#north of auxerre
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Plus de 400 kilogrammes de résine de cannabis ont été saisis vendredi lors de l'interception d'un go-fast près de Sens (Yonne), une opération qui a abouti à quatre interpellations, a indiqué ce lundi à l'AFP la gendarmerie.
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On March 17th 458, Mo Padraigh (Saint Patrick), Patron Saint of Ireland died.
There is a theory that St Patrick was born around the Dumbarton area in about the year 372, other sources put him further south in what is now Cumbria, the truth is nobody knows for certain. What is known that The Islands as we know them now were in the main occupied by The Romans.
It is said his father, whose name was Calpurnius, was in a respectable station in life, being municipal magistrate in the town in which he lived. What town this was, however, is not certainly known, whether Kilpatrick, a small village on the Clyde, five miles east of Dumbarton, Duntochar, another small village about a mile north of Kilpatrick, or Dumbarton itself. But as I said these are only the ares quoted in what is now Scotland I wont go into the ones saying England.
His father is supposed, (for nearly all that is recorded of the holy man is conjectural, or at best but inferential,) to have come to Scotland in a civil capacity with the Roman troops, under Theodosius. His mother, whose name was Cenevessa, was sister or niece of St Martin, bishop of Tours; and from this circumstance, it is presumed that his family were Christians.
He was captured as a teenager by Niall of the Nine Hostages who was to become a King of all Ireland.
He was sold into slavery in Ireland and put to work as a shepherd. He worked in terrible conditions for six years drawing comfort in the Christian faith that so many of his people had abandoned under Roman rule.
Patrick had a dream that encouraged him to flee his captivity and to head South where a ship was to be waiting for him. He travelled over 200 miles from his Northern captivity to Wexford town where, sure enough, a ship was waiting to enable his escape.
Patrick's devotion to Ireland started with a dream which he wrote about as.....
"I saw a man coming, as it were from Ireland. His name was Victoricus, and he carried many letters, and he gave me one of them. I read the heading: 'The Voice of the Irish.' As I began the letter, I imagined in that moment that I heard the voice of those very people who were near the wood of Foclut, which is beside the western sea-and they cried out, as with one voice: 'We appeal to you, holy servant boy, to come and walk among us.'"
The vision prompted his studies for the priesthood. He was ordained by St. Germanus, the Bishop of Auxerre, whom he had studied under for years, and was later ordained a bishop and sent to take the Gospel to Ireland.
Patrick arrived in Slane, Ireland on March 25, 433. There are several legends about what happened next, with the most prominent claiming he met the chieftan of one of the druid tribes, who tried to kill him. After an intervention from God, Patrick was able to convert the chieftain and preach the Gospel throughout Ireland. There, he converted many people -eventually thousands - and he began building churches across the country.
He often used shamrocks to explain the Holy Trinity and entire kingdoms were eventually converted to Christianity after hearing Patrick's message.
Patrick preached and converted all of Ireland for 40 years. He worked many miracles and wrote of his love for God in Confessions. After years of living in poverty, travelling and enduring much suffering he died March 17, 461.
He died at Saul, where he had built the first Irish church. He is believed to be buried in Down Cathedral, Downpatrick. His grave was marked in 1990 with a granite stone.
Saint Patrick's Day is observed on 17th March, the supposed date of his death. It is celebrated inside and outside Ireland as a religious and cultural holiday. In the dioceses of Ireland, it is both a solemnity and a holy day of obligation; it is also a celebration of Ireland itself, although recent events have meant it will be more subdued than normal. I once read many years ago that there is more alcohol in the world sold on St Patrick's Day than any other day of the year, and I quite believe that, but again am not getting into an argument.
A wee but more about the Scottish thing here...https://www.irishcentral.com/roots/history/saint-patrick-born-scotland
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Holidays 9.28
Holidays
Banned Websites Awareness Day
British Home Child Day (UK)
Cabrillo Day (California)
Canterbury South Day (New Zealand)
Carrot Day (French Republic)
Carson King Day (Iowa)
Circassian Costume Day
Ethel Rosenberg Day of Justice (New York)
Fiesta of San Miguel (Mexico)
Fish Tank Floorshow Night
Flag Day (Thailand)
Frances Willard Day (Minnesota, Wisconsin)
Freedom From Hunger Day
Global Day of Student Prayer
Gold Lining Day
Gone-ta-Pott Day [every 28th]
International Day of Arnold Chiari Syndrome
International Day of Scientific Culture
International Day for Universal Access to Information (UN)
International Right to Know Day
International Safe Abortion Day
Marshmallow Twisters Day
National British Home Child Day (Canada)
National Chris Day
National Day of Awareness
National Day of Awareness and Unity against Child Pornography (Philippines)
National Good Neighbor Day
National Gordie Day
National Manufacturing Day (UK)
National North Carolina Day
National Penicillin Allergy Day
National Self Awareness Day
National Son’s Day (Canada)
National Talk Like Mr. Krabs Day (Aenopia)
National Traffic Door Day
NICU Staff Recognition Day
Popular Uprising of Naples Day (Italy)
Psoriatic Arthritis Awareness Day
Read a Child a Book You Like Day
Silver Lining Day
Teacher’s Day (Philippines, Taiwan)
World News Day
World Pet Day
World Rabies Day
Food & Drink Celebrations
Drink As Much Beer As Possible Day
Drink Beer Day
International Poke Day
National Drink Beer Day
Ohio Pint Day
Strawberry Cream Pie Day
World Marmite Day
4th & Last Thursday in September
Arthur's Day (Arthur Guinness) [4th Thursday]
National Fitness Day (Ireland) [4th Thursday]
National School Parent Group Day [4th Thursday]
Remember Me Thursday [4th Thursday]
World Maritime Day [Last Thursday]
World Trenches Day [4th Thursday]
Independence Days
Czech Statehood Day (Czech Republic) Nefaria (a.k.a. Timonoucitiland; Declared; 2019) [unrecognized]
Feast Days
Aaron of Auxerre (Christian; Saint)
Alexandre Cabanel (Artology)
Annemund (Christian; Saint)
Confucius (Confucianism; Founder)
Conval (Christian; Saint)
Eustochium (Christian; Saint)
Exuperius (Christian; Saint)
Fast of Gedalia (Judaism) [3 Tishri]
Faustus of Riez (Christian; Saint)
Feast of Khepera (Egyptian Beetle God)
Festival of Wawatsari (God of Deer Peyote; Huichol, Mexico)
Fictional Character Day (Pastafarian)
Fred (Muppetism)
Hapi’s Day (Day of the Nile; Pagan)
Hazelwood Day (Church of the SubGenius; Saint)
John of Dukla (Christian; Saint)
Leoba (a.k.a. Lioba; Christian; Saint)
Lorenzo Ruiz (Christian; Saint)
Michaelmas Eve (Celtic)
Mme. de Staal (Positivist; Saint)
Paternus of Auch (Christian; Saint)
The Prophet’s Birthday [Islam] (a.k.a. ...
Baravfat (India)
Birthday of Prophet Muhammed (Cameroon, Kuwait, Lebanon, Maldives, Palestine, Sierra Leone, UAE)
Eid Al-Maulid Anebi (Eritea)
Eid-El-Maulud (Nigeria)
Eid-e-Milad-un Nabi (Bangladesh)
Gamo (Gambia)
Gamou (Senegal)
Hari Maulad Nabi (Cocos or Keeling Islands)
Le Mouled (Tunisia)
Maoulida (Mayotte)
Maouloud (Guinea, Senegal)
Maouloud-Al-Nebi (Chad)
Maulid (Tanzania)
Maulid Nabi Muhammad SAW 1444 H (Indonesia)
Maulidur Rasul (Brunei)
Mawleed al-Nabi (Afghanistan)
Mawlid (Ethiopia)
Mawlid al-Nabi (Jordan)
Mawlid An Nabi (Syria)
Mawlid En Nabaoui Echarif (Algeria)
Mawlid Nabi (Somalia)
Mawloud (Mali)
Mawlud Nabi (Gambia)
Mavlid Al Nabi (Cyprus)
Milad Al Nabi (Oman)
Miladunnabi (Bahrain)
Milad-un-Nabi (India, Sri Lanka)
Moulad (Iraq)
Mouled Al Nabee (Libya)
Moulid Al Nabi (Sudan)
Moulid El Nabi (Egypt)
Mouloud (Comoros, Djibouti, Niger)
Rabi' al-Awwal (Yemen)
Youman Nabi (Guyana)
Richard Rolle, Walter Hilton and Margery Kempe (Episcopal Church (USA))
Simón de Rojas (Christian; Saint)
Wenceslas (Christian; Saint) [Bohemia, Czech brewers] *
Lucky & Unlucky Days
Prime Number Day: 271 [58 of 72]
Sakimake (先負 Japan) [Bad luck in the morning, good luck in the afternoon.]
Umu Limnu (Evil Day; Babylonian Calendar; 45 of 60)
Premieres
Aqua Duck (WB MM Cartoon; 1963)
…Baby One More Time, by Britney Spears (Song; 1998)
Ballet Shoes, by Noel Streatfeild (Children’s Novel; 1936)
Blackadder Goes Forth (UK TV Series; 1989)
Blonde (Film; 2022)
Cool Hand Luke, by Donn Pearce (Novel; 1965)
DC Showcase: Green Arrow (WB Cartoon; 2010)
The Dissent of Man, by Bad Religion (Album; 2010)
Dr. Kildare (TV Series; 1961)
Eldorado, by Electric Light Orchestra (Album; 1974)
Fallen Into the Pit, by Ellis Peters (Novel; 1951)
Greedy for Tweety (WB LT Cartoon; 1957)
Hearts in Atlantis (Film; 2001)
Hotel Transylvania (Animated Film; 2012)
I Heard It Through the Grapevine, by Gladys Knight & The Pips (Song; 1967)
Looney Lightning or Nuts and Volts (Rocky & Bullwinkle Cartoon, S6, Ep. 306; 1964)
Looper (Film; 2012)
Love Me Tender, by Elvis Presley (Song; 1956)
Mildred Pierce (Film; 1945)
Night School (Film; 2018)
On Ice (Disney Cartoon; 1935)
Papa Was a Rollin’ Stone, by The Temptations (Song; 1972)
Pitch Perfect (Film; 2012)
The Professor and the Madman (UK Title: The Surgeon of Crowthorne), by Simon Winchester (Book; 1998)
The Show Must Go On or Give “em the Acts (Rocky & Bullwinkle Cartoon, S6, Ep. 305; 1964)
Smallfoot (Animated Film; 2018)
Songs in the Key of Life, by Stevie Wonder (Album; 1976)
Star Trek: The Next Generation (TV Series; 1987)
Superman/Batman: Apocalypse (WB Animated Film; 2010)
Tales from Margarita, by Jimmy Buffet (Short Stories; 1989)
To Know Him Is To Love Him, by The Teddy Bears (Song; 1958)
Tom and Jerry: Robin Hood and His Merry Mouse (WB Animated Film; 2012)
Ugly Betty (TV Series; 2008)
Welcome to the Jungle, by Guns N’ Roses (Song; 1987)
The Wild Life (Film; 1984)
A Wizard of Earthsea, by Ursula K. Le Guin (Novel; 1968)
Zoolander (Film; 2001)
Today’s Name Days
Dietmar, Giselher, Lioba, Thekla, Wenzel (Austria)
Faust, Lovorko, Većeslav (Croatia)
Václav (Czech Republic)
Venceslaus (Denmark)
Lennart, Lenno, Leonhard, Linnar, Linnart (Estonia)
Arja, Lenni (Finland)
Venceslas (France)
Giselher, Lioba, Wenzel (Germany)
Heriton (Greece)
Vencel (Hungary)
Venceslao (Italy)
Gaita, Kaira, Lana, Sergejs, Svetlana (Latvia)
Saliamonas, Tautvydas, Vaclovas, Vacys, Vientautė (Lithuania)
Lena, Lene (Norway)
Jan, Laurencjusz, Luba, Lubosza, Marek, Nikita, Salomon, Sylwin, Wacław, Wacława, Wawrzyniec, Więcesław (Poland)
Hariton (Romania)
Václav (Slovakia)
Lorenzo, Wenceslao (Spain)
Lennart, Leonard (Sweden)
Baruch, Preston, Prior, Pryor, Wenzel (USA)
Today is Also…
Day of Year: Day 271 of 2024; 94 days remaining in the year
ISO: Day 4 of week 39 of 2023
Celtic Tree Calendar: Muin (Vine) [Day 24 of 28]
Chinese: Month 8 (Xin-You), Day 14 (Ji-Chou)
Chinese Year of the: Rabbit 4721 (until February 10, 2024)
Hebrew: 13 Tishri 5784
Islamic: 13 Rabi I 1445
J Cal: 1 Shù; Oneday [1 of 30]
Julian: 15 September 2023
Moon: 98%: Waxing Gibbous
Positivist: 19 Shakespeare (10th Month) [Mme. de Staal]
Runic Half Month: Gyfu (Gift) [Day 2 of 15]
Season: Autumn (Day 5 of 89)
Zodiac: Libra (Day 5 of 30)
Calendar Changes
Shù (Month 10 of 12; J Calendar)
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Holidays 7.31
Holidays
African Women’s Day
Air Force Day (Nicaragua)
Always Live Better Than Yester Day
Apricot Day (French Republic)
Black Top Day (a.k.a. Black Tot Day; UK)
Brunhilda Asteroid Day
Change Your Ringtone Day (Australia)
Cool Japan Day
Crossfire Hurricane Day
Devoted Couples Day
Emancipation Day (Belize)
Father’s Day (Dominican Republic)
George Jetson Day
Garda Asteroid Day
The Great Mullein Day
Gryphon Appreciation Day
Hapje Tapje (Leuven, Belgium)
Happy Potter Day
Hot August Nights begin (Reno, Nevada)
Insect Appreciation Day
International Lifeguard Appreciation Day
International Seriously Single Day
Joust of Quintana: La Sfida (The Challenge; Italy) [Pt. 2 in September]
Ka Hae Hawai'i Day (State Flag Day; Hawaii)
Law Enforcement Day (Louisiana)
Mac Davis Day (Lubbock, Texas)
Martyrdom Day of Shahid Udham Singh (Haryana and Punjab, India)
Milton Friedman Day
Mutt's Day
National Blood Donor Day (Iran)
National Commando Day
National Diana Day
National Eisteddford of Wales (Wales)
National Heatstroke Awareness Day
National #Love Day
National Mom Bod Day
National Mutt Day (a.k.a. National Mixed Breed Dog Day)
National Orgasm Day (UK)
National Parent a Biracial Child Day
Operation Motorman Anniversary Day (UK)
Rabbit Rabbit Day [Last Day of Every Month]
Saui Sura (Javanese New Year; Suriname)
Saxophone Day
731 Day
Treasury Day (Poland)
Uncommon Instrument Awareness Day
U.S. Patent Day
Warriors’ Day (Malaysia)
World Day Against Electronic Torture
World MS Trend Day
World Ranger Day
Food & Drink Celebrations
Cotton Candy Day [also 12.7]
Jump for Jelly Beans Day
Make Homemade Ice Cream and Invite the Neighbors Over Day
National Avocado Day
National Raspberry Cake Day
National Spam Day
Rum Ration Day (a.k.a. Black Tot Day)
Shredded Wheat Day
Independence & Related Days
Sovereignty Restoration Day (Hawaii)
Vanuatu (from UK/France, 1980)
Weimar Constitution Adoption Day (Germany; 1919)
5th & Last Wednesday in July
OSHC Educators Day (Australia) [last Wednesday]
Weekly Holidays beginning July 31 (Last Week of July)
Oregon Brewers Festival begins [Last full weekend; Wednesday thru Saturday] (Now merged with the Portland Rose Festival in May and June)
Festivals Beginning July 31, 2024
Beyond the Gates (Bergen, Norway) [thru 8.3]
Grays Harbor County Fair (Elma, Washington) [thru 8.3]
Iowa Hunger Summit (Des Moines, Iowa)
Maine Lobster Festival (Rockland, Maine) [thru 8.4]
Montelago Celtic Festival (Serravalle di Chienti, Italy) [thru 8.3]
NC Watermelon Festival (Murfreesboro, North Carolina) [thru 8.3]
Northern Maine Fair (Presque Isle, Maine) [thru 8.4]
Ventura County Fair (Ventura, California) [thru 8.11]
Viagem Medieval (Medieval Journey) (Santa Maria da Feira, Portugal) [thru 8.11]
Feast Days
Abanoub (Christian; Saint)
Bill Gates Day (Church of the SubGenius; Saint)
Birthday of Nephthys
Cameons (Positivist; Saint)
The Clodhoppers (Muppetism)
Dress Up Day (Pastafarian)
Erich Heckel (Artology)
Feast of Joseph of Arimathea (Anglican; Roman Catholic)
First Sermon of Buddha (Bhutan)
Germanus of Auxerre (Christian; Saint)
Helen of Skofde, Sweden (Christian; Saint)
Ignatius of Loyola (Christian; Saint)
Jacques Villon (Artology)
Jean Denis Attiret (Artology)
Jean Dubuffet (Artology)
J.K. Rowling (Writerism)
John Columbini (Christian; Saint)
Joseph of Arimathea (Eastern Orthodox)
Ka Hae (Hawaii Flag Day; Starza Pagan Book of Days)
Lammas Eve (a.k.a. ...
August Eve
Hlafmesse (Loaf Mass; Anglo-Saxon)
Lammas, Day 1 (Celtic, Pagan) [5 of 8 Festivals of the Natural Year]
Lughnassad Eve
Lithasblot (Norse Harvest Festival)
Loki and Sigyn’s Day (Norse)
Lughnassadh (Grain Harvest)
Oiche Lughnasadh (Pagan)
Martyrdom Day of Shahid Udham Singh (Haryana, India)
Mary Vaux Walcott (Artology)
Neot (Christian; Saint)
Primo Levi (Writerism)
Real Ale Day (Pastafarian)
Seedy Birds (Muppetism)
Lucky & Unlucky Days
Sensho (先勝 Japan) [Good luck in the morning, bad luck in the afternoon.]
Premieres
Bad Animals, by Heart (Album; 1987)
BASEketball (Film; 1998)
Buffy the Vampire Slayer (Film; 1992)
Confidence (Oswald the Lucky Rabbit Cartoon; 1933)
Dad’s Army (BBC TV Series; 1968)
The Dark Tower (Film; 2017)
Death Becomes Her (Film; 1992)
Enchanted April (Film; 1992)
Ever After (Film; 1998)
Farmer Al Falfa’s Prize Package (Terrytoons Cartoon; 1936)
Four Weddings and a Funeral (TV Series; 2019)
Hang ‘Em High (Film; 1968)
Hot Shots! (Film; 1991)
I Am Legend, by Richard Matheson (Novel; 1954)
Lego Aquaman: Rage of Atlantis (WB Animated Film; 2018)
Little Boy Blue (Castle Films ComiColor Cartoons; 1936)
The Living Daylights (James Bond Film, US; 1987) [#15]
The Lost Boys (Film; 1987)
Mission Impossible: Rogue Nation (Film; 2015)
Murder Included, by Joanna Cannan (Novel; 1950)
The Negotiator (Film; 1998)
Night (Silly Symphony Disney Cartoon; 1930)
Only the Lonely, by Roy Orbison (Song; 1960)
The Pink Pill (Pink Panther Cartoon; 1968)
Plenty of Money and You (WB MM Cartoon; 1937)
Poems, Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect (Book of Poems; 1786)
Rascal Flatts, by Rascal Flatts (Album; 2000)
Rushing Roulette (WB MM Cartoon; 1965)
The Shadow (Radio Series; 1930)
Still the One, by Orleans (Song; 1976)
Urban Cowboy (Film; 1980)
Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets (Film; 2017)
What a Night! What a Moon!, recorded by Teddy Wilson (Song; 1935)
The Wiggles (TV Series; 1998)
Today’s Name Days
Hermann, Ignatius, Justinus (Austria)
Ignacije, Vatroslav (Croatia)
Ignác (Czech Republic)
Germanus, Helena (Denmark)
Ave, Meevi (Estonia)
Elena, Helena (Finland)
Ignace (France)
Herrmann, Ignatius, Joseph (Germany)
Iosif, Sifis (Greece)
Oszkár (Hungary)
Barbara (Italy)
Angelika, Renita, Rūta, Sigita (Latvia)
Elena, Ignotas, Sanginas, Vykintė (Lithuania)
Elin, Eline (Norway)
Beatus, Demokryt, Emilian, Ernesta, Ernestyna, Helena, Iga, Ignacja, Ignacy, Justyn, Ludomir, Żegota (Poland)
Margarita, Marina (Russia)
Ignác (Slovakia)
Fabio, Germán, Ignacio (Spain)
Elin, Helena (Sweden)
Ignacio, Inigo, Reed, Reid (USA)
Today is Also…
Day of Year: Day 213 of 2024; 153 days remaining in the year
ISO: Day 3 of Week 31 of 2024
Celtic Tree Calendar: Tinne (Holly) [Day 26 of 28]
Chinese: Month 6 (Xin-Wei), Day 26 (Bing-Shen)
Chinese Year of the: Dragon 4722 (until January 29, 2025) [Wu-Chen]
Hebrew: 25 Tammuz 5784
Islamic: 24 Muharram 1446
J Cal: 3 Purple; Threesday [3 of 30]
Julian: 18 July 2024
Moon: 17%: Waning Crescent
Positivist: 16 Dante (8th Month) [Cameons]
Runic Half Month: Thorn (Defense) [Day 8 of 15]
Season: Summer (Day 42 of 94)
Week: Last Week of July
Zodiac: Leo (Day 10 of 31)
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On this day in Wikipedia: Tuesday, 20th February
Welcome, ongi etorri, आप��ा स्वागत है (āpakā svāgata hai), ยินดีต้อนรับ (yin dee dtôn rab) 🤗
What does @Wikipedia say about 20th February through the years 🏛️📜🗓️?
20th February 2021 🗓️ : Death - Nurul Haque Miah
Nurul Haque Miah, Bangladeshi professor and writer (b. 1944)
"Muhammad Nurul Haque Miah (Bengali: মোহম্মদ নুরুল হক মিঞা; 1 July 1944 — 20 February 2021) was a professor at Dhaka College and the head of its Department of Chemistry. He is renowned for writing high school and degree textbooks. ..."
20th February 2017 🗓️ : Death - Vitaly Churkin
Vitaly Churkin, Ambassador of the Russian Federation to the United Nations (b. 1952)
"Vitaly Ivanovich Churkin (Russian: Виталий Иванович Чуркин, IPA: [vʲɪˈtalʲɪj ɪˈvanəvʲɪtɕ ˈtɕurkʲɪn]; 21 February 1952 – 20 February 2017) was a Russian diplomat. As a child actor, he starred in three films The Blue Notebook, Nol tri, and A Mother's Heart. Churkin served as Russia's Permanent..."
Image licensed under CC BY 2.0? by Luca Marfe
20th February 2014 🗓️ : Event - Euromaidan
Dozens of Euromaidan anti-government protesters died in Ukraine's capital Kyiv, many reportedly killed by snipers.
"Euromaidan ( YOOR-ə-my-DAHN, YOOR-oh-; Ukrainian: Євромайдан, romanized: Yevromaidan, IPA: [ˌjɛu̯romɐjˈdɑn], lit. 'Euro Square'), or the Maidan Uprising, was a wave of demonstrations and civil unrest in Ukraine, which began on 21 November 2013 with large protests in Maidan Nezalezhnosti..."
Image licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0? by Lystopad
20th February 1974 🗓️ : Birth - Karim Bagheri
Karim Bagheri, Iranian footballer and manager
"Karim Bagheri (Persian: ; born 20 February 1974) is an Iranian professional football coach and former player. He played over half of his professional career for Persepolis in the Persian Gulf Pro League. He is an assistant coach for Persepolis and the Iran national team...."
Image licensed under CC BY 4.0? by Mohsen Aboulghasem
20th February 1924 🗓️ : Birth - Gloria Vanderbilt
Gloria Vanderbilt, American actress, fashion designer, and socialite (d. 2019)
"Gloria Laura Vanderbilt (February 20, 1924 – June 17, 2019) was an American artist, author, actress, fashion designer, heiress, and socialite. During the 1930s, she was the subject of a high-profile child custody trial in which her mother, Gloria Morgan Vanderbilt, and her paternal aunt, Gertrude..."
Image by United States Steel Corporation, the show's sponsor.
20th February 1824 🗓️ : Event - William Buckland
William Buckland formally announces the name Megalosaurus, the first scientifically validly named non-avian dinosaur species.
"William Buckland DD, FRS (12 March 1784 – 14 August 1856) was an English theologian who became Dean of Westminster. He was also a geologist and palaeontologist. Buckland wrote the first full account of a fossil dinosaur, which he named Megalosaurus. His work proved that Kirkdale Cave in North..."
Image by Samuel Cousins
20th February 🗓️ : Holiday - Christian feast day: Eucherius of Orléans
"Saint Eucherius of Orléans (c. 687 in Orléans – February 20, 743 AD), nephew of Suavaric, bishop of Auxerre, was Bishop of Orléans. Reading the letters of Paul the Apostle led Eucherius to seek the monastic life in 714, when he retired to the Abbey of Jumièges in the Diocese of Rouen. After seven..."
Image licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0? by Kleon3
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On the Treaty of Verdun and its Consequences
Louis the Pious died in 840. Three years later his empire was divided into three independent kingdoms. The Treaty of Verdun was the first great European accord whose consequences proved durable, and its terms came as no surprise to contemporaries. The idea of partitioning the empire was not new. In accordance with Frankish custom, Charlemagne had provided for the division of his legacy in 806, and Louis the Pious had done so several times. Nevertheless, the death of Louis did not ensure the implementation of the scheme he had proposed. Only after three years of warfare and negotiation did the three brothers, Lothar, Louis, and Charles, arrive at a solution of their own formulation.
Prelude and Circumstances
The death of his father prompted Lothar to forget the arrangements he had agreed to at Worms in 839. He meant to claim it all, as Nithard reports:
“When Lothar heard that his father had died, he dispatched messengers everywhere, especially across all of Francia. They announced that he would take over the empire that had once been given to him. He promised that he would allow everyone to keep the benefices granted by his father, and that he desired to augment them. He ordered that persons whose loyalty was doubtful should promise their fealty. Moreover, he commanded that they should come before him as soon as possible, and that those who refused to do so should be executed.”
Lothar’s position appeared in fact quite strong. Louis of Bavaria had only a few troops and faced threats of Saxon revolt and Slavic incursion. Lothar, moreover, could count on the help of his nephew Pippin II, who led a part of the Aquitainian nobility in a revolt against Charles the Bald.
Lothar Versus Charles
Now seventeen, Charles had been established by his father in Aquitaine, where his mother Judith also resided. Because he needed to ensure the allegiance of followers north of the Loire and west of the Meuse, he embarked on a trip across his realm. But no sooner had Charles moved on from a locale, than Lothar's promises and threats seduced the local nobility. Thus, according to Nithard, as Lothar approached the Seine, Abbot Hrlduin of St. Denis, Count Gerard IT of Paris, and Pippin, the son of Bernard of Italy, “chose like slaves to break their word and disregard their oaths rather than give up their holdings for a little while.” Lothar sent envoys everywhere, including Provence and Brittany, to exact oaths from the nobility. Alternating flattery with threats, he promised Charles protection and a new partition, and meanwhile schemed to undermine his noble support with the help of repeated truces. Charles, however, also worked relentlessly to shore up his position by renewing ties with old supporters and gaining new ones. At Orleans, he received a pledge of fealty from Count Warin of Mâcon; at Bourges, he worked to win over Bernard of Septimania from Pippin II; and at Le Mans, he secured the support of Lambert III, count of Nantes. Nevertheless, the fruits of these efforts remained uncertain because Charles could not be everywhere at once. To obtain lasting success, he needed to defeat Lothar’s numerically superior forces. For this, Charles would have to make common cause with his brother Louis, who had withdrawn into Bavaria after suffering similar desertions among his followers.
The Alliance of Louis and Charles
In the spring of 841 fortune smiled on the two brothers. Charles managed to force a crossing of the Seine, and Louis arrived in the west to meet him after defeating Adalbert, Duke of Austrasia. The two princes combined forces near Auxerre. With the agreement of the bishops, they appealed for a “judgment of God,” that is, a trial by battle. On 25 June 841, the army of Charles and Louis squared off against that of Lothar and Pippin II at Fontenav-en-Puisave, near Auxerre. As lay-abbot of St. Riquier, die historian Nithard was also a participant, and he declared that “it was a great battle.” The engagement was, in fact, one of the greatest and most horrific of the Carolingian period. Contemporary chroniclers speak of thousands of dead: “a massacre whose equal no one could recall ever before witnessing among the Franks.” A certain Angilbert left an echo of the fratricidal slaughter in a rhythmic Latin poem:
‘May neither dew nor rain nor shower moistens that meadow where men most skilled in war did fall, who were lamented with tears by fathers, mothers, brothers, sisters, and friends.
From a hilltop, I gazed upon the valley below where brave Lothar repulsed his enemies and beat them back in flight across the brook.
Likewise on the side of Charles and Louis, the fields are white with the linen garments of the dead, as they are wont to be with birds in autumn.
The battle deserves no praise; it should be no subject of fine song. North, south, east, and west, may they all lament those who died by such a penalty.”
Whatever the assessment of Angilbert, his master Lothar was defeated and fled to Aachen. After celebrating a Mass of thanksgiving on the field of victory, Louis and Charles received a number of nobles who had waited to see the issue of the battle. Thus Bernard of Septimania arrived from his nearby camp, and committed his sixteen-year-old son William to the care of Charles the Bald. The young man became as much a hostage as a vassal, and his mother Dhuoda responded to his absence by composing for him her famous Handbook, where in she outlined a program of education for a young Christian nobleman.
The Strasbourg Oaths (842)
Despite his defeat, Lothar continued to intrigue, making new offers to Charles in an effort to break his alliance with Louis of Bavaria. The two allies, however, were firm in the belief that God was on their side, and they sealed their pact of cooperation. On 12 February 842, they exchanged oaths to this effect at Strasbourg in the presence of each other’s troops:
“For the love of God and for our Christian people’s salvation and our own, from this day on in as much as God grants me knowledge and power I shall treat my brother with regard to aid and everything else as a man should rightfully treat his brother, on condition that he do the same for me. And I shall not enter into any dealings with Lothar which might with my consent injure my brother.”
Nithard preserved the foregoing words, and he did so not once, but twice, in two similar yet decisively different forms. To make himself clear to the other’s followers, each brother pronounced his oath in their language: Louis spoke in “Romance,” while Charles spoke in lingua teudisca, or “Germanic.” Thereupon their respective vassals proceeded to swear an oath in their own vernacular—also recorded by Nithard—promising to abandon their lord should he break his pledge. Thus the Strasbourg Oaths have come to mark not only a momentous diplomatic and political event, but also an important step in the linguistic history of Europe. In order to celebrate the harmony that reigned between the allies, games were often arranged, as Nithard describes:
“They came together wherever a show could be accommodated. With a whole multitude gathered on either side, each with an equal number of Saxons, Gascons, Austrasians, and Bretons, they first rushed at full speed against one another as if they meant to attack. Then, one side would turn back, pretending to flee to their teammates under the cover of shields, but countering, they would dart back after their former pursuers. Finally, both kings and all the young men spurred forward their horses with immense clamor and lances in hand, and they gave chase by turns as the other side took flight. It was a show worth seeing thanks to the outstanding participants and good discipline. In such a vast array of different players no one dared hurt or abuse another, as often happens even when the games are small and among friends.”
Lothar Submits
Finally, the two brothers marched on Aachen. They occupied the palace, though Lothar had already carted away the treasury. With the accord of the bishops, they then proclaimed Lothar unworthy to govern, and they proposed to divide the empire between themselves. Twelve commissioners were appointed on each side to determine their respective shares. Thus, Lothar had to know that an indefeasible alliance now united Louis and Charles. After Fontenay, the Strasbourg Oaths and the capture of Aachen, the ambitious emperor had no choice but to yield. He abandoned his erstwhile ally, Pippin II. With great generosity, Charles and Louis agreed to resume negotiations on a new basis aimed at a tripartite division of the empire, excluding Aquitaine, Bavaria, and Lombardy, since these regions were considered respectively as the home domains of Charles, Louis and Lothar.
Negotiations (Spring 842-August 843)
It was high time for the brothers to come to terms. Frankish political turmoil had dramatically emboldened foreign sea-borne raiders, who now went so far as to pillage important centers like Quentovic and even Rouen. To dislodge one group of Northmen, the monks of St. Wandrille had agreed to pay an enormous tribute, and thereby introduced an inviting precedent. A group of Danes also settled themselves, with Lothar’s consent, on the Frisian island of Walcheren and some neighbouring places. In Provence, Muslim raiders attacked Marseille and Arles, while other Arab forces made inroads against Benevento in southern Italy. Finally, the usual restiveness of Aquitaine, Brittany, Saxony, and the Slavs posed a host of additional challenges.
The Difficulties
Nevertheless, the negotiations were to last for well over a year, such was the mistrust of the parties and the difficulty of the issues involved. On 15 June 842, the three brothers came together near Mâcon, and agreed to keep the peace until autumn, when a meeting of delegates was scheduled to convene on 30 September for the purpose of dividing the empire equally and fairly. This gathering was scuttled due to fears aroused by Lothar’s behaviour. Another meeting successfully convened on 19 October 842 at Koblenz, where the Rhine separated the camps of the two delegations, and the abbey of St. Castor served as a site for their deliberations. Although Charles and Louis had originally agreed that Lothar should choose first among the three parts of the kingdom, Lothar’s envoys cavilled over the terms of a “fair and equitable partition” in face of the avowed ignorance of all concerning the empire’s extent and resources. Although Charles and Louis had offered him everything between the Rhine in the east and the Meuse, Saône, and Rhone in the west, Lothar wanted, in addition, those portions of the Carolingian heartland that lay west of the Meuse in the region of the Charbonnière Forest. In the end, the protests of Lothar’s delegates over what was “fair and equitable” backfired. It was decided that no decision could be made until a survey of the empire was taken to ensure a just partition. The truce between the brothers was twice extended while commissioners worked to assess the resources of the empire. Though arduous and long, their work was furthered by inventories (descriptiones) listing bishoprics, religious foundations, counties, and royal properties.
Charles’s Marriage
Meanwhile, Charles the Bald used the truce to consolidate his position. He married Ermentrude, the daughter of Count Odo of Orléans, on 14 December 842. Odo stemmed from a family based along the Middle Rhine which was probably related to that of Gerold, Charlemagne’s brother-in-law. Odo himself had married Engeltrude, the sister of Count Gerard and the seneschal Adalhard, one of the most powerful lords in western Francia. Nithard wrote at length concerning Charles’s choice of bride:
“Louis the Pious in his time had loved this Adalhard so much that he did whatever Adalhard wanted everywhere in the empire. Adalhard cared less for the public good than for pleasing everyone. He persuaded the emperor to distribute privileges and public property for private use, and since he arranged for whatever anyone requested, he totally ruined the government. By this means it happened that he could bend the people to do whatever he wanted.”
Charles no doubt hoped to gain the favor of Adalhard through his marriage, even though his brother Gerard had joined Lothar’s cause. For Nithard added: “Charles entered into this marriage above all because he thought he could attract the largest following with Adalhard.” Charles spent the rest of the harsh winter of 843 with his new wife in Aquitaine, prosecuting the fight against Pippin II. Spring brought him a series of unpleasant reports: Empress Judith died on 13 April; Scandinavian raiders captured Nantes on 24 June; and an important victory was scored by the Bretons under the leadership of their duke, Nominoë. The young king required freedom to act, and this largely presupposed a resolution of the disputes surrounding the partition. In August 843, the three brothers agreed to meet at Dugny, near Verdun, and there they concluded their momentous transaction.
The Treaty of Verdun and Its Terms
The text of their agreement has not been preserved, but the boundaries of the three kingdoms established around the kernels of Aquitaine, Lombardy, and Bavaria can be determined from indirect evidence. To Charles went everything to the west of a line that roughly followed the Scheldt, Meuse, Saône, and Rhone rivers, while Louis acquired everything east of the Rhine and north of the Alps. Retaining his imperial title, Lothar received the central strip of territories extending from the North Sea to Italy. Still, it is not enough to trace the map of the three kingdoms of the Treaty of Verdun, we must also consider the underlying reasons for the boundaries that emerged.
The Rationale of the Partition
Since the nineteenth century, historians, especially in France and Germany, have used a variety of rationales to account for the formation of the three kingdoms. In the heyday of the principle of nationality, the French historians Jules Michelet and Augustin Thierry believed that the negotiators of 843 had sought above all to do justice to national sentiment and linguistic distinctions. Hence, “France” and “Germany” were born at Verdun, while the portion assigned to Lothar was destined to break up into pieces that later emerged as the Netherlands, Belgium, Switzerland, and Italy. This idea proved so durable that Joseph Calmette could still remark in his generally balanced synthesis “Effondrement d'un empire et la naissance d'une Europe (Paris, 1941)” that the Treaty of Verdun had ‘Violated nature” in establishing a no-man’s-land between France and Germany. The negotiators had cut into “the living flesh of France and Germany, and the wounds thus made had never healed, and had even reopened at periodic intervals.” In his “Naissance de la France (Paris, 1948)”, Ferdinand Lot was in general more circumspect. Although he noted that “no concept of race or language had ever determined the shape of Carolingian or Merovingian partitions,” he added that “having experienced the rupture of their close tics, the future France and Germany could take stock of their individuality, until then confused, and live henceforth independent existences.” Moreover, he judged that “without the amputation of her eastern flank, France could never have arisen: France could only live at the cost of losing an arm.”
At the time, however, there was no “France,” no “Germany.” Charles the Bald made a kingdom composed of diverse peoples speaking very different languages. Precious little could serve to unite the Goths of the Spanish March, the Gascons, the Aquitainians, the Bretons and the peoples of Neustria and Flanders. To the east, Louis of Bavaria could scarcely claim greater cohesion among his subjects, despite the contrary assertions of German historians of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. To explain the grounds for the partition enacted at Verdun, we must look beyond nationality and nationhood. Some historians have proposed that the emphasis had lain on the economic needs of each of the future kingdoms. In his “History of Europe”, written in 1917 and first published in 1936, Henri Pirenne stated that “the point of view espoused by the negotiators was dictated by the prevailing system of economy.” Each partaker in the division was to receive an area whose revenues were more or less equal. On the basis of this idea, Roger Dion noted in 1948 that each allotment divided the various economic zones of western Europe along a north-south axis: the coastal pasturelands of the north, the central cereal plains, forests, and wine regions, and finally the salt marshes and olive groves of the south. However intriguing, these hypotheses fail in their turn to account for all the facts. Moreover, the Carolingian princes had not read Aristotle and learned from him that polities should be self-sufficient.
The Belgian historian François Louis Ganshof turned to contemporary sources to penetrate the rationale of the partition of 843, and we shall follow his example. On the subject of partitions, Nithard had, of course, noted two significant facts: first, that “fertility or equal size of the lands apportioned was not considered so much as the fact that they were adjacent and fitted into the territory already held by each brother”; and second, that “Lothar complained about the fate of his followers, since in the share that had been offered to him he would not have enough to compensate them for what they had lost.” Nithard’s remarks suggest the most satisfactory explanation. The brothers were most concerned about the fate of their followers, for without their help, they could do nothing.
Therefore, they had to keep the benefices of their vassals within their respective kingdoms, since it was recognized that no vassal could pay homage to several lords. To avoid the likelihood of incompatible obligations, Charlemagne had articulated a key principle in his Divisio regnorum of 806: “The followers of each king shall each receive their benefices inside the realm of their master.” Likewise in the Ordinatio imperii of 817, Louis the Pious had instructed that “each vassal should hold his benefices only within the dominion of his lord, and not in that of any other.” This concern explains, for instance, why the border of the western kingdom of Charles the Bald crossed the Saône and took in a part of Burgundy that included the holdings of his vassal Warin, count of Mâcon, Autun, and Chalon and abbot of Flavigny. Louis of Bavaria likewise received a section of the left bank of the Rhine including the bishoprics of Mainz, Worms, and Speyer, not on account of the local vineyards, as a later chronicler would report, but to keep the lands of powerful episcopal vassals inside his kingdom.
Hence, the problems of benefices and fealty weighed heavily in the negotiations that led to the treaty ratified at Verdun. As Fustel de Coulanges pointed out in the nineteenth century, “the partition was not undertaken for the people, but rather for the vassals.” With the help of maps, we can easily see that each brother wanted to maximize the number of his abbeys, bishoprics, and fiscal domains in Francia. The heartland of the empire was home to choice benefices held by great Austrasian families, but there also lay the main state residences that each king strove to retain for his own use, enjoyment, and profit. Each of three brothers was a “king of the Franks.” They reigned jointly over their respective fractions of the “Kingdom of the Franks,” while they separately ruled Aquitaine, Bavaria, and Lombardy.
The Consequences of the Partition at Verdun
Those who divided the empire could not possibly have foreseen that the borders fixed at Verdun would determine the map of medieval Europe, and furthermore that the boundary between the kingdom of Charles the Bald and the empire of Lothar was destined to survive for centuries. Throughout the Middle Ages, the Scheldt River separated the “kingdom” from the empire; the Saône divided Burgundy into two parts: the duchy to the west, and the county—later known as Franche-Comté—to the east, while further south one passed once again from the “kingdom” to the empire by crossing the Rhone. The border of the “kingdom” as fixed at Verdun is still visible today near the Argonne plateau along the line separating the modem French départements of Meuse and Marne. To the southeast, the Pyrenees did not represent a frontier at all, since Charles possessed Spanish lands that remained part of the “kingdom” until the reign of Saint Louis (1258). The boundaries between the realms of Lothar and Louis would later prove less stable as a consequence both of further partitions made among the emperor’s heirs and of the territorial ambitions of the German kings. Yet there again we find the outline of the future Germany. To my mind, the Treaty of Verdun was the “birth certificate” of modem Europe. For contemporaries, the momentous event marked the end of the great ideal of unity. Florus of Lyon reacted with bitterness:
The mountains and hills, woods and rivers, springs,
High cliffs and deep valleys too.
All bemoan the Frankish people, which, after its rise to empire by the gift of Christ,
Now lies covered in ashes.
It has lost both the name and the glory of empire,
and the united kingdom has fallen to three lots.
For there is no longer any one recognized as emperor:
instead of a king, there is a kinglet; for a realm, but the fragments
thereof.
This Lament on the Division of the Empire voiced the concerns of the clerical party, who had hoped to maintain imperial unity and who deeply feared that division would weaken the church. The ecclesiastical provinces and individual bishoprics were also partitioned as a result of the Treaty of Verdun. Thus, the sees of the province of Cologne were variously assigned to the separate realms of Lothar and Louis; similarly, the bishop of Strasbourg lived in Lothar’s empire, while he remained a suffragan of the archbishop of Mainz, a subject of Louis. Sometimes, a single diocese was divided into areas controlled by different sovereigns, as happened with Reims, Münster, and Bremen. A host of additional problems arose from the fact that many abbeys and bishoprics owned parcels of land situated in far-off regions, and these now came under “foreign” political control. Nevertheless, circumstances militated against the unitary ideal. Political realism dictated the creation of new dominions that could be ruled effectively by separate kings and their followers.
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On March 17 is the feast day of St. Patrick, bishop
The Pieta, St. Patrick’s Cathedral, New York. Photo by William Ordway Partridge
Life of St. Patrick
Legends about Patrick abound; but truth is best served by our seeing two solid qualities in him: He was humble and he was courageous. The determination to accept suffering and success with equal indifference guided the life of God’s instrument for winning most of Ireland for Christ.
Details of his life are uncertain. Current research places his dates of birth and death a little later than earlier accounts. Patrick may have been born in Dunbarton, Scotland, Cumberland, England, or in northern Wales. He called himself both a Roman and a Briton. At 16, he and a large number of his father’s slaves and vassals were captured by Irish raiders and sold as slaves in Ireland. Forced to work as a shepherd, he suffered greatly from hunger and cold.
After six years Patrick escaped, probably to France, and later returned to Britain at the age of 22. His captivity had meant spiritual conversion. He may have studied at Lerins, off the French coast; he spent years at Auxerre, France, and was consecrated bishop at the age of 43. His great desire was to proclaim the good news to the Irish.
In a dream vision it seemed “all the children of Ireland from their mothers’ wombs were stretching out their hands” to him. He understood the vision to be a call to do mission work in pagan Ireland. Despite opposition from those who felt his education had been defective, he was sent to carry out the task. He went to the west and north–where the faith had never been preached–obtained the protection of local kings, and made numerous converts.
Because of the island’s pagan background, Patrick was emphatic in encouraging widows to remain chaste and young women to consecrate their virginity to Christ. He ordained many priests, divided the country into dioceses, held Church councils, founded several monasteries and continually urged his people to greater holiness in Christ.
He suffered much opposition from pagan druids and was criticized in both England and Ireland for the way he conducted his mission. In a relatively short time, the island had experienced deeply the Christian spirit, and was prepared to send out missionaries whose efforts were greatly responsible for Christianizing Europe.
St. Patrick’s Cathedral, Armagh, Northern Ireland, Christmas morning. Source of picture: https://citizen69.tumblr.com.
Patrick was a man of action, with little inclination toward learning. He had a rock-like belief in his vocation, in the cause he had espoused. One of the few certainly authentic writings is his Confessio, above all an act of homage to God for having called Patrick, unworthy sinner, to the apostolate.
There is hope rather than irony in the fact that his burial place is said to be in County Down in Northern Ireland, long the scene of strife and violence.
https://www.franciscanmedia.org/saint-of-the-day/saint-patrick
#saints#St. Patrick#Christ be with me#bishop#all the children of Ireland from their mothers’ wombs were stretching out their hands#God#Jesus#Christ#Father#Son#Holy Spirit#Holy Trinity#christian religion#faith#hope#love#stress reliever
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Favorite History Books || Life in a Medieval City by Frances and Joseph Gies ★★★★☆
The western European city, with all its implications for the future, was born in the Middle Ages. By 1250 it was alive and flourishing, not only on the ancient Mediterranean coast but in northwest Europe. The narrative that follows is an attempt to depict life at the midpoint of the thirteenth century in one of the newly revived cities: Troyes, capital of the rich county of Champagne, seat of a bishop, and, above all, site of two of the famous Fairs of Champagne.
… On the Mediterranean littoral many of the old Roman cities did business in the Dark Ages much as they had done under the Empire. Marseilles, Toulon, Arles, Avignon, and other Provençal ports continued active commerce with the eastern Mediterranean. They imported papyrus and spices, for which the Benedictine monasteries helped provide a market. As a return cargo, the Provençal ships often carried slaves.
This state of affairs came to an end in the seventh century. The electrifying military successes of the followers of Mohammed in the Near East and North Africa were accompanied by a major dislocation of Mediterranean trade. Modern scholars have modified Henri Pirenne’s thesis on the causal connection between Mohammed and the Dark Ages, pointing out other influences at work. But it is fact that as Moslem fleets appeared in the western and central Mediterranean, the old Roman-Christian trading cities were thrown on the defensive and were frequently raided and pillaged. Genoa, once a busy port, declined to a fishing village. …
Sacking was something to which citizens of an early medieval city had to be resigned. Not only pagan invaders, but Christian lords, and even bishops, did their share—Troyes was sacked by the bishop of Auxerre. But the champion raiders, who appeared in the late ninth century, were the Vikings. …
Paradoxically, the Vikings sometimes contributed to the development of cities. Often their plunder came to more than they could carry home, and they sold the surplus. A town strong enough to resist attack might thereby profit from the misfortune of its less prepared neighbors. The Vikings even founded cities. Where the looting was good, they built base camps to use as depots for trading. One such was Dublin. And they gave a helpful stimulus to York by making it their headquarters, though the original inhabitants may not have appreciated the favor.
After vast losses of life and property while makeshift solutions were tried—hiding, bargaining, fighting—Europe hit on the answer to invasion: wall-building. Existing towns built walls and prospered by offering security. The lords of the countryside built walls to strengthen their crude castles, thereby enhancing their own importance. Monasteries built walls. Sometimes walls built to protect castle or monastery had the unexpected effect of attracting coopers, blacksmiths, trappers, and peddlers, and so becoming the nuclei of new towns.
#historyedit#litedit#troyes#medieval#french history#european history#history#history books#nanshe's graphics
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Dedication of the Abbey of Our Lady, Pontigny, France (1114) and Memorials of the Saints - 20 October
Dedication of the Abbey of Our Lady, Pontigny, France (1114) and Memorials of the Saints – 20 October
Dedication of the Abbey of Our Lady, Pontigny, France (1114) – 20 October:
The Abbot Orsini wrote: “The Dedication of the Church of Pontigny, four leagues from Auxerre, under the title of Our Lady. This Abbey was founded in 1114 by Thibaud, Count of Champagne.”
The former abbey of Pontigny is nestled in the Serein valley in the north of Burgundy, and is one of the oldest sites of the Cistercian…
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#bldandi&jildo#bljamesstrepar#ourladypontigny#saints20october#stacca#stcorneliusthecenturion#stjohncantius#stmariabertillaboscardin
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Saint Patrick, Bishop, Confessor - Feast Day - March 17th
From The Liturgical Year by Dom Gueranger
Saint Patrick, according to his Confession (his autobiography), was born in a village called Bonaven Taberniae, which would appear to be the town of Killpatrick, on the mouth of the river Cluyd, in Scotland, between Dunbriton and Glasgow. He calls himself both a Briton and a Roman, or perhaps of a mixed extraction, and says his father was of a good family named Calphurnius, who not long after abandoned Britain, in 409. Some writers call his mother Conchessa, and say she was a niece to St. Martin of Tours. At fifteen years of age he committed a fault, which appears not to have been a great crime, yet was to him a subject of tears during the remainder of his life. He says that when he was sixteen, he lived “still ignorant of God,” meaning of the devout knowledge and fervent love of God, for he was always a Christian: he never ceased to bewail this neglect, and wept when he remembered that he had been one moment of his life insensible of divine love.
In his sixteenth year he was carried into captivity by certain barbarians, together with many of his father’s vassals. They took him to Ireland, where he was obliged to keep cattle on the mountains and in the forests, in hunger and nakedness, amidst snows, rain, and ice. Whilst he lived in this suffering condition, God had pity on his soul, and quickened him to a sense of duty by the impulse of a strong interior grace. The young man had recourse to Him with his whole heart in fervent prayer and fasting; and from that time faith and the love of God acquired continually new strength in his tender soul. He prayed often in the day, and also many times in the night, breaking off his sleep to return to the divine praises. His afflictions were to him a source of heavenly benedictions, because he carried his cross with Christ—that is, with patience, resignation, and holy joy.
St. Patrick, after six months spent in slavery under the same master, was admonished by God in a dream to return to his own country and informed that a ship was then ready to sail thither. He was at first refused passage, but God answered his prayers and the sailors, although pagans, called him back and took him on board. After three days’ sail, they made land, probably in the north of Scotland: but wandered many days through deserted lands, and were a long while distressed for want of provisions, finding nothing to eat. St. Patrick had often spoken to the company about the infinite power of God: they therefore asked him why he did not pray for relief. Animated by a strong faith, he assured them that if they would address themselves with their whole heart to the true God, He would hear and assist them. They did so, and on the same day met with a herd of swine. From that time provisions never failed them, till on the twenty-seventh day they came into a country that was cultivated and inhabited.
Some years later he was again led captive; but recovered his liberty after two months. When he was at home with his parents, God manifested to him by visions that he destined him to the great work of the conversion of Ireland. He thought he saw all the children of that country from the wombs of their mothers stretching out their hands, and piteously crying to him for relief. (Historical documents indicate that Christianity had made some inroads into Ireland before St. Patrick; but the general conversion of the inhabitants of this island was reserved for our Saint.)
Some think he had travelled into Gaul (France) before he undertook his mission, and we find that, while he preached in Ireland, he expressed a great desire to visit his brethren in Gaul, and to see those whom he calls the saints of God, having been formerly acquainted with them. These probably include St. Martin of Tours and St. Germanus of Auxerre. It seems, from his Confession, that he received Holy Orders in his own country of Scotland. But he is said to have travelled to Rome to see Pope Celestine, from whom he received his mission, the apostolic benediction, and perhaps Episcopal Consecration.
In this disposition he passed into Ireland to preach the Gospel, where the worship of idols still generally reigned. He devoted himself entirely for the salvation of these barbarians, to be regarded as a stranger, to be condemned as the last of men, to suffer from the infidels imprisonment and all kinds of persecution, and to give his life with joy, if God should deem him worthy to shed his blood in His cause. He travelled over the whole island, penetrating into the remotest corners without fearing any dangers, and often visited each province. Such was the fruit of his preaching and suffering, that he consecrated to God, by Baptism, an infinite number of people, and labored effectually that they might be perfected in His service by the practice of virtue.
He ordained everywhere clergymen, induced women to live in holy widowhood and continency, consecrated virgins to Christ, and instituted monks. Great numbers embraced these states of perfection with extreme ardor. Many desired to confer earthly riches on him, who had communicated to them the goods of Heaven; but he made it a capital duty to decline all self-interest, and whatever might dishonor his ministry. He took nothing from the many thousands whom he baptized, and often gave back the little presents which some laid on the altar, choosing rather to mortify the fervent than to scandalize the weak or the infidels. On the contrary, he gave freely of his own, both to pagans and Christians, distributed large alms to the poor in the provinces where he passed, made presents to the kings—judging that necessary for the progress of the Gospel, and maintained and educated many children whom he trained up to serve at the altar. He always gave till he had no more to bestow, and rejoiced to see himself poor, with Jesus Christ, knowing poverty and afflictions to be more profitable to him than riches and pleasures. The happy success of his labors cost him many persecutions.
A certain prince named Corotick—a Christian, though in name only, disturbed the peace of his flock. It appears that he reigned in some part of Wales, after the Britons had been abandoned by the Romans. This tyrant, as the Saint calls him, having made a descent into Ireland, plundered the country where St. Patrick had been just conferring Confirmation on a great number of Neophytes, who were yet in their white garments after Baptism. Corotick, without paying any regard to justice, or to the holy Sacraments, massacred many and carried away others, whom he sold to the infidel Picts or Scots. This probably happened at Easter or Pentecost. The next day the Saint sent the barbarian a letter by a holy priest whom he had brought up from his infancy, entreating Corotick to restore the Christian captives, and at least part of the booty he had taken, that the poor might not perish for want; but he was answered by railleries, as if the Irish could not be the same Christians as the Britons. The Saint therefore, to prevent the scandal which such a flagrant enormity gave to his new converts, wrote with his own hand a public circular letter. In it he calls himself a sinner and an ignorant man—for such is the humility of the Saints (most of all when they are obliged to exercise any acts of authority), contrary to the pompous titles which the world affects. He declares, nevertheless, that he is established Bishop of Ireland, and pronounces Corotick and the other parricides and accomplices separated from him and from Jesus Christ, Whose place he holds, forbidding any even to eat with them or to receive their alms, till they should have satisfied God by the tears of sincere penance, and restored the servants of Jesus Christ to their liberty. This letter expresses his most tender love for his flock, and his grief for those who had been slain, yet mingled with joy, because they reign with the Prophets, Apostles, and Martyrs. Historians assure us that Corotick was overtaken by the divine vengeance.
St. Patrick wrote his Confession, as a testimony of his mission, when he was old. It is solid, full of good sense and piety, expresses an extraordinary humility and a great desire of martyrdom, and is written with spirit. The author was perfectly versed in the Holy Scriptures. He confesses everywhere his own faults with a sincere humility, and extols the great mercies of God towards him in this world, Who had exalted him, though the most undeserving of men—yet, to preserve him in humility, afforded him the advantage of meeting with extreme contempt from others, that is, from the heathens. He confesses, for his humiliation, that among other temptations, he felt a great desire to see again his own country, and to visit the “saints” of his acquaintance in Gaul—but he dared not to abandon his people; and he says that the Holy Ghost had declared to him that to do so would be criminal. He tells us that a little before he had written this, he himself and all his companions had been plundered and laid in irons, for his having baptized the son of a certain king against the will of his father—but were released after fourteen days. He lived in daily expectation of such accidents, and of martyrdom; but feared nothing, having his hope as a firm anchor fixed in Heaven, and reposing himself with an entire confidence in the Almighty. He says that he had lately baptized a very beautiful young lady of high birth, who some days later came to tell him that she had been admonished by an angel to consecrate her virginity to Jesus Christ, that she might render herself the more acceptable to God. He gave God thanks, and she made her vows with extraordinary fervor six days before he wrote this letter.
St. Bernard and the tradition of the country testify that St. Patrick fixed his metropolitan See at Armagh. He established some other Bishops, as appears by his Council and other monuments. He not only converted the whole country by his preaching and wonderful miracles, but also cultivated this vineyard with so fruitful a benediction and increase from Heaven, as to render Ireland a most flourishing garden in the Church of God, and a country of Saints. And those nations, which had for many ages esteemed all others barbarians, did not blush to receive from the utmost extremity of the uncivilized or barbarous world—from Ireland, their most renowned teachers and guides in the greatest of all sciences, that of the Saints. (An example of this is the fact that archeological finds have proven that Irish missionaries achieved considerable success throughout Bavaria as early as the 6th century.)
Nennius, Abbot of Bangor in 620, in his History of the Britons, published by the learned Thomas Gale, says that St. Patrick took that name only when he was consecrated Bishop, being before called Maun; that he continued his missions over all the provinces of Ireland, during forty years; that he restored sight to many blind, health to the sick, and raised nine dead persons to life. He died and was buried at Down, in Ulster, around the year 464. His body was found there in a church of his name in 1185, and translated to another part of the same church. His festival is marked on the 17th of March in the Martyrology of St. Bede and in other sources.
The apostles of nations were all interior men, endowed with a sublime spirit of prayer. The salvation of souls being a supernatural end, the instruments ought to bear a proportion to it and preaching proceed from a grace which is supernatural. To undertake this holy function, without a competent stock of sacred learning and without the necessary precautions of human prudence and industry, would be to tempt God. But sanctity of life and the union of the heart with God, are a qualification far more essential than science, eloquence, and human talents. Many almost kill themselves with studying to compose elegant sermons, which flatter the ear yet reap very little fruit. Their hearers applaud their parts, but very few are converted. Interior humility, purity of heart, recollection, and the spirit and assiduous practice of holy prayer, are the principal preparation for the ministry of the word, and the true means of acquiring the science of the saints. A short devout meditation and fervent prayer, which kindle a fire in the affections, furnish more thoughts proper to move the hearts of the hearers, and inspire them with sentiments of true virtue, than many years employed solely in reading and study. St. Patrick, and other apostolic men, were dead to themselves and the world, and animated with the spirit of perfect charity and humility, by which they were prepared by God to be such powerful instruments of His grace, that they, by the miraculous change of so many hearts, planted in entire barbarous nations not only the Faith, but also the spirit of Christ. Preachers who have not attained to a disengagement and purity of heart, suffer the petty interests of self-love secretly to mingle themselves in their zeal and charity, and have reason to suspect that they inflict deeper wounds in their own souls than they are aware, and produce not in others the good which they imagine.
WRITINGS OF ST. PATRICK
The “Confessio” and the “Epistola ad Coroticum” are recognized by all modern critical writers as of unquestionable genuineness. The best edition, with text, translation, and critical notes, is by Rev. Dr. White for the Royal Irish Academy, in 1905. The 34 canons of a synod held before the year 460 by St. Patrick, Auxilius, and Isserninus, though rejected by Todd and Haddan, have been placed by Professor Bury beyond the reach of controversy. Another series of 31 ecclesiastical canons entitled “Synodus secunda Patritii”, though unquestionably of Irish origin and dating before the close of the seventh century, is generally considered to be of a later date than St. Patrick. Two tracts (in P.L., LIII), entitled “De abusionibus saeculi”, and “De Tribus habitaculis”, were composed by St. Patrick in Irish and translated into Latin at a later period. Passages from them are assigned to St. Patrick inthe “Collectio Hibernensis Canonum”, which is of unquestionable authority and dates from the year 700 (Wasserschleben, 2nd ed., 1885). This “Collectio Hibernensis” also assigns to St. Patrick the famous synodical decree: “Si quae quaestiones in hac insula oriantur, ad Sedem Apostolicam referantur.” (If any difficulties arise in this island, let them be referred to the Apostolic See). The beautiful prayer, known as “Faeth Fiada”, or the “Lorica of St. Patrick” (St. Patrick’s Breast-Plate), first edited by Petrie in his “History of Tara”, is now universally accepted as genuine. The “Dicta Sancti Patritii”, or brief sayings of the saint, preserved in the “Book of Armagh”, are accurately edited by Fr. Hogan, S.J., in “Documenta de S. Patritio” (Brussels, 1884). The old Irish text of “The Rule of Patrick” has been edited by O’Keeffe, and a translation by Archbishop Healy in the appendix to his Life of St. Patrick (Dublin, 1905). It is a tract of venerable antiquity, and embodies the teaching of the saint.
St. Patrick died on March 17, 461 in Saul, Ireland. He is said to have been buried in Ulster, County Down, Ireland. Though he was never formally canonized, St. Patrick is on the List of Saints, and venerated in the Orthodox Catholic Church, as well as the ‘Church of Ireland,’ which is in the Anglican Communion.
Hymn of Supplication to St. Patrick.
Saint Patrick, for our country pray,
Our ever faithful land,
Whose martyred hosts so gloriously
Before Gods great throne stand;
Look down upon thy children here,
Look down upon our race.
And bless, dear Saint, this little isle
And each one’s native place. From foes without, from fears within,
From every evil, every sin,
Saint Patrick, set us free. Oh, hear us, Patrick, while we pray,
Thou art our own dear Saint,
Uphold the weak, protect the young,
Strengthen the souls that faint;
Thou knowest how we are tempted still,
Thou knowest how we are tried,
Thou knowest that we are faithful too,
Whatever ills betide. From foes without, from fears within,
From every evil, every sin,
Saint Patrick, set us free. Oh, help our poor in patient love
To bear their suffering life,
To think of that great victory
Which cometh after strife;
Keep from them all revengeful thoughts
When’er they suffer wrong–
The meek alone are crowned in heaven,
And heaven will come ere long. From foes without, from fears within,
From every evil, every sin,
Saint Patrick, set us free. We are thy children, blessed Saint,
The children of thy love;
We know how mighty is thy prayer,
How it was heard above;
Pray for us now, for priest and nun
For rich men and for poor,
That to the end, however tried,
Our Faith may still endure. From foes without, from fears within,
From every evil, every sin,
Saint Patrick, set us free.
“We herby grant an Indulgence of Forty Days to all who shall devoutly recite the Hymn of St. Patrick with one Hail Mary.” Archbishop Henry Edward, February 20, 1868
The beautiful prayer of St. Patrick, popularly known as “St. Patrick’s Breast-Plate”, is supposed to have been composed by him in preparation for this victory over Paganism. The following is a literal translation from the old Irish text: -
I bind to myself today
The strong virtue of the Invocation of the Trinity:
I believe the Trinity in the Unity
The Creator of the Universe.
I bind to myself today
The virtue of the Incarnation of Christ with His Baptism,
The virtue of His crucifixion with His burial,
The virtue of His Resurrection with His Ascension,
The virtue of His coming on the Judgement Day.
I bind to myself today
The virtue of the love of seraphim,
In the obedience of angels,
In the hope of resurrection unto reward,
In prayers of Patriarchs,
In predictions of Prophets,
In preaching of Apostles,
In faith of Confessors,
In purity of holy Virgins,
In deeds of righteous men.
I bind to myself today
The power of Heaven,
The light of the sun,
The brightness of the moon,
The splendour of fire,
The flashing of lightning,
The swiftness of wind,
The depth of sea,
The stability of earth,
The compactness of rocks.
I bind to myself today
God’s Power to guide me,
God’s Might to uphold me,
God’s Wisdom to teach me,
God’s Eye to watch over me,
God’s Ear to hear me,
God’s Word to give me speech,
God’s Hand to guide me,
God’s Way to lie before me,
God’s Shield to shelter me,
God’s Host to secure me,
Against the snares of demons,
Against the seductions of vices,
Against the lusts of nature,
Against everyone who meditates injury to me,
Whether far or near,
Whether few or with many.
I invoke today all these virtues
Against every hostile merciless power
Which may assail my body and my soul,
Against the incantations of false prophets,
Against the black laws of heathenism,
Against the false laws of heresy,
Against the deceits of idolatry,
Against the spells of women, and smiths, and druids,
Against every knowledge that binds the soul of man.
Christ, protect me today
Against every poison, against burning,
Against drowning, against death-wound,
That I may receive abundant reward.
Christ with me, Christ before me,
Christ behind me, Christ within me,
Christ beneath me, Christ above me,
Christ at my right, Christ at my left,
Christ in the fort,
Christ in the chariot seat,
Christ in the poop,
Christ in the heart of everyone who thinks of me,
Christ in the mouth of everyone who speaks to me,
Christ in every eye that sees me,
Christ in every ear that hears me.
I bind to myself today
The strong virtue of an invocation of the Trinity,
I believe the Trinity in the Unity
The Creator of the Universe.
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Happy St Patrick’s Day.
St Patrick is the patron saint of Ireland, and always will be, however a long standing theory is that he was born in what is now Scotland. It makes sense, several of our saints, most notably Columba, are said to have been from Ireland, so why not? A 2018 delves into the matter in depth, but the theory is by no means new.
It is said his father, whose name was Calpurnius, was in a respectable station in life, being municipal magistrate in the town in which he lived. What town this was, however, is not certainly known, whether Kilpatrick, a small village on the Clyde, five miles east of Dumbarton, Duntochar, another small village about a mile north of Kilpatrick, or Dumbarton itself. But these are only the areas quoted in what is now Scotland I wont go into the ones saying England.
His father is supposed, (for nearly all that is recorded of the holy man is conjectural, or at best but inferential,) to have come to Scotland in a civil capacity with the Roman troops, under Theodosius. His mother, whose name was Cenevessa, was sister or niece of St Martin, bishop of Tours; and from this circumstance, it is presumed that his family were Christians.
He was captured as a teenager by Niall of the Nine Hostages who was to become a King of all Ireland.
He was sold into slavery in Ireland and put to work as a shepherd. He worked in terrible conditions for six years drawing comfort in the Christian faith that so many of his people had abandoned under Roman rule.
Patrick had a dream that encouraged him to flee his captivity and to head South where a ship was to be waiting for him. He travelled over 200 miles from his Northern captivity to Wexford town where, sure enough, a ship was waiting to enable his escape.
Patrick’s devotion to Ireland started with a dream which he wrote about as…..
“I saw a man coming, as it were from Ireland. His name was Victoricus, and he carried many letters, and he gave me one of them. I read the heading: ‘The Voice of the Irish.’ As I began the letter, I imagined in that moment that I heard the voice of those very people who were near the wood of Foclut, which is beside the western sea-and they cried out, as with one voice: 'We appeal to you, holy servant boy, to come and walk among us.’”
The vision prompted his studies for the priesthood. He was ordained by St. Germanus, the Bishop of Auxerre, whom he had studied under for years, and was later ordained a bishop and sent to take the Gospel to Ireland.
Patrick arrived in Slane, Ireland on March 25, 433. There are several legends about what happened next, with the most prominent claiming he met the chieftan of one of the druid tribes, who tried to kill him. After an intervention from God, Patrick was able to convert the chieftain and preach the Gospel throughout Ireland. There, he converted many people -eventually thousands - and he began building churches across the country.
He often used shamrocks to explain the Holy Trinity and entire kingdoms were eventually converted to Christianity after hearing Patrick’s message.
Patrick preached and converted all of Ireland for 40 years. He worked many miracles and wrote of his love for God in Confessions. After years of living in poverty, travelling and enduring much suffering he died March 17, 461.
He died at Saul, where he had built the first Irish church. He is believed to be buried in Down Cathedral, Downpatrick. His grave was marked in 1990 with a granite stone.
Saint Patrick’s Day is observed on 17 March, the supposed date of his death. It is celebrated inside and outside Ireland as a religious and cultural holiday. In the dioceses of Ireland, it is both a solemnity and a holy day of obligation; it is also a celebration of Ireland itself, although recent events have meant it will be more subdued than normal. I once read many years ago that there is more alcohol in the world sold on St Patrick’s Day than any other day of the year, and I quite believe that, but again am not getting into an argument.
Find out more about the paper from the link below https://www.irishcentral.com/roots/history/saint-patrick-born-scotland
The second pic is St Patrick's Rock or St Patrick's Stone located in the River Clyde close to the Erskine Bridge. It is reputedly the location from which the 16 year old Saint Patrick was kidnapped by Irish pirates whilst he was fishing.
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Holidays 7.31
Holidays
African Women’s Day
Air Force Day (Nicaragua)
Always Live Better Than Yester Day
Apricot Day (French Republic)
Black Top Day (a.k.a. Black Tot Day; UK)
Brunhilda Asteroid Day
Change Your Ringtone Day (Australia)
Cool Japan Day
Crossfire Hurricane Day
Devoted Couples Day
Emancipation Day (Belize)
Father’s Day (Dominican Republic)
George Jetson Day
Garda Asteroid Day
The Great Mullein Day
Gryphon Appreciation Day
Hapje Tapje (Leuven, Belgium)
Happy Potter Day
Hot August Nights begin (Reno, Nevada)
Insect Appreciation Day
International Lifeguard Appreciation Day
International Seriously Single Day
Joust of Quintana: La Sfida (The Challenge; Italy) [Pt. 2 in September]
Ka Hae Hawai'i Day (State Flag Day; Hawaii)
Law Enforcement Day (Louisiana)
Mac Davis Day (Lubbock, Texas)
Martyrdom Day of Shahid Udham Singh (Haryana and Punjab, India)
Milton Friedman Day
Mutt's Day
National Blood Donor Day (Iran)
National Commando Day
National Diana Day
National Eisteddford of Wales (Wales)
National Heatstroke Awareness Day
National #Love Day
National Mom Bod Day
National Mutt Day (a.k.a. National Mixed Breed Dog Day)
National Orgasm Day (UK)
National Parent a Biracial Child Day
Operation Motorman Anniversary Day (UK)
Rabbit Rabbit Day [Last Day of Every Month]
Saui Sura (Javanese New Year; Suriname)
Saxophone Day
731 Day
Treasury Day (Poland)
Uncommon Instrument Awareness Day
U.S. Patent Day
Warriors’ Day (Malaysia)
World Day Against Electronic Torture
World MS Trend Day
World Ranger Day
Food & Drink Celebrations
Cotton Candy Day [also 12.7]
Jump for Jelly Beans Day
Make Homemade Ice Cream and Invite the Neighbors Over Day
National Avocado Day
National Raspberry Cake Day
National Spam Day
Rum Ration Day (a.k.a. Black Tot Day)
Shredded Wheat Day
Independence & Related Days
Sovereignty Restoration Day (Hawaii)
Vanuatu (from UK/France, 1980)
Weimar Constitution Adoption Day (Germany; 1919)
5th & Last Wednesday in July
OSHC Educators Day (Australia) [last Wednesday]
Weekly Holidays beginning July 31 (Last Week of July)
Oregon Brewers Festival begins [Last full weekend; Wednesday thru Saturday] (Now merged with the Portland Rose Festival in May and June)
Festivals Beginning July 31, 2024
Beyond the Gates (Bergen, Norway) [thru 8.3]
Grays Harbor County Fair (Elma, Washington) [thru 8.3]
Iowa Hunger Summit (Des Moines, Iowa)
Maine Lobster Festival (Rockland, Maine) [thru 8.4]
Montelago Celtic Festival (Serravalle di Chienti, Italy) [thru 8.3]
NC Watermelon Festival (Murfreesboro, North Carolina) [thru 8.3]
Northern Maine Fair (Presque Isle, Maine) [thru 8.4]
Ventura County Fair (Ventura, California) [thru 8.11]
Viagem Medieval (Medieval Journey) (Santa Maria da Feira, Portugal) [thru 8.11]
Feast Days
Abanoub (Christian; Saint)
Bill Gates Day (Church of the SubGenius; Saint)
Birthday of Nephthys
Cameons (Positivist; Saint)
The Clodhoppers (Muppetism)
Dress Up Day (Pastafarian)
Erich Heckel (Artology)
Feast of Joseph of Arimathea (Anglican; Roman Catholic)
First Sermon of Buddha (Bhutan)
Germanus of Auxerre (Christian; Saint)
Helen of Skofde, Sweden (Christian; Saint)
Ignatius of Loyola (Christian; Saint)
Jacques Villon (Artology)
Jean Denis Attiret (Artology)
Jean Dubuffet (Artology)
J.K. Rowling (Writerism)
John Columbini (Christian; Saint)
Joseph of Arimathea (Eastern Orthodox)
Ka Hae (Hawaii Flag Day; Starza Pagan Book of Days)
Lammas Eve (a.k.a. ...
August Eve
Hlafmesse (Loaf Mass; Anglo-Saxon)
Lammas, Day 1 (Celtic, Pagan) [5 of 8 Festivals of the Natural Year]
Lughnassad Eve
Lithasblot (Norse Harvest Festival)
Loki and Sigyn’s Day (Norse)
Lughnassadh (Grain Harvest)
Oiche Lughnasadh (Pagan)
Martyrdom Day of Shahid Udham Singh (Haryana, India)
Mary Vaux Walcott (Artology)
Neot (Christian; Saint)
Primo Levi (Writerism)
Real Ale Day (Pastafarian)
Seedy Birds (Muppetism)
Lucky & Unlucky Days
Sensho (先勝 Japan) [Good luck in the morning, bad luck in the afternoon.]
Premieres
Bad Animals, by Heart (Album; 1987)
BASEketball (Film; 1998)
Buffy the Vampire Slayer (Film; 1992)
Confidence (Oswald the Lucky Rabbit Cartoon; 1933)
Dad’s Army (BBC TV Series; 1968)
The Dark Tower (Film; 2017)
Death Becomes Her (Film; 1992)
Enchanted April (Film; 1992)
Ever After (Film; 1998)
Farmer Al Falfa’s Prize Package (Terrytoons Cartoon; 1936)
Four Weddings and a Funeral (TV Series; 2019)
Hang ‘Em High (Film; 1968)
Hot Shots! (Film; 1991)
I Am Legend, by Richard Matheson (Novel; 1954)
Lego Aquaman: Rage of Atlantis (WB Animated Film; 2018)
Little Boy Blue (Castle Films ComiColor Cartoons; 1936)
The Living Daylights (James Bond Film, US; 1987) [#15]
The Lost Boys (Film; 1987)
Mission Impossible: Rogue Nation (Film; 2015)
Murder Included, by Joanna Cannan (Novel; 1950)
The Negotiator (Film; 1998)
Night (Silly Symphony Disney Cartoon; 1930)
Only the Lonely, by Roy Orbison (Song; 1960)
The Pink Pill (Pink Panther Cartoon; 1968)
Plenty of Money and You (WB MM Cartoon; 1937)
Poems, Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect (Book of Poems; 1786)
Rascal Flatts, by Rascal Flatts (Album; 2000)
Rushing Roulette (WB MM Cartoon; 1965)
The Shadow (Radio Series; 1930)
Still the One, by Orleans (Song; 1976)
Urban Cowboy (Film; 1980)
Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets (Film; 2017)
What a Night! What a Moon!, recorded by Teddy Wilson (Song; 1935)
The Wiggles (TV Series; 1998)
Today’s Name Days
Hermann, Ignatius, Justinus (Austria)
Ignacije, Vatroslav (Croatia)
Ignác (Czech Republic)
Germanus, Helena (Denmark)
Ave, Meevi (Estonia)
Elena, Helena (Finland)
Ignace (France)
Herrmann, Ignatius, Joseph (Germany)
Iosif, Sifis (Greece)
Oszkár (Hungary)
Barbara (Italy)
Angelika, Renita, Rūta, Sigita (Latvia)
Elena, Ignotas, Sanginas, Vykintė (Lithuania)
Elin, Eline (Norway)
Beatus, Demokryt, Emilian, Ernesta, Ernestyna, Helena, Iga, Ignacja, Ignacy, Justyn, Ludomir, Żegota (Poland)
Margarita, Marina (Russia)
Ignác (Slovakia)
Fabio, Germán, Ignacio (Spain)
Elin, Helena (Sweden)
Ignacio, Inigo, Reed, Reid (USA)
Today is Also…
Day of Year: Day 213 of 2024; 153 days remaining in the year
ISO: Day 3 of Week 31 of 2024
Celtic Tree Calendar: Tinne (Holly) [Day 26 of 28]
Chinese: Month 6 (Xin-Wei), Day 26 (Bing-Shen)
Chinese Year of the: Dragon 4722 (until January 29, 2025) [Wu-Chen]
Hebrew: 25 Tammuz 5784
Islamic: 24 Muharram 1446
J Cal: 3 Purple; Threesday [3 of 30]
Julian: 18 July 2024
Moon: 17%: Waning Crescent
Positivist: 16 Dante (8th Month) [Cameons]
Runic Half Month: Thorn (Defense) [Day 8 of 15]
Season: Summer (Day 42 of 94)
Week: Last Week of July
Zodiac: Leo (Day 10 of 31)
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Holidays 9.28
Holidays
Banned Websites Awareness Day
British Home Child Day (UK)
Cabrillo Day (California)
Canterbury South Day (New Zealand)
Carrot Day (French Republic)
Carson King Day (Iowa)
Circassian Costume Day
Ethel Rosenberg Day of Justice (New York)
Fiesta of San Miguel (Mexico)
Fish Tank Floorshow Night
Flag Day (Thailand)
Frances Willard Day (Minnesota, Wisconsin)
Freedom From Hunger Day
Global Day of Student Prayer
Gold Lining Day
Gone-ta-Pott Day [every 28th]
International Day of Arnold Chiari Syndrome
International Day of Scientific Culture
International Day for Universal Access to Information (UN)
International Right to Know Day
International Safe Abortion Day
Marshmallow Twisters Day
National British Home Child Day (Canada)
National Chris Day
National Day of Awareness
National Day of Awareness and Unity against Child Pornography (Philippines)
National Good Neighbor Day
National Gordie Day
National Manufacturing Day (UK)
National North Carolina Day
National Penicillin Allergy Day
National Self Awareness Day
National Son’s Day (Canada)
National Talk Like Mr. Krabs Day (Aenopia)
National Traffic Door Day
NICU Staff Recognition Day
Popular Uprising of Naples Day (Italy)
Psoriatic Arthritis Awareness Day
Read a Child a Book You Like Day
Silver Lining Day
Teacher’s Day (Philippines, Taiwan)
World News Day
World Pet Day
World Rabies Day
Food & Drink Celebrations
Drink As Much Beer As Possible Day
Drink Beer Day
International Poke Day
National Drink Beer Day
Ohio Pint Day
Strawberry Cream Pie Day
World Marmite Day
4th & Last Thursday in September
Arthur's Day (Arthur Guinness) [4th Thursday]
National Fitness Day (Ireland) [4th Thursday]
National School Parent Group Day [4th Thursday]
Remember Me Thursday [4th Thursday]
World Maritime Day [Last Thursday]
World Trenches Day [4th Thursday]
Independence Days
Czech Statehood Day (Czech Republic) Nefaria (a.k.a. Timonoucitiland; Declared; 2019) [unrecognized]
Feast Days
Aaron of Auxerre (Christian; Saint)
Alexandre Cabanel (Artology)
Annemund (Christian; Saint)
Confucius (Confucianism; Founder)
Conval (Christian; Saint)
Eustochium (Christian; Saint)
Exuperius (Christian; Saint)
Fast of Gedalia (Judaism) [3 Tishri]
Faustus of Riez (Christian; Saint)
Feast of Khepera (Egyptian Beetle God)
Festival of Wawatsari (God of Deer Peyote; Huichol, Mexico)
Fictional Character Day (Pastafarian)
Fred (Muppetism)
Hapi’s Day (Day of the Nile; Pagan)
Hazelwood Day (Church of the SubGenius; Saint)
John of Dukla (Christian; Saint)
Leoba (a.k.a. Lioba; Christian; Saint)
Lorenzo Ruiz (Christian; Saint)
Michaelmas Eve (Celtic)
Mme. de Staal (Positivist; Saint)
Paternus of Auch (Christian; Saint)
The Prophet’s Birthday [Islam] (a.k.a. ...
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Shù (Month 10 of 12; J Calendar)
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Davout saves his mother.
The Jacobins were rapidly gaining complete control of the government and through it the army. Realizing he would soon be forced out of service, Davout submitted his resignation on August 29, 1793, and prepared to retire to his mother’s home at Ravières. While he was still settling his affairs in Paris, the Convention passed into law an ordinance forbidding any nobleman to reside or even travel within twenty leagues of Paris, the army, or the frontier. Davout, therefore, sought permission from the minister of War, Bouchotte, to return to Ravières and make his residence with his mother. The permission was granted as the result of the intercession on the part of Davout’s good friend General Pille, with whom he had served while attached to the Army of the North. Once again the young general found himself in forced retirement; and once again, not despairing of a return to his military career, he put his time to good use by reading military history and engaging in civic activities. The rest he had hoped to get at Ravières, however, was soon interrupted.
Shortly after his return there came a knock on the door and a local administrator, accompanied by two police officers, served Madame Davout with an arrest warrant. She was immediately taken into custody to be transported to Auxerre, the departemental seat of government. As a special favor to Davout he was allowed to accompany his mother on the journey. The distance being too great to be covered in one day, it was necessary to spend the night at Tonnerre, twenty-two miles due east of their destination. Neither Davout nor his mother had been informed of the reason for her arrest at the time it had been made. At Tonnerre his mother was required to spend the night in the local jail; but Davout was able to make sufficient inquiry to ascertain the charges which would be brought against her at her trial. What he found was that his mother had been denounced as being in correspondence with émigrés. If this charge could be proven, Madame Davout would certainly have been condemned to death.
The accusation stemmed from a transaction between Madame Davout and friends of her, the La Rochefoucaulds. When the La Rochefoucaulds emigrated before the Terror had begun, Madame Davout, as a favor to them, had taken some of their belongings for safekeeping. They had gone through the formality of a sale for purposes of deception, and there had been correspondance relative to the whole affair during the months after the departure of the La Rochefoucaulds. This correspondence, which was in Madame Davout’s secretary at Ravières, was all the evidence needed by the prosecutor to send her to her death. Thus it became imperative that these letters be destroyed before they could fall into the hands of the authorities- who would soon search the house.
Davout had taken a room at an inn in Tonnerre for the night. When all had quieted down he slipped out a back door and made his way back to Ravières on foot. Scaling the garden wall he awakened his sister and gained entrance to the château without being noticed by the household servants. Going directly to his mother’s quarters he found the damaging evidence in a secret hiding place behind her secretary and burned it. He then returned to the inn before dawn so that his actions were completely unnoticed in Tonnerre.
The next morning he accompanied his mother to Auxerre, where, a few days later, she appeared before the Revolutionary Tribunal. But much to the astonishment of the prosecutor, he was not provided with sufficient evidence against the accused. Thus no formal charges were brought, and Madame Davout was set free at once.
John G. Gallaher - The Iron Marshal: a Biography of Louis Nicolas Davout.
#french revolution#john g. gallaher#the iron marshal: a biography of louis nicolas davout#louis nicolas davout#the terror#he's 23 and it's the second time he is forced to retire#also already a general#the problems of being a noble during the revolution#davout's nightly adventures#well played
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Antony and Cleopatra
Source
Appianus, of Alexandria. An auncient historie and exquisite chronicle of the Romanes warres : both ciuile and foren. London: By Raulfe Newberrie and Henrie [B]ynniman, 1578.
Plutarch. The liues of the noble Grecians and Romanes, compared together by that graue learned philosopher and historiographer, Plutarke of Chaeronea: translated out of Greeke into French by Iames Amyot, Abbot of Bellozane, Bishop of Auxerre, one of the Kings priuy counsel, and great Amner of Fraunce, and out of French into Englishe, by Thomas North. London: By Thomas Vautroullier dvvelling in the Blacke Friers by Ludgate, 1579.
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