#nasa spitzer

[spacewonder19]

Core of Our Milky Way © Hubble+Chandra+Spitzer

[nasa]

Astronomers used three of NASA's Great Observatories to capture this multiwavelength image showing galaxy cluster IDCS J1426.5+3508. It includes X-rays recorded by the Chandra X-ray Observatory in blue, visible light observed by the Hubble Space Telescope in green, and infrared light from the Spitzer Space Telescope in red. This rare galaxy cluster has important implications for understanding how these megastructures formed and evolved early in the universe.

How Astronomers Time Travel

Let’s add another item to your travel bucket list: the early universe! You don’t need the type of time machine you see in sci-fi movies, and you don’t have to worry about getting trapped in the past. You don’t even need to leave the comfort of your home! All you need is a powerful space-based telescope.

But let’s start small and work our way up to the farthest reaches of space. We’ll explain how it all works along the way.

This animation illustrates how fast light travels between Earth and the Moon. The farther light has to travel, the more noticeable its speed limit becomes.

The speed of light is superfast, but it isn’t infinite. It travels at about 186,000 miles (300 million meters) per second. That means that it takes time for the light from any object to reach our eyes. The farther it is, the more time it takes.

You can see nearby things basically in real time because the light travel time isn’t long enough to make a difference. Even if an object is 100 miles (161 kilometers) away, it takes just 0.0005 seconds for light to travel that far. But on astronomical scales, the effects become noticeable.

This infographic shows how long it takes light to travel to different planets in our solar system.

Within our solar system, light’s speed limit means it can take a while to communicate back and forth between spacecraft and ground stations on Earth. We see the Moon, Sun, and planets as they were slightly in the past, but it's not usually far enough back to be scientifically interesting.

As we peer farther out into our galaxy, we use light-years to talk about distances. Smaller units like miles or kilometers would be too overwhelming and we’d lose a sense of their meaning. One light-year – the distance light travels in a year – is nearly 6 trillion miles (9.5 trillion kilometers). And that’s just a tiny baby step into the cosmos.

The Sun’s closest neighboring star, Proxima Centauri, is 4.2 light-years away. That means we see it as it was about four years ago. Betelgeuse, a more distant (and more volatile) stellar neighbor, is around 700 light-years away. Because of light’s lag time, astronomers don’t know for sure whether this supergiant star is still there! It may have already blasted itself apart in a supernova explosion – but it probably has another 10,000 years or more to go.

What looks much like craggy mountains on a moonlit evening is actually the edge of a nearby, young, star-forming region NGC 3324 in the Carina Nebula. Captured in infrared light by the Near-Infrared Camera (NIRCam) on NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope, this image reveals previously obscured areas of star birth.

The Carina Nebula clocks in at 7,500 light-years away, which means the light we receive from it today began its journey about 3,000 years before the pyramids of Giza in Egypt were built! Many new stars there have undoubtedly been born by now, but their light may not reach Earth for thousands of years.

An artist’s concept of our Milky Way galaxy, with rough locations for the Sun and Carina nebula marked.

If we zoom way out, you can see that 7,500 light-years away is still pretty much within our neighborhood. Let’s look further back in time…

This stunning image by the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope features the spiral galaxy NGC 5643. Looking this good isn’t easy; 30 different exposures, for a total of nine hours of observation time, together with Hubble’s high resolution and clarity, were needed to produce an image of such exquisite detail and beauty.

Peering outside our Milky Way galaxy transports us much further into the past. The Andromeda galaxy, our nearest large galactic neighbor, is about 2.5 million light-years away. And that’s still pretty close, as far as the universe goes. The image above shows the spiral galaxy NGC 5643, which is about 60 million light-years away! That means we see it as it was about 60 million years ago.

As telescopes look deeper into the universe, they capture snapshots in time from different cosmic eras. Astronomers can stitch those snapshots together to unravel things like galaxy evolution. The closest ones are more mature; we see them nearly as they truly are in the present day because their light doesn’t have to travel as far to reach us. We can’t rewind those galaxies (or our own), but we can get clues about how they likely developed. Looking at galaxies that are farther and farther away means seeing these star cities in ever earlier stages of development.

The farthest galaxies we can see are both old and young. They’re billions of years old now, and the light we receive from them is ancient since it took so long to traverse the cosmos. But since their light was emitted when the galaxies were young, it gives us a view of their infancy.

This animation is an artist’s concept of the big bang, with representations of the early universe and its expansion.

Comparing how fast objects at different distances are moving away opened up the biggest mystery in modern astronomy: cosmic acceleration. The universe was already expanding as a result of the big bang, but astronomers expected it to slow down over time. Instead, it’s speeding up!

The universe’s expansion makes it tricky to talk about the distances of the farthest objects. We often use lookback time, which is the amount of time it took for an object’s light to reach us. That’s simpler than using a literal distance, because an object that was 10 billion light-years away when it emitted the light we received from it would actually be more than 16 billion light-years away right now, due to the expansion of space. We can even see objects that are presently over 30 billion light-years from Earth, even though the universe is only about 14 billion years old.

This James Webb Space Telescope image shines with the light from galaxies that are more than 13.4 billion years old, dating back to less than 400 million years after the big bang.

Our James Webb Space Telescope has helped us time travel back more than 13.4 billion years, to when the universe was less than 400 million years old. When our Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope launches in a few years, astronomers will pair its vast view of space with Webb’s zooming capabilities to study the early universe in better ways than ever before. And don’t worry – these telescopes will make plenty of pit stops along the way at other exciting cosmic destinations across space and time.

Learn more about the exciting science Roman will investigate on X and Facebook.

Make sure to follow us on Tumblr for your regular dose of space!

[krakenmare]

NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope: Comet Holmes (March 2008)

[blasteffect]

M74 346 !

Combining data from some of NASA’s most powerful instruments, four new composites highlight the enormity of the cosmos in unprecedented detail. Imagery from the Chandra Observatory and the James Webb and Hubble telescopes—plus infrared information from the Spitzer telescope’s final missions—mesh together to generate mesmerizing views of iconic nebulae and galaxies.

Composite X-ray: Chandra: NASA/CXC/SAO, XMM: ESA/XMM-Newton; IR: JWST: NASA/ESA/CSA/STScI, Spitzer: NASA/JPL/CalTech; Optical: Hubble: NASA/ESA/STScI, ESO; Image Processing: L. Frattare, J. Major, N. Wolk, and K. Arcand

[mendely]

Telescopes 👀😶

[boanerges20]

NGC7293 Helix Nebula in Acuarius In Infrared. Spitzer Telescope/ NASA. Procesed: Judy Schmidt.

[deathnskulls]

Spitzer // NASA :: Cats-paw

[nctrnm]

#NowPlaying: "M104 Sonification" by NASA

[sakuraswordly]

cosmic dance of colors. Its a splendid tribute to the power of human curiosity and the wonders of the cosmos. Thanks for sharing this celestial marvel!

[icy-saturday]

@rollie-rolerson

Love this animals the schnitzel

[spacewonder19]

Stellar ripples of Cartwheel galaxy ©

[itsgerges]

Can The Sun Rays Creation Process Depend On Saturn Motion? Best Regards

Can The Sun Rays Creation Process Depend On Saturn Motion?

Or

Or

Abstract

Paper Question

Can The Sun Rays Creation Process Depend On Saturn Motion?

The question tells us (If Saturn Is Not Found In The Solar System The Sun Rays Can Not Be Created)- If This is a fact- That proves we understand wrongly (completely) how the sun rays is created!

The question refuses directly The Sun Nuclear Fusion Theory – and tells us – The Sun Rays Is Produced By Another Method – and

This another method depends on Saturn motion perfectly and without Saturn motion this method can NOT work and No Sun Rays Can Be Produced

The question answer can be summarized in 3 points

(Point No. 1) The Refutation Of The Sun Nuclear Fusion Theory

(Point No. 2) The Planet Motion Reason And Design

(Point No. 3) Saturn Effect On The Solar System Motion

Let's discuss these points in following…

(Point No. 1) The Refutation Of The Sun Nuclear Fusion Theory

There Are 7 Facts Refute The Sun Nuclear Fusion Theory…

1- Planet Motion Produces Energy

2- The gravitational waves are produced by the planets motions energies and NOT by the sun gravitational field (Moreover the sun does Not create a gravitational field)

3- The Gravitational Waves Can Move By Speed Of Light (C= 300000 km/s)

4- The Sun Rays Is Created By The Gravitational Waves Motions

5- The Sun Rays Creation Process Depends on A Relative Motion

6- The Sun Corona Temperature Is (5 million Kelvin) and the sun surface is 5800 Kelvin because the energy is NOT produced by The Sun Nuclear Fusion.

7- The Sun Data Depends On The Planets Data

Let's summarize these facts in following

(Fact No. 1) Planet Motion Produces Energy

Any moving body produces energy (1/2 mv^2), the planet motion produces energy also, but where's the planet motion energy?

The planet doesn't store the energy in its body because it would raise this planet temperature and no planet temperature is raised by its motion- logically where can the planet motion energy be stored? In the space in waves form-

Means- the planet motion energy creates waves in the space

The space is similar to the sea of water, and the planet is similar to a fish swims through the sea of water- as we know- the fish moves by hitting the water by its body and by this action waves are created in the water- also we conclude the water moves by a velocity equal the fish velocity because of the reaction force-

Similar to that, the planet motion energy creates waves in the space- these waves are similar to the water waves, they move far from their planet and can be reflected- also we conclude the space waves move by a velocity equal the planet velocity-

Also–because the planets revolve around the sun in one direction- the planets motions energies waves move toward Pluto perpendicular on the revolution direction.

In Pluto orbit these waves are unified into one unified wave moves by the planets velocities total (9 planets velocities total is 176 km/s)

Pluto reflected this unified wave toward Venus and this wave revolves around the sun through the Earth moon orbit- because- all planets motion energy is stored finally in the moon orbit-

And because the wave revolves around the sun through the moon orbit- the moon velocity is added to the total (the moon velocity = the Earth velocity) – by that

The velocities total be (176 +29.8 = 205.8 km/s)

Shortly-

The Planets Motions Energies Are Unified Together And Produce One Unified Wave Revolves Around The Sun Through The Earth Moon Orbit And This Unified Wave Moves By A Velocity 205.8 km/s.

(Fact No. 2) The Gravitational Waves Are Produced By The Planets Motions Energies And Not By The Sun Gravitational Field (Moreover The Sun Does Not Create A Gravitational Field)

I claim the space waves which I have described are the gravitational waves, the scientists called them wrongly supposing that these waves are produced by the sun gravitational field but this is NOT True – on the contrary- these waves are produced by the planets motions energies.

The previous analysis proves clearly that, the planet motion must create waves in the space- by that- I have a reason to claim that (the gravitational waves are produced by the planets motions energies)- and also the sun doesn't create a gravitational field – let's prove that in following to cause a confidence in my conclusion

The Sun Doesn't Produce A Gravitation Field

v The Sun Rotation Period is (25.4 days at equator) and (34.4 days at pole), that proves the sun has NO massive gravity (even it has no gravity equal any planet gravity otherwise it would rotate in one period of time)

v No planet moves by the sun gravity (Newton Is Wrong).

The planet moves by its creation force- means- the planet creation and motion should be done by the same one force because if two forces have effects on the same one planet, this planet would be broken

v Mass gravity Can Not Cause any Motion- (Newton is wrong)– let's explain that -Mass gravity is a bond between 2 masses – the Earth and the moon are bond together by the mass gravity- They are similar to a lorry and its trailer– If a force causes the Earth to move the moon will move with the Earth– this is the effect of the mass gravity but the mass gravity can't cause any motion! Why? Suppose the moon moves by the Earth mass gravity- The moon motion produces energy (1/2mv^2)- and– From what source this motion energy will be provided? From the mass itself! means- If the Earth causes the moon to move that necessitates to decrease the Earth and moon masses by the motion energy– it's wrong definition for the mass gravity - the mass gravity creates a bond between two masses- and if a force causes the Earth to move the moon will move with the Earth, in this case, this force will provide the motion energy for the Earth and the moon– but No Motion can be done by the mass gravity.

(Fact No. 3) The Gravitational Waves Move By Speed Of Light (C= 300000 km/s)

This fact I provide by a direct proof – in following –

This Is Extraordinary: Gravity Can Create Light, All on Its Own

https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/technology/this-is-extraordinary-gravity-can-create-light-all-on-its-own/ar-AA19YL5d?ocid=hpmsnHYPERLINK "https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/technology/this-is-extraordinary-gravity-can-create-light-all-on-its-own/ar-AA19YL5d?ocid=hpmsn&cvid=620db4352aa943e2b454919a7b724604&ei=83"&HYPERLINK "https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/technology/this-is-extraordinary-gravity-can-create-light-all-on-its-own/ar-AA19YL5d?ocid=hpmsn&cvid=620db4352aa943e2b454919a7b724604&ei=83"cvid=620db4352aa943e2b454919a7b724604HYPERLINK "https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/technology/this-is-extraordinary-gravity-can-create-light-all-on-its-own/ar-AA19YL5d?ocid=hpmsn&cvid=620db4352aa943e2b454919a7b724604&ei=83"&HYPERLINK "https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/technology/this-is-extraordinary-gravity-can-create-light-all-on-its-own/ar-AA19YL5d?ocid=hpmsn&cvid=620db4352aa943e2b454919a7b724604&ei=83"ei=83

This new article states the gravitational waves can move by high velocity motion and can produce a light beam.

Notice –

I Claim The Sun Rays Is Created By This Method (The Gravitational Waves Motions) And Not By The Sun Nuclear Fusion

But- I have proved, the gravitational waves are produced by the planets motions energies- how can the gravitational waves move by speed of light if they are produced by the planets motions energies? And If the gravitational waves move by speed of light how they can produce a light beam?

The fact is that

The planets motions use different rates of time- for that – the planets motions energies are produced based on different rates of time and the motion by speed of light is done by using different rates of time – let's explain how the unified wave (205.8 km/s) moves by speed of light relative to the sun point of space

W agreed that

There's one unified wave revolves around the sun through the Earth moon orbit and this wave moves by velocity 205.8 km/s relative to the sun point of space

This is A Relative Motion between two players (the unified wave) and (the sun point of space)

The two players use different rates of time which is

(one second of the sun clock = 1461 seconds of the unified wave clock)

The unified wave (205.8 km/s) moves in 1461 seconds a distance = 300000 km/s

But the sun clock moves only (one second) during these (1461 seconds of the unified wave clock) –means-

The distance 300000 km is passed in (one second) of the sun clock- by that

The different velocity between the unified wave and the sun motions is 300000 km/s = speed of light (C)

This analysis asks a new question (How Can The Planets Motions Use Different Rates Of Time?) this question is answered in Point (No. 2* the planet motion reason)

But there's one more question we left behind- let's remember it

If the gravitational waves move by speed of light (300000 km/s) how can these waves produce a light beam? Let's answer in the following fact No. (4*)

(Fact No. 4) The Sun Rays Is Created By The Gravitational Waves Motions

The gravitational waves move by speed of light (C=300000 km/s) relative to the sun point of space- this idea is proved by the article states (the gravitational waves move by speed of light) BUT

How Can This Motion Produce A Light Beam? The energy is reflected in the solar system, and the energy reflection causes to square the velocities, for that, the speed of light (C=300000 km/s) be squared (C^2) by the energy reflection- and the value (C^2) is the source of energy can produce the light beam

The reflection of energy and its effects are proved strongly in my paper

The sun rays creation process provides three new features which are

1- The Gravitational Waves Move By Speed Of Light (C)

2- The Energy Reflection Squares The Velocities (C^2)

3- The Sun Rays Is Produced From (C^2) That Means The Sun Rays Is Produced By A Relative Motion

(Fact No. 5) The Sun Rays Creation Process Depends on A Relative Motion

There are three basic critics against The Sun Nuclear Fusion Theory-

(First Critic) The Source Of Energy- while the solar system is so rich in the motion energy- the nuclear fusion theory invented strange source of energy to produce the sun rays and left the stored motion energy without using- logically- the energy can NOT be stored forever and should be used- The sun rays is the very good outlet for the stored energy- means- the sun rays should be produced from the planets motions energies which are stored in the space in waves form (the gravitational waves)

(Second Critic) The Sun Rays Production Method- The sun rays are produced by the relative motion- means- the used technical method is the relative motion- the motion produces a relative motion with different velocity = speed of light (C= 300000 km/s) and by the reflection of energy this velocity be squared (C^2) and the sun rays is produced from this value (C^2)

The important thing here is (The Relative Motion) why? because this relative motion is found between two players (the unified wave motion 205.8 km/s) and (the sun point of space motion 1 km/s) – the light production process depends on the different velocity between the two motions (C=300000 km/s)- means- if this different velocity is decreased (NO Light Beam Can Be Created)

So the method needs the different velocity to be (C= speed of light =300000 km/s) and that necessitates the unified wave velocity to be (205.8 km/s) and the sun point of space to be (1 km/s) BUT there's NO any other point in the space moves by this velocity (1 km/s)- only – the sun point of space moves by 1 km/s – later I prove that

Means- the different velocity (C=speed of light =300000 km/s) can be produced only between the unified wave motion (205.8 km/s) and the sun point of space

That tells- the light can be produced only on the sun point of space because this is the only one point in the space moves by velocity 1 km/s –

for that reason- the sun point of space is defined geometrically!

What does that mean (The Sun Point Is Defined Geometrically)?

The designer used many mathematical calculations and geometrical rules to define the sun position in the sky and the sun creation data- let's give one example

(The sun diameter / the moon diameter) = (Earth orbital distance/ Earth moon dist)

The previous equation enables us to see the sun disc = the moon disc and that causes the total solar eclipse to be occurred- but– why the diameters rate = the distances rate?

Because the designer made all mathematical calculations to guarantee the velocity of the sun point of space to be only (1 km/s) and Never be faster

Let's see more data behind the total solar eclipse

4900 mkm (Jupiter orbital circumference) = 1.39 mkm (the sun diameter) x 3475 km =12104 km x 406000 km = 12756 km x 384000 km = 6792 km x 2 x 363000 km

3475 km = the moon diameter 12104 km = Venus diameter

12756 km = The Earth diameter 6792 km = Mars diameter

363000 km, 384000 km and 406000 km are the distances between the Earth and its moon in perigee, orbital distance and apogee radiuses respectively

We see how the data is designed geometrically accurately- why the data is created by this accurate system? because the designer aimed by all means to make the velocity of the sun point of space to be 1 km/s and never moves by any faster velocity

We remember (Neptune diameter is 49528 km because Neptune velocity is 5.4 km/s) this fact is proved by my planet diameter equation-

Here also- the sun diameter is defined geometrically in proportionality with many planets to guarantee the velocity of the sun point of space be only (1 km/s)

This argument is so powerful against the nuclear fusion theory, because

The Sun Data Proves The Sun Rays Is Produced By (A Relative Motion) and not by nuclear fusion- the designer had a necessity to create these proportionalities between the sun position and data on one side with the planets data on the other side- the required task was (to create a system guarantee the velocity of the sun point of space to be 1 km/s and never moves by faster velocity) – this is the cornerstone in the sun rays creation process because the rays is created by A Relative Motion- based on different velocity = 300000 km/s

This velocity is the method by which the sun rays is created and If This Velocity Is Decreased No Light Beam Can Be Produced.

Notice

The sun circumference =4.37 million km and the sun rotation period at equator is 25.4 days – if we calculate the velocity of this motion (4.37 million km /25.4 days) the velocity be = 2 km /sec

This is a strong proof for my theory- and we note that- the machine uses the velocity 1 km/s and the sun velocity (2 km/s) forced the machine to make (double for all values) means- for example- the sun rays is created not by (90000 million km) but created by (180000 million km) as I explain later- means – this change in velocity from (1 km/s) to (2 km/s) has great effect on the data but the machine can still produce the light beam- shortly- the sun rays is created by this relative motion with different velocity = C= speed of light = 300000 km/s

(Third Critic)

The sun corona temperature is (5 million Kelvin) but the sun surface is 5800 Kelvin

This data proves strongly my theory – where

The sun rays is NOT produced by the sun nuclear fusion – means – the energy is NOT produced from the sun body – BUT

The energy is produced by the planets motions energies and for that the corona has energy more than the sun body- because the energy comes from out of the sun into the sun- shortly- the energy out of the sun is greater than the energy inside the sun because the sun does NOT produce this energy- this energy is produced by the planets motions energies.

(Fact No. 6) The Sun Corona Temperature Is (5 million Kelvin) and the sun surface is 5800 Kelvin because the energy is NOT produced by The Sun Nuclear Fusion.

This fact is told just before – the sun corona temperature is a strong proof supports my theory tells (the sun rays is created by the planets motions energies total and not by the nuclear fusion)

(Fact No. 7) The Sun Data Depends On The Planets Data

As We Have Seen In The Total Solar Eclipse Data, the sun data is in proportionality with the planets data proves the sun rays is created by the planets motions energies- But – not only this data

The sun all data is created depending on the planets data – let's see one more example

243/224.7= 29.53/27.3 = 27.3/25.4 = 1.0725

243 and 224.7 days Venus rotation and orbital periods respectively

29.53 and 27.3 days The moon day and rotation periods respectively

25.4 days = the sun rotation period at equator

The data shows clear harmony as if the sun data very similar to the planets data

(Point No. 2) The Planet Motion Reason And Design

A- The Solar System Creation Theory

The solar system is created from one energy- this energy is provided by one light beam its velocity is 1.16 million km per second

From this energy the space is created firstly and the light energy is consumed in the space creation and the rest energy is found in One Wave moves by speed of light (C=300000 km/s) – from this one wave the planets are created-

The creation is done in 2 stages

(First stage The Space Creation)

The original light beam (its velocity 1.16 million km per second) creates the planets orbits before any planet creation, starting from Mercury to Pluto, because of the orbits creation, the light energy is consumed and its velocity be 300000 km/s

We understand this is one light beam- its velocity was 1.16 million km per second and after the space creation this light velocity be 300000 km/s

(Second stage The Planets Creation)

The planets are created from this one wave moves by speed of light (C=300000 km/s)

NOTICE

There are strong proves prove a coherence of light is done between the light 1.16 million km per second and the light 300000 km/s- let's see this idea deeply

The original light beam its speed (1.16 million km per second) started its motion from Mercury orbit to Pluto orbit (Mercury orbit is the light motion origin point) – and this light beam created all orbits before any planet creation- and the light lost its energy in the space creation and the rest energy is one light beam move by the known speed of light is (C=300000 km/s)

The other light beam is the rest energy- it moves by the known speed of light (C=300000 km/s) and it moves in the reflected direction from Pluto toward Venus and Mercury-

Now –there's a coherence of light between these two light beams- the coherence is proved BUT we should ask (how can this coherence be occurred)? Because the original light (1.16 million km/s) is consumed and its energy is used already and the rest energy be this light its speed is (300000 km/s) - HOW can the light (1.16 million km/s) meet the light (300000 km/s)??

Imagine we have (116 dollars) and we spent all money except (30 dollars)- how can this (30 dollars) meet the original money (116 dollars)??

Let's try to answer

Suppose the light beam (300000 km/s) moves in the reflected direction (in the space) and also (in the time) – that can enable the light (300000 km/s) to move into its past and meet the original one (1.16 million km/s) in the past and the coherence can be done there in the past- and we see the coherence results and effects on the solar system-

Means – the light (300000 km/s) moves into its past and found the original light (1.16 million km/s) in the past and the coherence could be done there in the past

Please note- this analysis tells us the light can move on the time axis means can move into the future and into the past- but the matter can Not do that- I explain the reason in my paper (No. I-6)

Shortly- we have a proof for the motion on the time axis and we can create the time machine by this method and the light will be our tool which can move into the past to get pictures and data from the past to us-

Now

Let's see how the planets are created

B- The Solar Planets Creation

We know- The solar system is one wave moves by speed of light (C=300000 km/s)

Through the space- (till now NO any planet is created)

Now -The Solar System needs To Create A Stationary Point Its velocity Zero relative to the moving wave its velocity is 300000 km/s

This is the basic information in the solar system design-

The solar system needs to create a stationary point relative to the wave motion- by that – two velocities will be found which are (v1= the wave velocity 300000 km/s) and (v2= Zero= the stationary point relative to the wave motion)–these two velocities produce a relative motion with different velocity 300000 km/s–

Notice – the stationary point velocity is 1 km/s (= Zero approximately)

Notice– The solar system is one wave moves by speed of light (C=300000 km/s), or the solar system is carried on light beam moves by speed of light (C=300000 km/s),

Everything in the solar system is carried on this one light beam motion- and nothing is static- No stationary point can be found here-

This is similar to ships are found on the sea- nothing is stopped- all ships move and can't stop- because the motion is done forcedly by the sea waves.

The stationary point will be similar to the whirlpool (vortex) found on the sea page-

We see the whirlpool doesn't move with the sea waves- for that the whirlpool can be considered as a stationary point relative to the sea waves.

But

The solar system needs to create the stationary point

Now – let's try to create this stationary point in following

The solar system uses two procedures to do that,

The first procedure

The wave its velocity 300000 km/s revolves around a point in space (any point in space), the revolution motion creates 2 equal velocities on both sides of the revolution- the two velocities are equal in value and opposite in direction- their total be equal Zero-means- the revolution motion creates One Stationary Point in the center of the revolution.

The second procedure

The previous idea is correct- but –the velocity 300000 km/s is a huge one and to decrease it to Zero velocity this is a complex process– for that- the wave (300000 km/s) created small waves with low velocities to use them as steps to decrease the velocity to Zero- the small waves are The Planets- (The planet is a small wave moves by low velocity relative to the mother wave its velocity 300000 km/s)

Why Are These Small Waves Required?

Because the velocity 300000 km/s is decreased to Zero by using these small waves and their low velocities- the low velocities are used as steps to decrease the wave velocity (300000 km/s) to be (Zero)- this process decreases the velocity gradually from 300000 km/s to Zero depending on these small waves velocities (the planets velocities)

Means- the planets are created for this process to decrease the wave velocity from 300000 km/s to Zero- and The Planet Is A Small Wave Moves By Low Velocity

Shortly – the solar system has one complete system of velocities, Starting from Zero to 300000 km/s where the planets velocities are the steps between the two velocities –

Please note clearly this idea- because-

The solar system has one motor for all motions which is the wave motion by speed of light (300000 km/s) No any other motor is found in the solar system

The planets are similar to carriages in one train but the train engine is the light motion by that the only motor under all motions in the solar system is the wave motion (speed of light 300000 km/s)

So, we have to ask- how can any planet move by a velocity Less than (300000 km/s)?

Because – The Planets Use Different Rates Of Time-

The rates of time is created based on the velocities rates –

For example-

Mercury velocity =1.6 Earth velocity, for that, one hour of Mercury clock= 1.6 hours of the Earth clock and by that Mercury and the Earth move equal distances in equal periods of time.

This is very important fact because – the light moves carrying all planets with it- Now the light moves (one motion) and passes (one distance) in (one period of time)

All planets will move (this same motion) and pass (this same distance) in (this same period of time)- but

We need different velocities for the planets to work as steps to decrease the velocity (300000 km/s) to Zero (Stationary point)- means- it's essential to have (different velocities) and that causes the using of the rates of time inevitable and essential method to enable the solar system to do its motion.

C- The Rate Of Time Use

(i)

The Rate Of Time Effect

The rate of time controls the moving energy rate-

For example (One Hour Of Mercury Clock = 24 Hours Of Pluto Clock)

What does that mean?

It means, Pluto motion energy (for 24 hours) can be used by Mercury in (one hour)

Here - the solar system is similar to a river of water moves from a point to another and the rate of time defines the amount of the transported water (energy)

In more details

The energy is transported among the planets and the amount of energy is defined by the rates of time- because- the energy transportation necessitates to transport the motion among the planets and the motion transportation caused to transport the rates of time among the planets-

(ii)

The Rate Of Time Use

We agreed that, the solar system has one motor only which is the wave moves by speed of light (C=300000 km/s)- means- no velocity can be less than speed of light unless it depends on a rate of time –

Means- all planets velocities are created based on rates of time- that causes the rates of time to be used in all motions in the solar system

Let's remember,

Planet motion energy creates waves in the space- we remember the accurate vision- we observed one swimming fish, the fish hits the water by its tail and swims, that creates a wave in the sea and this wave moves by the fish velocity because of the reaction-

Similar to that, Mercury (47.4 km/s) moves and its motion energy waves are created and these waves move by Mercury velocity (47.4 km/s) –BUT- Mercury velocity is created based on a rate of time- that causes the waves motions use rates of time-

I try to show how the gravitational waves motions depend on rates of time

For more clear vision

We have to consider that the solar system has one motor only and this motor is the wave moves by speed of light (C=300000 km/s) for that any motion in the solar system with velocity less than speed of light (must depend on rates of time)

The rates of time = the velocities rate –

Let's remember out example

Mercury velocity =1.6 Earth velocity by that (One second of Mercury clock = 1.6 seconds of the Earth clock)– by this rate of time Mercury and the Earth move equal distances in equal periods of time -

We understand the reason- where

The planets are geometrical points on the same one light beam- and this light beam moves carrying all planets with it- and

The light moves one motion, passes one distance in one period of time, for that, all planets move this same motion, pass this same distance in this same period of time

(iii)

The Solar Planets Basic Rates Of Time

Let's remember the basic rates of time

(one hour of Mercury clock = 24 hours of any planet clock) and

(one hour of Mercury clock = 576 hours of Saturn clock)

That causes

(one hour of any planet clock = 24 hours of Saturn clock)

This rate of time is defined by Mercury motion effect And

The major rate of time between the planet and light motion is

(one second of light clock = one solar day of the planet clock)

This rate is a complex one because there are 2 velocities of the light (as I proved)

The original velocity 1.16 million km per second and the known velocity 300000 km/s

Means

(one second of light 1.16 mkm/s = one solar day of the planet clock) and

(one second of light 300000 km/s = one solar day of the planet clock)

That causes the rate of time (1=24) to be so necessary to create the harmony between the planets and light motions- for that this rate (1=24) is used by Mercury motion

Notice

The rate of time is defined basically by the planets velocities as explained before – for example - Mercury velocity = 1.6 the Earth velocity- means – one hour of Mercury clock = 1.6 hours of the Earth clock

But the solar system energy is reflected three times in the solar system, and each reflection causes to square the velocity, by that, the rate of time (v1/v2) be growing to be (v1/v2)^3

That explains why the planets orbital periods rate = (their velocities rate)^3

Also all other planets data is worked as rates of time-

D- The Unified Wave Moves By Speed Of Light

Let's remember out equation

300000 km = 7.1 x (205.8)^2 where

7.1 is Lorentz length contraction effect for velocity 297000 km/s (= 0.99 C)

205.8 km/s = the 9 planets velocities total (176 km/s) + the Earth moon velocity

(The moon velocity =29.8 km/s = the Earth velocity because they revolve together)

Why does the data use the squared value (205.8)^2?

We know the answer- but - Let's remember it

The planets are geometrical points on the same light beam and move with its motion- for that- the planets velocities rates creates rates of time– for example- Mercury velocity = 1.6 the Earth velocity- that means – one hour of Mercury clock = 1.6 hours of the Earth clock- as I have explained before

Now- the velocity (205.8 km/s) move relative to the stationary point its velocity Zero (The Sun) and creates a rate of time (1 second = 205.8 seconds) –

(One Second Of The Unified Wave Clock = 205.8 Seconds Of The Sun Clock)

But – the energy is reflected in the solar system (I proved in the paper),

The energy reflection reflects the players – means

(one second of the Sun clock = 205.8 seconds of the unified wave clock)

means (one second of the sun clock = 205.8 seconds of any planet clock) –

Now during one second of the sun clock, the wave clock needs 205.8 seconds while the wave moves by a velocity 205.8 km/s- means –

During one second of the sun clock, the wave moves 42253 km = 300000 km /7.1

By that the velocity is 42253 km/s which is equivalent to the speed of light

Notice

The velocity 42253 km/s is equivalent to the speed of light 300000 km/s because of the length contraction effect rate (7.1) – because

The reflection of energy causes to reflect the geometrical effects and the rate 7.1 which caused (length contraction) will cause (length increasing)

The length contraction and increasing both effects are produced by the same one motion but the reflection of energy causes to reflect the geometrical effects.

E- Planet Velocity Analysis

DATA

My 5th equation (v1v2=322)- the planets velocities prove it–let's see that in following

322 = 47.4 km/s (Mercury velocities) x 6.8 km/s (Uranus velocities)

322 = 35 km/s (Venus velocity) x 4.7 km/s (Pluto velocity) x 2

322 = 29.8 km/s (the Earth velocity) x 5.4 km/s (Neptune velocities) x 2

322 = 24.1 km/s (Mars velocity) x 13.1 km/s (Jupiter velocity)

322 = (17.9 km/s)^2 (Ceres velocity) (Max error 2%)

DATA ANALYSIS

The previous data tells the planets velocities are defined by two features

(1st Feature)

The planets velocities are complementary one another –means - each planet velocity is complementary with another planet – means– The planets velocities are defined in pairs and not in single planets.

(Notice, the inner planets orbital inclinations are defined by the rule (v1/v2), for example, Mercury orbital inclination 7 deg = Mercury velocity 47.4/ Uranus velocity 6.8- that proves the effect of the rule (v1v2=322) on the planet motion)

(2nd Feature)

Why the constant is 322 because

1160000 seconds = 322 hours – means- there's a light velocity = 1.16 million km /s and this light moves for one second passes 1160000 km but we see this distance as a period (1160000 seconds =322 hours)- and - the planets velocities are defined based on this velocity 1.16 million km /s

Discussion

Ceres velocity tells the idea - Ceres is used as the origin point - as a result the outer planets be complementary with the inner planets – for that the rule (v1v2=322) controls the planets velocities.

(a)

The planets velocities are created based on one design- Ceres velocity is used as the origin point for this design

(b)

Shortly

Mercury (47.4 km/s) moves during 6.8 hours a distance = 1160000 km

Uranus (6.8 km/s) moves during 47.4 hours a distance = 1160000 km

And

Mars (24.1 km/s) moves during 13.1 hours a distance = 1160000 km

Jupiter (13.1 km/s) moves during 24.1 hours a distance = 1160000 km

(error 2%) - And

Earth (29.8 km/s) moves during 2 x 5.4 hours a distance = 1160000 km

Neptune (5.4 km/s) moves during 2 x 29.8 hours a distance = 1160000 km

And

Venus (35 km/s) moves during 2 x 4.7 hours a distance = 1160000 km

Pluto (4.7 km/s) moves during 2 x 35 hours a distance = 1160000 km

(error 2%)

Notice - Saturn (9.7 km/s) moves during 33.2 hours a distance = 1160000 km

(between 33.2 and Venus velocity 35 km/s the error 5%)

(c)

The planets velocities definition depend on the speed of light 300000 km/s

As we have seen before in the equation

300000 km = 7.1 x (205.8)^2

Here we see the planets velocities are defined based on two velocities which are – the speed 1.16 million km per second and the light speed 300000 km/s- that's one proof among many others which prove the coherence of light is done between the light 1.16 million km per second and the light 300000 km/s

Why is it necessary to review the planet velocity analysis here?

Because the planet velocity analysis proves the sun is created after all planets creation and motion -Let's see that in the next point

F- The Sun Is Created After All Planets Creation And Motion (Proves)

We analyzed the planet velocity definition before, let's remember its basic feature

DATA

We remember the rule (v1v2=322) (my 5th equation)– let's prove it

322 = 47.4 km/s (Mercury velocities) x 6.8 km/s (Uranus velocities)

322 = 35 km/s (Venus velocity) x 4.7 km/s (Pluto velocity) x 2

322 = 29.8 km/s (the Earth velocity) x 5.4 km/s (Neptune velocities) x 2

322 = 24.1 km/s (Mars velocity) x 13.1 km/s (Jupiter velocity)

322 = (17.9 km/s)^2 (Ceres velocity) (Max error 2%)

DISCUSSION

The data tells

1- The Planets Velocities Are Defined Based On One Design

2- The planets are added in pairs in the solar group- means- No single planet can be added to the solar group

Now we have to ask

Can We Add A New Planet To The Solar Group?

Let's answer in following

I add a new planet after Pluto

I suppose the new planet orbital distance to be =7000 million km

This new planet velocity will be 4.3 km/s (We can define it by kepler law)

Now we need the complementary planet because of the rule (v1v2 =322)

(322 =4.3 x 75), means, the complementary planet velocity is 75 km/s

Where can we find a planet its velocity 75 km/s? this planet must be in the distance between the Sun and Mercury –

This planet orbital distance should be 23.2 million km

(57.9/23.2) = (75/47.4)^2 where

(57.9 million km = Mercury Orbital Distance) and (47.4 km/s) Mercury velocity

Shortly –

It's hard to add any planet in the distance between Mercury and the Sun- means- we can't add any new planet to the solar group because of the Sun existence.

But-

How Could The Found Planets Be Added To The Solar System?

The Sun is created after all planets creation and motion- means – after all planets be in their orbits the Sun is created- In details-The planets were created in their orbits and revolve around a point of space, before the sun creation, and later the sun is created in this point of space around which the planets revolve

Because - technically- the Sun existence prevents to add any new planet to the solar system and also the Sun existence prevents any planet to change its orbit

(For example- Mars original orbit was between Mercury and Venus and Mars had migrated to its current orbit before the Sun creation And Mars couldn't return to its original orbit because of the Sun existence ) (Mars Migration is proved in the paper)

Notice

This analysis is another proof for my theory tells (The Sun Rays Is Created By The Planets Motions Energies And Nut By The Sun Nuclear Fusion)

Shortly

The sun rays can NOT be created without the solar planets because the sun rays are created from the planets motions energies – logically the planets are found and moving before the sun creation-

(Point No. 3) Saturn Motion Effect On The Solar System Motion

Let's remember our question

Can The Sun Rays Creation Process Depend On Saturn Motion?

The question tells us (If Saturn Is Not Found In The Solar System The Sun Rays Can Not Be Created)- Let's ask (what's Saturn role in the solar system motion?)

The main rates of time are

(one hour of Mercury clock = 24 hours of any planet clock = 576 h of Saturn clock)

That causes (one hour of any planet clock = 24 h of Saturn clock)

This rate of time is changed slightly by the velocities effect to produce the nest rate

205.8 km/s = 9.7 km/s (Saturn velocity) x 21.4 second

205.8 km/s = the planets velocities total

The data tells

(one hour of any planet clock = 21.4 h of Saturn clock)

And Saturn created its rotation period (10.7 h) based on this rate (21.4 = 2 x 10.7 h)

The data shows- Saturn has the smallest rate of time in the solar system and by that Saturn moves more than any other planet- in fact

In the same period - Saturn moves a distance = all planets motions distances total

Shortly -the Sun rays is created by the planets motions energies BUT Saturn motion alone provides (50%) of all this energy – that makes Saturn the most important planet in the solar system -and because of that- Saturn motion provides the greatest rate of time in the solar system and based on this rate of time the sun rays is created

Shortly

The Sun rays creation depends directly on Saturn motion because Saturn provides (50%) of all provided energy for the sun rays and because Saturn motion creates the rate of time based on which the energy can be stored to produce the sun rays

Saturn is the motor behind the sun rays creation process – I analyze Saturn data in details in point no. (3) of the paper because Saturn data proves that – the planets motions causes to create the sun rays clearly

The Paper hypotheses

The paper provides 4 hypotheses with their explanations and proves – let's provide them in following

Hypothesis No. (1)

The space is created from one energy and this energy is provided by a light beam moves by a speed 1.16 million km per second – the speed is registered in the created space proves the speed is a fact.

Hypothesis No. (2)

The Gravitational Waves Are Produced By The Planets Motions Energies And Not By The Sun Gravitational Field– Moreover- The Sun Does NOT Produce A Gravitational Field And It Has No Massive Gravity-

Hypothesis No. (3)

Mars original orbit was between Mercury and Venus and Pluto was The Mercury Moon (Pluto size was equal Mercury size) But these two planets had migrated from their original orbits as a result for a collision- the planets migration caused a risk for the solar system geometrical design- Uranus and Jupiter the Two planets worked to repair the solar system design– that caused Jupiter orbit to be the main orbit in the solar system design- Jupiter orbit proves the speed 1.16 million km per second is a fact.

Hypothesis No. (4)

The Sun Is a phenomenon created by the planets motions

The sun rays is created from the gravitational waves motions energies and the gravitational waves are produced by the planets motions energies-

Based on that

The Sun Is A Phenomenon Created By The Planets Motions

And

The Sun Is NOT Doing Nuclear Fusion To Produce Its Rays- instead- The Planets Motions Energies Total Is Used To Produce The Sun Rays

The Sun Is Created After All Planets Creation And Motion –

Means

The Planets Are Created And Moving In Their Orbits Around A Point Of Space Before The Sun Creation- And The Sun Is Created On This Point Of Space around which the planets revolve –

And

No Planet moves by The Sun Gravity (Newton is Wrong) –

And

The Sun Doesn't Produce A Gravitational Field (Einstein Is Wrong)

And

The Sun Is A Phenomenon Created By The Planets Motions– means-The Sun creation and death depends on a cycle – means – after this current sun death another sun will be created for the solar system.

The Hypotheses Explanation

The abstract provides the hypotheses explanation and the paper provides their proves and discussions- In following the hypotheses will be explained in details

NOTICE –

The creatures and all matters on the Earth are created from the sun light energy and the sun light speed is 300000 km/s, because of that, the creature realization is limited to the speed 300000 km/s and can't realize the original speed (1.16 million km per second) that means the speed 300000 km/s is a limit for the creatures realization and not for the universe design.

Hypothesis No. (1)

The space is created from an energy and this energy is provided by a light beam moves by a speed 1.16 million km per second – the speed is registered in the created space which proves the speed is a fact

The Hypothesis Explanation

I- The Space Is Created By One Light Beam Energy- And This Light Beam Speed Is 1.16 million km per second

I-1 Preface (the main idea)

I-2 The Space Creation Method (the distances are one network)

I-3 Light Coherence between light (1.16 million km /s) and light (300000 km/s)

I-4 The Matter definition (based on my planet diameter equation)

I-5 The Planets Creation

I-6 Can The Time Machine Be A Fact?

The Hypothesis Proves

I-7 The Proves Logic Analysis

I-8 Planet Velocity Is A Function In A Speed = (1.16 million km /s)

I-9 Planets Orbits Are Defined By A Motion Its Speed = (1.16 million km /s)

I-10 Jupiter distances are defined by a motion by a speed = (1.16 million km /s)

I-11 The Solar System Geometrical Design Proves The Hypothesis

I-12 The Solar System Distances Analysis Prove The Hypothesis

I-13 Deep Analysis For The Planets Orbits

1-14 Light defines each planet orbital period

I-15 Can Planet Diameter Be Used As A Period Of Time

I-16 Mercury Orbit Analysis

I-17 The Planets Data Is Created By The Light Motion Directly

I-18 Light Defines Each Planet Rotation Period

I-1 Preface (The Main Idea)

The solar system (planets and distances) is created from one energy and this energy is provided by one light beam and this light beam moves by speed (1.16 million km/s)

The space is created before the planets creation-

Let's write the whole story in following

The light beam (1.16 million km per second) started its motion from Mercury orbit moves toward Pluto orbit– by that– we consider Mercury orbit is the origin point-

Now- we should notice- No planet is created yet- the motion from Mercury orbit to Pluto orbit defines the motion direction- and No planet is created before this motion end nor during this motion- the planets will be created after this motion is finished means when the light 1.16 million km per second reaches to Pluto (orbit)- after this event – the planets will be created –as I will explain later

Notice

The light (1.16 million km per second) creates the distances by its motion- means- the light moves from Mercury point to Venus point– the distance from Mercury to Venus was not found and is created only by the light motion through it for first time- means – before the light motion this distance was NOT found- It's found after the light moves through this distance for first time-

This is similar to the blood motion through the arteries, the blood creates these arteries and the blood moves through these arteries, but the blood created these arteries with its first motion and that needed energy- but – after the arteries creation the blood move through them without any energy is required- means- the first motion is the most important one because by it the arteries are created

Shortly- The space is created from the energy of this light beam its speed 1.16 million km per second – NOW- after the Space creation- the light beam energy is decreased because of the energy consumption in the space creation process- and the rest energy is one light beam its speed is (C=300000 km/s =the light known speed) – But - We understand that- it's the same one light beam- its speed was 1.16 million km /s before the space creation- and the light created the space and that caused to consume the light energy and that caused to decrease the light speed to be 300000 km/s

Shortly- the light beam started its motion from Mercury (orbit) with speed 1.16 million km /s and reaches to Pluto (orbit) with a speed 300000 km/s because of the energy consumption in the space creation process

Let's give example to explain this idea

Imagine we create A Sea Of Water- we use energy to create this sea of water- now we have some energy and we use this energy to create this sea of water- BUT- our energy is NOT spent completely But there's a small part still rest with us – this small part of energy is used to create one wave moves through this sea and this wave speed is 300000 km/s (I suppose the space is similar to the sea of water)

Now – the rest energy is found in one light beam its speed 300000 km/s and this light beam is found NOW in Pluto Orbit – and this light beam will be reflected from Pluto orbit toward the inner planets– means- the rest energy will move in the reflected direction to the original light motion direction.

This idea will be explained in details in the next point- shortly

The light beam (300000 km/s) will be reflected from Pluto toward the inner planets

AND the light 300000 km/s will meet the original light beam (1.16 million km per second) in the origin point (in fact – beside the origin point) and there's a coherence of light is done between the light beam (300000 km/s) and the light beam (1.16 million km per second) – this coherence of light is proved strongly- we have to ask (how can that be possible while the light beam 1.16 million km /s is consumed and the new light beam 300000 km/s is the rest energy? how this light beam (300000 km/s) can meet the original one (1.16 million km per second)? in points no. (I-3) and no.(I-6) I answer this question.

Notice (1) I suppose the rest energy is a light beam its speed is (C=300000 km/s) but this idea is for simplicity- the rest energy can be in any wave form its speed (C=300000 km/s) – no necessity to be in visible light beam form

It's simply energy moves by the known speed of light (C=300000 km/s)

Notice (2)

All Planets Orbits Are Defined Before Any Planet Creation-

The light used the distance from the sun to Pluto as one area and create one geometrical design for this area before any planet creation

Notice (3)

The planets are created from the rest energy its speed (300000 km/s) – means- the space is created by the light 1.16 million km per second and the energy is consumed in the space creation and the rest energy is one light beam its speed 300000 km/s (or one wave moves by the known speed of light C=300000 km/s) – the solar planets are created from this one wave its speed 300000 km/s and that means all planets orbit are created and defined before any planet creation

Notice (4)

The Sun Is Created After All Planets Creations And Motions

The sun is a phenomenon created by the planets motions energies total

The sun doesn't produce a gravitational field and doesn't have massive gravity

Logically – No planet moves by the sun gravity

(The Planet Moves With The Energy From Which The Planet Is Created – Newton is wrong- later we discuss the proves)

Notice (5)

The child (fetus) inside his mother is created by the blood motion- the blood motion creates arteries for this child and through these arteries the blood moves also but the arteries themselves are created by this same blood motion- Similar to that- the distances are created by the light motion energy and the light moves through these distances also but originally these distances themselves are created by the light motion energy- means the distances creation is done with the first time of the light motion through them - that required energy- but after the distances are created no more energy is required- the light (or planet) can pass simply through these distances

I-2 The Space Creation Method (the distances are one network)

Data

778.6 = 1.16 x 671

721 = 1.16 x 621

629 = 1.16 x 543

543 = 1.16 x 468

5906 = 1.16 x 5127

These numbers are distances in (million km)

778.6, 721, 671, 629, 551 are Jupiter distances to the sun, Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars respectively- 5906 and 5127 Pluto distances to the sun and Jupiter respectively

468 = 936 /2 where (940 million km = the Earth orbital circumference)

Discussion

(1)

The previous data tells us how the light beam motion creates the distances-

Simply the light uses a distance as (a period of time) and travels through this period another distance- that can be understood clearly from Jupiter distances- let's look deeply as possible

The light beam (1.16 million km per second) uses the period 629 seconds to pass a new distance = 729 million km (Mercury Jupiter distance is 721 million km error 1%) – where 629 million km = Jupiter Earth distance

Also

The light beam (1.16 million km per second) uses the period 671 seconds to pas a new distance =778.6 million km (Jupiter orbital distance)

where 671 million km = Jupiter Venus distance

by this method the light creates the distances based on each other- and that makes all distances to be created depends on one another and that makes all distances in the solar system to be One Network where all distances are created based on the same One Geometrical Design

(2)

The data shows the creation method- and we understand that- the distance 551 million km (Jupiter Mars Distance) is created firstly and the light (1.16 mkm/s) used this distance as a period of time (551 sec) and the light travels during this period a distance =(639 million km where 629 million km is Jupiter Earth distance error 1.5%) and then the light uses the new distance (629 mkm) as a period of time (629 sec) and the light travels during this period a distance = (729 million km – where 721 million km = Mercury Jupiter distance – error 1%)

The data shows the method clearly and we understand the light original motion started from Mercury orbit to Pluto orbit because the distances are created based on one another in that direction of motion as explained clearly

(CONT)

Gerges Francis Tawdrous +201022532292

Physics Department- Physics & Mathematics Faculty

Peoples' Friendship university of Russia – Moscow (2010-2013)

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[xtruss]

Stars From The Dawn of The Universe Found Hidden in The Heart of Our Own Galaxy

— 08 July 2023 | By Michelle Starr | Space

The Galactic Center as seen through the infrared eye of the Spitzer Space Telescope. NASA/JPL-Caltech/S. Stolovy

Ancient stars born during the Cosmic Dawn have been identified in the center of the Milky Way.

As part of a survey to uncover some of the oldest known stars in the Universe, scientists conducted a comprehensive search for these ancient, but elusive, stars, and found that the measures they spin around the galactic center are relatively sedate, in spite of the chaos around them.

Their findings, led by astronomer Anke Arentsen of the University of Cambridge in the UK, have been presented at the UK's annual National Astronomy Meeting.

We can tell how old a star is based on how much metal is in it. When the first stars in the Universe formed, they had to make themselves out of the elemental material available at the time – mostly hydrogen and helium. But the nuclear furnaces burning in their cores started fusing the atoms of hydrogen into heavier things, from helium all the way up to iron.

Then, when they exploded in messy supernovae, they seeded these heavier elements throughout space, along with even heavier elements forged in energetic split-second supernova processes. Subsequent stars therefore started their lives with a greater proportion of heavier material. The younger a star is, the more metal it's likely to have.

The Crab Nebula, the expanding remnant of a supernova observed in the year 1,054 CE. NASA, ESA and Allison Loll/Jeff Hester/Arizona State University, Davide De Martin/ESA/Hubble

Conversely, the older a star is, the less metal it's likely to have. We've found a fair few of these "pristine" stars floating around the Milky Way, but mostly in the outskirts, and the galactic halo. Astronomers think that the oldest of the old stars should be hanging out in the galactic center, but because the region is predominantly rich in metal, and there's a lot of dust blocking our view, they tend to be harder to find.

Anke and her colleagues embarked on a project called the Pristine Inner Galaxy Survey (PIGS) to try and find them. By analyzing the spectrum of light emanating from a certain star, astronomers can find wavelengths amplified or dampened by the presence of certain elements. They looked for an elemental signature consistent with stars that are very low in metals, and identified around 8,000 candidates.

Follow-up observations confirmed the chemical compositions of metal-poor stars, resulting in a sample of around 1,300 ancient stars in the galactic center. Because they found so many, the researchers were then able to conduct population studies.

They used data from the Gaia observatory, which is an ongoing project to map the three-dimensional positions and motions of the stars in the Milky Way. With this, the researchers were able to determine the galactic orbits of their old stars.

Illustration of the orbits of the ancient stars in the heart of the Milky Way. ESA/Gaia; Amanda J. Smith and Anke Arentsen/Institute of Astronomy, Cambridge

Arentsen and her colleagues found that orbits of the ancient stars around the galactic center are relatively slow.

In addition, the older stars have more chaotic orbits, but they still have an average orbit around the galactic center.

Finally, the orbits of the stars are mostly contained entirely within the galactic center. Even those stars on elliptical orbits tend to stay mostly within the central region of the Milky Way.

"It is exciting to think that we are seeing stars that formed in the earliest phases of the Milky Way, previously largely out of reach. These stars likely formed less than a billion years after the Big Bang, so are relics from the early Universe," Arentsen says.

"The available data for these ancient objects is growing rapidly. I'm excited to see what we will learn about these first stars to populate our Galaxy in the next few years!"

[blasteffect]

Godzilla Nebula !

NASA's Spitzer telescope spotted a nebula that looks like it could rise up out of the ocean and flatten a city if it felt like it. NASA JPL talked up the wild image in 2021 just in time for Halloween, saying it looks like a cosmic portrait of infamous movie monster Godzilla!

[mendely]

Don't know how to explain it but these are the same creature

[fotoing]

Un "pingüino" y un "huevo" cósmico!

La NASA ha publicado una impresionante imagen de dos galaxias que interactúan entre sí y que tienen un curioso parecido con un pingüino que cuida de su huevo. La imagen fue obtenida a partir de los datos combinados de los telescopios espaciales Spitzer y Hubble, que captaron la luz visible e infrarroja de estas lejanas galaxias.

Estas galaxias se encuentran a unos 23 millones de años luz de la Tierra, unas 10 veces más lejos que la galaxia de Andrómeda, la más cercana a la nuestra (la Vía Láctea). Con el tiempo, la gravedad hará que se fusionen en una sola galaxia.

La imagen del pingüino y el huevo fue compartida por la NASA en su cuenta de Instagram, donde ha recibido miles de likes y comentarios de admiración por la belleza y los misterios del universo. Sin duda es una hermosa imagen, pero me recuerda más a un delfín que a un pingüino! 😅

Por: @JulianDBernal

El 25 de abril y 20 de enero se lleva a cabo la celebración del Día Mundial de los Pingüinos. Estas dos importantes fechas fueron propuestas con la intención de aumentar la conciencia sobre la preservación, protección y cuidado de estos peculiares animales.