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The Industrial Revolution (Micro Owen)

Despite the significance of his contributions, Charles Babbage was considered by his contemporaries to be eccentric, if not on the verge of lunacy. Despite the work of Owen and Babbage, it was not until the late 1800s that owners and managers began to raise concerns about the problem of material and human inefficiency. Indeed, much of the political unrest in Europe during the 19th century was due to political power struggles between the aristocratic classes and a new emerging class of factory owners struggling to define the role that labor would play in the Industrial Revolution. Frustrated by this opposition to his ideas, Owen left England for the United States and founded a communal township at New Harmony, Indiana, in 1824 which incorporated much of his philosophy. To complicate the management task, many laborers had not had access to education; thus, literacy was low as was the ability to perform basic mathematical calculations.

Foremost among the technological advancements was the discovery of how to derive energy from steam. By this time markets were becoming saturated and competition for greater profits had intensified. Most of those employed as managers had to learn their position based on ad hoc problem solving. Two of the best-known theorists of this period were Robert Owen and Charles Babbage.

The Industrial Revolution led to radical changes in the way people work, socialize, engage in politics, and carry on their daily lives. Moreover, steam power allowed for the development of machinery that could lower production costs, produce larger volumes of goods, and ultimately provide for swifter transportation of those goods to markets.

Many of Owen's ideas about the management of human resources were assimilated into a school of thought, referred to as behavioral theory, that emerged in the 1920s. However, it was the advancement of technology in several key spheres that culminated in the rapid emergence and growth of industrial manufacturing. Managers of factories, however, had to find a different set of principles and techniques in order to be effective. Owen believed that factory workers would be more productive if they were motivated through rewards rather than punishments. Hence, it was both the invention of new forms of energy for the production and transportation of goods and radical social changes that promoted the Industrial Revolution.

Charles Babbage (1792-1871) is considered a genius for his contribution to the development of the modern school of mathematics. His application of mathematical principles to management, and his development of an "analytic engine" whose ideas are represented in the modern computer in the form of program control, micro-programming, multiprocessing, and array processing. However, an additional technological advancement was necessary in order for factories and industries to grow. Babbage also had a strong understanding of the importance of human resources as related to efficiency. Many of his ideas would be incorporated both in classical management theory and in quantitative management theory, which were espoused in the 1900s.

Prior to the Industrial Revolution in Europe and the United States, most human labor was performed in relation to the soil. While these ideas are widely accepted now, they were considered "too radical" by other manufacturers and politicians of that time. A person noted that "he spoke as if he hated mankind in general, Englishmen in particular, and the English government and organ grinders most of all. He came to recognize that human resources were as valuable to the production of goods as were financial and material resources. Yet trained managers were in short supply. Great amounts of managerial time were spent in providing oral instructions and demonstrations of tasks to be performed. While goods could be produced in greater quantities, at lower costs, and in less time, customers had to be available.

Babbage's major contribution to management is his book "On the Economy of Machinery and Manufactures", in which he described in great detail how mathematics could be applied to problems of inefficient use of materials and facilities. He advocated profit-sharing plans and bonus systems as ways to achieve better relations between management and labor. As factories based on the use of this new technology were set up, the need for greater numbers of laborers generated political tension in many European societies.

The obvious solution to this problem was to hire managers to oversee parts of the production process. During this time, several individuals began to address issues of management both in practice and in writings. The steam engine, as perfected by James Watt, provided a mechanism for obtaining cheap and efficient energy. Where a single city may have constituted the total market for the goods produced in a factory, railroads and ships powered by steam could now efficiently transport the goods over a much wider area to be sold to new customers. However, this could not be achieved without a readily available labor force.

As a result, human labor and energy were augmented by machines, and industrial development spread throughout Western civilization. As an individual factory grew in numbers of employees, it became more difficult for one person to oversee the operation. Artisans comprised a small segment of labor which was primarily confined to the cities and concentrated in the production of goods such as cloth, shoes, tools, and weapons. The focus of managers, therefore, was more on directing subordinates than on coordinating and motivating the work force.

Babbage experimented with several motivating techniques and became a strong advocate for improving working conditions through increasing the minimum working age of children to 10 years, providing regular meal breaks for workers, and reducing the workday to 101/2 hours with no night work for children. The rapid growth of factories posed management problems different from those encountered in pre-industrial organizations.

Robert Owen (1771-1858) was the owner of a mill in New Lanark, Scotland. Ultimately, many of the peasants moved to the city to obtain work in the developing factories. The state could operate without competition or having to show a profit; the church could organize and manage its activities because of the devotion of the faithful; and the military could control large numbers of troops through a rigid hierarchy of discipline and authority. With most of the laborers dispersed on farmlands, often working under conditions of virtual servitude to large landowners, attempts to reform society began to occur. Upset by the noise made by organ grinders on the street outside his house, he would counter by blowing a bugle in front of his house, much to the dismay of his neighbors.

Despite the work of Owen and Babbage, it was not until the late 1800s that owners and managers began to raise concerns about the problem of material and human inefficiency. By this time markets were becoming saturated and competition for greater profits had intensified.

Martin Hahn PhD has received his education and degrees in Europe in organizational/industrial sociology. He grew up in South-East Asia and moved to Europe to get his tertiary education and gain experience in the fields of scientific research, radio journalism, and management consulting.

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Home Appliances Shop

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Different Types of Fridge Appliances

To meet the needs of various customers, manufacturers have developed various kinds of fridge appliances. To get the right appliance, you'll need to be familiar with the features of each variant. Some are designed for energy efficiency while others to save space.

Bottom Freezers

While top freezers are still widespread, the bottom freezer versions are gaining wide acceptance. The main selling point of these appliances is their energy efficiency. There are several styles, from the standard single door to twin French doors.

The typical French door freezer has narrow shelves. If you need more space, there are bottom freezers that provide space for larger trays. These can be kept at the bottom freezer.

Side by Side Fridge Appliances

These are vertically constructed refrigerators with French doors. The freezer is positioned on one side and the fridge on the other. The freezer and the fridge have separate doors.

These appliances are ideal for those with limited space because the doors are half the size of average swing door fridges. Some models are small enough they can be positioned next to kitchen islands or tables without getting in the way.

This variant is noted for being roughly the same size as single door refrigerators. The vertical setup means there are smaller but numerous shelves for each section. The fridge part typically has a couple of crisper drawers. The fridge section is usually larger than the freezer. Some of these fridge appliances are equipped with ice makers, pull out drawers and water dispensers.

Integrated Fridge / Freezers

These integrated units are also recommended for those with limited space. The freezer section is used to store meat, chicken, ice cream and other food that need to be frozen. The fridge portion is for storing and cooling assorted food items. Due to their efficiency and compactness, these appliances are often found in apartments and homes. These appliances are even used in finished basements as they don't take up a lot of room.

Top Freezers

Also known as top-mount models, these units have the freezer at the top section. Along with the side by side, these fridge appliances are among the most widely used. The freezer is usually smaller compared with those of a side by side. However, top-mount models are less expensive.

Before You Buy

There are two major factors that come into play: the amount of food you need to store and available room. Before making a purchase, note the unit's size; will it be enough to fit your current needs? If your current fridge is too small, try to calculate how much bigger the new fridge has to be.

If necessary, remove some furniture to make room for the new unit. Of course you should look for discounts when shopping. Other factors to assess are the power consumption, colors and style. With fridge appliances coming in various shapes and sizes, you'll have no shortage of options. By recognizing the features of these units, you can remove the difficulties that come with choosing and buying these appliances.

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Air Conditioning Brands - How To Choose The Best One

It is difficult, especially for someone not within the air conditioning sector, to figure out which is the best air conditioning brand out on the market.

The fact is, each brand of air conditioning has it's own advantages and disadvantages. Even for an industry expert or specialist, it would be challenging to say exactly which brand is indeed the very best one.

Read on for 5 crucial aspects you must consider when picking the ideal brand to go with in your home construction or upgrading plans.

When Choosing The Best Air Conditioning Brand, Here Are 5 Things To Consider:

1. Lifespan - How Long Can The Air Conditioner Last

This is one of the most crucial considerations when choosing an air conditioner brand. The life-span of an air conditioner, or for how long it lasts, has a strong implication on a home owner's running costs.

Earlier systems actually have the tendency to last for a longer period-- typically approximately 20 years. However, with the development of much more sophisticated electronics being incorporated into today's air conditioners, this is no longer the case. This holds true for any kind of electrical home appliance-- not simply air conditioner systems.

Different brand names differ in quality and durability. Even within the same brand, each unique model of air conditioner has it's one-of-a-kind "idiosyncracies".

Some expert installers have in fact provided feedback that the thermostat of particular brands is more susceptible to failing over time than others. We are unable to provide specific brand names in this post to observe the legal rights of each brand.

In addition, a fast search on Google will generate numerous beneficial insights. This might be the best way to determine which brand is more durable - based on the experiences of other customers.

When doing your research, it's best to research for genuine comments by actual customers as opposed to the info posted by air conditioning companies-- which could be biased.

Typically, the more recent models of air conditioners provide at least 5 years service warranty on Parts, Labour and Compressor-- with some manufacturers offering a little more.

So what's the best way to decide on the most effective air conditioning brand name based on durability? A viable approach would certainly be to talk to a specialist. Tradespeople or installers that have actually worked in the air conditioning sector for a long time, will certainly have the field knowledge and experience to offer some great ideas on which brands are last longer.

2. Power Efficiency - How Much Power Does The Air Conditioner Need

While durability may not have improved much for most brands over the years, energy efficiency is one area that every air conditioning brand name has actually strived to improve over the years.

Current day top branded air conditioners have typically obtained the highest energy star score in the market. The leading brand names generally feature a 5-7 star rating-- which significantly minimises the amount of power required by the air conditioner.

When picking the best air conditioner brand, it is essential to look for one that has the highest power star rating. Escalating gas prices have actually caused electricity costs to rise considerably in the last few years, therefore picking an air conditioner with the lowest power consumption makes perfect sense.

Inverter designs are generally the good choice. Air Conditioners with the Inverter feature have the ability to power down to a lower consumption mode when the thermostat sense the room has actually been cooled down to a pre-specified temperature.

Depending on what that predetermined temperature is set to, you could certainly conserve A LOT of power.

If you set the thermostat to 16 degrees, the inverter would not be of much benefit, as it takes the air conditioner some effort to even cool the room to that temperature. However, if the thermostat is set to 21-26 degrees, which is easily achieved, the inverter kicks in much sooner, and puts the unit in low power mode.

3. Efficiency - How Effectively The Air Conditioner Cools A Space

Cooling performance of various brands can differ substantially. Even new models of the very brands could have wide ranging degrees of performance.

Generally, most air conditioners would do adequately well for regular sized rooms. If it's enclosed, especially. The real test happens when you attempt to cool down an open hall, or a large space.

Depending upon the power (BTU) of the fan coil or wall unit & compressor, an air conditioner model's cooling radius can vary dramatically. The larger the compressor, the bigger the cooling radius.

Check with friends or online customers reviews on which brand delivers the best cooling performance. People who have used different brands-- and who have experienced a not so good performing model-- KNOW for sure which brand not to go for.

Once more, talking with a market specialist or installer is still a wise choice. They've been in the industry for many years and know the ins and outs of many brands and models.

4. Special Features - Extra Functions That Are Unique To Each Brand

This is another essential factor to consider when selecting an air conditioner brand. Modern day technology has enabled the newer air conditioning models to come with flashy new functions. Some of these consist of:

Extensive Timer Controls - Preset on and also off times, and also running durations for each area.

Zoning - Divide your residence into various zones and present environments for every area!

Advanced Climate Control - Precisely regulate the temperatue for each and every room

WiFi/ Remote Access - Turn on your heater or air conditioner 5 minutes prior to you get to home!

When choosing your air conditioner, ensure you compare all the attributes supplied by each brand! It's quite a fun exercise!

5. Reputation & Support

Of course, this point goes back for years. Solid brand names are established over years of top quality as well as a tested performance history. Once again do your very own research and figure out which brand name matches you a lot more.

The leading air conditioning brands are Mitsubishi, Toshiba, Carrier, Samsung as well as Braemar. Having a strong track record in the industry implies that these brands have actually stood the test of time, as well as have actually consistently delivered on quality, durability and customer satisfaction.

I hope this article has helped highlight the key considerations when choosing the most ideal air conditioning brand for your home. Unfortunately, as with all things "Shopping" related, there's no definite answer. However, based on these 5 key points, and some careful research, you should be able to pick out a good brand best suited to your needs.

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Specifications of OLED Tv

They may sound similiar, but OLED and LED are two remarkably different technologies. The difference is in the name.

OLED stands for organic light-emitting diode, where the term "organic" refers to the presence of organic carbon-based molecules in the emissive (light-emitting) layer. This is unlike LEDs, which use an "inorganic" semiconductor.

In a single pixel of OLED the organic layer is sandwiched between two conductors, an anode and cathode. Typically, one or both of these conductors are transparent. When electricity is applied, the organic layer emits light.

OLED is being hyped as the next generation of digitial display technology, offering numerous advantages over both LCD and Plasma screen technologies.

Most of the thickness of an LCD television comes from the fact that it requires a backlight. Unlike LCD, OLED screens are able to produce their own light and therefore do not rely on a backlight of any kind. This allows manufacturers to make OLED displays to very thin specifications.

Screens made using OLED pixels offer a greatly improved viewing angle and much better image quality. This is because the light output is managed by each individual pixel, allowing for extremely localized dimming and greater colour accuracy.

OLED pixels can be turned on and off more rapidly than LCD displays allowing for a faster refresh rate. In fact, the refresh rate of an OLED display is about 1,000 times faster than an LCD, greatly reducing blur.

Due to their size, it is also possible to make flexible OLED panels. This would allow OLED screens to be installed on gradiented surfaces such as pillars. It would also make for far greater portability as an OLED screen could potentially be rolled up for easier transportation.

As OLEDs do not require a backlight, they also use far less energy than LCD screens, making them more beneficial for the environment.

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