#panama amazon

[womenofwrestlingfashion]

Felt Panama Fedora Hat in Black from Amazon (on sale: $14.99), Tube Ruched Ruffle Mini Dress in Orange from Cider ($36.99) & Leather Western Belt in Coffee-Silver Buckle from Amazon ($21.97)

[prettyhighforawhiteguyblog]

Amazon Vine reviewers should unionize.

We are being thrown housewares for our work. We are not getting milk frothers for free. We are creators writing content. Writing advertisements for Amazon itself.

Our critical reviews are used to lie about Amazons integrity. Our positive reviews get shit sold. Even our semi critical reviews being sales because they create stars and give a new product traction.

And we have to really create those reviews on our own because we sell half our shit on the Facebook Black Marketplace and write reviews that are based on what we see in the pictures.

Amazon knows we sell them. They have some nefarious reason making us pay taxes on our "free" stuff that they probably making us pay taxes on it so they can write it off as a fucking business expense.

As if the money mattered to Bezos. A few hundred bucks in taxes on our little home business means so much to us. Far more than to Bezos or the IRS. And the IRS could fucking leave us alone if Bezos would just start paying his fucking taxes on his infinite wealth. What is he going to lose when he has a trillion Freedom Tokens? But he makes us pay exorbitant taxes on trinkets we deliver all over town like drug dealers just to get some fucking pocket money.

Fuck that noise. Our ad content brings in billions for Amazon.

Mostly because they help these predatory sellers foist the same 3 shitty makes in 40 alphabet soup companies using the exact same fucking photos colluding the shit out of America. They know we're faking it, you know we're faking it. Even half the customers suspect we're faking it. But enough believe it. And these fuckers get a few dozen reviews under the newest branding of the same fucking shit from China Bezos floods is with.

You know Amazon taxes them all for using it's site and I'm sure they have some policy that makes more money somehow by charging new companies higher taxes or some shit. And the Chinese just calculate that as a minor cost of business expense.

They are raping the shit out of us for dollars and giving us our own recycled plastic shit in return.

It's hilarious. I applaud it. Well played Xi. I bow to you sir.

Now here's two middle fingers and a spit in you eye for the Weigers.

I wish.

This little scenario would doubtlessly cost me my life. I'm sure Mr Xi would make my death s priority of the Chinese Intelligence Agencies.

And I'm sure all our Bluetooth shit is infected with Chinese viruses to spy and affect our computers. I'm a dead man. All my shit is networked and GPS.

And I'm also sure the manufacturers are slapping in their own malware with the spyware contract software on everything to make extra money on our processing per and data. And a whole fucking lot of profiteering by draining all our processing for supercomputer networks dedicated to fucking crypto Global Warming accelerator bullshit for more stupid Freedom Bucks to live in Capitalism. But the Jerry rigged network of devices and computers is kinda a genius way of making at least this particular super computers doing crypto is not making CC2 directly. I mean they are still profiting from it... But anyway if someone needed a supercomputer for something more noble like scientific research...

If original, this is a Nobel kind of idea and I want a cut. A volunteer network of people putting more reputable malware on their computers. People can volunteer their processing power for science. It would never run while you were active, but when you laptop or phone goes to sleep it uses your computers processing power and spare ram to support say Stanford research. It would fire up research. It would be a cool thing to do this for your alma mater and your favorite basketball team.

Back to business. Unionizing and getting paid.

Our creative reviews get people to buy this shit. We deserve a cut

We write the reviews that get the people to buy your shit. And make you a fuckton more of these fucking US Dollars chaining us to Capitalism. We can't even live without money like a peasant. We need Freedom Bucks. And you don't. And we believe that however much that money is worth to Bezos, we deserve our wages. We deserve a cut in this dirty work.

You sell shit. We all know this. You could demand some level of quality on Amazon like the old stores. They had several standard brands. But only the brands they trusted the quality of or if the people demanded Jordans or whatever Capitalist shit we liked at the time.

We help you shovel this nameless shit at people for gross amounts of profit. Give me my pay.

I create the ads that people read. And here's the crazy thing. They find out our assessments were all over as individuals, but they're still relatively trustworthy as a whole group.

Figuring out how shitty or not this shitty product is going to work is a fucking skill. We are pretty fucking good at it.

On the rare occasion that we do we get something that is truly good, we make sure the reader knows it because we want people to get good shit.

And really, we're pretty likely to just say 5 stars and make shit up out of our butt in the review because hey, it probably works as well as one can expect for 50 bucks.

Our reviews are ads they get customers. First to check out shit with reviews to see how shitty it is and whether or not to take a chance. They look at reviews first to see what other people thought after they bought it. They see Vines. They might ignore them it they might use them as an advisor and take a chance anyway on a good bet according to johhnyfiveisalive7. And it turns outjohhnyfiveisalive7 is pretty reliable in their little analysis and obvious personal experiences. And who doesn't like a story and silly pics. So they trust johhnyfiveisalive7's suggestions and buy more of the shit you shoveled at them to try. You get a community of respected experts. People buy the shit you let us keep for our work. Even if it is shitty, just because it got enough meh reviews they take a chance on it. (And get stuck with more cheap shit usually.)

Amazon doesn't sell inexpensive decent quantity shit. It sells cheap shitty shit that is occasionally not so expensive.

Anyways Bezos is making boku bank of our creative work and expert, respected analysis. We should unionize and demand our cut.

Bezos will threaten to cut your vine access. Oh noes.

Your house is already furnished with shitty Amazon shit. Selling this shit is a shit show for spending cash unless you get real dedicated. The new toys and gifts to give are nice. But really, what do you get for your creative work beyond telling a few jokes in public.

What will they do without decent writers all of a sudden?

We They might bring in scabs. But they won't be good at their job and since the products are always new they need a new source of trusted reviewers.

So they might try to phase out dissidents here and there or in waves at leadership remove them from the community and to prevent union action. Be strong. Union strong.

But anyway we should ask for wages in proportion to the money we are bringing in and to the work we are really doing. We should get hundreds of thousands. We have better odds asking for ad creation level wages.

Without us they couldn't push all this alphabet shit on Americans and bug all our shit for China and slow down all our shit for crypto.

They can't keep selling their shit because nobody trusts their shit because it's all the same shitty shit with me shitty names that don't make sense. They killed all the real brands. They just flooded the market with cheap shit that is all nameless and unknown. Who's going to buy the latest shitty model everybody copies of nobody will review it.

Who's going to take a chance on a weird new name with 0 reviews? You need traction. You need Vine now. There's no history on all these new models. We can't see last year's buyers or 5 years ago buyers. Usually we can't even see last month's reviews, they are so new.

Nobody is going to buy your flea market shit without us. Vine wants a cut.

================

By the by:

You know sneaker companies and Michael Jordan in particular need to face up to their destruction of Black neighborhoods with their shitty Capitalism shows. I say Jordon because he really launched the sneaker collector craze. With his flashy shoes and slick ads and likable personality plus court dominance.

Jordan really needsto face up and and pay up.

He has to face up to the fact he profited off some terrible shit as he sold his shitty shoes made by fucking prison slave labor. He fucked up Black community, destroyed lives and whole inner city neighborhoods. As people fight fight and died and desperately sold it bought it robbed it to wear or sell for it's inflated price based on our adoration and admiration of Jordan. People regularly resorted to prostitution and violence in order to have and/or steal. How many people died over a back alley hold up gone wrong. How many ended up in the Justice System, in hell.

Jordan needs to pay up. Reinvest in Black America. That could be his new thing while he still quietly profits off of shoe sales.

[oneworldearth]

OneWorld Economy

Representation of OneWorld OneWorld will undertake action to bring the Third World up to the level of the Second World and shift the First World to the Second World by securing and distributing the wealth from the First World and securing this and distributing this wealth to the Third World to develop in the Second World Level and balancing the Earth Economies a new First World. In addition…

[aw2designs]

[apptworadioapps]

Panama Radio Stations FM & AM + Radio Online - (Radio Android Application 🇵🇦📻)

 ure, here's an article about the radio stations in Panama:

Panama is a country located in Central America, known for its rich history, diverse culture, and beautiful natural landscapes. One of the most popular forms of entertainment in Panama is radio broadcasting. There are many radio stations in Panama that cater to different interests, including news, music, sports, and more.

One of the most popular radio stations in Panama is Radio Panamá, which is part of the state-owned National Radio and Television System. Radio Panamá broadcasts news, music, and other programs in both Spanish and English. It is known for its comprehensive coverage of local and international news, as well as its variety of music programs.

Another popular radio station in Panama is KW Continente, which broadcasts a mix of news, music, and entertainment. KW Continente is known for its popular morning show "El Mañanero," which features a mix of news, interviews, and comedy skits.

For those who are interested in sports, there is RPC Radio, which is dedicated to sports news and coverage. RPC Radio broadcasts live coverage of local and international sporting events, as well as interviews with athletes and sports experts.

If you're looking for music, there are many radio stations in Panama that cater to different genres. For example, FM Corazón is a popular radio station that plays romantic ballads and love songs. La Mega is another popular radio station that plays a mix of pop, rock, and electronic music.

In addition to these popular radio stations, there are many other stations in Panama that cater to different interests and communities. For example, there are radio stations that broadcast in indigenous languages, such as Ngäbere and Emberá. There are also radio stations that cater to specific regions or cities, such as Radio Chiriquí and Radio Azul.

Overall, radio broadcasting is a popular and diverse form of entertainment in Panama. Whether you're interested in news, sports, music, or entertainment, there is a radio station in Panama that caters to your interests.

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[reasonsforhope]

"A surprise discovery from the University of Birmingham shows that we may be significantly underestimating the potential of trees to regulate the variables of climate change.

That’s because they found microbes living inside trees’ bark absorb the greenhouse gas methane about as significantly as microbes living in the soil.

It’s long been thought that soil is the only effective terrestrial methane sink, as certain microorganisms use methane as a food source, but similar creatures live under a tree’s layer of bark, meaning that not only do our woody cousins withdraw CO2 from the atmosphere and store it in their roots, but also remove methane as well, about as effectively or perhaps more so than soil.

Methane is a potent greenhouse gas for the few short years it exists in the atmosphere before degrading.

Professor Vincent Gauci of U. Birmingham led the study, published in the journal Nature.

In the study, the researchers investigated upland tropical, temperate, and boreal forest trees. Specifically, they took measurements spanning tropical forests in the Amazon and Panama; temperate broadleaf trees in the UK; and boreal coniferous forests in Sweden.

The methane absorption was strongest in the tropical forests, probably because microbes thrive in the warm wet conditions found there. On average the newly discovered methane absorption adds around 10% to the climate benefit that temperate and tropical trees provide.

By studying methane exchange between the atmosphere and the tree bark at multiple heights, the researchers were able to show that while at soil level the trees were likely to emit a small amount of methane, from a couple of meters up the direction of exchange switches and methane from the atmosphere is consumed.

In addition, the team used laser scanning methods to quantify the overall global forest tree bark surface area, with preliminary calculations indicating that the total global contribution of trees is between 24.6-49.9 Tg (millions of tonnes) of methane. This fills a big gap in understanding the global sources and sinks of methane.

“Tree woody surfaces add a third dimension to the way life on Earth interacts with the atmosphere, and this third dimension is teeming with life, and with surprises,” said co-author Yadvinder Malhi of the University of Oxford."

-via Good News Network, July 31, 2024

[cappellihub]

Come scegliere il cappello fedora perfetto

Come scegliere il cappello fedora perfetto

Quando pensi a un cappello fedora, potresti pensare a uno stile classico e d’altri tempi. Ma i cappelli fedora sono tornati e più belli che mai! Che tu stia cercando un’aggiunta elegante al tuo guardaroba autunnale o l’accessorio perfetto per il tuo prossimo costume, ecco come scegliere il fedora perfetto. Cos’è un cappello fedora? Un fedora è uno stile classico di cappello che esiste da…

[meowmeowmeowmeow4x]

mer!danny and newlyturnedmer!damian have to swim from Amity Island on the west to Gotham on the east coast, all the while evading hordes of pursuers

And boy is it going to be difficult as fuck.

Danny thought he was handling everything just fine. No drownings in his long six-month career as Phantom, and suddenly when he's finally getting it together, guess which rich ass himbo and his spoilt rich son came to ruin everything.

And now as Danny leans over Damian Wayne's cold lips and still chest, his own body heaving heaving and out of breath from what feels like hours of CPR, Danny's got no choice but to bite the bullet.

He just hopes they can both get back home without ending up on the dissection table.

credit to @hermit-scribe-vibe, @brekitten and @bucketorandomness

more detalles below!

They can't swim back to Amity, because by this point it's infested with patrol baots from the GiW, who have convinced Bruce to let them have free reign in the search to rescue his son (bruce is investigating the hell out of them in the meantime) They can't phone bruce or danny's friends because phones dont work underwater, and this is early in danny's career, so team phantom don't have as much tech as they would normally have

They can't just swipe a phone from a tourist from wherever (the image of Damian rising from below like a horror movie monster, the feral child, is hilarious tho) because Damian's vocal cords have been irrevocably altered and he can only speak in clikcs and trills now ^^ (Danny isn't affected as much because he's a teenager and more developed, thus can speak english in mer form)

And they are constnatly being chased by the GiW, atlanteans, and other villains along the way :D Some ideas for how they get there: A: They swim through the Panama fucking Canal and somehow don't get caught and/or skewered B: They go south into South America, potentially through the Magellan Straight or wrapping around the southern tip, or you could even have Danny turn human, pick Damian up and they continue their journey through the Amazon

C: They go north into the NorthWest Passage, which is insanely dangerous, cold and sparse of (vegetarian) food, but it's much more fificult for their pursuers too D: THEY SWIM WEST AND GO ACROSS THE FUCKING WORLD BABY!!!

[barksenji]

The caliper beetle (Golofa porteri) is a coleopteran insect, a member of the nearly thirty species of beetles included in the genus Golofa.

It can be found in almost the entire intertropical zone, but is particularly common in Venezuela, Colombia, Guyana, Panama, Costa Rica and Nicaragua. It does not usually inhabit the coasts, the plains or the dense jungles of the Amazon, but prefers the mountainous areas of the Venezuelan, Colombian and Central American mountain ranges, as this is where the various medium-sized grasses on which it lives (hence the name carricero for which it's known in some of these places, as these plants are commonly referred to as "carrizo") grow and on which it feeds.

I am located in Venezuela, Los Teques, this was found in Bosque de Pinos, located in Macarao National Park.

I will also post a photo of a female of the species that I found dead in the courtyard of my apartment complex.

[trashmenace]

COBRA 4: Nightmare in Panama by Joseph Rosenberger

COBRA 4 Nightmare in Panama by Joseph Rosenberger 1987, Critic's Choice

Jon Skul, Debbie, and a couple of COBRA agents who get even less coverage than usual, team up with a pair of Russian agents to stop a Libyan/Columbian missile strike on the Panama canal. If you think Rosenberg is going soft by going all Red Heat, it doesn't stop there. Jon refuses to torture a prisoner and doesn't want to kill any cops, not even Panamanian ones. The narrative follows secondary characters more than Skul, there are no insane politics, there are multiple sex scenes, and we get a bit of romance.

The first Rosenberger that doesn't feel like a Rosenberger, which is odd as so far the series hit harder than even Death Merchant.

Available from Amazon

[shipwreckedwithcaptainmarrow]

- Santa Catalina Island: Treasure of Morgan’s Head -

Located just off the northern end of Providencia (known as Old Providence during the Golden Age of Piracy) is Santa Catalina Island, and upon the western shore is a notable rock formation named “Morgan’s Head”. The rock has been carved away by wind and wave, said to resemble a human face, and is named after Captain Henry Morgan; who used the island as a base of operations during his campaign against Panama in the 17th century.

Folklore persists that there is buried treasure on the island, deposited by Henry Morgan. One specific tale insists that there are chests of gold and jewels “underneath” Morgan’s Head, and the site is also of course haunted. According to that tale, there is a cave "just short of Morgan’s Head," and within he buried some loot he’d acquired from his raid of Panama in 1671. Inside, Morgan allegedly had four enslaved captives dig a ditch in which to bury the treasure, but would coldly behead each of them upon the completion of the task and toss them in as well, so that their souls may ‘guard against future interlopers’ until his return.

The claim of course states that Morgan never bothered to return to acquire the treasure, perhaps stemming from his relaxation and content governing Port Royal afterwards. Today, a well established, but often at times steep, hiking trail with many stairs can take you across the beautiful tropical island, and out directly to Morgan’s Head.

For similar buried treasure claims such as this, consider checking out my recently published book "Pirate Ghosts & Buried Treasures of the Southeast Coast," which includes many pirate-relevant tales from Florida to Virginia! Available now on Amazon, or signed copies by messaging this page.

(Pictured is an 1842 re-sketch of the period woodcut of Henry Morgan, a look at Morgan’s Head from the water to the south, a view from arriving to Morgan’s Head from the trail, a look out across the waters along the northern coast from Morgan’s Head, and the now-water-filled ‘Morgan’s Cave’)

[eirinstiva]

The Sussex Vampire: a bit about Perú

In the last two letters from my dear friend Watson we know about The Adventure of the Sussex Vampire so I have an excuse to dust my old book of history, some English-Spanish dictionaries and Todo Sherlock Holmes.

Mrs. Ferguson (we don't know her name. ACD, how hard was to call her María or Violeta?) and her maid Dolores come from Perú (I know I shouldn't use ´ but I have my Latino ID so I'll do what I want). She was daughter of a Peruvian merchant related to importation of nitrates.

After the Pacific War came a National reconstruction period (1884–1895). During this period Peru has huge external debt and lost many industries related to nitrate production, the occupied provinces of Tacna and Arica were under Chilenization. Latex and oil industries become relevant due to Industrial Revolution but the country was in bankruptcy. In 1886 the Grace Contract was signed between Peru and British bondholders to settle this debt, and the Peruvian Corporation was formed. This corporation agreed to cancel Peru's debt in exchange for £80,000 in annual payments, mining rights, and ownership of the Peruvian rail for 66 years. The corporation also agreed to build 160 kilometers of new railroad.

Nicolás de Piérola was elected president of Peru 1895, and the country began its period known as the Aristocratic Republic. During this time the economy was highly dependent of Britain: The Peruvian Corporation (trains), London Pacific (oil), Cerro de Pasco Minning Corporation (copper), Peruvian Amazon Company (latex rubber) Sugar Company (sugar) and Banco Perú Londres (bank) were the motors of the economy.

Mrs. Ferguson was probably from an aristrocratic family and received a proper education for a woman of her social status, including learning a foreign language like English. Her "alien religion" was Catholicism like the biggest part of the country because that religion reached almost every corner in South America (by choice or force) during the Colonial Era.

The maid Dolores had brown skin, so I guess she was indigenous or mestiza (Spaniard+Indigenous). Like her employer she was Catholic too but she hadn't the same education. There were efforts to increase the number of people able to read, but it was a common practice for kids to leave school and work in the same industries as their parents.

Dolores didn't study English like Mrs. Ferguson, that's why she use Spanish grammar when she speaks:

“She verra ill,” cried the girl, looking with indignant eyes at her master. “She no ask for food. She verra ill. She need doctor. I frightened stay alone with her without doctor.”

She no ask for food = Ella no pregunta por comida ✔

The translation into Spanish made by Juan Manuel Ibeas reflects this with the absence of some sounds and words:

—Ta my enferma gimió la muchacha, mirando con ojos indignados a su señor—. No quere comía. Mu enferma. Necesita doctor. Me da miedo estar sola con ella sin doctor.

And "leesten", IIRC in Spanish we don't have long/short vowels, so the /ɪ/ in listen can be /iː/ like in heel, details that make English a hard language for Latinos, and harder for someone with Dolores' background.

ACD wrote a whole chapter of "The Mystery of Cloomber" with some Scottish accent, so I doesn't surprise me. I like the level of accuracy of this accent. There are high chances that Dolores doesn't even read in Spanish, so this details are more accurate that I expected.

I understand (a bit) why Mrs Fergurson didn't dare to tell her husband what his son did. She was in a foreign country alone with her maid, she had to deal with another language, another religion and she doesn't have her family or friends there. I can't imagine going back to Perú by steamship in times when the Panama Canal was in construction.

[spann-stann]

Setting Map: Viceroyalty Latinidad (REWORK)

CorpEmp Macrocommunities:

Aridoamerica: Northwest Mexico. Miffed they didn't get the Rio Grande, even in the 2800s.

Central America: Central America plus Panama minus El Salvador.

Chile: Rump Chile run by Tradcath Gremialists. At least they don't have to deal with the Mapuche anymore...

Grand Bajio: North-Central Mexico. Home to massive Neo-Chichimec and Purépecha industrial estates.

Gran Colombia: Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela. Bolivar was a corporatist all along!

Hispanola: Haiti, Dominican Republic, and Puerto Rico. The only islands of the Greater Antilles that weren't seized by the U.M. and W.C.O.F..

Indo-Caribbean: Trinidad-Tobago and the Guyanas. The Hindu Heartland outside of VR Jambudvīpa.

Kalingo Archipelago: The Lesser Antilles (sans T-T and Montserrat), home of Carib restorationist movements.

Matto Grosso: Brazil's Center-West. Like to see themselves as the heirs of old Brazil.

Maya: Yucatan, northern Guatemala, and Belize.

Mesoamerica: Central Mexico. Declared the Nahua and Zapotec homelands, dotted with Hispano-Gaelic enclaves.

Nordeste: Brazil's northeast. Finally free from Brazilian internal neocolonialism.

North Rio Grande: Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, and Tamaulipas. Once a Texan satellite state, its relationship with the First Dynasty's home made the N. Rio Grande an influential member of VR Latinidad following its formation.

Paraguay: Slightly larger now that it's acquired the Argentine Chaco. Provinces like styling themselves as the old Jesuit Reductions.

Patagonia: Southern Argentina and Chile, the homeland for the Mapuche people, as well as some Welsh enclaves.

Peru-Bolivia: Peru and Bolivia, back together! Styles itself as Neo-Incan, with a few acquired Japanese stylings.

São Paulo: Formed from the Brazilian state, plus Minas Gerais. One community of note within is the "Confederado Tribal Zone".

(South) Rio Grande: Southernmost Brazil. Lots of German, Italian, Polish, and Ukrainian enclaves.

Tucumán: Northern Argentina. A Neo-Diaguita and Tonocote project.

Non-CorpEmp Territory:

Cordons Sanitaire: The Falklands, Mexico City, Brazil's Federal District, and a large buffer zone between Buenos Aires (U.M. territory) and Uruguay (W.C.O.F.).

Green Consensus: A good chunk of the Amazon, Galapagos, and a restored Montserrat.

United Markets: The militarist Milleist Free State (Buenos Aires), Central America's Crypto Coast, Jamaican FVEM , and the Sandals-Bahamas Free Market Zone.

World Congress of Freedom: The Zapatista Federation (Chiapas), Cuban Republic, the Rio-Santo strip (Brazil), and Peoples Republic of Uruguay.

Reserves: Millenarianist, pacifist, and survivalist enclaves across the Viceroyalty, and several (formerly) uncontacted peoples in the Amazon.

CPC Activity: Organized criminal groups use the Mexico City and Brasilia Cordons Sanitaire as staging grounds for trafficking operations. Massive depots are usually seen built and rebuilt in the Amazon. Several descendants of Guantanamo detainees have formed pirate groups in the Caribbean.

[oneworldearth]

OneWorld - Earth

Representation of OneWorld The modern world is built on a deficient, ineffective, self-interested and corrupt systems in Government and associated agencies, the outcome is that Earth still reflects aspects of a Dark Age, what exists is ineffective in its responses the requirements of Earth’ advancement and development and also stifles and negates development and advancement of Earth.  OneWorld…

[apptworadioapps]

Radio Panama FM & AM + Radio Online - (Radio Android Application 🇵🇦📻)

 Panama is home to a diverse array of radio stations, ranging from national broadcasters to local community stations. Whether you're looking for news, music, sports, or cultural programming, there's a radio station in Panama to suit your interests.

One of the most well-known radio stations in Panama is RPC Radio, which is part of the Medcom network. RPC Radio offers a mix of news, talk shows, and music, and has a strong presence in the Panama City region. Another major national broadcaster is KW Continente, which offers a range of programming focused on news, music, and entertainment.

In addition to the national broadcasters, there are also several regional radio stations in Panama. For example, Radio Chiriqui is a popular station in the western province of Chiriqui, while Radio Provincia is a local station in the central province of Cocle.

Panama is also home to a number of community radio stations, which are run by volunteers and focus on local issues and perspectives. These stations often play a key role in promoting local culture and traditions. For example, Radio Maria Panama is a Catholic radio station that focuses on religious programming and community outreach.

Another interesting radio station in Panama is Radio Mangle, which is run by the Kuna Yala indigenous community. Radio Mangle offers programming in the Kuna Yala language and is an important part of the community's efforts to preserve their cultural heritage.

Overall, the radio landscape in Panama is diverse and vibrant, with something for everyone. Whether you're looking for news, music, or cultural programming, there are a wide range of radio stations to choose from. So why not tune in today and discover the sounds of Panama?

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[fatehbaz]

[I]n Latin America and the Caribbean, [a]lthough significant tracts of these forests have disappeared, their history goes well beyond the much discussed deforestation that gathered such momentum starting in the 1960s and 70s. [...] In [...] the lower Amazon River Basin, [...] [after European arrival] the extraction of natural resources for external markets got underway. These forest products, known as drogas do sertão, varied enormously: sarsaparilla, vanilla, cinnamon, manatee meat and oil, turtle shells, and feathers were among the most important. [...] [T]his trade [...] did have other environmental consequences, such as the sharp decline in turtle and manatee populations. [...]

[I]n 1750, the Caribbean coast of what is today Nicaragua also exported sarsaparilla and turtle shells in addition to mahogany. To the south, the alluvial mines of Colombia’s Pacific region became the principal source of New Granada’s gold exports during the eighteenth century, well anticipating the recent wave of mining prospecting and exploitation.

---

The extractive economy, which began timidly during the colonial period, burgeoned during the second half of the nineteenth century [...]. The industrial revolution generated demand for raw materials, some of which could be derived from rainforest plants. The rubber boom, which took place primarily in the Amazon but also extended through the forests of Central America, is the quintessential example. There were other important booms, though they tended to affect very specific regions, such as that created by the demand for tagua, or vegetable ivory - the seed of various palm trees that grow in the forests of the Pacific coast between Panama and Ecuador [the “Choco” forest ecoregion] - which was used to make buttons before the invention of plastic.

In the case of the Petén Basin of Guatemala, the tapping of chicle, once the principal ingredient in chewing gum, also illustrates how natural resource extraction restructured regions during the boom period and, following the development of industrial substitutes, dramatically declined.

In the forests of Central America’s Caribbean coast, as exemplified by the case of Belize, logging precious woods and dyewoods was of great importance. But even more significant during the first half of the twentieth century was the expansion of banana plantations in old-growth rainforests. [...]

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Rubber tappers in the Amazon cleared trails through the forest to connect one or two hundred Hevea trees that produced white rubber, the finest on the market. Every day they collected the latex [...]. The case of black rubber, however, was quite different. This rubber was derived from the latex of the Castilla genus, which is found both in the Amazon and in the forests of the Pacific coast and Central America. But because this latex dries upon contact with the air, rubber gatherers cut down the trees to “bleed” them all at once. In short order, therefore, the population of black rubber trees declined dramatically [...]. [T]he price crash in 1913, caused by the development of rubber plantations in Asia, ended such initiatives [...]. In the wake of these colonos came the establishment of state institutions, such as municipal authorities, and national ones [...]. Starting roughly from the mid-twentieth century, the colonization of tropical forests has been associated with large-scale deforestation. [...] After the 1964 coup, the Brazilian military made the Amazon Basin strategic to their plans for national development [...]. The ideology of civilization’s triumph over an intractable nature and wild population has been instrumental in the conquest of rainforest frontiers.

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All text by: Claudia Leal. “Rainforest Frontiers.” In: “New Environmental Histories of Latin America and the Caribbean.” Edited by Claudia Leal, Jose Augusto Padua, and John Soluri. RRC Perspectives no. 7, 51-57. 2013. [Bold emphasis and some paragraph breaks/contractions added by me.]