cheap PU foam wheel?

Do you know the best temperature for making PU wheels?

Polyurethane wheels which produce in Spring and Autumn are excellent PU wheel’s surface is smooth and pretty. It’s reasonable temperature’s range from 5 degree Celsius to 20 degree Celsius.

Why do PU wheels that produce in Summer and Winter is poor surface?

It contain more water in air in Summer, in same time, raw materials of polyurethane wheel also hold more water.

In very cold winter, foam temperature is too low, so foam effect is also poor.

I advise that customers place PU wheel order in Spring and Autumn.

If you have also other ideas, don’t hesitate to send me e-mail, then I require our technical team research and develop them to meet your personal requirement.

How to choose suitable PU wheels for your local market?

It is different for per consumer’s requirement. We are facing the times which time is money and safety is the first thing, which is a great era for someone who are seeking value of products. In this case, we developed several series of high performance for polyurethane wheels to meet customer’s will.

Customers fromAmericaand Europe need that performance of products is higher and higher. They pay more attention to excellent features than polyurethane wheel price.

In order to meet consumer’s requirement, we invested huge capitals to develop several series for PU wheels. All raw materials must be top grade. Our cost is two times as expensive as cheap raw materials price. Our technical team tested thousands of times for PU wheel with outstanding performance. At last, we succeed in high characteristics of polyurethane wheel industry.

I kindly ask for you to spend a little time to read following.

1)Wear proof type

Life of the PU wheel is very long, which is over one time longer than common one.

2)Loading heavy weight type

The polyurethane wheels can load more quantity than normal wheels, so consumer can save some work   time. Consumer only uses the wheel under some special condition.

3)Anti-cracking type

Consumer can use the PU wheel under cold weather.

4)Eco-friendly type

Raw materials of the polyurethane tire don’t contain any harmful component to keep air clean.

5)Comfortable type

The polyurethane wheel can reduce fatigue when consumer uses it.

Of course, these special PU foam wheel price is higher than common PU wheel price, but their value is very high. If you look for high value, I advise you use good PU wheels. If you like cheap PU foam wheel, you may choose common PU wheel.

PU wheel price fromChinais lower than developed countries, but our features is better than their polyurethane wheel. Why is this case? Cost of production inChinais lower than developed countries.

We can produce common polyurethane wheels if you like low quality with low price. Most importers fromAmericaand Europe bought, are buying, will be buy outstanding characteristic PU wheels. Those importers from Middle  East still like cheap PU wheels. Someone from Middle  East also start import high quality PU foam wheels. As economic growing, more consumers in all the world like to use high quality PU wheels.

low-speed polyurethane foam wheels for children’s high-grade car

The utility model provides a polyurethane foam wheel of a low-speed high-grade car for children, so that the problems that an existing foam wheel is complex in structure and cumbersome in assembly in the prior art are solved. The polyurethane foam wheel of the low-speed high-grade car for children includes a wheel hub, electroplated protecting covers and wheel bodies which cover the outer circumferential surface of the wheel hub. The wheel hub comprises upper wheel hub bodies and lower wheel hub bodies, wherein the upper wheel hub bodies and the lower wheel hub bodies are detachably connected; the outer surfaces of the upper wheel hub bodies are fixedly connected with the electroplated protecting covers, and at least two reinforcing ribs are evenly distributed on the inner surface of each upper wheel hub body in the circumferential direction; the wheel hub is provided with a center hole used for accommodating an axle; the center hole is connected with the axle in a rotary mode through a matched wheel hub shaft. Due to the fact that the reinforcing ribs are arranged in the wheel hub, the service life of the wheel is prolonged, and loading capacity is large. The wheel hub shaft is arranged in the center of the wheel hub and comprises a clamping-buckling body, a clamping-bucking pressing piece and a shaft sleeve, and the clamping-buckling body and the clamping-bucking pressing piece are connected through a spring. Due to the pressing mode of the spring, the wheel hub shaft is more convenient to assemble and disassemble.

Can PU wheels be used on bike and electric bike?

Pneumatic rubber wheels are used on bikes and electric bikes for long time. In recent years, polyurethane (PU) foam wheels are widely used on bike and electric bike. Why is PU foam wheel welcomed to people? I think the point is that PU wheels are very safe, and PU foam wheels don’t inflate, which bring convenient for people.

We developed special formula for bike and electric bike PU wheels, and their performance is very excellent. Our PU foam wheel have comfortable characteristic with long life. We can make bike PU wheels 20000 pcs per day.

You may inquiry for bike or electric bike PU wheel if you are interesting with them. I will supply the best quality for you.

[palvifze]

Toluene Diisocyanate: Products and Applications

The two isomeric forms of toluene diisocyanate (2,4-toluene diisocyanate and 2,6-toluene diisocyanate) have comparable features and effects. Commercially, toluene diisocyanate is made up of an 80:20 mixture of the two isomers (2,4-toluene diisocyanate:2,6-toluene diisocyanate). The mixture is a clear, pale yellow liquid with a distinct, pungent odour at room temperature. It should be kept refrigerated and kept free from light and moisture in a firmly sealed container in an inert environment. Toluene diisocyanate is water insoluble and miscible with the majority of organic solvents.

Palvi FZE is the most prominent and distinct Toluene diisocyanate supplier in Nigeria.

Applications:

To produce carbamate (urethane) linkages, the isocyanate functional groups in TDI react with hydroxyl groups. The reaction rates of the two isocyanate groups in TDI are different: The 4-position has a four-fold increase in reactivity over the 2-position. Because 2,6-TDI is symmetrical, it has two isocyanate groups with identical reactivity, similar to the 2-position on 2,4-TDI. However, because both isocyanate groups are linked to the same aromatic ring, the reactivity of the second isocyanate group will vary as a result of the reaction of the first. It's also utilised in rocket propellants on occasion.

It's utilised to make hard polyurethane foams with excellent temperature stability.

Palvi FZE is one of the excellent and most reliable Toluene diisocyanate distributors in Ghana.

TDI containing products that customers can use:

When consumers use items containing uncured or unhardened TDI and similar compounds, they may be exposed to these pollutants. Spray-applied sealants and varnishes contain these compounds. Consumers may be exposed through skin contact and inhalation prior to complete cure.

 If you are looking for the most trustworthy and distinguished Toluene Diisocyanate exporter in Nigeria, Palvi FZE is the name you can count on.

 TDI may be present in small levels in consumer products such as paints, elastomers, adhesives, and sealants (less than or equal to 0.1 percent by weight). The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) considers that increasing the use of any of these chemical chemicals in consumer items above existing levels could considerably increase human exposure, and that such an increase should not occur without EPA evaluation and regulation.