#oc: nova / allocer

[aura-morgenstern]

warmup colored marker doodles

Allocer 🪼 and Boo Pumpkinhead 🎃

[kingofthenorth49]

Day 1 of what is the rest of my life

Day 1

Today is the first official day of my “new life”.

I awoke as I have been doing for months around 8:30 am.... much later than my traditional 5 am alarm wake up call from the days gone by with my two BFF’s laying either side of me, my wife to my left, my dog to my right. No one wanted to move. It was perfect.

Its actually een like that for almost three months to some degree, except that every single morning until today I was expected to do something, whether it was drywall and insulate a cottage to have a place to live for the winter in the middle of a pandemic, or to run to town to get an oil change of groceries.

Today I get to sit here looking out over the Northumberland Strait, Nova  Scotia behind me, left and right, New Brunswick off shore to the left and  Prince Edward Island dead ahead, the lights of the radio towers in Charlottetown blinking “we are here” on a staccato rhythm each and every night after dusk.

I spent the last few years of my career in the c-suites of a billion dollar companies, making big deals and ensuring the demands of growing population were met through the safe, efficient, and timely delivery of minerals required to produce everything from iPhones , toilet paper, French fries, electricity etc. At one point we as an executive team brought in a high powered consultant from an Ivy League school to help us re-brnad our mission, vision, and value statements and help set the direction for a company we were restructuring by getting our leadership team  focused on what kind of company we wanted to be. One of the exercises she did with the group of around 20 was called “your book”, and the premise was in turn you had to tell the group if you wrote a book at that moment in time, what would it be titled and why?

Now if you followed me on social media I may have told this story, so bear with me as I retell it, but there’s a twist.

So when it was my turn, my response to the group was my book would be entitled “How the hell did I get here?” which elicited laugher from the group and once the room calmed down I explained that my journey to the boardroom was anything but traditional, and I was amazed at the way my career arc went given the path I followed through life, and I would write a book telling others’ how I parlayed a career in safety and health and  helping others’ into a great life lived (in my humble opinion).

I never saw 2019 coming.

Fast forward  to approximately 4 years  later and I’d still write the book and use the same title, but the book would be very different. Very different indeed.  Now it would be about how I came to be sitting on the shores of the Atlantic Ocean hiding from safety. Literally.

I want to write, I find it therapeutic and allows me to organize my thoughts, which in my mind can be like trying to herd kittens on crack. I think a lot. Ask my wife what it’s like living with someone who’s brain never shuts off. I’m not bragging, it’s a curse at times, but at other’s it’s a blessing. My original thought was to write my life story as an inspiration to others’ who have self-confidence issues as a kind of way to pay it forward for the next generation, as based on my interaction with the next two, we’ve got some work to do before we shuffle off this mortal coil if we want the world to survive.

I’m not being mellow dramatic, the way I see it we are currently on a path of mutual destruction. There’s no other way to describe what’s going on in the world right now, it’s either utter incompetence or it’s being done with evil intention.

Like Elon Musk, I’m a big believer in capitalism as anyone who understand the strategic allocation of capital is the only way to efficiently manage a society, and those (like Musk) who are good at it make life better for all (Think Starlink, Telsa, SpaceEx, Boring etc.) versus Government rule by people like Biden, Trudeau et al who only understand that the allocation of resources is done to ensure the next election is in their favour.

There’s a chasm wider than the ocean I’m staring at right now between those two approaches, and an even larger cost to the individual, our communities, and society as a whole.

The world has gone mad in my opinion, we’ve allowed ourselves to be divided, riled up, and set loose on each other, with misinformation and a mass psychosis campaign unlike the world’s not seen. We have completely lost leave our collective common sense. One needs look no closer than the vaccinated being afraid of the unvaccinated to highlight the fact we are no longer thinking clearly. If you took a vaccine because your government told you it was safe, effective, and it would allow us to “get back to normal” and then none of it was true and you lined up for a 3rd shot, well, I can’t help you. I really can’t.

I’m not trying to be mean, quite the contrary. I’m trying to explain people like me to people like you. You’s people. To you, I’m you’s people. Get it? In safety I’d use a teaching point to highlight an aspect of the perlzman effect (more safety controls, more risk taking activity goes on) and I highlight that the way our minds work is that accidents don;t happen to me, it happens to others’, you know, you’s people.

So we ran a vaccination campaign with leaky vaccines (non-sterilizing) and we tied the participation in this trial to the very freedoms guaranteed in our charter of rights. We allowed people we elected (I think) to under the guise of safety rob us of our very freedom to the point of making people die alone as there families pleaded with officials to “allow” them to see their loved ones who were in their final stages of dying, because we didn’t want to transmit them the disease.

Read that again.

We have become that fucking stupid as a society, and many of you bought into it.

Sorry for the naughty words, but know if your going to stick around and read this blog, they will be used as special seasoning throughout in as much as I love my spice rack when I cook. They bring out the emphasis in the points I’m trying to cook up.

So this blog is going to be about our fall into the darkness we’ve experienced as humans, partly for my mental health to write it down, part for your entertainment/education, and partly so those who come after us understand we all didn’t go bat shit crazy and start injecting ourselves with bleach and inserting UV lights in our nether regions.

I’m going to try and write each day or so and tell my story, I hope you’ll follow along and participate, I’d like to hear comments, pushback, contratry thoughts, or just share your experiences in the comments. I think we are alot more alike than they give us credit for, they’ve just told u we are all different.

We aren’t. We all get up each day and put one foot in front of each otherto get through our days, love our friends and family and try to live the best life we can.

Come join me and let’s get back to living by understanding how the wheels on the bus came off. I’ve got time and the desire to fix things, you with me?

Let’s do this.

Jim Out.

[juniperpublishers-agriculture]

No-tillage and Vegetable Barrier as a Strategy for Pest Management in the Production of Lettuce- Juniper publishers

The experiments were conducted in randomized blocks, arranged in subdivide parcels scheme, the main factor is the presence and absence of the surrounding sorghum band and in the sub parcels of the soil cover (spontaneous vegetation, millet, goosegrass and sorghum) and the conventional (without cover), with four repetitions. The evaluated variables were biomass production of cover crops, composition rate, weed elimination, pest population variants, natural enemies and lettuce production. The millet showed lower rate of decomposition and longer half-life. The sorghum indicated higher litterfall and greater efficiency in weed elimination during the cycles. The predominant pests in the area were whitefly and thripes, regardless of the management used. The presence of the sorghum-surrounding band provided an increase of the natural enemies, mainly in the lettuce second cycle. As well as the increase of lettuce production when grown with millet and grass goosegras in the first cycle and sorghum in the second cycle. The conservation practices evaluated in this research can be indicated as a phytosanitary management strategy in the lettuce crop.

Keywords: Lactuca sativa L; Sorghum sp; Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Brown; Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn; Weed Management

    Introduction

Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) belongs to the asteraceous family, originating in a temperate climate region, is the most consumed vegetable in Brazil and in the world [1]. To meet the demand, the farmer intensifies the cultivation, which is usually carried out in the conventional production system, based on the use of irrigation, chemical fertilizers, intense soil revolving in the preparation and formation of beds, exposing them to climatic conditions, accelerating the process of water erosion leading to degradation. This cultivation model favors the development of weeds, interferes in crop productivity due to competition for nutrients, light, water, allelochemical release. In addition, weeds can serve as a shelter and food source for insect pests and disease hosts [1-3]. Because it is a short cycle vegetable, several consecutive cycles are performed during the year, which favors the permanence of pests in the cultivation medium. Among these pests stand out the whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) and thrips (Frankliniella schultzei), main responsible for causing direct damage due to sap sucking and toxin injection, affecting its vegetative development and causing indirect damage through transmission of viruses (GUIMARÃES et al., 2013). The control of these pests in conventional vegetable production is done through the application of chemical insecticides, which leads to the death of natural enemies, reduces biological control. Data from ANVISA [4] indicate lettuce as one of the vegetables with the highest rates of contamination with pesticides (45% of the samples), levels above those allowed and/or with active ingredients not recommended for the species.

Therefore, it is necessary to use conservation practices that promote a reduction in the use of pesticides and an increase in vegetable productivity. No-tillage can be highlighted as an alternative due to soil benefits, addition of organic matter, reduction of surface erosion, mitigation of high temperature and the possibility of weed suppression [3]. Another conservationist practice that increases pest control and can reduce the demand for insecticides is the use of the surrounding sorghum band (Sorghum sp.), for being an attractive species to natural enemies [5] (MEDEIROS et al., 2010). Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the soil cover and surrounding range as phytosanitary management strategies in two lettuce production cycles.

    Material and Methods

The experiment was carried out in the municipality of Nova Mutum - MT, in the experimental area of the University Campus of Nova Mutum - State University of Mato Grosso (UNEMAT). The municipality is located at south latitude 13o 05’ 04” and west longitude 56o 05’ 16”. The climate of type Aw (Kóppen), tropical, with concentrated rains in summer (October to April). The average annual rainfall is 1900mm and the average temperature is 26 °C [6]. The soil is classified as dystrophic Yellow Red Latosol (EMBRAPA, year). Two consecutive lettuce cycles were conducted, using the cultivar of the crespa type, cv. Crispy SRV 2005. The experimental design was in randomized blocks, in subdivided plots, with four replications. The factor of the main plot was the presence and absence of the surrounding strip with broom sorghum (Sorghum vulgare L. Moench), the plot presented dimension of 12.5 × 24 meters (m). In the subplot, the following soil coverings were implanted: millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Brown), forage sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench), chicken-foot grass (Eleusine coracana L.) Gaertn, spontaneous vegetation and conventional cultivation (with soil revolving and incorporation of weeds, procedure performed in both cycles of lettuce). The subplots consisted of two beds with dimensions of 1.2 × 1.0 m each, allocating 32 lettuce plants.

The soil sample of the experimental area was collected at the depth 0-20 cm and after the analysis presented the following characteristics: sand 82.5%; silt 3.7%; clay 13.8%; pH (CaCl2) = 6.9; H+Al = 1.2 cmolc dm-3; Al = 0.0 cmolc dm-3; Mg = 1.0 cmolc dm- 3; Ca = 3.8 cmolc dm-3; K = 0.04 cmolc dm-3; P = 99.7 mg dm-3; CTC = 6.0 cmolc dm-3; V = 80%; MO = 15.0 g dm-3. Soil preparation was performed with a harrowing and leveling grid, and subsequent lifting of the beds. After this stage, in all subplots, the planting fertilization of the cover species was carried out, 30 kg ha-1 of N (urea - 44% N), 400 kg ha-1 of P2O5 (simple superphosphate - 18% P2O5),150 kg ha-1 of K2O(potassium chloride - 58 % K2O) and 15t ha-1 of chicken manure.

The sowing of the cover species was carried out on the beds, in the spacing between lines of 0.30 m, using 40 kg ha-1 of millet seeds cv. Adr 300; 35 kg ha-1 of sorghum seeds cv AD 200 and 20 kg ha-1 of chicken foot grass seeds cv. ANPG 207. The sowings were carried out on different dates so that the plants were dried and mowed on the same day (January 18, 2016), due to the difference in the cycle, cycles of 74, 60 and 45 days after sowing (DAS) were obtained for crow’s foot grass, sorghum and millet, respectively. The soil cover plants were dried with glyphosate herbicide at 1L ha-1 dosage and then mowed at 0.05m from the soil. The broom sorghum was sown on October 26, 2015 for the formation of the surrounding strip around the plots. This range consisted of three 0.50 m spaced cultivation lines between rows, with a population of 10 plants m-1, distant 2m from the subplots and 5m from the plot with no surrounding broom sorghum band

In the first cycle, lettuce sowing was carried out on January 6, 2016 and, in the second cycle, on February 4, 2016, in trays of 162 black polyethylene cells, filled with commercial substrate (VIVATTO®),kept in a protected environment, covered with agricultural film, with a thickness of 150 micras and black shading screen with 50% in the windows. The transplant of the seedlings was performed at 24 days after sowing, when the seedlings had three or four definitive leaves in both cycles. The spacing used was 0.30 × 0.25m.

Planting fertilization was performed one week before the transplant of lettuce seedlings, using 30 kg ha-1N (urea - 44% N); 400 kg ha-1 of P2O5 (simple superphosphate - 18% P2O5) and102 kg ha-1 of K2O (potassium chloride - 58 % K2O). The cover fertilizers the dosages:15, 15, 30, 30 and 30 kg ha-1 of N, at 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 days after transplantation (DAT) and potassium applied at doses of 12, 18 and 18 kg ha-1 of K2O, at 10, 15 and 20 DAT. The planting and cover fertilizations for lettuce, in both cycles, were released on the straw, in the treatments under no-tillage. Planting fertilization was incorporated in the treatment with soil revolving (conventional cultivation).

Irrigation was performed using microperforated laser hoses, type Santeno 01. The water management of the crop was performed according to the need of the crop, monitored through vacuometer tensiometers, following the methodology proposed by Marquelli (2008). Due to the high whitefly infestation, weekly sprays of neem leaf extract (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) were performed at a concentration of 1%. These were performed after the replacement of adhesive traps, so as not to interfere with the samples of natural enemies. The biomass (shoot dry) of the cover plants was evaluated at the beginning of flowering. For this, four samples of 0.25 m² per plot were randomly collected. After collection, the material was submitted to drying in a forced circulation oven, at 65 oC, for 72 hours, obtaining constant weight [7].

To evaluate the decomposition rate, 20g Branches of plant material, of each sample, in decomposition bags. These were made with shading mesh (5mm) with a dimension of 0.20 × 0.20 m. Four decomposition bags have been placed on the surface of each subploer the. Two bags were evaluated in the harvest of each lettuce cycle. The determination of decomposition (k) in g-1 plant waste was obtained by Thomas’ methodology and Asakawa [8].

Where:

X: amount of dry matter remaining after a period of time t, in days

Xo: initial amount of dry matter or nutrient

k: biomass decomposition constant

The determination of the half-life time (T1/2) on days of plant residues was obtained by the methodology of Paul and Clark [9].

Weed suppression was evaluated in the two lettuce cycles at 15 and 30 DAT. The identification of weed species was performed with the aid of the “Manual of identification of weeds” [10]. The relative frequency of the predominant weed species in the plots was sized, after the measurement of the fresh and dry mass of the shoot, in an area of one m² per plot, considering the total weeds during the two cycles [11]. After each evaluation in all plots, manual weeding was performed. Between the first and second lettuce cycles, the area with glyphosate herbicide was desiccation at the dosage 1 L ha-1.

To quantify the insects, associated with lettuce crop in areas with and without surrounding range, yellow and blue adhesive traps with dimension of 0.15 × 0.24 m, installed under the canopy of lettuce plants, were used 0.20 m from the soil. The traps were distributed in the plots, four blue and four yellow in the crops with presence and absence of the surrounding broom sorghum range, totaling 16 traps. These were replaced every seven days and the plates, containing insects, were sent to the Laboratory of Entomology - UNEMAT / Campus Tangará da Serra, for screening, quantification. The specimens were identified at the family level, with the aid of a taxonomic key. However, individuals of the orders Hymenoptera and Diptera were stored in 70% alcohol and sent for identification at the National Institute of Amazonian Research. To characterize the population fluctuation of pests in the area, in the evaluated period (7.14, 21, 28 and 35 DAT), the pest populations were obtained and the mean number of individuals/trap present in each color (blue and yellow) was considered in each harvest. To quantify the whitefly during the two cycles, due to the high infestations in the yellow traps, the count was performed by extrapolation in 1 cm² (OLIVEIRA and LABINAS, 2008).

Six central plants were collected to evaluate lettuce production, per subplot, at the harvest point, 35 and 42 DAT, for the first and second cycles, respectively. The number of leaves (total and commercial) and the total and commercial production (g plant-1) were evaluated. For commercial production, only undamaged leaves were considered. Regarding the number of commercial leaves, the number of commercial leaves were considered larger than 5cm [12]. During lettuce cycles, precipitation data were collected with the aid of a rain gauge. Soil temperatures were measured using a digital skewer thermometer (model HM-600), and the average, maximum and minimum air temperature with thermohygrometer (model HM-02), taken daily at 2 p.m. For fresh mass and dry mass of weeds, data transformation (√X+1) was used. The data were submitted to analysis of variance (F test) and the means compared by the Scott-Knott test (p<0.05) in the Assistat program (SILVA and AZEVEDO, 2016).

    Results and Discussion

For biomass and decomposition rate of cover crops there was no significant interaction between the factors presence and absence of surrounding range and soil cover. The highest biomass value was obtained with crow’s foot grass and sorghum. The values obtained in this study of biomass of chickengrass and millet were higher than the work of Boeret al. (2008). Millet was the species that presented the lowest rate of decomposition (k) resulting in a longer half-life time(T1/2) both in the first and second lettuce cultivation cycle (Table 1).

It was observed that the decomposition rate (k) in the first cycle was twice as high as the second lettuce cultivation cycle (Table 1). This fact can be explained by the climatic period of the first cycle in which the accumulated precipitation was 622 mm and in the second cycle 90mm. Torres, Pereira and Fabian [7] found that in the periods of 42 and 98 days, after the management of the roofs, under different climatic conditions, with an average temperature of 22.5 oC, the decomposition rate (k) was also lower than this work, for the millet (0.005 and 0.007 g-1) and sorghum (0.005 and 0.006 days), respectively. Boer et al. [13] evaluating the biomass decomposition of soil cover, 240 days after the management of cover plants, with accumulated precipitation of 9.2mm and average temperature of 22, 8 oC, verified that the decomposition rate was also lower than the results for the millet 0.006 days and for the chicken-foot grass 0.006 days. The lower decomposition rate (k) value observed may be related to the climatic conditions of the evaluation period, the management time of the roofs and the variety used.

During the two lettuce growing cycles, the relative frequency of weeds identified were: 39.66% of Santa-Luzia grass (Chamaesyce hirta L.) 32.21% marmalade grass (Brachiaria plantaginea L. ), 14.06% chicken-foot grass (Eleusine indica L.) and the others represented 13.97% (puts out fire (Alternanthera tenella L. , roundworm Chenopodium ambrosioides L., caruru Amaranthus viridis L. and beldroega Portulaca oleracea L.). For the variables fresh and dry weed mass there was no significant interaction between factors, presence and absence of surrounding broom sorghum range and soil cover (Table 2). In general, it was observed that the soil cover is more efficient than spontaneous vegetation in weed suppression, with sorghum being the species that presented the highest efficiency in suppression. The efficiency of sorghum in weed suppression, this effect may be linked to the substance sorghumone, considered allopathic. In addition to the species presenting great biomass production (10.8 t ha-1) (SANTOS et al., 2012) [3] (Table 1). For the variable, Dry Mass, there was no significant difference between sorghum and crow’s foot grass for weed suppression in the first cycle (15 and 30 DAT) (Table 2), this may have occurred due to the better performance regarding biomass production by these species. In the second cycle, significant differences were observed in weed suppression by soil cover, only at 30 DAT. The reduction of the efficiency of crow’s foot grass in the second lettuce cultivation cycle may be related to the decomposition rate (k), resulting in the decrease of biomass with inhibition of the physical effect of weed suppression. The millet presented the lowest decomposition rate (k), maintaining the suppression effect for the second cycle due to the permanence of the straw on the soil, longer half-life time (T1/2). The low production of fresh and dry weed mass at 15 DAT, in the second cycle, may have occurred by reducing precipitation and effect of glyphosate application, which reduced weed development.

The predominant pests in the area were whitefly and thrips, captured in yellow and blue traps, respectively (Figure 1). In the first lettuce cultivation cycle, it was observed that whitefly adults had a population peak of 53,460 and 49,320 individuals/ trap at 14 DAT in the plot with and without surrounding range, respectively (Figure 1). In the second lettuce cycle, the whitefly population was less than 5,000 individuals/trap (Figure 1). The high population peak of whitefly, in the first lettuce cycle, is probably associated with the migration of this insect from the surrounding soybean areas, since the population was very high. According to Harterreitem-Souza et al. [14] cultivated areas near large (monoculture) soybean and bean crops may favor the dispersal of whitefly populations, infesting the surrounding vegetable cultivation.

During the population peak of whitefly there was direct damage in the leaf blade of lettuce plants, such as chlorosis, mainly close to the central rib, in the leaf stem, due to the continuous suction of nymphs and the reduced growth of plants, drastically affecting production (Figure 2). Guimarães et al., [15] verified similar damage in lettuce production fields with changes in vegetative and reproductive development of the crop. It was verified in the first lettuce cycle that the peak population of thrips was 392 (28 DAT) and 330 (21 DAT) individuals/trap in the plots with presence and absence of surrounding range, respectively (Figure 1). In the second lettuce cycle, there was a population increase of thrips at 28 DAT with 503 and 404 individuals/trap) in the plots with and without the surrounding range, respectively (Figure 1). Despite the increase in the thrips population, in the second cycle, the presence of these insects in the crop was not recorded, probably the collected individuals migrated from host plants, attracted by the blue color of the traps. As observed by Gaertner and Borba [16] in hydroponic lettuce cultivation, the blue color was attractive for adults of thrips.

It is noteworthy that despite the absence of thrips damage in the area, monitoring with traps is important, as several authors report this insect as a key pest in lettuce crop, causing direct damage due to sap suction and indirect damage by transmission of viruses such as the turn vira-cabeça [1,15,16]. The presence of the surrounding range favored the occurrence of natural enemies in the cultivation area in the two cycles evaluated. In the first lettuce cycle, the predators of the family Asilidae (Diptera) and Vespidae (Hymenoptera) predominated in the blue trap. In the second cycle, there was a greater abundance of ants (Formicidae) and predators of the families Dolichopodidae (Diptera) and Carabidae (Coleoptera). In the plot with absence of surrounding range, the natural enemies, with greater abundance, in the blue trap were the predators Formicidae (Hymenoptera), Asilidae (Diptera) and Dolichopodidae (Diptera) in both lettuce cycles. The predator Carabidae (Coleoptera) and the parasitoids of the family Figitidae and Platygastridae showed the highest number in the second lettuce cycle. In the yellow trap the collections were more abundant, in the second lettuce cycle, with predominance of predators of the family Dolichopodidae (Diptera) Formicidae, Vespidae (Hymenoptera) and the parasitoid hymenoptera Figitidae, Platygastridae, Pompilidae, Eulophidae, Diapriididae and Bethylidae, in addition to the parasitoid dipterans of the hybotidae family (Table 3).

The highest number of natural enemies were collected in yellow traps in the second lettuce cycle, probably due to the high whitefly infestation in the first lettuce cycle (Figure 1), preventing the adhesion of other insects to the plate. In addition, the high precipitation (Figure 3) occurred in the period influenced the amount of insects captured, because the strong spatter of raindrops in the soil resulted in the reduction of the adhesive area of the traps, were covered with soil particles, consequently reducing the efficiency of the traps in the capture of insects. The results indicate that regardless of the presence or absence of the surrounding range and lettuce cycle, the yellow trap was efficient in collecting the parasitoids and predators of the hymenoptera and Dolichopodidae diptera families. The blue trap showed specificity in the collection of asylides (Diptera). The efficiency of yellow color in the capture of insects was also observed by Silva et al. [17].

The most abundant family was Dolichopodidae (Diptera), which may be related to the presence of prey in the area (aphid and thrips) [18], since in the second cycle a higher aphid infestation was observed in the surrounding sorghum band. Carvalho, Bueno and Mendes, [19] observed that the increase in predators and parasitoids coincided with the population peaks of aphids in chrysanthemum cultivation. Thus, the higher concentration of phytophagous insects in the crop also favors the increase of their predators in the area. Another important factor is that the lettuce growing area was near the edge of the forest (20m) favoring the Dolichopodidae family in biological control, as verified by BORTOLO et al., (2016). There was a greater abundance of natural enemies in the plot with surrounding sorghum strip, which may be related to the attractiveness of this species as a food source (nectar and pollen) and shelter. According to the record of Pincanço and Paula et al. [5] for hymenoptera predators in tomato cultivation. Regarding the number of total leaves (NFT) and commercial (NFC), in both cultivation cycles, there was no significant interaction for the factors studied, presence and absence of the surrounding strip of sorghum broom and soil cover plants (Table 4). For lettuce cultivation, in the first cycle, the number of commercial leaves (NFC) and totals (NFT) were higher in the cultivation system with the presence of the surrounding broom sorghum range. However, this difference was not observed in the second cycle.

As for soil cover, lettuces grown under no-tillage with millet and chicken-foot grass showed higher number of total and commercial leaves in the first cycle (Table 4). However, in the second cycle the soil cover did not provide significant difference for these variables. The high temperature and precipitation of the experiment period may have affected the development of lettuce reducing the number of commercial and total leaves. The lettuce plant is sensitive to the occurrence of high temperatures. Combined with the occurrence of rains, plants of smaller size and quality are obtained. When lettuce receives temperatures above its ideal range it begins to lose water through the transpiration process, affecting the development of leaves [20]. Seabra et al. [21] reports the main difficulties of lettuce production in the region, and high temperatures and high rainfall are the main problems. In addition, high whitefly infestation and weed competition may have influenced development. The damage caused by the whitefly may compromise the appearance and impair the commercialization of the product [15]. According to Machado et al. [22], lettuce crop is affected, in its initial phase, by weed competition, affecting its leaf area.

For the characteristics of total production and commercial production, there was significant interaction between the factors studied, presence and absence of the surrounding strip of broom sorghum and soil cover for the two lettuce cultivation cycles (Table 5). It was observed higher total and commercial production of lettuce plants when they were cultivated under notillage, with soil cover, associated with the surrounding broom sorghum range. This trend was observed in both cultivation cycles (Table 5). In the first cycle, lettuce grown under no-tillage with soil cover of chicken foot and millet grass, associated with the surrounding broom sorghum range, showed higher total and commercial production. In the second cycle, the best response in terms of lettuce production occurred using sorghum as soil cover. The biomass of cover plants promoted plant suppression and consequently lower weed competition. Some studies conducted with lettuce demonstrate good agronomic performance when grown over no-tillage [17,23].

Millet was the soil cover species used that produced the lowest amount of biomass (6.8 t ha-1). This resulted in less accumulation of straw in the soil, providing better accommodation of the straw, reducing the shading on the plant, since the accumulation of biomass in the soil can cause shading effect that compromises the development of seedlings [23]. Which may explain the higher lettuce production in the first cycle. On the other hand, the biomass of the millet remained longer in the soil due to the lower rate of decomposition in relation to the other studied cover species. This justifies, at the end of the second cycle, the greatest effect of weed suppression and, consequently, higher production, compared to the conventional, in the cultivation with the presence of surrounding ranges. In turn, the chicken foot grass produced twice as much biomass as millet (12.3 t ha-1), the low size of the plants facilitates the accommodation of straw in the soil, so there is no shading effect on lettuce. A factor associated with the reduction of weed infestation justifies the higher production in the first cycle. However, the decomposition rate of crow’s foot grass was higher than millet, reducing the weed suppression effect [22], justifying in the second crop cycle the lowest lettuce yield.

Sorghum also produced a large amount of biomass (10.8 t ha-1) allowing greater accumulation of straw on the soil, which resulted in greater shading in lettuce, affecting development in the first cycle. This may have negatively influenced the initial development of lettuce causing seedling losses [23], and justifies in the first cycle the lower lettuce production obtained in treatments with sorghum as a cover plant. In the second cycle, there was accommodation of straw on the soil, possibly due to partial biomass decomposition in the period, which may justify the higher production of lettuce grown on sorghum. As for the yields obtained, total and commercial, it was found that in the first cycle the production was low, with averages ranging from 15.0 to 55.4g plant -1 and 7.4 to 42.7 g plant-1,respectively. The yields obtained in the second cycle were 10 to 15 times higher than those obtained in the first cycle, this was due to lower rainfall (90 mm) when compared to the first cycle (622 mm) (Figure 3).

The low production obtained in the first cycle can be justified by the higher incidence of weeds at the beginning of the cultivation cycle (Table 2), associated with high whitefly infestation (Figure 1) and high rainfall (Figure 3). Evidencing the difficulty of lettuce cultivation in February, requiring the use of conservation practices and development of technologies that favor the increase in production in this period. The temperatures, in general, presented similar averages in both cycles, with a mean for the first cycle, maximum and minimum of 29.7, 37.2 and 22.1 oC, respectively, and for the second cycle of 29.7, 37.3 and 22, 1 oC, respectively (Figure 3). Santos et al. [24] when evaluating the performance of 13 lettuce cultivars of the crespa type, in the period of high precipitation, in the municipality of Cáceres - MT, obtained lower results than, with the average temperature ranging from 35.3 oC; between 27.2 and 41.2 oC; between 10.7 and 24.4 oC, with total production of 52.5 to 111.5 g plant-1. Silva et al. [24] when studying the effect of different soil cover, under temperature conditions in which the minimum varied from 20.5 to 25 oC and the maximums of 28.6 to 39.2 oC, obtained yield from 204, 78 to 276.67 g lettuce plant-1. de alface.

Thus, soil temperature was lower in beds with implanted soil cover (millet, crow’s foot grass and sorghum), which reduced from 0.8 to 1.1oC, respectively, for the first and second cycle, when compared to treatment without soil cover (Figure 2). Thus, the reduction of soil temperature can contribute to the production of lettuce grown on cover crops in periods of high temperatures. Among the conservation practices evaluated, the surrounding range of broom sorghum can be used in lettuce production areas, contributing to the organization of productive systems, increasing natural biological control, due to its attractiveness of natural enemies, influencing lettuce production in the period of high whitefly infestation.  

No-tillage resulted in reduced soil temperature, weed suppression and consequent increase in lettuce production. In addition, it contributes to reduce the erosion of the beds, preserving their structures, in periods of high precipitation [2]. Therefore, the use of this technique allows a smaller workforce with soil revolving, construction site formation, manual weeding or herbicide use in the area [26].

    Conclusion

Sorghum and chicken grass as cover crops were the species with the highest biomass production and the sorghum the highest weed suppression effect. The surrounding strip of sorghum broom increases pest control, increasing the population of natural enemies in the area. The use of no-tillage associated with the surrounding broom sorghum range provides higher lettuce production.

    Thanks

I thank FAPEMAT (Mato Grosso Research Support Foundation) for funding a scholarship to carry out this work and researchers Karine Schoeninger an

d Alexandre Emanuel Camargo Silveira of the National Institute of Amazonian Research-INPA for identifying insects of the order Hymenoptera and Diptera.

    Acknowledgement

We would like to thank the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel-CAPES (Process 224287/2015), the Mato Grosso State Research Support Foundation - FAPEMAT (Universal Call 005/2015 FAPEMAT) and the State University of Mato Grosso - UNEMAT for their support in the integration for the execution of this work and scientific technical development.

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