#multicasting is hell

[fruchtchen]

they swarmed him so hard he turned into michael lee

[the-mercurial-star-o-vesper]

... MGSV explains how the Codec works... when it doesn't break the fourth wall.

Like, okay, we know the super duper magic radio is capable of communications without a radio antennae or broadcast or even a radio interface. It can be used without talking (unless you're radioing in the past there, Naked Snake), keeping communications secret and safe, and its going to be a conversation that only two people using it will hear (unless you're plugged into the system--effectively, Codec calls are the ultimate multicast and man-in-the-middle)

The question that comes up is... How. How the hell are you talking without talking, how are you listening in real time.

... and MGSV answers that.

The Codec is the modern, noninfectious form, of the "Vocal Cord" parts of the Vocal Cord Parasites (What I will now refer to as VCPs for brevity).

Codec and Nanomachines are two separate parts, based on the VCPs.

The effects that VCPs can produce, the fantastical powers and fantastical body and mind modifications as a response to stimuli or force of will--that becomes the Nanomachines later on. We all see this.

But the Vocal Cord parts? That becomes the CODEC. You can talk without talking, so from the outside of a CODEC call, it might sound like light Humming instead. The hivemind bits? Well, translated into technology, and that's the radio bits of your CODEC--from instant communications to knowing who you're talking to intimately, (to a point where you can even be fooled by disguise via fucking Radio Call LIQUID SNAKE. HOLY SHIT DUDE).

The VCP's descendants wasn't just the Nanomachines--its the Codec too.

ADDENDUM:

Its also the ancestor to FOXDIE. Kill someone based on their genetic makeup? Well that's just how the VCPs, just targeted without language. Instead of attaching to everyone indiscriminately, it attaches to specific people only. ... But it brings up the possibility that while FOXDIE might attach to specific genetics--but only activates if the carrier speaks. And that supplies why it took forever for it to take Liquid Snake. He had immunity cos he had it before--it simply ran out when it went against the more powerful descendant of Nanomachines.

Nanomachines might also serve a more practical purpose beyond serving as one of the local magic systems of the world build--And that's specifically finding wild VCPs and destroying them on contact. MGSV shows that you really can't tell if someone has them or not without an obvious progression, and you won't get to obvious progression without obvious deadly infection that FKE (Aka "FUCKING KILLS EVERYONE"). Now that's not true for all of them (The Cobra Unit proves that you can have non-deadly VCPs... or at least, as non-deadly as we know about), but why take the risk of mutation? Ironically this also doubles back to suppoerting MGS's alternative but more oppressed secondary magic system, which is "Outright Supernatural Bullshit (OSB)". So if you have nanomachines, but still maintain your prior super duper special powers--guess what, you just have OSB and the Nanomachines have fuck all to do with that. ( Which brings the third theory that Nanomachines are actually the in-universe excuse used for OSB, because even with the tech, nobody can still explain the super duper special powers bullshit, but its a lot easier to blame the first magic system of the world build so nobody fictional or nonfictional gets a headache. )

[aftgficrec]

Staff Recs - Podfics

Lately we’ve noticed a lot of podfics streaming by our tumblrs from @ao3feed-thefoxholecourt, so we’re reccing some that we’ve listened to and enjoyed. Kudos to the fic writers of course, but also a big thank you to the intrepid podficcers who put in a lot of work for little notice or acclaim. - AFTG Fic Rec Fam

previous podfic ask here

Podfics by Ceewelsh of ‘i swear i only fell for you on accident’ series here (NB: this Allison and Kevin snark-fueled attraction fest is great fun to listen to! If the podficcer continues, part 4 will be a juicy rated M)

Podfics by Flowerparrish for ‘high up in the hills of california’ here (NB: includes author commentary, backstory, tidbits, sequel talk, and general fandom chat/headcanons)

10-15 minutes

NB: a multicast podfic of a podcast…! [podfic] i've been confused on how to move (real love's so hard to find) by growlery, knight_tracer, the24thkey [Rated G, 14 min, Complete, 2021]

Original by Talls recced here

Justin: John Doe says “I am a student athlete and I have an issue with someone on my team. The first time I ever met him, he hit me so hard in the stomach with a racquet that I went flying to the floor...

20-35 minutes

NB: it’s great fun listening to Neil on his worst behavior and Andrew’s family losing their minds! [Podfic] For He's A Jolly Good Felon by Aliteralgarbageheap [Rated T, 22 min, Complete, 2021]

Original by gluupor recced here

What's a guy to do when he's forced to go to his conservative, homophobic aunt and uncle's for Thanksgiving dinner?

Why, invite along his ex-con, tattooed, argumentative roommate as his fake boyfriend, of course.

NB: don’t miss hearing this au of Neil’s first interaction with Andrew — a sassy Harry Potter-esque howler and ode to the Grinch mashup — and Andrew’s lingering golden stare. [Podfic of] temper temper by Flowerparrish Pods (Flowerparrish) [Rated T, 21 min, Complete, 2020]

Original by Ominous here

“You paid for the deluxe package,” Neil says as he scrolls through his payment history to find his client's invoice. His system is simple:

Basic Package: Fuck you…

Intermediate Package: Fuck you, with passion…

Deluxe Package: Fuck you to hell…

And it looks like Andrew Minyard is the unlucky soul today.

NB: this fic is filled with rich descriptions that I read quickly but could more fully appreciate in the podfic version  [Podfic] hands like birds by Aliteralgarbageheap [Rated T, 26 min, Complete, 2021]

Original by lolainslackss recced here

Busy working on his thesis and waiting tables, Andrew Minyard doesn’t have time to think about boys.

That doesn’t mean certain boys can’t be distracting, though, and between his cat-sitter who won’t stop flirting with him via post-it note and the new, unforgivably attractive kitchen assistant working at the restaurant, Andrew is very distracted indeed.

tw: ableism, tw: implied/referenced character death, tw: scars, tw: anxiety disorder 

NB: an original podfic work! With a voice cast and sound effects! The Looking Game by Ceewelsh, impersonal_villain, mahons_ondine, mistbornhero, Poddragon27 (Penndragon27), Ravin, RhetoricalQuestions [Rated T, 5268 Words/33 min, Complete, 2020]

Don’t be mad, Andrew. And don’t take it personally. This isn’t about you. I wanted to make everything work. Dorming with you, Exy with the foxes, graduate from undergrad, go pro, go Court, and with you I wanted… with you.

I couldn’t make it work.

Don’t try to find me. I’ve been planning this for a while, I have resources, I’ll be safe. Don’t try to find me. Andrew?

A voice murmurs. The recording cuts out.

tw: kidnapping, tw: abuse, tw: torture, tw: drug use, tw: car accident, tw: implied major character death, tw: blood/gore, tw: gun violence

45 minutes to 1 hour

NB: I have a soft spot for Andrew’s pov, and now we get to hear it! And those concoctions Neil makes, omg. Maybe fill up on something healthy before listening? [Podfic] Daily Special by Aliteralgarbageheap [Rated M, 45 min, Complete, 2021]

Original by moonix here

Detailing the fast and slow seduction of one Andrew Minyard by a coffee shop specialising in hot chocolate and rude baristas.

tw: mental health issues, tw: medication side effects, tw: dissociation, tw: implied/referenced rape/non con

2 hours plus

NB: the reader’s cadence and tone pair beautifully with andreil’s developing relationship and the healing nature of this fic [Podfic] right side of rock bottom by frecklebombfic (frecklebomb) [Rated M, 2h 26min, Complete, 2016]

Original by allyasavedtheday, recced here (Locked)

Neil thinks it might be the first time he’s taken a breath in days.

He hadn’t realised it because he’d been so caught up in packing and saying goodbye to everyone but now that it’s over he remembers his self-imposed countdown was meant to be up by now. It’s the end of the school year and five months ago, he thought he’d be dead by now.

Instead he has a team and a future and a home and Andrew.

(The last two might be interchangeable.)

tw: implied/referenced abuse, tw: implied/referenced csa, tw: alcohol, tw: implied/referenced self harm, tw: implied/referenced torture, tw: ptsd, tw: implied/referenced rape/noncon

[crossoverworldtree]

Stand User (Variable Quality or 5 Point Drawback)

Stands are a manifestation of various powers that is both extremely hard to find and extremely potent. They are unlocked when a being of strong willpower (or one of their descendants) is exposed to a psionic alien virus, which either kills them or grants them the power of a Stand usually based around their personality. Stands come in various forms. Their variety is so wide and varied that there really is no one set quality for having one.

The only exception is the Drawback form, the Automatic Stand. An Automatic Stand, no matter how powerful it is, can completely operate on its own regardless of the user’s wishes.

Stands are naturally invisible to everyone, even ghosts, and sorcerers. Like ghosts, they can move through solid objects, but can still choose to affect them if they wish. The only way to see a Stand is to be a Stand user yourself or have a more advanced Supernatural Sense (such as Supernatural Senses: The Sight). Stands can be detected with spells or Ki abilities, but such abilities to detect someone’s will to fight are uncommon.

Similarly, Stands cannot normally be harmed by mundane/non-stand implements. Primarily, a Stand has to fight another Stand, but magic and other energy-related abilities can be modified through research, experience, and/or testing can affect them, and some stands have specific elemental weaknesses to things like water and sunlight based on their makeup, but generally, it takes a stand to stop a stand.

There are two big drawbacks to stands. A Stand has to have a set range. Stand’s cannot physically move beyond their range, though they may have effects that can go a for longer. It costs 1 point to get 1 Meter/Yard of range until it reaches 10 Meters. Then it costs 1 point per 5 Meters.

The other problem is that Stands share their life force with their user. You could even say the Stand is an extension of the user’s life force. When the Stand is hurt, the User is hurt in the exact same way. And vice-versa.

This also means that using a Stand requires a good deal of energy to use. Calling out or using a Stand’s abilities forces the user to Exert themselves heavily. A Stand can be active for one Round per Constitution of the user in combat. Outside of Combat, this lasts changes to 1 minute per level. After that, they must make a Willpower (doubled)-2 test to let it stay out longer. Each success level grants 1 additional interval of use. Each subsequent test is done at an additional -2 (To the second test is done at -4, the third test at -4, and so on). Like Magic Multicasting penalties, this ends once the target has a good night’s sleep.

Stands that are small take increased damage from larger targets. The damage a Stand takes from a larger source is multiplied by the distance in size between the sources if it would increase the total damage. So, two stands of equal size do normal damage to each other, but a Stand of Size 5, attacking a Stand of Size 3 would deal double damage to it.

A Stand starts with 30 Points it has to split among its Attributes, Qualities, and Skills. For every additional point spent on the Stand, the Stand gains another 2 points to play with for its abilities. This is where the Range is purchased as well.

This sort of stand has a base cost for a Stand is 18 Quality Points.

A Stand that does not have a manifest form and simply gives a person some form of power or minor implement (such as a natural weapon, or Hell Hair, or other supernatural Quality) costs 3 Quality Points to be recognized as a Stand.

Everything else a Stand can do must be purchased separately. This does include Drawbacks. For the more exotic abilities, consult the Spell Creation chart and use double the cost of the ‘spell’ to cover its effects.

Stands cannot purchase natural armor beyond the Willpower of the user.

[herwitchinesss]

i picked a weird time to be Pokémon go productive but 🤷🏼‍♀️✌🏼 finally got three I’ve been trying to forever & my av is cute and so am I apparently & I’ve got a fantastic radio show style multicast & sound effects audiobook on. toe is killing me but o well!!! I will say doors creaking in the middle of narration scared the hell outta me the first hour 😂🤦🏼‍♀️💀 #chronicillness #chronicpain #spoonielife #bookstagram #nomakeup #girlswithtattoos #pokemongo #booklr https://www.instagram.com/p/BwT3CE4nGGC/?utm_source=ig_tumblr_share&igshid=p02h69y8ocjy

[eightopals]

I am also one hell of a multicaster. I match at least 5 of these.

[siva3155]

400+ TOP C#.NET Interview Questions and Answers

C#.NET Interview Questions for freshers experienced :-

1. What is C#? C# is an object oriented, type safe and managed language that is compiled by .Net framework to generate Microsoft Intermediate Language. 2. What are the types of comment in C# with examples? Single line Eg: //This is a Single line comment ii. Multiple line (/* */) Eg: /*This is a multiple line comment We are in line 2 Last line of comment*/ iii. XML Comments (///). Eg: /// summary; /// Set error message for multilingual language. /// summary 3. What's The Difference Between The System.array.copyto() And System.array.clone()? The first one performs a deep copy of the array, the second one is shallow. 4. How Can You Sort The Elements Of The Array In Descending Order? By calling Sort() and then Reverse() methods. 5. What's The .net Datatype That Allows The Retrieval Of Data By A Unique Key? HashTable. 6. What's Class Sortedlist Underneath? A sorted HashTable. 7. Will Finally Block Get Executed If The Exception Had Not Occurred? Yes. 8. What's The C# Equivalent Of C++ Catch (....), Which Was A Catch-all Statement For Any Possible Exception? A catch block that catches the exception of type System.Exception. You can also omit the parameter data type in this case and just write catch {}. 9. Can Multiple Catch Blocks Be Executed? No, once the proper catch code fires off, the control is transferred to the finally block (if there are any), and then whatever follows the finally block. 10. Why Is It A Bad Idea To Throw Your Own Exceptions? Well, if at that point you know that an error has occurred, then why not write the proper code to handle that error instead of passing a new Exception object to the catch block? Throwing your own exceptions signifies some design flaws in the project.

C#.NET Interview Questions 11. What's A Delegate? A delegate object encapsulates a reference to a method. In C++ they were referred to as function pointers. 12. What's A Multicast Delegate? It’s a delegate that points to and eventually fires off several methods. 13. How's The Dll Hell Problem Solved In .net? Assembly versioning allows the application to specify not only the library it needs to run (which was available under Win32), but also the version of the assembly. 14. What Are The Ways To Deploy An Assembly? An MSI installer, a CAB archive, and XCOPY command. 15. What's A Satellite Assembly? When you write a multilingual or multi-cultural application in .NET, and want to distribute the core application separately from the localized modules, the localized assemblies that modify the core application are called satellite assemblies. 16. What Namespaces Are Necessary To Create A Localized Application? System.Globalization, System.Resources. 17. What's The Difference Between // Comments, /* */ Comments And /// Comments? Single-line, multi-line and XML documentation comments. 18. How Do You Generate Documentation From The C# File Commented Properly With A Command-line Compiler? Compile it with a /doc switch. 19. What's The Difference Between And Xml Documentation Tag? Single line code example and multiple-line code example. 20. Is Xml Case-sensitive? Yes, so and are different elements. 21. What Debugging Tools Come With The .net Sdk? CorDBG – command-line debugger, and DbgCLR – graphic debugger. Visual Studio .NET uses the DbgCLR. To use CorDbg, you must compile the original C# file using the /debug switch. 22. What Does The This Window Show In The Debugger? It points to the object that’s pointed to by this reference. Object’s instance data is shown. 23. What Does Assert() Do? In debug compilation, assert takes in a Boolean condition as a parameter, and shows the error dialog if the condition is false. The program proceeds without any interruption if the condition is true. 24. What's The Difference Between The Debug Class And Trace Class? Documentation Looks The Same. Use Debug class for debug builds, use Trace class for both debug and release builds. 25. Why Are There Five Tracing Levels In System.diagnostics.traceswitcher? The tracing dumps can be quite verbose and for some applications that are constantly running you run the risk of overloading the machine and the hard drive there. Five levels range from None to Verbose, allowing to fine-tune the tracing activities. 26. Where Is The Output Of Textwritertracelistener Redirected? To the Console or a text file depending on the parameter passed to the constructor. 27. How Do You Debug An Asp.net Web Application? Attach the aspnet_wp.exe process to the DbgClr debugger. 28. What Are Three Test Cases You Should Go Through In Unit Testing? Positive test cases (correct data, correct output), negative test cases (broken or missing data, proper handling), exception test cases (exceptions are thrown and caught properly). 29. Can You Change The Value Of A Variable While Debugging A C# Application? Yes, if you are debugging via Visual Studio.NET, just go to Immediate window. 30. Explain The Three Services Model (three-tier Application). Presentation (UI), business (logic and underlying code) and data (from storage or other sources). 31. What Are Advantages And Disadvantages Of Microsoft-provided Data Provider Classes In Ado.net? SQLServer.NET data provider is high-speed and robust, but requires SQL Server license purchased from Microsoft. OLE-DB.NET is universal for accessing other sources, like Oracle, DB2, Microsoft Access and Informix, but it’s a .NET layer on top of OLE layer, so not the fastest thing in the world. ODBC.NET is a deprecated layer provided for backward compatibility to ODBC engines. 32. What's The Role Of The Datareader Class In Ado.net Connections? It returns a read-only dataset from the data source when the command is executed. 33. What Is The Wildcard Character In Sql? Let's Say You Want To Query Database With Like For All Employees Whose Name Starts With La. The wildcard character is %, the proper query with LIKE would involve ‘La%’. 34. Explain Acid Rule Of Thumb For Transactions. Transaction must be Atomic (it is one unit of work and does not dependent on previous and following transactions), Consistent (data is either committed or roll back, no “in-between” case where something has been updated and something hasn’t), Isolated (no transaction sees the intermediate results of the current transaction), Durable (the values persist if the data had been committed even if the system crashes right after). 35. What Connections Does Microsoft Sql Server Support? Windows Authentication (via Active Directory) and SQL Server authentication (via Microsoft SQL Server user name and passwords). 36. Which One Is Trusted And Which One Is Untrusted? Windows Authentication is trusted because the username and password are checked with the Active Directory, the SQL Server authentication is untrusted, since SQL Server is the only verifier participating in the transaction. 37. Why Would You Use Untrusted Verificaion? Web Services might use it, as well as non-Windows applications. 38. What Does The Parameter Initial Catalog Define Inside Connection String? The database name to connect to. 39. What's The Data Provider Name To Connect To Access Database? Microsoft.Access. 40. What Does Dispose Method Do With The Connection Object? Deletes it from the memory. 41. What Is A Pre-requisite For Connection Pooling? Multiple processes must agree that they will share the same connection, where every parameter is the same, including the security settings. 42. What Is C#? C# is a programming language designed by Microsoft. It is loosely based on C/C++, and bears a striking similarity to Java. Microsoft describe C# as follows: "C# is a simple, modern, object oriented, and type-safe programming language derived from C and C++. C# (pronounced 'C sharp') is firmly planted in the C and C++ family tree of languages, and will immediately be familiar to C and C++ programmers. C# aims to combine the high productivity of Visual Basic and the raw power of C++." 43. How Do I Develop C# Apps? The (free) .NET SDK contains the C# command-line compiler (csc.exe). Visual Studio has fully integrated support for C# development. On Linux you can use Mono. 44. Does C# Replace C++? There are three options open to the Windows developer from a C++ background: Stick with standard C++. Don't use .NET at all. Use C++ with .NET. Microsoft supply a .NET C++ compiler that produces IL rather than machine code. However to make full use of the .NET environment (e.g. garbage collection), a set of extensions are required to standard C++. In .NET 1.x this extended language is called Managed Extensions for C++. In .NET 2.0 ME C++ has been completely redesigned under the stewardship of Stan Lippman, and renamed C++/CLI. Forget C++ and use C#. Each of these options has merits, depending on the developer and the application. For my own part, I intend to use C# where possible, falling back to C++ only where necessary. ME C++ (soon to be C++/CLI) is very useful for interop between new .NET code and old C++ code - simply write a managed wrapper class using ME C++, then use the managed class from C#. From experience, this works well. 45. Does C# Have Its Own Class Library? Not exactly. The .NET Framework has a comprehensive class library, which C# can make use of. C# does not have its own class library. 46. What Standard Types Does C# Use? C# supports a very similar range of basic types to C++, including int, long, float, double, char, string, arrays, structs and classes. However, don't assume too much. The names may be familiar, but many of the details are different. For example, a long is 64 bits in C#, whereas in C++ the size of a long depends on the platform (typically 32 bits on a 32-bit platform, 64 bits on a 64-bit platform). Also classes and structs are almost the same in C++ - this is not true for C#. Finally, chars and strings in .NET are 16-bit (Unicode/UTF-16), not 8-bit like C++. 47. Is It True That All C# Types Derive From A Common Base Class? Yes and no. All types can be treated as if they derive from object (System.Object), but in order to treat an instance of a value type (e.g. int, float) as object-derived, the instance must be converted to a reference type using a process called 'boxing'. In theory a developer can forget about this and let the run-time worry about when the conversion is necessary, but in reality this implicit conversion can have side-effects that may trip up the unwary. 48. What Are The Fundamental Differences Between Value Types And Reference Types? C# divides types into two categories - value types and reference types. Most of the intrinsic types (e.g. int, char) are value types. Structs are also value types. Reference types include classes, arrays and strings. The basic idea is straightforward - an instance of a value type represents the actual data, whereas an instance of a reference type represents a pointer or reference to the data. The most confusing aspect of this for C++ developers is that C# has predetermined which types are represented as values, and which are represented as references. A C++ developer expects to take responsibility for this decision. For example, in C++ we can do this: int x1 = 3; // x1 is a value on the stack int *x2 = new int(3) // x2 is a pointer to a value on the heap but in C# there is no control: int x1 = 3; // x1 is a value on the stack int x2 = new int(); x2 = 3; // x2 is also a value on the stack! 49. Okay, So An Int Is A Value Type, And A Class Is A Reference Type. How Can Int Be Derived From Object? It isn't, really. When an int is being used as an int, it is a value. However, when it is being used as an object, it is a reference to an integer value (on the managed heap). In other words, when you treat an int as an object, the runtime automatically converts the int value to an object reference. This process is called boxing. The conversion involves copying the int to the heap, and creating an object instance which refers to it. Unboxing is the reverse process - the object is converted back to a value. int x = 3; // new int value 3 on the stack object objx = x; // new int on heap, set to value 3 - still have x=3 on stack int y = (int)objx; // new value 3 on stack, still got x=3 on stack and objx=3 on heap 50. Are C# References The Same As C++ References? Not quite. The basic idea is the same, but one significant difference is that C# references can be null . So you cannot rely on a C# reference pointing to a valid object. In that respect a C# reference is more like a C++ pointer than a C++ reference. If you try to use a null reference, a NullReferenceException is thrown. For example, look at the following method: void displayStringLength( string s ) { Console.WriteLine( "String is length {0}", s.Length ); } The problem with this method is that it will throw a NullReferenceException if called like this: string s = null; displayStringLength( s ); Of course for some situations you may deem a NullReferenceException to be a perfectly acceptable outcome, but in this case it might be better to re-write the method like this: void displayStringLength( string s ) { if( s == null ) Console.WriteLine( "String is null" ); else Console.WriteLine( "String is length {0}", s.Length ); } 51. Structs Are Largely Redundant In C++. Why Does C# Have Them? In C++, a struct and a class are pretty much the same thing. The only difference is the default visibility level (public for structs, private for classes). However, in C# structs and classes are very different. In C#, structs are value types (instances stored directly on the stack, or inline within heap-based objects), whereas classes are reference types (instances stored on the heap, accessed indirectly via a reference). Also structs cannot inherit from structs or classes, though they can implement interfaces. Structs cannot have destructors. A C# struct is much more like a C struct than a C++ struct. 52. Does C# Support Multiple Inheritance (mi)? No, though it does support implementation of multiple interfaces on a single class or struct. 53. Is A C# Interface The Same As A C++ Abstract Class? No, not quite. An abstract class in C++ cannot be instantiated, but it can (and often does) contain implementation code and/or data members. A C# interface cannot contain any implementation code or data members - it is simply a group of method names & signatures. A C# interface is more like a COM interface than a C++ abstract class. 54. Are C# Constructors The Same As C++ Constructors? Very similar, but there are some significant differences. First, C# supports constructor chaining. This means one constructor can call another: class Person { public Person( string name, int age ) { ... } public Person( string name ) : this( name, 0 ) {} public Person() : this( "", 0 ) {} } Another difference is that virtual method calls within a constructor are routed to the most derived implementation - see Can I Call a virtual method from a constructor. Error handling is also somewhat different. If an exception occurs during construction of a C# object, the destuctor (finalizer) will still be called. This is unlike C++ where the destructor is not called if construction is not completed. (Thanks to Jon Jagger for pointing this out.) Finally, C# has static constructors. The static constructor for a class runs before the first instance of the class is created. Also note that (like C++) some C# developers prefer the factory method pattern over constructors. See Brad Wilson's article. 55. Are C# Destructors The Same As C++ Destructors? No. They look the same but they are very different. The C# destructor syntax (with the familiar ~ character) is just syntactic sugar for an override of the System.Object Finalize method. This Finalize method is called by the garbage collector when it determines that an object is no longer referenced, before it frees the memory associated with the object. So far this sounds like a C++ destructor. The difference is that the garbage collector makes no guarantees about when this procedure happens. Indeed, the algorithm employed by the CLR garbage collector means that it may be a long time after the application has finished with the object. This lack of certainty is often termed 'non-deterministic finalization', and it means that C# destructors are not suitable for releasing scarce resources such as database connections, file handles etc. To achieve deterministic destruction, a class must offer a method to be used for the purpose. The standard approach is for the class to implement the IDisposable interface. The user of the object must call the Dispose() method when it has finished with the object. C# offers the 'using' construct to make this easier. 56. If C# Destructors Are So Different To C++ Destructors, Why Did Ms Use The Same Syntax? Presumably they wanted C++ programmers to feel at home. I think they made a mistake. 57. Are All Methods Virtual In C#? No. Like C++, methods are non-virtual by default, but can be marked as virtual. 58. How Do I Declare A Pure Virtual Function In C#? Use the abstract modifier on the method. The class must also be marked as abstract (naturally). Note that abstract methods cannot have an implementation (unlike pure virtual C++ methods). 59. Can I Call A Virtual Method From A Constructor/destructor? Yes, but it's generally not a good idea. The mechanics of object construction in .NET are quite different from C++, and this affects virtual method calls in constructors. C++ constructs objects from base to derived, so when the base constructor is executing the object is effectively a base object, and virtual method calls are routed to the base class implementation. By contrast, in .NET the derived constructor is executed first, which means the object is always a derived object and virtual method calls are always routed to the derived implementation. (Note that the C# compiler inserts a call to the base class constructor at the start of the derived constructor, thus preserving standard OO semantics by creating the illusion that the base constructor is executed first.) The same issue arises when calling virtual methods from C# destructors. A virtual method call in a base destructor will be routed to the derived implementation. 60. Should I Make My Destructor Virtual? A C# destructor is really just an override of the System.Object Finalize method, and so is virtual by definition. 61. Can I Use Exceptions In C#? Yes, in fact exceptions are the recommended error-handling mechanism in C# (and in .NET in general). Most of the .NET framework classes use exceptions to signal errors. 62. What Types Of Object Can I Throw As Exceptions? Only instances of the System.Exception classes, or classes derived from System.Exception. This is in sharp contrast with C++ where instances of almost any type can be thrown. 63. Can I Define My Own Exceptions? Yes, just derive your exception class from System.Exception. 64. Does The System.exception Class Have Any Cool Features? Yes - the feature which stands out is the StackTrace property. This provides a call stack which records where the exception was thrown from. For example, the following code: using System; class CApp { public static void Main() { try { f(); } catch( Exception e ) { Console.WriteLine( "System.Exception stack trace = \n{0}", e.StackTrace ); } } static void f() { throw new Exception( "f went pear-shaped" ); } } produces this output: System.Exception stack trace = at CApp.f() at CApp.Main() Note, however, that this stack trace was produced from a debug build. A release build may optimise away some of the method calls which could mean that the call stack isn't quite what you expect. 65. When Should I Throw An Exception? This is the subject of some debate, and is partly a matter of taste. However, it is accepted by many that exceptions should be thrown only when an 'unexpected' error occurs. How do you decide if an error is expected or unexpected? This is a judgement call, but a straightforward example of an expected error is failing to read from a file because the seek pointer is at the end of the file, whereas an example of an unexpected error is failing to allocate memory from the heap. 66. Does C# Have A 'throws' Clause? No, unlike Java, C# does not require (or even allow) the developer to specify the exceptions that a method can throw. 67. How Can I Check The Type Of An Object At Runtime? You can use the is keyword. For example: using System; class CApp { public static void Main() { string s = "fred"; long i = 10; Console.WriteLine( "{0} is {1}an integer", s, (IsInteger(s) ? "" : "not ") ); Console.WriteLine( "{0} is {1}an integer", i, (IsInteger(i) ? "" : "not ") ); } static bool IsInteger( object obj ) { if( obj is int || obj is long ) return true; else return false; } } produces the output: fred is not an integer 10 is an integer 68. Can I Get The Name Of A Type At Runtime? Yes, use the GetType method of the object class (which all types inherit from). For example: using System; class CTest { class CApp { public static void Main() { long i = 10; CTest ctest = new CTest(); DisplayTypeInfo( ctest ); DisplayTypeInfo( i ); } static void DisplayTypeInfo( object obj ) { Console.WriteLine( "Type name = {0}, full type name = {1}", obj.GetType(), obj.GetType().FullName ); } } } produces the following output: Type name = CTest, full type name = CTest Type name = Int64, full type name = System.Int64 69. How Do I Do A Case-insensitive String Comparison? Use the String.Compare function. Its third parameter is a boolean which specifies whether case should be ignored or not. "fred" == "Fred" // false System.String.Compare( "fred", "Fred", true ) // true 70. Does C# Support A Variable Number Of Arguments? Yes, using the params keyword. The arguments are specified as a list of arguments of a specific type, e.g. int. For ultimate flexibility, the type can be object. The standard example of a method which uses this approach is System.Console.WriteLine(). 71. How Can I Process Command-line Arguments? Like this: using System; class CApp { public static void Main( string args ) { Console.WriteLine( "You passed the following arguments:" ); foreach( string arg in args ) Console.WriteLine( arg ); } } 72. Does C# Do Array Bounds Checking? Yes. An IndexOutOfRange exception is used to signal an error. 73. How Can I Make Sure My C# Classes Will Interoperate With Other .net Languages? Make sure your C# code conforms to the Common Language Subset (CLS). To help with this, add the global attribute to your C# source files. The compiler will emit an error if you use a C# feature which is not CLS-compliant. 74. How Do I Use The 'using' Keyword With Multiple Objects? You can nest using statements, like this: using( obj1 ) { using( obj2 ) { ... } } However consider using this more aesthetically pleasing (but functionally identical) formatting: using( obj1 ) using( obj2 ) { ... } 75. What Is The Difference Between == And Object.equals? For value types, == and Equals() usually compare two objects by value. For example: int x = 10; int y = 10; Console.WriteLine( x == y ); Console.WriteLine( x.Equals(y) ); will display: True True However things are more complex for reference types. Generally speaking, for reference types == is expected to perform an identity comparison, i.e. it will only return true if both references point to the same object. By contrast, Equals() is expected to perform a value comparison, i.e. it will return true if the references point to objects that are equivalent. For example: StringBuilder s1 = new StringBuilder("fred"); StringBuilder s2 = new StringBuilder("fred"); Console.WriteLine( s1 == s2 ); Console.WriteLine( s1.Equals(s2) ); will display: False True s1 and s2 are different objects (hence == returns false), but they are equivalent (hence Equals() returns true). Unfortunately there are exceptions to these rules. The implementation of Equals() in System.Object (the one you'll inherit by default if you write a class) compares identity, i.e. it's the same as operator==. So Equals() only tests for equivalence if the class author overrides the method (and implements it correctly). Another exception is the string class - its operator== compares value rather than identity. Bottom line: If you want to perform an identity comparison use the ReferenceEquals() method. If you want to perform a value comparison, use Equals() but be aware that it will only work if the type has overridden the default implementation. Avoid operator== with reference types (except perhaps strings), as it's simply too ambiguous. 76. How Do I Enforce Const Correctness In C#? You can't - at least not in the same way you do in C++. C# (actually, the CLI) has no real concept of const correctness, For example, there's no way to specify that a method should not modify an argument passed in to it. And there's no way to specify that a method does not modify the object on which it is acting. To get a feel for the angst this causes among some C++ programmers, read the feedback on this post from Raymond Chen. There are of course ways of addressing this issue. For example, see Brad Abram's post (and associated feedback) for some ideas on adding optional read-only behaviour to collection classes. 77. What Are The New Features In C# 2.0? Support for all of the new framework features such as generics, anonymous methods, partial classes, iterators and static classes. Delegate inference is a new feature of the C# compiler which makes delegate usage a little simpler. It allows you to write this: Thread t = new Thread(ThreadFunc); instead of this: Thread t = new Thread( new ThreadStart(ThreadFunc) ); Another minor but welcome addition is the explicit global namespace, which fixes a hole in namespace usage in C# 1.x. You can prefix a type name with global:: to indicate that the type belongs to the global namespace, thus avoiding problems where the compiler infers the namespace and gets it wrong. Finally C# 2.0 includes some syntactic sugar for the new System.Nullable type. You can use T? as a synonym for System.Nullable, where T is a value type. As suggested by the name, this allows values of the type to be 'null', or 'undefined'. 78. Are C# Generics The Same As C++ Templates? No, not really. There are some similarities, but there are also fundamental differences. 79. What Is An Interface In C#? An Interface in C# is created using the interface keyword. An example is shown below. using System; namespace Interfaces { interface IBankCustomer { void DepositMoney(); void WithdrawMoney(); } public class Demo : IBankCustomer { public void DepositMoney() { Console.WriteLine("Deposit Money"); } public void WithdrawMoney() { Console.WriteLine("Withdraw Money"); } public static void Main() { Demo DemoObject = new Demo(); DemoObject.DepositMoney(); DemoObject.WithdrawMoney(); } } } In our example we created IBankCustomer interface. The interface declares 2 methods. 1. void DepositMoney(); 2. void WithdrawMoney(); Notice that method declarations does not have access modifiers like public, private, etc. By default all interface members are public. It is a compile time error to use access modifiers on interface member declarations. Also notice that the interface methods have only declarations and not implementation. It is a compile time error to provide implementation for any interface member. In our example as the Demo class is inherited from the IBankCustomer interface, the Demo class has to provide the implementation for both the methods (WithdrawMoney() and DepositMoney()) that is inherited from the interface. If the class fails to provide implementation for any of the inherited interface member, a compile time error will be generated. Interfaces can consist of methods, properties, events, indexers, or any combination of those four member types. When a class or a struct inherits an interface, the class or struct must provide implementation for all of the members declared in the interface. The interface itself provides no functionality that a class or struct can inherit in the way that base class functionality can be inherited. However, if a base class implements an interface, the derived class inherits that implementation. 80. Can An Interface Contain Fields? No, an Interface cannot contain fields. 81. What Is The Difference Between Class Inheritance And Interface Inheritance? Classes and structs can inherit from interfaces just like how classes can inherit a base class or struct. However there are 2 differences. 1. A class or a struct can inherit from more than one interface at the same time where as A class or a struct cannot inherit from more than one class at the same time. An example depicting the same is shown below. using System; namespace Interfaces { interface Interface1 { void Interface1Method(); } interface Interface2 { void Interface2Method(); } class BaseClass1 { public void BaseClass1Method() { Console.WriteLine("BaseClass1 Method"); } } class BaseClass2 { public void BaseClass2Method() { Console.WriteLine("BaseClass2 Method"); } } //Error : A class cannot inherit from more than one class at the same time //class DerivedClass : BaseClass1, BaseClass2 //{ //} //A class can inherit from more than one interface at the same time public class Demo : Interface1, Interface2 { public void Interface1Method() { Console.WriteLine("Interface1 Method"); } public void Interface2Method() { Console.WriteLine("Interface2 Method"); } public static void Main() { Demo DemoObject = new Demo(); DemoObject.Interface1Method(); DemoObject.Interface2Method(); } } } 2. When a class or struct inherits an interface, it inherits only the method names and signatures, because the interface itself contains no implementations. 82. Can An Interface Inherit From Another Interface? Yes, an interface can inherit from another interface. It is possible for a class to inherit an interface multiple times, through base classes or interfaces it inherits. In this case, the class can only implement the interface one time, if it is declared as part of the new class. If the inherited interface is not declared as part of the new class, its implementation is provided by the base class that declared it. It is possible for a base class to implement interface members using virtual members; in that case, the class inheriting the interface can change the interface behavior by overriding the virtual members. 83. Can You Create An Instance Of An Interface? No, you cannot create an instance of an interface. 84. If A Class Inherits An Interface, What Are The 2 Options Available For That Class? Option 1: Provide Implementation for all the members inheirted from the interface. namespace Interfaces { interface Interface1 { void Interface1Method(); } class BaseClass1 : Interface1 { public void Interface1Method() { Console.WriteLine("Interface1 Method"); } public void BaseClass1Method() { Console.WriteLine("BaseClass1 Method"); } } } Option 2: If the class does not wish to provide Implementation for all the members inheirted from the interface, then the class has to be marked as abstract. namespace Interfaces { interface Interface1 { void Interface1Method(); } abstract class BaseClass1 : Interface1 { abstract public void Interface1Method(); public void BaseClass1Method() { Console.WriteLine("BaseClass1 Method"); } } } 85. A Class Inherits From 2 Interfaces And Both The Interfaces Have The Same Method Name As Shown Below. How Should The Class Implement The Drive Method For Both Car And Bus Interface? namespace Interfaces { interface Car { void Drive(); } interface Bus { void Drive(); } class Demo : Car,Bus { //How to implement the Drive() Method inherited from Bus and Car } } To implement the Drive() method use the fully qualified name as shown in the example below. To call the respective interface drive method type cast the demo object to the respective interface and then call the drive method. using System; namespace Interfaces { interface Car { void Drive(); } interface Bus { void Drive(); } class Demo : Car,Bus { void Car.Drive() { Console.WriteLine("Drive Car"); } void Bus.Drive() { Console.WriteLine("Drive Bus"); } static void Main() { Demo DemoObject = new Demo(); ((Car)DemoObject).Drive(); ((Bus)DemoObject).Drive(); } } } 86. What Do You Mean By "explicitly Implemeting An Interface". Give An Example? If a class is implementing the inherited interface member by prefixing the name of the interface, then the class is "Explicitly Implemeting an Interface member". The disadvantage of Explicitly Implemeting an Interface member is that, the class object has to be type casted to the interface type to invoke the interface member. An example is shown below. using System; namespace Interfaces { interface Car { void Drive(); } class Demo : Car { // Explicit implementation of an interface member void Car.Drive() { Console.WriteLine("Drive Car"); } static void Main() { Demo DemoObject = new Demo(); //DemoObject.Drive(); // Error: Cannot call explicitly implemented interface method // using the class object. // Type cast the demo object to interface type Car ((Car)DemoObject).Drive(); } } } 87. What Is A Partial Class. Give An Example? A partial class is a class whose definition is present in 2 or more files. Each source file contains a section of the class, and all parts are combined when the application is compiled. To split a class definition, use the partial keyword as shown in the example below. Student class is split into 2 parts. The first part defines the study() method and the second part defines the Play() method. When we compile this program both the parts will be combined and compiled. Note that both the parts uses partial keyword and public access modifier. using System; namespace PartialClass { public partial class Student { public void Study() { Console.WriteLine("I am studying"); } } public partial class Student { public void Play() { Console.WriteLine("I am Playing"); } } public class Demo { public static void Main() { Student StudentObject = new Student(); StudentObject.Study(); StudentObject.Play(); } }} It is very important to keep the following points in mind when creating partial classes. All the parts must use the partial keyword. All the parts must be available at compile time to form the final class. All the parts must have the same access modifiers - public, private, protected etc. Any class members declared in a partial definition are available to all the other parts. The final class is the combination of all the parts at compile time. 88. What Are The Advantages Of Using Partial Classes? When working on large projects, spreading a class over separate files enables multiple programmers to work on it at the same time. When working with automatically generated source, code can be added to the class without having to recreate the source file. Visual Studio uses this approach when it creates Windows Forms, Web service wrapper code, and so on. You can create code that uses these classes without having to modify the file created by Visual Studio. 89. Is It Possible To Create Partial Structs, Interfaces And Methods? Yes, it is possible to create partial structs, interfaces and methods. We can create partial structs, interfaces and methods the same way as we create partial classes. 90. Will The Following Code Compile? using System; namespace PartialClass { public partial class Student { public void Study() { Console.WriteLine("I am studying"); } } public abstract partial class Student { public void Play() { Console.WriteLine("I am Playing"); } } public class Demo { public static void Main() { Student StudentObject = new Student(); } }} No, a compile time error will be generated stating "Cannot create an instance of the abstract class or interface "PartialClass.Student". This is because, if any part is declared abstract, then the whole class becomes abstract. Similarly if any part is declared sealed, then the whole class becomes sealed and if any part declares a base class, then the whole class inherits that base class. 91. Can You Create Partial Delegates And Enumerations? No, you cannot create partial delegates and enumerations. 92. Can Different Parts Of A Partial Class Inherit From Different Interfaces? Yes, different parts of a partial class can inherit from different interfaces. 93. Can You Specify Nested Classes As Partial Classes? Yes, nested classes can be specified as partial classes even if the containing class is not partial. An example is shown below. class ContainerClass { public partial class Nested { void Test1() { } } public partial class Nested { void Test2() { } } } 94. How Do You Create Partial Methods? To create a partial method we create the declaration of the method in one part of the partial class and implementation in the other part of the partial class. The implementation is optional. If the implementation is not provided, then the method and all the calls to the method are removed at compile time. Therefore, any code in the partial class can freely use a partial method, even if the implementation is not supplied. No compile-time or run-time errors will result if the method is called but not implemented. In summary a partial method declaration consists of two parts. The definition, and the implementation. These may be in separate parts of a partial class, or in the same part. If there is no implementation declaration, then the compiler optimizes away both the defining declaration and all calls to the method. The following are the points to keep in mind when creating partial methods. Partial method declarations must begin partial keyword. The return type of a partial method must be void. Partial methods can have ref but not out parameters. Partial methods are implicitly private, and therefore they cannot be virtual. Partial methods cannot be extern, because the presence of the body determines whether they are defining or implementing. 95. What Is The Use Of Partial Methods? Partial methods can be used to customize generated code. They allow for a method name and signature to be reserved, so that generated code can call the method but the developer can decide whether to implement the method. Much like partial classes, partial methods enable code created by a code generator and code created by a human developer to work together without run-time costs. 96. What Is A Nested Type. Give An Example? A type(class or a struct) defined inside another class or struct is called a nested type. An example is shown below. InnerClass is inside ContainerClass, Hence InnerClass is called as nested class. using System; namespace Nested { class ContainerClass { class InnerClass { public string str = "A string variable in nested class"; } public static void Main() { InnerClass nestedClassObj = new InnerClass(); Console.WriteLine(nestedClassObj.str); } } } 97. Can The Nested Class Access, The Containing Class. Give An Example? Yes, the nested class, or inner class can access the containing or outer class as shown in the example below. Nested types can access private and protected members of the containing type, including any inherited private or protected members. using System; namespace Nested { class ContainerClass { string OuterClassVariable = "I am an outer class variable"; public class InnerClass { ContainerClass ContainerClassObject = new ContainerClass(); string InnerClassVariable = "I am an Inner class variable"; public InnerClass() { Console.WriteLine(ContainerClassObject.OuterClassVariable); Console.WriteLine(this.InnerClassVariable); } } } class Demo { public static void Main() { ContainerClass.InnerClass nestedClassObj = new ContainerClass.InnerClass(); } } } 98. What Is The Ouput Of The Following Program? using System; namespace Nested { class ContainerClass { public ContainerClass() { Console.WriteLine("I am a container class"); } public class InnerClass : ContainerClass { public InnerClass() { Console.WriteLine("I am an inner class"); } } } class DemoClass : ContainerClass.InnerClass { public DemoClass() { Console.WriteLine("I am a Demo class"); } public static void Main() { DemoClass DC = new DemoClass(); } } } Output: I am a container class I am an inner class I am a Demo class The above program has used the concepts of inheritance and nested classes. The ContainerClass is at the top in the inheritance chain. The nested InnerClass derives from outer ContainerClass. Finally the DemoClass derives from nested InnerClass. As all the 3 classes are related by inheritance we have the above output. 99. What Is A Destructor? A Destructor has the same name as the class with a tilde character and is used to destroy an instance of a class. 100. Can A Class Have More Than 1 Destructor? No, a class can have only 1 destructor. 101. Can Structs In C# Have Destructors? No, structs can have constructors but not destructors, only classes can have destructors. 102. Can You Pass Parameters To Destructors? No, you cannot pass parameters to destructors. Hence, you cannot overload destructors. 103. Can You Explicitly Call A Destructor? No, you cannot explicitly call a destructor. Destructors are invoked automatically by the garbage collector. 104. Why Is It Not A Good Idea To Use Empty Destructors? When a class contains a destructor, an entry is created in the Finalize queue. When the destructor is called, the garbage collector is invoked to process the queue. If the destructor is empty, this just causes a needless loss of performance. 105. Is It Possible To Force Garbage Collector To Run? Yes, it possible to force garbage collector to run by calling the Collect() method, but this is not considered a good practice because this might create a performance over head. Usually the programmer has no control over when the garbage collector runs. The garbage collector checks for objects that are no longer being used by the application. If it considers an object eligible for destruction, it calls the destructor(if there is one) and reclaims the memory used to store the object. 106. Usually In .net, The Clr Takes Care Of Memory Management. Is There Any Need For A Programmer To Explicitly Release Memory And Resources? If Yes, Why And How? If the application is using expensive external resource, it is recommend to explicitly release the resource before the garbage collector runs and frees the object. We can do this by implementing the Dispose method from the IDisposable interface that performs the necessary cleanup for the object. This can considerably improve the performance of the application. 107. When Do We Generally Use Destructors To Release Resources? If the application uses unmanaged resources such as windows, files, and network connections, we use destructors to release resources. 108. What Is A Constructor In C#? Constructor is a class method that is executed when an object of a class is created. Constructor has the same name as the class, and usually used to initialize the data members of the new object. 109. In C#, What Will Happen If You Do Not Explicitly Provide A Constructor For A Class? If you do not provide a constructor explicitly for your class, C# will create one by default that instantiates the object and sets all the member variables to their default values. 110. Structs Are Not Reference Types. Can Structs Have Constructors? Yes, even though Structs are not reference types, structs can have constructors. 111. We Cannot Create Instances Of Static Classes. Can We Have Constructors For Static Classes? Yes, static classes can also have constructors. 112. Can You Prevent A Class From Being Instantiated? Yes, a class can be prevented from being instantiated by using a private constructor as shown in the example below. using System; namespace TestConsole { class Program { public static void Main() { //Error cannot create instance of a class with private constructor SampleClass SC = new SampleClass(); } } class SampleClass { double PI = 3.141; private SampleClass() { } } } 113. Can A Class Or A Struct Have Multiple Constructors? Yes, a class or a struct can have multiple constructors. Constructors in csharp can be overloaded. 114. Can A Child Class Call The Constructor Of A Base Class? Yes, a child class can call the constructor of a base class by using the base keyword as shown in the example below. using System; namespace TestConsole { class BaseClass { public BaseClass(string str) { Console.WriteLine(str); } } class ChildClass : BaseClass { public ChildClass(string str): base(str) { } public static void Main() { ChildClass CC = new ChildClass("Calling base class constructor from child class"); } } } 115. If A Child Class Instance Is Created, Which Class Constructor Is Called First - Base Class Or Child Class? When an instance of a child class is created, the base class constructor is called before the child class constructor. An example is shown below. using System; namespace TestConsole { class BaseClass { public BaseClass() { Console.WriteLine("I am a base class constructor"); } } class ChildClass : BaseClass { public ChildClass() { Console.WriteLine("I am a child class constructor"); } public static void Main() { ChildClass CC = new ChildClass(); } } } 116. Can A Class Have Static Constructor? Yes, a class can have static constructor. Static constructors are called automatically, immediately before any static fields are accessed, and are generally used to initialize static class members. It is called automatically before the first instance is created or any static members are referenced. Static constructors are called before instance constructors. An example is shown below. using System; namespace TestConsole { class Program { static int I; static Program() { I = 100; Console.WriteLine("Static Constructor called"); } public Program() { Console.WriteLine("Instance Constructor called"); } public static void Main() { Program P = new Program(); } } } 117. Can You Mark Static Constructor With Access Modifiers? No, we cannot use access modifiers on static constructor. 118. Can You Have Parameters For Static Constructors? No, static constructors cannot have parameters. 119. What Happens If A Static Constructor Throws An Exception? If a static constructor throws an exception, the runtime will not invoke it a second time, and the type will remain uninitialized for the lifetime of the application domain in which your program is running. 120. Give 2 Scenarios Where Static Constructors Can Be Used? 1. A typical use of static constructors is when the class is using a log file and the constructor is used to write entries to this file. 2. Static constructors are also useful when creating wrapper classes for unmanaged code, when the constructor can call the LoadLibrary method. 121. Does C# Provide Copy Constructor? No, C# does not provide copy constructor. 122. Is The Following Code Legal? using System; namespace Demo { class Program { public static void Main() { } public void Sum(int FirstNumber, int SecondNumber) { int Result = FirstNumber + SecondNumber; } public int Sum(int FirstNumber, int SecondNumber) { int Result = FirstNumber + SecondNumber; } } } No, The above code does not compile. You cannot overload a method based on the return type. To overload a method in C# either the number or type of parameters should be different. In general the return type of a method is not part of the signature of the method for the purposes of method overloading. However, it is part of the signature of the method when determining the compatibility between a delegate and the method that it points to. 123. What Is The Difference Between Method Parameters And Method Arguments. Give An Example? In the example below FirstNumber and SecondNumber are method parameters where as FN and LN are method arguments. The method definition specifies the names and types of any parameters that are required. When calling code calls the method, it provides concrete values called arguments for each parameter. The arguments must be compatible with the parameter type but the argument name (if any) used in the calling code does not have to be the same as the parameter named defined in the method. using System; namespace Demo { class Program { public static void Main() { int FN = 10; int SN = 20; //FN and LN are method arguments int Total = Sum(FN, SN); Console.WriteLine(Total); } //FirstNumber and SecondNumber are method parameters public static int Sum(int FirstNumber, int SecondNumber) { int Result = FirstNumber + SecondNumber; return Result; } } } 124. Explain The Difference Between Passing Parameters By Value And Passing Parameters By Reference With An Example? We can pass parameters to a method by value or by reference. By default all value types are passed by value where as all reference types are passed by reference. By default, when a value type is passed to a method, a copy is passed instead of the object itself. Therefore, changes to the argument have no effect on the original copy in the calling method.An example is shown below. using System; namespace Demo { class Program { public static void Main() { int I = 10; int K = Function(I); Console.WriteLine("I = " + I); Console.WriteLine("K = " + K); } public static int Function(int Number) { int ChangedValue = Number + 1; return ChangedValue; } } } By default, reference types are passed by reference. When an object of a reference type is passed to a method, the reference points to the original object, not a copy of the object. Changes made through this reference will therefore be reflected in the calling method. Reference types are created by using the class keyword as shown in the example below. using System; namespace Demo { class Program { public static void Main() { ReferenceTypeExample Object = new ReferenceTypeExample(); Object.Number = 20; Console.WriteLine("Original Object Value = " + Object.Number); Function(Object); Console.WriteLine("Object Value after passed to the method= " + Object.Number); } public static void Function(ReferenceTypeExample ReferenceTypeObject) { ReferenceTypeObject.Number = ReferenceTypeObject.Number + 5; } } class ReferenceTypeExample { public int Number; } } 125. Can You Pass Value Types By Reference To A Method? Yes, we can pass value types by by reference to a method. An example is shown below. using System; namespace Demo { class Program { public static void Main() { int I = 10; Console.WriteLine("Value of I before passing to the method = " + I); Function(ref I); Console.WriteLine("Value of I after passing to the method by reference= " + I); } public static void Function(ref int Number) { Number = Number + 5; } } } 126. If A Method's Return Type Is Void, Can You Use A Return Keyword In The Method? Yes, Even though a method's return type is void, you can use the return keyword to stop the execution of the method as shown in the example below. using System; namespace Demo { class Program { public static void Main() { SayHi(); } public static void SayHi() { Console.WriteLine("Hi"); return; Console.WriteLine("This statement will never be executed"); } } } 127. What Are Properties In C#. Explain With An Example? Properties in C# are class members that provide a flexible mechanism to read, write, or compute the values of private fields. Properties can be used as if they are public data members, but they are actually special methods called accessors. This enables data to be accessed easily and still helps promote the safety and flexibility of methods. In the example below _firstName and _lastName are private string variables which are accessible only inside the Customer class. _firstName and _lastName are exposed using FirstName and LastName public properties respectively. The get property accessor is used to return the property value, and a set accessor is used to assign a new value. These accessors can have different access levels. The value keyword is used to define the value being assigned by the set accessor. The FullName property computes the full name of the customer. Full Name property is readonly, because it has only the get accessor. Properties that do not implement a set accessor are read only. The code block for the get accessor is executed when the property is read and the code block for the set accessor is executed when the property is assigned a new value. using System; class Customer { // Private fileds not accessible outside the class. private string _firstName = string.Empty; private string _lastName = string.Empty; private string _coutry = string.Empty; // public FirstName property exposes _firstName variable public string FirstName { get { return _firstName; } set { _firstName = value; } } // public LastName property exposes _lastName variable public string LastName { get { return _lastName; } set { _lastName = value; } } // FullName property is readonly and computes customer full name. public string FullName { get { return _lastName + ", " + _firstName; } } //Country Property is Write Only public string Country { set { _coutry = value; } } } class MainClass { public static void Main() { Customer CustomerObject = new Customer(); //This line will call the set accessor of FirstName Property CustomerObject.FirstName = "David"; //This line will call the set accessor of LastName Property CustomerObject.LastName = "Boon"; //This line will call the get accessor of FullName Property Console.WriteLine("Customer Full Name is : " + CustomerObject.FullName); } } 128. Explain The 3 Types Of Properties In C# With An Example? Read Only Properties: Properties without a set accessor are considered read-only. In the above example FullName is read only property. Write Only Properties: Properties without a get accessor are considered write-only. In the above example Country is write only property. Read Write Properties: Properties with both a get and set accessor are considered read-write properties. In the above example FirstName and LastName are read write properties. 129. What Are The Advantages Of Properties In C#? Properties can validate data before allowing a change. Properties can transparently expose data on a class where that data is actually retrieved from some other source such as a database. Properties can take an action when data is changed, such as raising an event or changing the value of other fields. 130. What Is A Static Property. Give An Example? A property that is marked with a static keyword is considered as static property. This makes the property available to callers at any time, even if no instance of the class exists. In the example below PI is a static property. using System; class Circle { private static double _pi = 3.14; public static double PI { get { return _pi; } } } class MainClass { public static void Main() { Console.WriteLine(Circle.PI); } } 131. What Is A Virtual Property. Give An Example? A property that is marked with virtual keyword is considered virtual property. Virtual properties enable derived classes to override the property behavior by using the override keyword. In the example below FullName is virtual property in the Customer class. BankCustomer class inherits from Customer class and overrides the FullName virtual property. In the output you can see the over riden implementation. A property overriding a virtual property can also be sealed, specifying that for derived classes it is no longer virtual. using System; class Customer { private string _firstName = string.Empty; private string _lastName = string.Empty; public string FirstName { get { return _firstName; } set { _firstName = value; } } public string LastName { get { return _lastName; } set { _lastName = value; } } // FullName is virtual public virtual string FullName { get { return _lastName + ", " + _firstName; } } } class BankCustomer : Customer { // Overiding the FullName virtual property derived from customer class public override string FullName { get { return "Mr. " + FirstName + " " + LastName; } } } class MainClass { public static void Main() { BankCustomer BankCustomerObject = new BankCustomer(); BankCustomerObject.FirstName = "David"; BankCustomerObject.LastName = "Boon"; Console.WriteLine("Customer Full Name is : " + BankCustomerObject.FullName); } } 132. What Is An Abstract Property. Give An Example? A property that is marked with abstract keyword is considered abstract property. An abstract property should not have any implementation in the class. The derived classes must write their own implementation. In the example below FullName property is abstract in the Customer class. BankCustomer class overrides the inherited abstract FullName property with its own implementation. using System; abstract class Customer { private string _firstName = string.Empty; private string _lastName = string.Empty; public string FirstName { get { return _firstName; } set { _firstName = value; } } public string LastName { get { return _lastName; } set { _lastName = value; } } // FullName is abstract public abstract string FullName { get; } } class BankCustomer : Customer { // Overiding the FullName abstract property derived from customer class public override string FullName { get { return "Mr. " + FirstName + " " + LastName; } } } class MainClass { public static void Main() { BankCustomer BankCustomerObject = new BankCustomer(); BankCustomerObject.FirstName = "David"; BankCustomerObject.LastName = "Boon"; Console.WriteLine("Customer Full Name is : " + BankCustomerObject.FullName); } } 133. Can You Use Virtual, Override Or Abstract Keywords On An Accessor Of A Static Property? No, it is a compile time error to use a virtual, abstract or override keywords on an accessor of a static property. 134. What Are Constants In C#? Constants in C# are immutable values which are known at compile time and do not change for the life of the program. Constants are declared using the const keyword. Constants must be initialized as they are declared. You cannot assign a value to a constant after it isdeclared. An example is shown below. using System; class Circle { public const double PI = 3.14; public Circle() { //Error : You can only assign a value to a constant field at the time of declaration //PI = 3.15; } } class MainClass { public static void Main() { Console.WriteLine(Circle.PI); } } 135. Can You Declare A Class Or A Struct As Constant? No, User-defined types including classes, structs, and arrays, cannot be const. Only the C# built-in types excluding System.Object may be declared as const. Use the readonly modifier to create a class, struct, or array that is initialized one time at runtime (for example in a constructor) and thereafter cannot be changed. 136. Does C# Support Const Methods, Properties, Or Events? No, C# does not support const methods, properties, or events. 137. Can You Change The Value Of A Constant Filed After Its Declaration? No, you cannot change the value of a constant filed after its declaration. In the example below, the constant field PI is always 3.14, and it cannot be changed even by the class itself. In fact, when the compiler encounters a constant identifier in C# source code (for example, PI), it substitutes the literal value directly into the intermediate language (IL) code that it produces. Because there is no variable address associated with a constant at run time, const fields cannot be passed by reference. using System; class Circle { public const double PI = 3.14; } 138. How Do You Access A Constant Field Declared In A Class? Constants are accessed as if they were static fields because the value of the constant is the same for all instances of the type. You do not use the static keyword to declare them. Expressions that are not in the class that defines the constant must use the class name, a period, and the name of the constant to access the constant. In the example below constant field PI can be accessed in the Main method using the class name and not the instance of the class. Trying to access a constant field using a class instance will generate a compile time error. using System; class Circle { public const double PI = 3.14; } class MainClass { public static void Main() { Console.WriteLine(Circle.PI); Circle C = new Circle(); // Error : PI cannot be accessed using an instance // Console.WriteLine(C.PI); } } 139. What Are The 2 Broad Classifications Of Fields In C#? Instance fields Static fields 140. What Are Instance Fields In C#? Instance fields are specific to an instance of a type. If you have a class T, with an instance field F, you can create two objects of type T, and modify the value of F in each object without affecting the value in the other object. 141. What Is A Static Field? A static field belongs to the class itself, and is shared among all instances of that class. Changes made from instance A will be visible immediately to instances B and C if they access the field. 142. Can You Declare A Field Readonly? Yes, a field can be declared readonly. A read-only field can only be assigned a value during initialization or in a constructor. An example is shown below. using System; class Area { public readonly double PI = 3.14; } class MainClass { public static void Main() { Area A = new Area(); Console.WriteLine(A.PI); } } 143. What Is Wrong With The Sample Program Below? using System; class Area { public const double PI = 3.14; static Area() { Area.PI = 3.15; } } class MainClass { public static void Main() { Console.WriteLine(Area.PI); } } You cannot assign a value to the constant PI field. 144. What Is The Difference Between A Constant And A Static Readonly Field? A static readonly field is very similar to a constant, except that the C# compiler does not have access to the value of a static read-only field at compile time, only at run time. 145. What Are Access Modifiers In C#? In C# there are 5 different types of Access Modifiers. 1. Public The public type or member can be accessed by any other code in the same assembly or another assembly that references it. 2. Private The type or member can only be accessed by code in the same class or struct. 3. Protected The type or member can only be accessed by code in the same class or struct, or in a derived class. 4. Internal The type or member can be accessed by any code in the same assembly, but not from another assembly. 5. Protected Internal The type or member can be accessed by any code in the same assembly, or by any derived class in another assembly. 146. What Are Access Modifiers Used For? Access Modifiers are used to control the accessibilty of types and members with in the types. 147. Can You Use All Access Modifiers For All Types? No, Not all access modifiers can be used by all types or members in all contexts, and in some cases the accessibility of a type member is constrained by the accessibility of its containing type. 148. Can Derived Classes Have Greater Accessibility Than Their Base Types? No, Derived classes cannot have greater accessibility than their base types. For example the following code is illegal. using System; internal class InternalBaseClass { public void Print() { Console.WriteLine("I am a Base Class Method"); } } public class PublicDerivedClass : InternalBaseClass { public static void Main() { Console.WriteLine("I am a Public Derived Class Method"); } } When you compile the above code an error will be generated stating "Inconsistent accessibility: base class InternalBaseClass is less accessible than class PublicDerivedClass".To make this simple, you cannot have a public class B that derives from an internal class A. If this were allowed, it would have the effect of making A public, because all protected or internal members of A are accessible from the derived class. 149. Can You Declare Struct Members As Protected? No, struct members cannot be declared protected. This is because structs do not support inheritance. 150. Can The Accessibility Of A Type Member Be Greater Than The Accessibility Of Its Containing Type? No, the accessibility of a type member can never be greater than the accessibility of its containing type. For example, a public method declared in an internal class has only internal accessibility. 151. Can Destructors Have Access Modifiers? No, destructors cannot have access modifiers. 152. What Does Protected Internal Access Modifier Mean? The protected internal access means protected OR internal, not protected AND internal. In simple terms, a protected internal member is accessible from any class in the same assembly, including derived classes. To limit accessibility to only derived classes in the same assembly, declare the class itself internal, and declare its members as protected. 153. What Is The Default Access Modifier For A Class,struct And An Interface Declared Directly With A Namespace? internal. 154. Can You Specify An Access Modifier For An Enumeration? Enumeration members are always public, and no access modifiers can be specified. 155. What Are The 3 Types Of Comments In C#? 1. Single Line Comments. You define single line comments with // as shown below. //This is an example for single line comment 2. Multi line comments. You define multi line comments with /* */ as shown below. /*This is an example for Multi Line comments*/ 3. XML Comments. You define XML comments with /// as shown below. ///This is an example for defining XML comments. 156. Is C# A Strongly-typed Language? Yes. 157. What Are The 2 Broad Classifications Of Data Types Available In C#? Built in data types. User defined data types. 158. Give Some Examples For Built In Datatypes In C#? int float bool 159. How Do You Create User Defined Data Types In C#? You use the struct, class, interface, and enum constructs to create your own custom types. The .NET Framework class library itself is a collection of custom types provided by Microsoft that you can use in your own applications. 160. What Are The 2 Types Of Data Types Available In C#? Value Types Reference Types 161. If You Define A User Defined Data Type By Using The Struct Keyword, Is It A Value Type Or Reference Type? Value Type. 162. If You Define A User Defined Data Type By Using The Class Keyword, Is It A Value Type Or Reference Type? Reference type 163. Are Value Types Sealed? Yes, Value types are sealed. 164. What Is The Base Class From Which All Value Types Are Derived? System.ValueType. 165. Give Examples For Value Types? Enum Struct 166. Give Examples For Reference Types? Class Delegate Array Interface. 167. What Are The Differences Between Value Types And Reference Types? Value types are stored on the stack where as reference types are stored on the managed heap. Value type variables directly contain their values where as reference variables holds only a reference to the location of the object that is created on the managed heap. There is no heap allocation or garbage collection overhead for value-type variables. As reference types are stored on the managed heap, they have the over head of object allocation and garbage collection. Value Types cannot inherit from another class or struct. Value types can only inherit from interfaces. Reference types can inherit from another class or interface. 168. What Do You Mean By Casting A Data Type? Converting a variable of one data type to another data type is called casting. This is also called as data type conversion. 169. What Are The 2 Kinds Of Data Type Conversions In C#? Implicit conversions: No special syntax is required because the conversion is type safe and no data will be lost. Examples include conversions from smaller to larger integral types, and conversions from derived classes to base classes. Explicit conversions: Explicit conversions require a cast operator. The source and destination variables are compatible, but there is a risk of data loss because the type of the destination variable is a smaller size than (or is a base class of) the source variable. 170. What Is The Difference Between An Implicit Conversion And An Explicit Conversion? Explicit conversions require a cast operator where as an implicit converstion is done automatically. Explicit conversion can lead to data loss where as with implicit conversions there is no data loss. 171. What Type Of Data Type Conversion Happens When The Compiler Encounters The Following Code? ChildClass CC = new ChildClass(); ParentClass PC = new ParentClass(); Implicit Conversion. For reference types, an implicit conversion always exists from a class to any one of its direct or indirect base classes or interfaces. No special syntax is necessary because a derived class always contains all the members of a base class. 172. If You Want To Convert A Base Type To A Derived Type, What Type Of Conversion Do You Use? Explicit conversion as shown below. //Create a new derived type. Car C1 = new Car(); // Implicit conversion to base type is safe. Vehicle V = C1; // Explicit conversion is required to cast back to derived type. The code below will compile but throw an exception at run time if the right-side object is not a Car object. Car C2 = (Car) V; 173. What Operators Can Be Used To Cast From One Reference Type To Another Without The Risk Of Throwing An Exception? The is and as operators can be used to cast from one reference type to another without the risk of throwing an exception. 174. If Casting Fails What Type Of Exception Is Thrown? InvalidCastException. 175. What Is Boxing And Unboxing? Boxing - Converting a value type to reference type is called boxing. An example is shown below. int i = 101; object obj = (object)i; // Boxing Unboxing - Converting a reference type to a value typpe is called unboxing. An example is shown below. obj = 101; i = (int)obj; // Unboxing 176. Is Boxing An Implicit Conversion? Yes, boxing happens implicitly. 177. Is Unboxing An Implicit Conversion? No, unboxing is an explicit conversion. 178. What Happens During The Process Of Boxing? Boxing is used to store value types in the garbage-collected heap. Boxing is an implicit conversion of a value type to the type object or to any interface type implemented by this value type. Boxing a value type allocates an object instance on the heap and copies the value into the new object. Due to this boxing and unboxing can have performance impact. 179. What Is An Array? An array is a data structure that contains several variables of the same type. 180. What Are The 3 Different Types Of Arrays? Single-Dimensional Multidimensional Jagged 181. What Is Jagged Array? A jagged array is an array of arrays. 182. Are Arrays Value Types Or Reference Types? Arrays are reference types. 183. What Is The Base Class For Array Types? System.Array. 184. Can You Use Foreach Iteration On Arrays In C#? Yes,Since array type implements IEnumerable, you can use foreach iteration on all arrays in C#. 185. What Is The Difference Between String Keyword And System.string Class? string keyword is an alias for Syste.String class. Therefore, System.String and string keyword are the same, and you can use whichever naming convention you prefer. The String class provides many methods for safely creating, manipulating, and comparing strings. 186. Are String Objects Mutable Or Immutable? String objects are immutable. 187. What Do You Mean By String Objects Are Immutable? String objects are immutable means, they cannot be changed after they have been created. All of the String methods and C# operators that appear to modify a string actually return the results in a new string object. In the following example, when the contents of s1 and s2 are concatenated to form a single string, the two original strings are unmodified. The += operator creates a new string that contains the combined contents. That new object is assigned to the variable s1, and the original object that was assigned to s1 is released for garbage collection because no other variable holds a reference to it. string s1 = "First String "; string s2 = "Second String"; // Concatenate s1 and s2. This actually creates a new // string object and stores it in s1, releasing the // reference to the original object. s1 += s2; System.Console.WriteLine(s1); // Output: First String Second String. 188. What Will Be The Output Of The Following Code? string str1 = "Hello "; string str2 = s1; str1 = str1 + "C#"; System.Console.WriteLine(s2); The output of the above code is "Hello" and not "Hello C#". This is bcos, if you create a reference to a string, and then "modify" the original string, the reference will continue to point to the original object instead of the new object that was created when the string was modified. 189. What Is A Verbatim String Literal And Why Do We Use It? The "@" symbol is the verbatim string literal. Use verbatim strings for convenience and better readability when the string text contains backslash characters, for example in file paths. Because verbatim strings preserve new line characters as part of the string text, they can be used to initialize multiline strings. Use double quotation marks to embed a quotation mark inside a verbatim string. The following example shows some common uses for verbatim strings: string ImagePath = @"C:\Images\Buttons\SaveButton.jpg"; //Output: C:\Images\Buttons\SaveButton.jpg string MultiLineText = @"This is multiline Text written to be in three lines."; /* Output: This is multiline Text written to be in three lines. */ string DoubleQuotesString = @"My Name is ""Vankat."""; //Output: My Name is "Vankat." 190. Will The Following Code Compile And Run? string str = null; Console.WriteLine(str.Length); The above code will compile, but at runtime System.NullReferenceException will be thrown 191. How Do You Create Empty Strings In C#? Using string.empty as shown in the example below. string EmptyString = string.empty; 192. What Is The Difference Between System.text.stringbuilder And System.string? Objects of type StringBuilder are mutable where as objects of type System.String are immutable. As StringBuilder objects are mutable, they offer better performance than string objects of type System.String StringBuilder class is present in System.Text namespace where String class is present in System namespace. 193. How Do You Determine Whether A String Represents A Numeric Value? To determine whether a String represents a numeric value use TryParse method as shown in the example below. If the string contains nonnumeric characters or the numeric value is too large or too small for the particular type you have specified, TryParse returns false and sets the out parameter to zero. Otherwise, it returns true and sets the out parameter to the numeric value of the string. string str = "One"; int i = 0; if(int.TryParse(str,out i)) { Console.WriteLine("Yes string contains Integer and it is " + i); } else { Console.WriteLine("string does not contain Integer"); } 194. What Is The Difference Between Int.parse And Int.tryparse Methods? Parse method throws an exception if the string you are trying to parse is not a valid number where as TryParse returns false and does not throw an exception if parsing fails. Hence TryParse is more efficient than Parse. 195. Why Should You Override The Tostring() Method? All types in .Net inherit from system.object directly or indirectly. Because of this inheritance, every type in .Net inherit the ToString() method from System.Object class. Consider the example below. using System; public class MainClass { public static void Main() { int Number = 10; Console.WriteLine(Number.ToString()); } } In the above example Number.ToString() method will correctly give the string representaion of int 10, when you call the ToString() method. If you have a Customer class as shown in the below example and when you call the ToString() method the output doesnot make any sense. Hence you have to override the ToString() method, that is inherited from the System.Object class. using System; public class Customer { public string FirstName; public string LastName; } public class MainClass { public static void Main() { Customer C = new Customer(); C.FirstName = "David"; C.LastName = "Boon"; Console.WriteLine(C.ToString()); } } The code sample below shows how to override the ToString() method in a class, that would give the output you want. using System; public class Customer { public string FirstName; public string LastName; public override string ToString() { return LastName + ", " + FirstName; } } public class MainClass { public static void Main() { Customer C = new Customer(); C.FirstName = "David"; C.LastName = "Boon"; Console.WriteLine(C.ToString()); } } Conclusion : If you have a class or a struct, make sure you override the inherited ToString() method. 196. Explain Polymorphism In C# With A Simple Example? Polymorphism allows you to invoke derived class methods through a base class reference during run-time. An example is shown below. using System; public class DrawingObject { public virtual void Draw() { Console.WriteLine("I am a drawing object."); } } public class Triangle : DrawingObject { public override void Draw() { Console.WriteLine("I am a Triangle."); } } public class Circle : DrawingObject { public override void Draw() { Console.WriteLine("I am a Circle."); } } public class Rectangle : DrawingObject { public override void Draw() { Console.WriteLine("I am a Rectangle."); } } public class DrawDemo { public static void Main() { DrawingObject DrawObj = new DrawingObject; DrawObj = new Triangle(); DrawObj = new Circle(); DrawObj = new Rectangle(); DrawObj = new DrawingObject(); foreach (DrawingObject drawObj in DrawObj) { drawObj.Draw(); } } } 197. When Can A Derived Class Override A Base Class Member? A derived class can override a base class member only if the base class member is declared as virtual or abstract. 198. What Is The Difference Between A Virtual Method And An Abstract Method? A virtual method must have a body where as an abstract method should not have a body. 199. Can Fields Inside A Class Be Virtual? No, Fields inside a class cannot be virtua. Only methods, properties, events and indexers can be virtual. 200. Give An Example To Show For Hiding Base Class Methods? Use the new keyword to hide a base class method in the derived class as shown in the example below. using System; public class BaseClass { public virtual void Method() { Console.WriteLine("I am a base class method."); } } public class DerivedClass : BaseClass { public new void Method() { Console.WriteLine("I am a child class method."); } public static void Main() { DerivedClass DC = new DerivedClass(); DC.Method(); } } 201. Can You Access A Hidden Base Class Method In The Derived Class? Yes, Hidden base class methods can be accessed from the derived class by casting the instance of the derived class to an instance of the base class as shown in the example below. using System; public class BaseClass { public virtual void Method() { Console.WriteLine("I am a base class method."); } } public class DerivedClass : BaseClass { public new void Method() { Console.WriteLine("I am a child class method."); } public static void Main() { DerivedClass DC = new DerivedClass(); ((BaseClass)DC).Method(); } } 202. What Is An Abstract Class? An abstract class is an incomplete class and must be implemented in a derived class. 203. Can You Create An Instance Of An Abstract Class? No, abstract classes are incomplete and you cannot create an instance of an abstract class. 204. What Is A Sealed Class? A sealed class is a class that cannot be inherited from. This means, If you have a class called Customer that is marked as sealed. No other class can inherit from Customer class. For example, the below code generates a compile time error "MainClass cannot derive from sealed type Customer. using System; public sealed class Customer { } public class MainClass : Customer { public static void Main() { } } 205. What Are Abstract Methods? Abstract methods are methods that only the declaration of the method and no implementation. 206. How Can You Force Derived Classes To Provide New Method Implementations For Virtual Methods? Abstract classes can be used to force derived classes to provide new method implementations for virtual methods. An example is shown below. public class BaseClass { public virtual void Method() { // Original Implementation. } } public abstract class AbstractClass : BaseClass { public abstract override void Method(); } public class NonAbstractChildClass : AbstractClass { public override void Method() { // New implementation. } } When an abstract class inherits a virtual method from a base class, the abstract class can override the virtual method with an abstract method. If a virtual method is declared abstract, it is still virtual to any class inheriting from the abstract class. A class inheriting an abstract method cannot access the original implementation of the method. In the above example, Method() on class NonAbstractChildClass cannot call Method() on class BaseClass. In this way, an abstract class can force derived classes to provide new method implementations for virtual methods. 207. Can A Sealed Class Be Used As A Base Class? No, sealed class cannot be used as a base class. A compile time error will be generated. 208. What Are The 4 Pillars Of Any Object Oriented Programming Language? 1. Abstraction 2. Inheritance 3. Encapsulation 4. Polymorphism 209. Do Structs Support Inheritance? No, structs do not support inheritance, but they can implement interfaces. 210. What Is The Main Advantage Of Using Inheritance? Code reuse. 211. Does C# Support Multiple Class Inheritance? No, C# supports single class inheritance only. However classes can implement multiple interfaces at the same time. 212. Can A Struct Have A Default Constructor (a Constructor Without Parameters) Or A Destructor In C#? No. 213. Can You Instantiate A Struct Without Using A New Operator In C#? Yes, you can instantiate a struct without using a new operator. 214. Can A Struct Inherit From Another Struct Or Class In C#? No, a struct cannot inherit from another struct or class, and it cannot be the base of a class. 215. Can A Struct Inherit From An Interface In C#? Yes. 216. Are Structs Value Types Or Reference Types? Structs are value types. 217. What Is The Base Type From Which All Structs Inherit Directly? All structs inherit directly from System.ValueType, which inherits from System.Object. 218. What Do You Mean By Saying A "class Is A Reference Type"? A class is a reference type means when an object of the class is created, the variable to which the object is assigned holds only a reference to that memory. When the object reference is assigned to a new variable, the new variable refers to the original object. Changes made through one variable are reflected in the other variable because they both refer to the same data. 219. What Do You Mean By Saying A "struct Is A Value Type"? A struct is a value type mean when a struct is created, the variable to which the struct is assigned holds the struct's actual data. When the struct is assigned to a new variable, it is copied. The new variable and the original variable therefore contain two separate copies of the same data. Changes made to one copy do not affect the other copy. 220. When Do You Generally Use A Class Over A Struct? A class is used to model more complex behavior, or data that is intended to be modified after a class object is created. A struct is best suited for small data structures that contain primarily data that is not intended to be modified after the struct is created. 221. List The 5 Different Access Modifiers In C#? 1. public 2. protected 3. internal 4. protected internal 5. private 222. If You Donot Specify An Access Modifier For A Method, What Is The Default Access Modifier? private. 223. Classes And Structs Support Inheritance. Is This Statement True Or False? False, Only classes support inheritance. structs donot support inheritance. 224. If A Class Derives From Another Class, Will The Derived Class Automatically Contain All The Public, Protected, And Internal Members Of The Base Class? Yes, the derived class will automatically contain all the public, protected, and internal members of the base class except its constructors and destructors. 225. Can You Create An Instance For An Abstract Class? No, you cannot create an instance for an abstract class. 226. How Do You Prevent A Class From Being Inherited By Another Class? Use the sealed keyword to prevent a class from being inherited by another class. 227. Classes And Structs Can Be Declared As Static, Is This Statement True Or False? False, only classes can be declared as static and not structs. 228. Can You Create An Instance Of A Static Class? No, you cannot create an instance of a static class. 229. Can A Static Class Contain Non Static Members? No, a static class can contain only static members. 230. Does C# Support Multiple-inheritance? No, but you can implement more than one interfaces. 231. Who Is A Protected Class-level Variable Available To? It is available to any sub-class (a class inheriting this class). 232. Are Private Class-level Variables Inherited? Yes, but they are not accessible. Although they are not visible or accessible via the class interface, they are inherited. 233. Describe The Accessibility Modifier "protected Internal". It is available to classes that are within the same assembly and derived from the specified base class. 234. What's The Top .net Class That Everything Is Derived From? System.Object. 235. What Does The Term Immutable Mean? The data value may not be changed. Note: The variable value may be changed, but the original immutable data value was discarded and a new data value was created in memory. 236. What's The Difference Between System.string And System.text.stringbuilder Classes? System.String is immutable. System.StringBuilder was designed with the purpose of having a mutable string where a variety of operations can be performed. 237. What's The .net Collection Class That Allows An Element To Be Accessed Using A Unique Key? HashTable, Dictionary, NameValueCollection. 238. What Class Is Underneath The Sortedlist Class? A sorted HashTable. 239. Will The Finally Block Get Executed If An Exception Has Not Occurred? Yes. Finally block always get executed. 240. What's The C# Syntax To Catch Any Possible Exception? A catch block that catches the exception of type System.Exception. You can also omit the parameter data type in this case and just write catch {}. 241. Can Multiple Catch Blocks Be Executed For A Single Try Statement? No. Once the proper catch block processed, control is transferred to the finally block (if there are any). 242. Explain The Three Services Model Commonly Know As A Three-tier Application. Presentation (UI), Business (logic and underlying code) and Data (from storage or other sources). 243. If A.equals(b) Is True Then A.gethashcode & B.gethashcode Must Always Return Same Hash Code. The answer is False because it is given that A.equals(B) returns true i.e. objects are equal and now its hash Code is asked which is always independent of the fact that whether objects are equal or not. So, Get HashCode for both of the objects returns different value. 244. What Is The Syntax To Inherit From A Class In C#? Place a colon and then the name of the base class. Example: class MyNewClass : MyBaseClass. 245. Can You Prevent Your Class From Being Inherited By Another Class? Yes. The keyword “sealed” will prevent the class from being inherited. 246. Can You Allow A Class To Be Inherited, But Prevent The Method From Being Over-ridden? Yes. Just leave the class public and make the method sealed. 247. What's An Abstract Class? A class that cannot be instantiated. An abstract class is a class that must be inherited and have the methods overridden. An abstract class is essentially a blueprint for a class without any implementation. 248. When Do You Absolutely Have To Declare A Class As Abstract? 1. When the class itself is inherited from an abstract class, but not all base abstract methods have been overridden. 2. When at least one of the methods in the class is abstract. 249. What Is An Interface Class? Interfaces, like classes, define a set of properties, methods, and events. But unlike classes, interfaces do not provide implementation. They are implemented by classes, and defined as separate entities from classes. 250. Why Can't You Specify The Accessibility Modifier For Methods Inside The Interface? They all must be public, and are therefore public by default. 251. Can You Inherit Multiple Interfaces? Yes. .NET does support multiple interfaces. 252. What Happens If You Inherit Multiple Interfaces And They Have Conflicting Method Names? It’s up to you to implement the method inside your own class, so implementation is left entirely up to you. This might cause a problem on a higher-level scale if similarly named methods from different interfaces expect different data, but as far as compiler cares you’re okay. To Do: Investigate. 253. What's The Difference Between An Interface And Abstract Class? In an interface class, all methods are abstract - there is no implementation. In an abstract class some methods can be concrete. In an interface class, no accessibility modifiers are allowed. An abstract class may have accessibility modifiers. 254. What Is The Difference Between A Struct And A Class? Structs are value-type variables and are thus saved on the stack, additional overhead but faster retrieval. Another difference is that structs cannot inherit. 255. What's The Implicit Name Of The Parameter That Gets Passed Into The Set Method/property Of A Class? Value. The data type of the value parameter is defined by whatever data type the property is declared as. 256. What Does The Keyword "virtual" Declare For A Method Or Property? The method or property can be overridden. 257. How Is Method Overriding Different From Method Overloading? When overriding a method, you change the behavior of the method for the derived class. Overloading a method simply involves having another method with the same name within the class. 258. Can You Declare An Override Method To Be Static If The Original Method Is Not Static? No. The signature of the virtual method must remain the same. (Note: Only the keyword virtual is changed to keyword override) 259. What Are The Different Ways A Method Can Be Overloaded? Different parameter data types, different number of parameters, different order of parameters. 260. If A Base Class Has A Number Of Overloaded Constructors, And An Inheriting Class Has A Number Of Overloaded Constructors; Can You Enforce A Call From An Inherited Constructor To A Specific Base Constructor? Yes, just place a colon, and then keyword base (parameter list to invoke the appropriate constructor) in the overloaded constructor definition inside the inherited class. 261. What Does Assert() Method Do? In debug compilation, assert takes in a Boolean condition as a parameter, and shows the error dialog if the condition is false. The program proceeds without any interruption if the condition is true. 262. What's The Difference Between The Debug Class And Trace Class? Documentation looks the same. Use Debug class for debug builds, use Trace class for both debug and release builds. 263. What Is The Role Of The Datareader Class In Ado.net Connections? It returns a read-only, forward-only rowset from the data source. A DataReader provides fast access when a forward-only sequential read is needed. 264. What Is The Wildcard Character In Sql? Let’s say you want to query database with LIKE for all employees whose name starts with La. The wildcard character is %, the proper query with LIKE would involve ‘La%’. 265. Between Windows Authentication And Sql Server Authentication, Which One Is Trusted And Which One Is Untrusted? Windows Authentication is trusted because the username and password are checked with the Active Directory, the SQL Server authentication is untrusted, since SQL Server is the only verifier participating in the transaction. 266. What Does The Dispose Method Do With The Connection Object? Dispose places the connection backing the managed pool. So that other objects/class can use the connection for further use. 267. How Is The Dll Hell Problem Solved In .net? Assembly versioning allows the application to specify not only the library it needs to run (which was available under Win32), but also the version of the assembly. 268. What Is A Satellite Assembly? When you write a multilingual or multi-cultural application in .NET, and want to distribute the core application separately from the localized modules, the localized assemblies that modify the core application are called satellite assemblies. 269. What Is The Smallest Unit Of Execution In .net? an Assembly. 270. When Should You Call The Garbage Collector In .net? As a good rule, you should not call the garbage collector. However, you could call the garbage collector when you are done using a large object (or set of objects) to force the garbage collector to dispose of those very large objects from memory. However, this is usually not a good practice. 271. How Do You Convert A Value-type To A Reference-type? Use Boxing. 272. What Happens In Memory When You Box And Unbox A Value-type? Boxing converts a value-type to a reference-type, thus storing the object on the heap. Unboxing converts a reference-type to a value-type, thus storing the value on the stack. 273. What's C# ? C# (pronounced C-sharp) is a new object oriented language from Microsoft and is derived from C and C++. It also borrows a lot of concepts from Java too including garbage collection. 274. Is It Possible To Inline Assembly Or Il In C# Code? No. 275. Is It Possible To Have Different Access Modifiers On The Get/set Methods Of A Property? No. The access modifier on a property applies to both its get and set accessors. What you need to do if you want them to be different is make the property read-only (by only providing a get accessor) and create a private/internal set method that is separate from the property. 276. Is It Possible To Have A Static Indexer In C#? Allowed In C#. No. Static indexers are not 277. If I Return Out Of A Try/finally In C#, Does The Code In The Finally-clause Run? Yes. The code in the finally always runs. If you return out of the try block, or even if you do a goto out of the try, the finally block always runs: using System; class main { public static void Main() { try { Console.WriteLine(\"In Try block\"); return; } finally { Console.WriteLine(\"In Finally block\"); } } } Both In Try block and In Finally block will be displayed. Whether the return is in the try block or after the try-finally block, performance is not affected either way. The compiler treats it as if the return were outside the try block anyway. If it’s a return without an expression (as it is above), the IL emitted is identical whether the return is inside or outside of the try. If the return has an expression, there’s an extra store/load of the value of the expression (since it has to be computed within the try block). 278. I Was Trying To Use An Out Int Parameter In One Of My Functions. How Should I Declare The Variable That I Am Passing To It? You should declare the variable as an int, but when you pass it in you must specify it as ‘out’, like the following: int i; foo(out i); where foo is declared as follows: foo(out int o) { } 279. How Does One Compare Strings In C#? In the past, you had to call .ToString() on the strings when using the == or != operators to compare the strings’ values. That will still work, but the C# compiler now automatically compares the values instead of the references when the == or != operators are used on string types. If you actually do want to compare references, it can be done as follows: if ((object) str1 == (object) str2) { } Here’s an example showing how string compares work: using System; public class StringTest { public static void Main(string args) { Object nullObj = null; Object realObj = new StringTest(); int i = 10; Console.WriteLine(\"Null Object is \n\" + \"Real Object is \n\" + \"i is \n\"); // Show string equality operators string str1 = \"foo\"; string str2 = \"bar\"; string str3 = \"bar\"; Console.WriteLine(\"{0} == {1} ? {2}\", str1, str2, str1 == str2 ); Console.WriteLine(\"{0} == {1} ? {2}\", str2, str3, str2 == str3 ); } } Output: Null Object is Real Object is i is foo == bar ? False bar == bar ? True 280. How Do You Specify A Custom Attribute For The Entire Assembly (rather Than For A Class)? Global attributes must appear after any top-level using clauses and before the first type or namespace declarations. An example of this is as follows: using System; class X {} Note that in an IDE-created project, by convention, these attributes are placed in AssemblyInfo.cs. 281. How Do You Mark A Method Obsolete? public int Foo() {...} or public int Foo() {...} Note: The O in Obsolete is always capitalized. 282. How Do You Implement Thread Synchronization (object.wait, Notify,and Criticalsection) In C#? You want the lock statement, which is the same as Monitor Enter/Exit: lock(obj) { // code } translates to try { CriticalSection.Enter(obj); // code } finally { CriticalSection.Exit(obj); } 283. How Do You Directly Call A Native Function Exported From A Dll? Here’s a quick example of the DllImport attribute in action: using System.Runtime.InteropServices; class C { public static extern int MessageBoxA(int h, string m, string c, int type); public static int Main() { return MessageBoxA(0, \"Hello World!\", \"Caption\", 0); } } This example shows the minimum requirements for declaring a C# method that is implemented in a native DLL. The method C.MessageBoxA() is declared with the static and external modifiers, and has the DllImport attribute, which tells the compiler that the implementation comes from the user32.dll, using the default name of Message BoxA. For more information, look at the Platform Invoke tutorial in the documentation. 284. How Do I Simulate Optional Parameters To Com Calls? You must use the Missing class and pass Missing.Value (in System.Reflection) for any values that have optional parameters. 285. What Do You Know About .net Assemblies? Assemblies are the smallest units of versioning and deployment in the .NET application. Assemblies are also the building blocks for programs such as Web services, Windows services, serviced components, and .NET remoting applications. 286. What's The Difference Between Private And Shared Assembly? Private assembly is used inside an application only and does not have to be identified by a strong name. Shared assembly can be used by multiple applications and has to have a strong name. 287. What's A Strong Name? A strong name includes the name of the assembly, version number, culture identity, and a public key token. 288. How Can You Tell The Application To Look For Assemblies At The Locations Other Than Its Own Install? Use the directive in the XML .config file for a given application. should do the trick. Or you can add additional search paths in the Properties box of the deployed application. 289. How Can You Debug Failed Assembly Binds? Use the Assembly Binding Log Viewer (fuslogvw.exe) to find out the paths searched. 290. Where Are Shared Assemblies Stored? Global assembly cache. 291. How Can You Create A Strong Name For A .net Assembly? With the help of Strong Name tool (sn.exe). 292. Where's Global Assembly Cache Located On The System? Usually C:\winnt\assembly or C:\windows\assembly. 293. Can You Have Two Files With The Same File Name In Gac? Yes, remember that GAC is a very special folder, and while normally you would not be able to place two files with the same name into a Windows folder, GAC differentiates by version number as well, so it’s possible for MyApp.dll and MyApp.dll to co-exist in GAC if the first one is version 1.0.0.0 and the second one is 1.1.0.0. 294. So Let's Say I Have An Application That Uses Myapp.dll Assembly, Version 1.0.0.0. There Is A Security Bug In That Assembly, And I Publish The Patch, Issuing It Under Name Myapp.dll 1.1.0.0. How Do I Tell The Client Applications That Are Already Installed To Start Using This New Myapp.dll? Use publisher policy. To configure a publisher policy, use the publisher policy configuration file, which uses a format similar app .config file. But unlike the app .config file, a publisher policy file needs to be compiled into an assembly and placed in the GAC. 295. What Is Delay Signing? Delay signing allows you to place a shared assembly in the GAC by signing the assembly with just the public key. This allows the assembly to be signed with the private key at a later stage, when the development process is complete and the component or assembly is ready to be deployed. This process enables developers to work with shared assemblies as if they were strongly named, and it secures the private key of the signature from being accessed at different stages of development. 296. Is There An Equivalent Of Exit() For Quitting A C# .net Application? Yes, you can use System.Environment.Exit(int exitCode) to exit the application or Application.Exit() if it's a Windows Forms app. 297. Can You Prevent Your Class From Being Inherited And Becoming A Base Class For Some Other Classes? Yes, that is what keyword sealed in the class definition is for. The developer trying to derive from your class will get a message: cannot inherit from Sealed class WhateverBaseClassName. It is the same concept as final class in Java. 298. If A Base Class Has A Bunch Of Overloaded Constructors, And An Inherited Class Has Another Bunch Of Overloaded Constructors, Can You Enforce A Call From An Inherited Constructor To An Arbitrary Base Constructor? Yes, just place a colon, and then keyword base (parameter list to invoke the appropriate constructor) in the overloaded constructor definition inside the inherited class. 299. I Was Trying To Use An "out Int" Parameter In One Of My Functions. How Should I Declare The Variable That I Am Passing To It? You should declare the variable as an int, but when you pass it in you must specify it as 'out', like the following: int i; foo(out i); where foo is declared as follows: foo(out int o) { } 300. How Do I Make A Dll In C#? You need to use the /target:library compiler option. 301. What Is The C# Equivalent Of C++ Catch (....), Which Was A Catch-all Statement For Any Possible Exception? Does C# Support Try-catch-finally Blocks? Yes. Try-catch-finally blocks are supported by the C# compiler. Here's an example of a try-catch-finally block: using System; public class TryTest { static void Main() { try { Console.WriteLine("In Try block"); throw new ArgumentException(); } catch(ArgumentException n1) { Console.WriteLine("Catch Block"); } finally { Console.WriteLine("Finally Block"); } } } Output: In Try Block Catch Block Finally Block If I return out of a try/finally in C#, does the code in the finally-clause run? Yes. The code in the finally always runs. If you return out of the try block, or even if you do a "goto" out of the try, the finally block always runs, as shown in the following example: using System; class main { public static void Main() { try { Console.WriteLine("In Try block"); return; } finally { Console.WriteLine("In Finally block"); } } } Both "In Try block" and "In Finally block" will be displayed. Whether the return is in the try block or after the try-finally block, performance is not affected either way. The compiler treats it as if the return were outside the try block anyway. If it's a return without an expression (as it is above), the IL emitted is identical whether the return is inside or outside of the try. If the return has an expression, there's an extra store/load of the value of the expression (since it has to be computed within the try block). 302. Is There Regular Expression (regex) Support Available To C# Developers? Yes. The .NET class libraries provide support for regular expressions. Look at the documentation for the System. Text.Regular Expressions namespace. 303. Is There A Way To Force Garbage Collection? Yes. Set all references to null and then call System.GC.Collect(). If you need to have some objects destructed, and System.GC.Collect() doesn't seem to be doing it for you, you can force finalizers to be run by setting all the references to the object to null and then calling System.GC.RunFinalizers(). 304. Does C# Support Properties Of Array Types? Yes. Here's a simple example: using System; class Class1 { private string MyField; public string MyProperty { get { return MyField; } set { MyField = value; } } } class MainClass { public static int Main(string args) { Class1 c = new Class1(); string arr = new string {"apple", "banana"}; c.MyProperty = arr; Console.WriteLine(c.MyProperty); // "apple" return 0; } } 305. How Is Method Overriding Different From Overloading? When overriding, you change the method behavior for a derived class. Overloading simply involves having a method with the same name within the class. 306. When Do You Absolutely Have To Declare A Class As Abstract (as Opposed To Free-willed Educated Choice Or Decision Based On Uml Diagram)? When at least one of the methods in the class is abstract. When the class itself is inherited from an abstract class, but not all base abstract methods have been over-ridden. 307. Why Would You Use Untrusted Verification? Web Services might use it, as well as non-Windows applications. 308. What Is The Implicit Name Of The Parameter That Gets Passed Into The Class Set Method? Value, and its datatype depends on whatever variable we are changing. 309. How Do I Register My Code For Use By Classic Com Clients? Use the regasm.exe utility to generate a type library (if needed) and the necessary entries in the Windows Registry to make a class available to classic COM clients. Once a class is registered in the Windows Registry with regasm.exe, a COM client can use the class as though it were a COM class. 310. How Do I Do Implement A Trace And Assert? Use a conditional attribute on the method, as shown below: class Debug { public void Trace(string s) { Console.WriteLine(s); } } class MyClass { public static void Main() { Debug.Trace("hello"); } } In this example, the call to Debug.Trace() is made only if the preprocessor symbol TRACE is defined at the call site. You can define preprocessor symbols on the command line by using the /D switch. The restriction on conditional methods is that they must have void return type. 311. How Do I Create A Multi Language, Multi File Assembly? Unfortunately, this is currently not supported in the IDE. To do this from the command line, you must compile your projects into netmodules (/target:module on the C# compiler), and then use the command line tool al.exe (alink) to link these netmodules together. 312. C# Provides A Default Constructor For Me. I Write A Constructor That Takes A String As A Parameter, But Want To Keep The No Parameter One. How Many Constructors Should I Write? Two. Once you write at least one constructor, C# cancels the freebie constructor, and now you have to write one yourself, even if there is no implementation in. 313. What Is The Equivalent To Regsvr32 And Regsvr32 /u A File In .net Development? Try using RegAsm.exe. The general syntax would be: RegAsm. A good description of RegAsm and its associated switches is located in the .NET SDK docs. Just search on "Assembly Registration Tool".Explain ACID rule of thumb for transactions. Transaction must be Atomic (it is one unit of work and does not dependent on previous and following transactions), Consistent (data is either committed or roll back, no in-between case where something has been updated and something hasnot), Isolated (no transaction sees the intermediate results of the current transaction), Durable (the values persist if the data had been committed even if the system crashes right after). 314. How Do I Create A Multilanguage, Single-file Assembly? This is currently not supported by Visual Studio .NET. 315. Why Cannot You Specify The Accessibility Modifier For Methods Inside The Interface? They all must be public. Therefore, to prevent you from getting the false impression that you have any freedom of choice, you are not allowed to specify any accessibility, it is public by default. 316. Is It Possible To Restrict The Scope Of A Field/method Of A Class To The Classes In The Same Namespace? There is no way to restrict to a namespace. Namespaces are never units of protection. But if you're using assemblies, you can use the 'internal' access modifier to restrict access to only within the assembly. 317. Why Do I Get A Syntax Error When Trying To Declare A Variable Called Checked? The word checked is a keyword in C#. 318. What Is The Syntax For Calling An Overloaded Constructor Within A Constructor (this() And Constructorname() Does Not Compile)? The syntax for calling another constructor is as follows: class B { B(int i) { } } class C : B { C() : base(5) // call base constructor B(5) { } C(int i) : this() // call C() { } public static void Main() {} } 319. Why Do I Get A "cs5001: Does Not Have An Entry Point Defined" Error When Compiling? The most common problem is that you used a lowercase 'm' when defining the Main method. The correct way to implement the entry point is as follows: class test { static void Main(string args) {} } 320. What Does The Keyword Virtual Mean In The Method Definition? The method can be over-ridden. 321. What Optimizations Does The C# Compiler Perform When You Use The /optimize+ Compiler Option? The following is a response from a developer on the C# compiler team: We get rid of unused locals (i.e., locals that are never read, even if assigned). We get rid of unreachable code. We get rid of try-catch w/ an empty try. We get rid of try-finally w/ an empty try (convert to normal code...). We get rid of try-finally w/ an empty finally (convert to normal code...). We optimize branches over branches: gotoif A, lab1 goto lab2: lab1: turns into: gotoif !A, lab2 lab1: We optimize branches to ret, branches to next instruction, and branches to branches. 322. How Can I Create A Process That Is Running A Supplied Native Executable (e.g., Cmd.exe)? The following code should run the executable and wait for it to exit before continuing: using System; using System.Diagnostics; public class ProcessTest { public static void Main(string args) { Process p = Process.Start(args); p.WaitForExit(); Console.WriteLine(args + " exited."); } } Remember to add a reference to System.Diagnostics.dll when you compile. 323. What Is The Difference Between The System.array.copyto() And System.array.clone()? The first one performs a deep copy of the array, the second one is shallow. 324. How Do I Declare Inout Arguments In C#? The equivalent of inout in C# is ref. , as shown in the following example: public void MyMethod (ref String str1, out String str2) { ... } When calling the method, it would be called like this: String s1; String s2; s1 = "Hello"; MyMethod(ref s1, out s2); Console.WriteLine(s1); Console.WriteLine(s2); Notice that you need to specify ref when declaring the function and calling it. 325. Is There A Way Of Specifying Which Block Or Loop To Break Out Of When Working With Nested Loops? The easiest way is to use goto: using System; class BreakExample { public static void Main(String args) { for(int i=0; i Read the full article

[barlemusic]

Good (#industial) Morning 🌞 #KLANGFORSCHUNG 30.06.2019 https://www.mixcloud.com/ribi/klangforschung-30062019/🤘 #experimental #ambienttechno #coldwave #darkambient #abstract #industrial #darkelectro #avantgarde #electro #synthwave #EBM *** KLANGFORSCHUNG 30.06.2019 1. Outer Heaven - blemish 2. Forest Drive West - phosphenes 3. Transcode - shadowfax 4. Acclaim To The Gods - hell domain 5. Kamikaze Space Programme - dust 6. Dimmat - golden place 7. Paulie Jan - fëa (cassegrain remix) 8. K.A.L.I.L. & D-Nox - zodiac 9. I Hate Models - eternity is burning 10. Acronym - mistress of the copper mountain a 11. Anthony Linell - nylon metal 12. Tapan feat. Jan Nemecek - the beast (odopt remix) 13. Michailo + Irakli - shrag sibylline 14. Humanoid - polymath 15. Zeta Reticula - formation of life 16. Organit - strain 17. Delta Funktionen - simo #3 18. Forest Drive West - ricochet 19. Nobusawa - raspberry 20. S S S S - the walls, the corridors, the baffles 21. Moaan Exis - insight 22. MediaData - luo and little argentina (remix) 23. Jonathan E. Blake - elara 24. How To Levitate - hunters 25. S S S S - anywhere is better than here 26. Desroi - voi 27. Multicast Dynamics - transition 28. Hyter - an effective foil for vision 29. Fourth Dimension - quasar 30. Bnjmn - svalbard 31. Eguana - membrane pulsation 32. Gutenberg - cape style (på/i Hake Cape Hill) https://www.instagram.com/p/BzXHc9UiZBS/?igshid=10nktjv7qdx2t

[toldnews-blog]

New Post has been published on https://toldnews.com/technology/entertainment/critics-pick-review-in-ink-a-mephistopheles-named-murdoch-takes-charge/

Critic’s Pick: Review: In ‘Ink,’ a Mephistopheles Named Murdoch Takes Charge

Did you hear the one about the guy who sells his soul to the devil? How about the story in which an entire country does the same thing?

These cautionary tales intersect to highly invigorating effect in James Graham’s “Ink,” which opened on Wednesday night at the Samuel J. Friedman Theater. And don’t worry, uneasy Americans, it’s not about you.

Except that it is.

Directed with vaudevillian flair and firecracker snap by Rupert Goold, “Ink” is set in London, in the gory glory days of a quaint phenomenon: print journalism. The show begins in 1969, with the purchase of a dying newspaper. Old, er, news, right?

On the contrary. Mr. Graham’s account of the resurrection of that paper — into a tabloid behemoth that hypnotizes its readership while forever altering its competition’s DNA — foretells the age of populist media in which we now live and squirm.

As for the Mephistopheles who sets this process into motion, he is still very much alive and reigning over a robust empire that probably reaches into your own home. His name is Rupert Murdoch.

As drawn with Dickensian relish by Bertie Carvel, this Murdoch is indeed a man of wealth and taste, with a surprising touch of the prig. And by artfully tapping into the most primal instincts of those he would have do his bidding, Mr. Carvel’s Murdoch is someone to whom it is all but impossible to say no.

First staged at London’s hit-incubating Almeida Theater in 2017, “Ink” charts Murdoch’s seduction of one Larry Lamb (Jonny Lee Miller), an editor steeped in the old-school values of Fleet Street, then the main artery of British journalism. It is Lamb whom Murdoch, freshly arrived from Australia, chooses to oversee the rebirth of his new purchase, The Sun — a “stuck-up broadsheet,” as he describes it — as a tabloid for the masses.

As embodied by a terrific Mr. Miller, Lamb is a natural-born Faust, the son of a Yorkshire blacksmith itching to join the exclusive club of masthead-topping titans. More than Richard Coyle, who brought a brooding ambivalence to the same part in London, Mr. Miller’s Lamb blazes with ambition and class resentment.

This brusque and sinewy Lamb has no problem standing up to Murdoch’s lion — or rather fox, since Mr. Carvel’s interpretation has a vulpine slyness. But in the memorable, shadow-steeped dialogue between the two men that begins the show, it’s evident that Murdoch knows just what buttons to push to turn Lamb into his avenging puppet.

And so Lamb tears like a juggernaut through the Fleet Street watering holes, nightclubs and even a sauna to recruit the have-not journalists he needs to remake The Sun. Under the terms of Murdoch’s purchase, this metamorphosis must be achieved in alarmingly short order.

The first act of “Ink” abounds in adrenaline. Lamb’s inspirational watchword for his crew is “fun.” We are, after all, at the tail end of the Swinging Sixties. And Mr. Goold and the choreographer Lynne Page turn the cast into a (sometimes literal) conga line, wriggling to an infectious, forward-moving beat that obviates doubts and scruples. (The period music is by Adam Cork.)

It is indeed fun to watch Lamb and his crew brainstorming in meetings about how to best their rivals, while pondering what “people really like.” The answers include television, gossip and sex — obvious, perhaps, but nonetheless waiting to be exploited with a new, unapologetic directness. Factual accuracy becomes secondary.

As Murdoch tells the staff just before the first edition of the revamped Sun goes to press: “You’ve decided to give people what they want. Something so radical — and yet so simple. To hold up a mirror … to ourselves. And to hell with the consequences if we don’t like what we see. It’s who we are.”

Or as Murdoch urges Lamb, “Get the readers to become the storytellers.” He adds, “Isn’t that the real end point of the revolution? When they’re producing their own content themselves?”

Those words might be the credo of any number of latter-day moguls, including Mark Zuckerberg. “Ink” proposes that the sensibility that would generate today’s tidal wave of social media originated with early London-era Murdoch.

At the same time, this production is steeped in a gritty nostalgia for the end of a chapter in journalism. The genius set and costume designer, Bunny Christie, has created a landscape of battered metal desks, stacked into rickety hills and valleys.

Neil Austin’s evocatively seedy lighting is filtered through a curtain of (be warned) cigarette smoke, while Jon Driscoll’s wall-filling projections summon black-and-white pages that seem to smudge before your eyes. The technical minutiae of putting a paper to bed in hot type are conjured with affectionate specificity.

The show’s admonitory bass line, which has been throbbing subliminally since the first scene, becomes louder in the second half. Lamb’s evolving killer instinct is tested in this darker — and heavier — act, when the editorial calls he makes have the potential to ruin lives of those close to him.

These involve the sensational coverage of a kidnapping and The Sun’s introduction of naked “glamour models” to its pages — the notorious, long-lived “Page 3 Girls.” The first of these women is portrayed with an admirable mix of pragmatism and vulnerability by Rana Roy. And if the script wanders into finger-wagging didacticism over her fate, it is not Ms. Roy’s fault.

The largely American, multicast ensemble deploys varyingly confident British accents. But it does well in sustaining the play’s propulsive momentum. Its members include Andrew Durand as an awkward young photographer, David Wilson Barnes as Lamb’s lieutenant and a first-rate Michael Siberry as the gentlemanly rival editor Hugh Cudlipp, the personification of the tottering old regime.

The show’s most potent chemistry is, as it should be, between Mr. Miller’s Lamb, as he becomes increasingly drunk on the thrill of success at all costs, and Mr. Carvel’s exquisitely manipulative Murdoch. Previously seen on Broadway as the demonic headmistress of the musical “Matilda,” Mr. Carvel once again delivers a balletically precise study in power incarnate.

His on-the-bias posture is as dramatically italicized as the affirmative font his editors favor, and his hands slice the air with a conjurer’s commanding strokes. He also knows how to command a camera, as is demonstrated in a simulcast interview with a reactionary BBC pundit, who voices the establishment’s objections to Murdoch’s innovations in journalism.

“Countries reinvent themselves all the time,” Murdoch coolly counters. That evidently holds true on both sides of the Atlantic. In the final scene, Murdoch tells Lamb he’s headed to New York. “I’m thinking about buying a TV network over there,” he says.

Say hello, America, to Fox News, and the populist president — and friend of Mr. Murdoch — it helped usher into office.

[raagnair]

Bad Analysis – How Data Migration Turned From Zen Parable to Zeno’s Paradox

This will be my first addition to my #errlog diaries – a chronicling of different failures in my past. Before I begin, I’d like to assure the reader that this entire post isn’t just an excuse to use that title.  

This failure is localized to a single year-long project, and as such, I’m able to break it up into smaller, easy to understand, parts.

Preface

Challenge

Failure

Consequence

Let's dive right in.

PREFACE

The entirety of the firm's data layer is based on Cassandra 3.0. The decision to use Cassandra stemmed from a few core characteristics of our system.

Required: Fast Insertions -- The vast majority of inserts into our database is 'timeseries', which is to say that inserts happen in the order of real-time events.

Required: Fast Seeks -- We wanted constant-time fetching of data if we have a sufficient set of query parameters.

Not Required: Immediate Consistency -- All real-time relevant information in the middle of the trading day is communicated from one JVM to another via Java Multicast. The data layer is for the vast ocean of analytics that consumes this data posthoc.

Not Required: Low Maintenance -- We hosted the Cassandra installation on local ny4 dataservers over in Secaucus, New Jersey. That's light jogging distance from our New York Headquarters. This means we could buy powerful machines close enough for us to service within the hour of any problems arising.

The above profile of requirements and non-requirements paints a pretty clear picture. We started off, as a company, trying to attack the US Equities market. So it made sense to have a local datacenter. It made sense to store a single piece of data several times in different tables so that we could have constant-time seek calls even if our queries were very different.

I'm describing our legacy data layer in the 'Preface' section because the data layer is intricately tied to the application layer of all of Clearpool's code. Every single create, read, update, or delete statement ever written was written with our Cassandra setup in mind.

But this becomes a problem when words like "global" and "scalable" come into view.

No one ever promised that our local Cassandra setup was going to be able to serve requests from Canada in an appropriate amount of time. Hell, Clearpool is even flirting with the idea of letting the clients 'own' the data in their own data silos.

And that doesn't mesh at all with a local Cassandra database, right? How do we 'give' them their own data? How do we open our European Clearpool branch when each query has to travel across the Atlantic Ocean?

In comes the technical architect.

He's got the answer to this problem, and his answer is magical. We're going to migrate our entire data layer into the Amazon Cloud, and we're going to set it up in such a way that any new customer can 'spin up' an instance of our analytics software and run with it.

CHALLENGE

Hm.

Okay.

No problem.

Our current setup is a local Cassandra 3 cluster running a couple miles away, in Secaucus, NJ. Now all we've got to do is migrate it all into the Amazon cloud. This can be our opportunity to assess inefficiencies in our data setup!

Thought 1: "We want to keep the 'shape' of our data generally the same." This means that we are looking for a NoSQL Cloud database. Oh look, Amazon DynamoDB offers just what we want!

Objection! If we wanted to write the same amount of data into DynamoDB that we did into our local Cassandra, I'd probably have to start working Pro Bono, because the firm would be bleeding money into Amazon.

Thought 2: "We'll port everything over from NoSQL to a Relational database." I mean, this could be a really good thing! Our old data model involved serializing all objects using Google Protobuf before storing them into the Cassandra table. Serializing everything made inserts and reads super fast, but it came with a cost. This means that all queries that didn't hit a specific key needed to read entire chunks of data into the JVM, deserialize the data into Java objects, then apply filtering logic. We had gotten used to it, but we had several developers that would salivate at the thought of being able to run complex SQL statements against our data!

Objection! The producers and consumers of our data have become accustomed to Cassandra's NoSQL features. A bait-and-switch under the covers that replaces the 'column-family' of Cassandra with a 'table' from PostGres is not even remotely close to smooth. Example:   The table definition is now forced to be constantly up-to-date.

Imagine an object that has 3 fields in version 1, but a 4th field in version 2. Imagine that Production is running version 1, whereas version 2 is still in Development. In Cassandra, you can still insert objects to the database using version 2 of code, because Google Protobuf is forward and backward compatible. In PostGres, inserting version 2 will lead to PSQLException complaining about how that 4th column doesn't exist. I don’t mean to make the above challenges sound insurmountable. They’re not. Every project will face challenges, otherwise engineers wouldn’t be paid the kind of money we are. But the way we handled these challenges is what brings us to the next section.

FAILURE

Solving problems is our forte.

But we seem to be terrible at grasping how long the problem will take to solve. The classical approach to making an accurate estimate for a project is to break it down into smaller parts that more closely resemble previously completed projects. At this point, apply estimates to the smaller parts, and add it all up together.

Breaking up our data migration project into smaller parts wasn't very difficult. Below is the general gyst of how it came out. Please note that 1.0M = 1 Man-Month.

We went through this exercise and came to a 20 Man-Month estimate.

The development team consisted of me and a party of 2 developers.

So we did some very simple arithmetics, and took the 20M number above, and divided by 3 to arrive at roughly 7 months of time required for a 3-man team to finish this project. The architect of the project committed to finishing the Cloud project in 7 months.

Failure 1.a: I didn't voice my immediate reservations about the timeline of this project. This was perhaps a subconsciously political move on the my part because I was, afterall, coming on to a new team and trying to make a good impression.

Failure 1.b: I didn't bother going through all assumptions made at the time that this 20M estimate was made. The architect's expertise in the Cloud space was a comfortable safety net that dulled the my natural skepticism.

Failure 2: As new information arose that broke assumptions made during the estimation-phase, both the architect and I chose to try to simply pick up the pace to meet deadlines, instead of formally publicizing that we had heavily underestimated the project.

"Measure twice, cut once."

Who has time for all that measuring?

Here's a tiny sample of unexpected problems:

PostGres doesn't internally handle deadlock scenarios. For example, transaction A is waiting for a lock held by transaction B, while B is also waiting for A. This throws a wrench into the scalability of our database insertion infrastructure.

CONSEQUENCE

Achilles races a tortoise, and you won't believe what happens next!

Achilles and a tortoise set out on a race. And to even the odds, Achilles lets the tortoise get a head start. Let's assume that both Achilles and the tortoise are constantly moving towards the end goal. This means that whenever Achilles runs to where the tortoise previously was, the tortoise has moved forward, because both of them are constantly moving. Which seems to imply that Achilles will never catch up to the tortoise, even though he's obviously faster. Every time he's about to catch up, he's just a tiny bit behind.

Several corners were cut during the design and analysis phase of the project. And because of this, the stakeholders are met with a string of excuses over a series of months explaining why the delivery was delayed yet again.

Predictably, this affected the confidence that the stakeholders had in the merit of the entire project. While the architect and I found meaningful bugs and discovered insightful shortcomings in their architecture, people on the outside just saw missed deadlines.

Momentum and stakeholder confidence are everything.

And as with everything precious, they are hard to gain and easy to lose.

[marlaluster]

emptying clipboard w items numbered

1. Black Guy Gets Hilarious Revenge On Racist White Lady Who Tried To Cut Him In Line. Facts Verse8,515,302 views 118K 14K SUBSCRIBE 5.2M Published on Jun 21, 2018 For copyright matters please contact us at: mrrocky3145@gmail.com Subscribe to our channel: http://bit.ly/FactsVerse Our Social Media: Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/FactsVerse Twitter: https://twitter.com/FactsVerse Instagram: https://instagram.com/factsverse/ For more videos and articles visit: http://factsverse.com Music: Kevin MacLeod Image Credits : Narrated by : Darren Marlar www.MarlarHouse.com CategoryEntertainment Up next Autoplay 9:38 Plane Crew refused to believe black woman could be a Doctor. TYT Nation 1.6M views 4:52 Actors Who Refused To Shoot Scenes Together Nicki Swift 2.3M views 46:18 MAN SEES SATAN, ALSO CELEBRITIES IN HELL BOLDLION4JESUS 2.4M views 8:22 Rapper ‘50 Cent’ Had Enough Of Joy Behar’s Race-Baiting And Dismantles Her On Live TV(VIDEO)!!! GLOBAL News 5M views 12:00 11 Scariest Things C 2. multicast@arkadia.com 3. Hi, I would like a response to my message (below) please. I wish a apartment there n not to have to pay. I am very poor n attacked by this order presently that is the rule of the world. It is the rule of the devil here where some people are to be inferior to others n are to be homeless n struggling to survive etc. It is very bad. Marla Rose Luster ________________________________________ From: Listglobally Network [support@listglobally.com] Sent: Wednesday, September 5, 2018 12:01 PM To: marlalu@hotmail.com Subject: Contact request about advert EW-53990995 [The ListGlobally Network] [Realtor] Hello You have requested to contact the seller of an ad from Arkadia. Your message has been sent to the vendor who will respond directly to you. This ad was published on Realtor through our partnership with the ListGlobally international network. Summary of your request: Name: Marla ROSE LUSTER Phone: E-mail: marlalu@hotmail.com Message: I wish I could have this home/apartment for not money. I would not have to worry anymore about a place to go. I would be out of the slavery of this current order of things in the world that is really a rule by the devil. Maybe you could help me. It would be a good thing and a different direction than is how things are today. Marla Rose Luster Seller's contact information: Country: Mexico Email: multicast@arkadia.com If you do not receive a response within 48 hours, please check your spam/junk folder or contact the seller directly. Ad summary: Arkadia reference: EW-53990995 Seller reference: arkadia-YQUC-T2851 General information: * AdvertType: Sale * Propert type: Flat * Bedrooms: 1 * Price: 65,971.00 € * City: Cuernavaca * Country: Mexico Description: This property for sale is located in Jacarandas Cuernavaca Morelos Mexico. It is a one-bedroom apartment situated in a loft in a private complex. The property is located on Colima 4, Yacarandas. It benefits from 24/7 live security, reception, garden and swimming pools maintenance, electricity and water supply of the apartment, electricity and water supply for common parts, a number of outdoor swimming pools, fitness, parking spot, Wi-Fi and TV, telephone and cleaning of the common parts all this included in the annual community fee. The property benefits from a cafe located on the top floor of the building with a great view towards the city and the mountains. Cuernavaca is the lush capital of Mexicoandrsquo;s Morelos state, cradled by the Tepozteco Mountains south of Mexico City. The colonial city center features the 16th-century Palace of Cortandeacute;s, former home of Spanish conqueror Hernandaacute;n Cortandeacute;s and now a history museum with murals by Mexican artist Diego Rivera. Just southwest is Cuernavaca Cathedral, in a 1500s walled monastery complex with a mural depicting Mexicoandrsquo;s first saint. Opposite the cathedral, the landscaped 18th-century Borda Garden hosts exhibitions, plus cultural events on a lakeside stage. Behind the cathedral is the Robert Brady Museum, displaying the American painterandrsquo;s eclectic art collection in his colorful former home. Around the corner, the Museo Morelense de Arte Popular (MMAPO) showcases regional crafts, while the pedestrianized Plazuela del Zacate is lined with cafes and live-music bars. South of Cuernavaca is the hilltop Xochicalco archaeological site, a pre-Columbian ceremonial center whose main pyramid features reliefs of plumed serpents and mural-lined chambers. Best regards, The ListGlobally team www.listglobally.com [Now the world is yours] 4. Hi, I would like a response to my message (below) please. I wish a apartment there n not to have to pay. I am very poor n attacked by this order presently that is the rule of the world from appearances from where I am in the United States. It is the rule of the devil here where some people are to be inferior to others n are to be homeless n struggling to survive etc. It is very bad. Marla Rose Luster ________________________________________ From: Listglobally Network [support@listglobally.com] Sent: Wednesday, September 5, 2018 12:01 PM To: marlalu@hotmail.com Subject: Contact request about advert EW-53990995 [The ListGlobally Network] [Realtor] Hello You have requested to contact the seller of an ad from Arkadia. Your message has been sent to the vendor who will respond directly to you. This ad was published on Realtor through our partnership with the ListGlobally international network. Summary of your request: Name: Marla ROSE LUSTER Phone: E-mail: marlalu@hotmail.com Message: I wish I could have this home/apartment for not money. I would not have to worry anymore about a place to go. I would be out of the slavery of this current order of things in the world that is really a rule by the devil. Maybe you could help me. It would be a good thing and a different direction than is how things are today. Marla Rose Luster Seller's contact information: Country: Mexico Email: multicast@arkadia.com If you do not receive a response within 48 hours, please check your spam/junk folder or contact the seller directly. Ad summary: Arkadia reference: EW-53990995 Seller reference: arkadia-YQUC-T2851 General information: * AdvertType: Sale * Propert type: Flat * Bedrooms: 1 * Price: 65,971.00 € * City: Cuernavaca * Country: Mexico Description: This property for sale is located in Jacarandas Cuernavaca Morelos Mexico. It is a one-bedroom apartment situated in a loft in a private complex. The property is located on Colima 4, Yacarandas. It benefits from 24/7 live security, reception, garden and swimming pools maintenance, electricity and water supply of the apartment, electricity and water supply for common parts, a number of outdoor swimming pools, fitness, parking spot, Wi-Fi and TV, telephone and cleaning of the common parts all this included in the annual community fee. The property benefits from a cafe located on the top floor of the building with a great view towards the city and the mountains. Cuernavaca is the lush capital of Mexicoandrsquo;s Morelos state, cradled by the Tepozteco Mountains south of Mexico City. The colonial city center features the 16th-century Palace of Cortandeacute;s, former home of Spanish conqueror Hernandaacute;n Cortandeacute;s and now a history museum with murals by Mexican artist Diego Rivera. Just southwest is Cuernavaca Cathedral, in a 1500s walled monastery complex with a mural depicting Mexicoandrsquo;s first saint. Opposite the cathedral, the landscaped 18th-century Borda Garden hosts exhibitions, plus cultural events on a lakeside stage. Behind the cathedral is the Robert Brady Museum, displaying the American painterandrsquo;s eclectic art collection in his colorful former home. Around the corner, the Museo Morelense de Arte Popular (MMAPO) showcases regional crafts, while the pedestrianized Plazuela del Zacate is lined with cafes and live-music bars. South of Cuernavaca is the hilltop Xochicalco archaeological site, a pre-Columbian ceremonial center whose main pyramid features reliefs of plumed serpents and mural-lined chambers. Best regards, The ListGlobally team www.listglobally.com [Now the world is yours] 5. Hi, I would like a response to my message (below) please. I wish a apartment there n not to have to pay. I am very poor n attacked by this order presently that is the rule of the world from appearances from where I am in the United States. The order/rule of the world presently is the rule of the devil. By this rule some people are to be inferior to others n are to be homeless n struggling to survive etc. It is very bad. Marla Rose Luster ________________________________________ From: Listglobally Network [support@listglobally.com] Sent: Wednesday, September 5, 2018 12:01 PM To: marlalu@hotmail.com Subject: Contact request about advert EW-53990995 [The ListGlobally Network] [Realtor] Hello You have requested to contact the seller of an ad from Arkadia. Your message has been sent to the vendor who will respond directly to you. This ad was published on Realtor through our partnership with the ListGlobally international network. Summary of your request: Name: Marla ROSE LUSTER Phone: E-mail: marlalu@hotmail.com Message: I wish I could have this home/apartment for not money. I would not have to worry anymore about a place to go. I would be out of the slavery of this current order of things in the world that is really a rule by the devil. Maybe you could help me. It would be a good thing and a different direction than is how things are today. Marla Rose Luster Seller's contact information: Country: Mexico Email: multicast@arkadia.com If you do not receive a response within 48 hours, please check your spam/junk folder or contact the seller directly. Ad summary: Arkadia reference: EW-53990995 Seller reference: arkadia-YQUC-T2851 General information: * AdvertType: Sale * Propert type: Flat * Bedrooms: 1 * Price: 65,971.00 € * City: Cuernavaca * Country: Mexico Description: This property for sale is located in Jacarandas Cuernavaca Morelos Mexico. It is a one-bedroom apartment situated in a loft in a private complex. The property is located on Colima 4, Yacarandas. It benefits from 24/7 live security, reception, garden and swimming pools maintenance, electricity and water supply of the apartment, electricity and water supply for common parts, a number of outdoor swimming pools, fitness, parking spot, Wi-Fi and TV, telephone and cleaning of the common parts all this included in the annual community fee. The property benefits from a cafe located on the top floor of the building with a great view towards the city and the mountains. Cuernavaca is the lush capital of Mexicoandrsquo;s Morelos state, cradled by the Tepozteco Mountains south of Mexico City. The colonial city center features the 16th-century Palace of Cortandeacute;s, former home of Spanish conqueror Hernandaacute;n Cortandeacute;s and now a history museum with murals by Mexican artist Diego Rivera. Just southwest is Cuernavaca Cathedral, in a 1500s walled monastery complex with a mural depicting Mexicoandrsquo;s first saint. Opposite the cathedral, the landscaped 18th-century Borda Garden hosts exhibitions, plus cultural events on a lakeside stage. Behind the cathedral is the Robert Brady Museum, displaying the American painterandrsquo;s eclectic art collection in his colorful former home. Around the corner, the Museo Morelense de Arte Popular (MMAPO) showcases regional crafts, while the pedestrianized Plazuela del Zacate is lined with cafes and live-music bars. South of Cuernavaca is the hilltop Xochicalco archaeological site, a pre-Columbian ceremonial center whose main pyramid features reliefs of plumed serpents and mural-lined chambers. Best regards, The ListGlobally team www.listglobally.com [Now the world is yours] 6. "Something is happening I cannot go on that person will do that ....," the devil said. "We cannot go on as this agency. They are saying it. I will have to do something," the devil said n it was pressing extremely bad irritation n it was acting stern n etc over a message i just sent a place that had an apartment in a city i visited many years on the only visit out of the United States ever for myself. After I wrote some things above I stopped writing n I was screaming in response to the irritation the devil was pressing. 7. https://www.bing.com/images/search?view=detailV2&ccid=M9DGBZVj&id=336DFC4037EC4B581FC1B19CC2EF4836AA8B96BC&thid=OIP.M9DGBZVjlG5VLNsLQ1VppwHaJ4&q=serena+williams+husband+photos&simid=608008114303535633&selectedIndex=11&PC=SMSM&ajaxhist=0 8. https://pmchollywoodlife.files.wordpress.com/2015/10/alexis-ohanian-serena-williams-dating-ftr.jpg 9. https://www.bing.com/images/search?view=detailV2&ccid=1jC37tBz&id=9F268B76913ED9054A4C50E33772AAF9D6DE54BE&thid=OIP.1jC37tBzlVbs4nkD_fgmqQHaJ4&q=serena+williams+husband+photos&simid=608036615685145640&selectedIndex=2&PC=SMSM 10. https://www.bing.com/images/search?view=detailV2&ccid=p7OKLkzN&id=8F8F9A90CA5CFC6152C3E847394532EC55DE5EF3&thid=OIP.p7OKLkzNhiucerV38qNEnwHaKc&q=serena+williams+husband+photos&simid=608053610844391655&selectedIndex=6&PC=SMSM 11. https://www.bing.com/images/search?view=detailV2&ccid=i8LzlYs7&id=AB8EEF1F1C7CA4087A4E6DFF72E9DA13E4A42B7C&thid=OIP.i8LzlYs79dLyI_hetroWeAHaJh&q=serena+williams+husband+photos&simid=607987674560005116&selectedIndex=8&PC=SMSM 12. https://www.bing.com/images/search?view=detailV2&ccid=UoX2Oixr&id=A86CE6E30C416CD2AA59EA769E488C489F74FF51&thid=OIP.UoX2OixrL4YJfHoWgRZjgwHaKd&q=serena+williams+husband+photos&simid=608021003447371124&selectedIndex=22 13. https://www.bing.com/images/search?view=detailV2&ccid=G2oVqDNM&id=16801D49CFF24CD9D158D31AC4F5F658FC4BB77C&thid=OIP.G2oVqDNMoWMrLCPYhIfFKgHaHa&q=serena+williams+husband+photos&simid=608038346559982762&selectedIndex=25 14. https://www.bing.com/images/search?view=detailV2&ccid=11NkS7IZ&id=9A885E377BB7464386E2F35BD264BA3D26B15FAC&thid=OIP.nugchoM8YG7Zm_LXYlEDBQHaLH&q=serena+williams+husband+photos&simid=608020999162037165&selectedIndex=27 15. https://www.bing.com/images/search?view=detailV2&ccid=ccS1kA0f&id=577CB3085D9B4B5768822E155790A9F2DDB207E1&thid=OIP.ccS1kA0fi79_lMDswTKsTAHaES&q=serena+williams+husband+photos&simid=608052837739597270&selectedIndex=81&ajaxhist=0 16. https://www.bing.com/images/search?view=detailV2&ccid=NT9L2bef&id=2BDE1A6D083C416E555EE1734380790168A80EE6&thid=OIP.NT9L2befWDD67w3RYXOW4AHaNN&q=serena+williams+husband+photos&simid=608016605463056047&selectedindex=86&mode=overlay&first=1 17. US woman jailed in Australia for smuggling cocaine in her high h…   USA Today · 2h Rheinmetall contracted for 1,000 military trucks for Australia   Upi.com · 1m 'Mature' Beale tasked with reviving Australia's fortunes   Reuters · 7h Unwanted by Australia, refugees on Nauru have few options ABC News · 14h Australia's Siddle agrees two-year deal with Essex   AFP · 3h See all AUSTRALIA | TWITTER @Australia ·  Snowball fight! ❄️ Photo via IG/samhbarnard in @tasmania #SeeAustralia 18. When you hold up the queue because you can’t decide what to order ☕ (via @austreptilepark in @NewSouthWales) #seeaustralia 13 hours ago  · Twitter RT @CairnsGBR: Remote, untouched & wildly adventurous – #CapeTribulation is a tropical escape like no other in @Australia 🍃 (Via IG/rowansims) #exploreTNQ 15 hours ago  · Twitter Not only does the food at @Speedoscafe at #BondiBeach make for a great photo but it tastes incredible as well! (via IG/onebite.atatime) #RestaurantAustralia 19 hours ago  · Twitter Happy Friday! Here are this week's favourite fan photos:bit.ly/Fanphotos79 19 hours ago  · Twitter We are confident this is one of the most picturesque carparks in the world. (via IG/susiereynolds66, while crossing the #NullarborPlain in @southaustralia) #seeaustralia 1 day ago  · Twitter See all Australia - Wikipedia 19. https://www.bing.com/images/search?view=detailV2&ccid=hC3DrRci&id=82778FE9E90D5135F7DBDB33E1456D03796E18EA&thid=OIP.hC3DrRciROp0ZPxsAviyfwHaE7&q=australia&simid=608055728251733186&selectedIndex=0&PC=SMSM&ajaxhist=0 20. http://phoebettmh.blogspot.com/2011/12/australia-welcome-to-great-barrier-reef.html?m=1

[generalrhapsodosarchives]

One, that fight in the caverns was hell. I made the mistake of giving someone multicast and I don't know what did more damage, the monster or friendly fire. Two, I know Gentiana is a deity, but ah....rising out of the ground like a zombie is a bit much. And three. Prompto. Lay off the coffee. You're lookin a little wild eyed there buddy.

[techjobwall]

Entwickler (w/m) für Embedded / Glasfaser - Germany Startup Jobs

http://www.germanystartupjobs.com/job/avm-entwickler-fur-embedded/

Entwickler (w/m) für Embedded / Glasfaser

Dein Herz schlägt für Daten-Geschwindigkeit? Wir träumen von einem immer schnelleren Internet – und Du kannst uns dabei helfen, es umzusetzen: Du arbeitest am Netz von morgen und bildest die physikalische Schnittstelle zur Außenwelt. Du entwickelst, implementierst und testest die neuesten Standards und stehst im regen Austausch mit internationalen Gremien. AVM ist seit den Btx-Zeiten dabei – und gibt dank Dir und Deinen 15 Kollegen auch im Terabit/s-Zeitalter den Takt vor. Das sind Deine Aufgaben:

Systemnahe Programmierung für moderne Betriebssysteme auf unterschiedlichen Entwicklungsplattformen

Untersuchung weltweiter Standards im Bereich Glasfaser, DSL und Powerline

Implementierung und Optimierung von Funktionen aus dem aktuellen und künftigen Glasfaser Standard

Weiterverarbeitung von Erkenntnissen aus dem Feld und internationalen Testergebnissen

Entwicklung und Auswertung von Testszenarien

Weiterentwicklung von Algorithmen zur digitalen Signalverarbeitung und deren Integration in AVM-Produkte

Wir suchen jemanden wie Dich: Du schätzt das selbstständige Arbeiten in einem bunten, interdisziplinären Team. Du begeisterst Dich für neue Technologien und hast Spaß am Detail. Du interessierst Dich für vielfältige Themen, wünscht Dir aber gleichzeitig Deinen eigenen Verantwortungsbereich. Dazu bringst du einen kreativen Erfindergeist mit und erfüllst noch diese Voraussetzungen:

Erfolgreich abgeschlossenes Hochschulstudium der Technischen Informatik, Nachrichtentechnik oder Physik

Erfahrungen im Bereich passive und/oder aktive Glasfaser-Netze sind von Vorteil

Know-how in der Programmiersprache C erforderlich, in Python und C++ von Vorteil

Begriffe wie VLAN, Multicast, IGMP und SKB sind Dir vertraut

Kenntnisse im Bereich Embedded Linux sind von Vorteil

Gute Englischkenntnisse und ein analytisches Denkvermögen

Freu Dich drauf:

 Arbeiten in Berlins Mitte in der Nähe zum Tiergarten

Helle, moderne Büros direkt an der Spree

Inhabergeführtes, sozial engagiertes Unternehmen

Sportgemeinschaften sowie vielfältige Weiterbildungsangebote

Offene, kreative Unternehmenskultur mit flachen Hierarchien

Flexible Arbeitsbedingungen

Interessiert? Dann freuen wir uns auf Deine Bewerbung. https://jobs.avm.de/offene-stellen/entwickler-wm-fuer-embedded-glasfaser/

[datawiresolutions]

4 Games, 1 Screen

Do you holler, “Hell, yes!” whenever the TV announcer howls: “Are you ready for some football?!” Then ESPN’s updated Apple TV app with MultiCast is for you.

from Data Wire Solutions News Feed http://ift.tt/2j0MAUy

[itsjoyfullyyoungbouquetstuf-blog]

Physical exercise Gear

Amazon's Fire Television streaming devices and Kodi 's semi-legal media player software program have been a well-liked mixture for years. This is where Android Television boxes start off to venture into strange legal territory. But all these options take some setting up and tweaking, which is why a lot of intelligent Television boxes are coming preloaded with Kodi. In July, a raid in London resulted in the seizure of a lot more than 40 illegal streaming devices that offered access to illegal content and lacked UK electrical safety measures. Domyślny launcher w MECOOL to porażka, a z Android Tv działa niemal identycznie jak MiBox. Choć pierwsze miejsce jest oczywiste i przypada Steamowi, tak drugie jest dość niespodziewane- to cyfrowe sklepy konsol (PlayStation Network, etc.), dopiero potem pojawiają się paczki z bundlami, GOG, itd.android tv box ,kodi, Kodi box ,IPTV"/> IPTV primarily utilizes IP multicasting with Net Group Management Protocol ( IGMP ) for reside tv broadcasts and Real-Time Streaming Protocol ( RTSP ) for on-demand programs android tv box at best buy. ● 4K H.265 decoding potential with no stuttering or buffering of streaming or video files. People who feel they have to somehow deserve heaven or avoud hell by their actions will grow to be frustrated more than time and miss the point. Może nie do końca się opłaca (jak typowy student nie sram kasą), ale warto a wiecie dlaczego? Zastanawiam się nad xiaomi mi mix, ale trochę się boje, że mi spadnie i ta ceramkia się potłucze XD Dlatego nie wiem czy na razie nie kupic sobie jakiejś taniej alternatywy jak własnie Bluboo S1 czy Vernee mix 2 kodi.IPTV "/>

[marlaluster]

emptying clipboard

Black Guy Gets Hilarious Revenge On Racist White Lady Who Tried To Cut Him In Line. Facts Verse8,515,302 views 118K 14K SUBSCRIBE 5.2M Published on Jun 21, 2018 For copyright matters please contact us at: mrrocky3145@gmail.com Subscribe to our channel: http://bit.ly/FactsVerse Our Social Media: Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/FactsVerse Twitter: https://twitter.com/FactsVerse Instagram: https://instagram.com/factsverse/ For more videos and articles visit: http://factsverse.com Music: Kevin MacLeod Image Credits : Narrated by : Darren Marlar www.MarlarHouse.com CategoryEntertainment Up next Autoplay 9:38 Plane Crew refused to believe black woman could be a Doctor. TYT Nation 1.6M views 4:52 Actors Who Refused To Shoot Scenes Together Nicki Swift 2.3M views 46:18 MAN SEES SATAN, ALSO CELEBRITIES IN HELL BOLDLION4JESUS 2.4M views 8:22 Rapper ‘50 Cent’ Had Enough Of Joy Behar’s Race-Baiting And Dismantles Her On Live TV(VIDEO)!!! GLOBAL News 5M views 12:00 11 Scariest Things C multicast@arkadia.com Hi, I would like a response to my message (below) please. I wish a apartment there n not to have to pay. I am very poor n attacked by this order presently that is the rule of the world. It is the rule of the devil here where some people are to be inferior to others n are to be homeless n struggling to survive etc. It is very bad. Marla Rose Luster ________________________________________ From: Listglobally Network [support@listglobally.com] Sent: Wednesday, September 5, 2018 12:01 PM To: marlalu@hotmail.com Subject: Contact request about advert EW-53990995 [The ListGlobally Network] [Realtor] Hello You have requested to contact the seller of an ad from Arkadia. Your message has been sent to the vendor who will respond directly to you. This ad was published on Realtor through our partnership with the ListGlobally international network. Summary of your request: Name: Marla ROSE LUSTER Phone: E-mail: marlalu@hotmail.com Message: I wish I could have this home/apartment for not money. I would not have to worry anymore about a place to go. I would be out of the slavery of this current order of things in the world that is really a rule by the devil. Maybe you could help me. It would be a good thing and a different direction than is how things are today. Marla Rose Luster Seller's contact information: Country: Mexico Email: multicast@arkadia.com If you do not receive a response within 48 hours, please check your spam/junk folder or contact the seller directly. Ad summary: Arkadia reference: EW-53990995 Seller reference: arkadia-YQUC-T2851 General information: * AdvertType: Sale * Propert type: Flat * Bedrooms: 1 * Price: 65,971.00 € * City: Cuernavaca * Country: Mexico Description: This property for sale is located in Jacarandas Cuernavaca Morelos Mexico. It is a one-bedroom apartment situated in a loft in a private complex. The property is located on Colima 4, Yacarandas. It benefits from 24/7 live security, reception, garden and swimming pools maintenance, electricity and water supply of the apartment, electricity and water supply for common parts, a number of outdoor swimming pools, fitness, parking spot, Wi-Fi and TV, telephone and cleaning of the common parts all this included in the annual community fee. The property benefits from a cafe located on the top floor of the building with a great view towards the city and the mountains. Cuernavaca is the lush capital of Mexicoandrsquo;s Morelos state, cradled by the Tepozteco Mountains south of Mexico City. The colonial city center features the 16th-century Palace of Cortandeacute;s, former home of Spanish conqueror Hernandaacute;n Cortandeacute;s and now a history museum with murals by Mexican artist Diego Rivera. Just southwest is Cuernavaca Cathedral, in a 1500s walled monastery complex with a mural depicting Mexicoandrsquo;s first saint. Opposite the cathedral, the landscaped 18th-century Borda Garden hosts exhibitions, plus cultural events on a lakeside stage. Behind the cathedral is the Robert Brady Museum, displaying the American painterandrsquo;s eclectic art collection in his colorful former home. Around the corner, the Museo Morelense de Arte Popular (MMAPO) showcases regional crafts, while the pedestrianized Plazuela del Zacate is lined with cafes and live-music bars. South of Cuernavaca is the hilltop Xochicalco archaeological site, a pre-Columbian ceremonial center whose main pyramid features reliefs of plumed serpents and mural-lined chambers. Best regards, The ListGlobally team www.listglobally.com [Now the world is yours] Hi, I would like a response to my message (below) please. I wish a apartment there n not to have to pay. I am very poor n attacked by this order presently that is the rule of the world from appearances from where I am in the United States. It is the rule of the devil here where some people are to be inferior to others n are to be homeless n struggling to survive etc. It is very bad. Marla Rose Luster ________________________________________ From: Listglobally Network [support@listglobally.com] Sent: Wednesday, September 5, 2018 12:01 PM To: marlalu@hotmail.com Subject: Contact request about advert EW-53990995 [The ListGlobally Network] [Realtor] Hello You have requested to contact the seller of an ad from Arkadia. Your message has been sent to the vendor who will respond directly to you. This ad was published on Realtor through our partnership with the ListGlobally international network. Summary of your request: Name: Marla ROSE LUSTER Phone: E-mail: marlalu@hotmail.com Message: I wish I could have this home/apartment for not money. I would not have to worry anymore about a place to go. I would be out of the slavery of this current order of things in the world that is really a rule by the devil. Maybe you could help me. It would be a good thing and a different direction than is how things are today. Marla Rose Luster Seller's contact information: Country: Mexico Email: multicast@arkadia.com If you do not receive a response within 48 hours, please check your spam/junk folder or contact the seller directly. Ad summary: Arkadia reference: EW-53990995 Seller reference: arkadia-YQUC-T2851 General information: * AdvertType: Sale * Propert type: Flat * Bedrooms: 1 * Price: 65,971.00 € * City: Cuernavaca * Country: Mexico Description: This property for sale is located in Jacarandas Cuernavaca Morelos Mexico. It is a one-bedroom apartment situated in a loft in a private complex. The property is located on Colima 4, Yacarandas. It benefits from 24/7 live security, reception, garden and swimming pools maintenance, electricity and water supply of the apartment, electricity and water supply for common parts, a number of outdoor swimming pools, fitness, parking spot, Wi-Fi and TV, telephone and cleaning of the common parts all this included in the annual community fee. The property benefits from a cafe located on the top floor of the building with a great view towards the city and the mountains. Cuernavaca is the lush capital of Mexicoandrsquo;s Morelos state, cradled by the Tepozteco Mountains south of Mexico City. The colonial city center features the 16th-century Palace of Cortandeacute;s, former home of Spanish conqueror Hernandaacute;n Cortandeacute;s and now a history museum with murals by Mexican artist Diego Rivera. Just southwest is Cuernavaca Cathedral, in a 1500s walled monastery complex with a mural depicting Mexicoandrsquo;s first saint. Opposite the cathedral, the landscaped 18th-century Borda Garden hosts exhibitions, plus cultural events on a lakeside stage. Behind the cathedral is the Robert Brady Museum, displaying the American painterandrsquo;s eclectic art collection in his colorful former home. Around the corner, the Museo Morelense de Arte Popular (MMAPO) showcases regional crafts, while the pedestrianized Plazuela del Zacate is lined with cafes and live-music bars. South of Cuernavaca is the hilltop Xochicalco archaeological site, a pre-Columbian ceremonial center whose main pyramid features reliefs of plumed serpents and mural-lined chambers. Best regards, The ListGlobally team www.listglobally.com [Now the world is yours] Hi, I would like a response to my message (below) please. I wish a apartment there n not to have to pay. I am very poor n attacked by this order presently that is the rule of the world from appearances from where I am in the United States. The order/rule of the world presently is the rule of the devil. By this rule some people are to be inferior to others n are to be homeless n struggling to survive etc. It is very bad. Marla Rose Luster ________________________________________ From: Listglobally Network [support@listglobally.com] Sent: Wednesday, September 5, 2018 12:01 PM To: marlalu@hotmail.com Subject: Contact request about advert EW-53990995 [The ListGlobally Network] [Realtor] Hello You have requested to contact the seller of an ad from Arkadia. Your message has been sent to the vendor who will respond directly to you. This ad was published on Realtor through our partnership with the ListGlobally international network. Summary of your request: Name: Marla ROSE LUSTER Phone: E-mail: marlalu@hotmail.com Message: I wish I could have this home/apartment for not money. I would not have to worry anymore about a place to go. I would be out of the slavery of this current order of things in the world that is really a rule by the devil. Maybe you could help me. It would be a good thing and a different direction than is how things are today. Marla Rose Luster Seller's contact information: Country: Mexico Email: multicast@arkadia.com If you do not receive a response within 48 hours, please check your spam/junk folder or contact the seller directly. Ad summary: Arkadia reference: EW-53990995 Seller reference: arkadia-YQUC-T2851 General information: * AdvertType: Sale * Propert type: Flat * Bedrooms: 1 * Price: 65,971.00 € * City: Cuernavaca * Country: Mexico Description: This property for sale is located in Jacarandas Cuernavaca Morelos Mexico. It is a one-bedroom apartment situated in a loft in a private complex. The property is located on Colima 4, Yacarandas. It benefits from 24/7 live security, reception, garden and swimming pools maintenance, electricity and water supply of the apartment, electricity and water supply for common parts, a number of outdoor swimming pools, fitness, parking spot, Wi-Fi and TV, telephone and cleaning of the common parts all this included in the annual community fee. The property benefits from a cafe located on the top floor of the building with a great view towards the city and the mountains. Cuernavaca is the lush capital of Mexicoandrsquo;s Morelos state, cradled by the Tepozteco Mountains south of Mexico City. The colonial city center features the 16th-century Palace of Cortandeacute;s, former home of Spanish conqueror Hernandaacute;n Cortandeacute;s and now a history museum with murals by Mexican artist Diego Rivera. Just southwest is Cuernavaca Cathedral, in a 1500s walled monastery complex with a mural depicting Mexicoandrsquo;s first saint. Opposite the cathedral, the landscaped 18th-century Borda Garden hosts exhibitions, plus cultural events on a lakeside stage. Behind the cathedral is the Robert Brady Museum, displaying the American painterandrsquo;s eclectic art collection in his colorful former home. Around the corner, the Museo Morelense de Arte Popular (MMAPO) showcases regional crafts, while the pedestrianized Plazuela del Zacate is lined with cafes and live-music bars. South of Cuernavaca is the hilltop Xochicalco archaeological site, a pre-Columbian ceremonial center whose main pyramid features reliefs of plumed serpents and mural-lined chambers. Best regards, The ListGlobally team www.listglobally.com [Now the world is yours] "Something is happening I cannot go on that person will do that ....," the devil said. "We cannot go on as this agency. They are saying it. I will have to do something," the devil said n it was pressing extremely bad irritation n it was acting stern n etc over a message i just sent a place that had an apartment in a city i visited many years on the only visit out of the United States ever for myself. After I wrote some things above I stopped writing n I was screaming in response to the irritation the devil was pressing. https://www.bing.com/images/search?view=detailV2&ccid=M9DGBZVj&id=336DFC4037EC4B581FC1B19CC2EF4836AA8B96BC&thid=OIP.M9DGBZVjlG5VLNsLQ1VppwHaJ4&q=serena+williams+husband+photos&simid=608008114303535633&selectedIndex=11&PC=SMSM&ajaxhist=0 https://pmchollywoodlife.files.wordpress.com/2015/10/alexis-ohanian-serena-williams-dating-ftr.jpg https://www.bing.com/images/search?view=detailV2&ccid=1jC37tBz&id=9F268B76913ED9054A4C50E33772AAF9D6DE54BE&thid=OIP.1jC37tBzlVbs4nkD_fgmqQHaJ4&q=serena+williams+husband+photos&simid=608036615685145640&selectedIndex=2&PC=SMSM https://www.bing.com/images/search?view=detailV2&ccid=p7OKLkzN&id=8F8F9A90CA5CFC6152C3E847394532EC55DE5EF3&thid=OIP.p7OKLkzNhiucerV38qNEnwHaKc&q=serena+williams+husband+photos&simid=608053610844391655&selectedIndex=6&PC=SMSM https://www.bing.com/images/search?view=detailV2&ccid=i8LzlYs7&id=AB8EEF1F1C7CA4087A4E6DFF72E9DA13E4A42B7C&thid=OIP.i8LzlYs79dLyI_hetroWeAHaJh&q=serena+williams+husband+photos&simid=607987674560005116&selectedIndex=8&PC=SMSM https://www.bing.com/images/search?view=detailV2&ccid=UoX2Oixr&id=A86CE6E30C416CD2AA59EA769E488C489F74FF51&thid=OIP.UoX2OixrL4YJfHoWgRZjgwHaKd&q=serena+williams+husband+photos&simid=608021003447371124&selectedIndex=22 https://www.bing.com/images/search?view=detailV2&ccid=G2oVqDNM&id=16801D49CFF24CD9D158D31AC4F5F658FC4BB77C&thid=OIP.G2oVqDNMoWMrLCPYhIfFKgHaHa&q=serena+williams+husband+photos&simid=608038346559982762&selectedIndex=25 https://www.bing.com/images/search?view=detailV2&ccid=11NkS7IZ&id=9A885E377BB7464386E2F35BD264BA3D26B15FAC&thid=OIP.nugchoM8YG7Zm_LXYlEDBQHaLH&q=serena+williams+husband+photos&simid=608020999162037165&selectedIndex=27 https://www.bing.com/images/search?view=detailV2&ccid=ccS1kA0f&id=577CB3085D9B4B5768822E155790A9F2DDB207E1&thid=OIP.ccS1kA0fi79_lMDswTKsTAHaES&q=serena+williams+husband+photos&simid=608052837739597270&selectedIndex=81&ajaxhist=0 https://www.bing.com/images/search?view=detailV2&ccid=NT9L2bef&id=2BDE1A6D083C416E555EE1734380790168A80EE6&thid=OIP.NT9L2befWDD67w3RYXOW4AHaNN&q=serena+williams+husband+photos&simid=608016605463056047&selectedindex=86&mode=overlay&first=1 US woman jailed in Australia for smuggling cocaine in her high h…   USA Today · 2h Rheinmetall contracted for 1,000 military trucks for Australia   Upi.com · 1m 'Mature' Beale tasked with reviving Australia's fortunes   Reuters · 7h Unwanted by Australia, refugees on Nauru have few options ABC News · 14h Australia's Siddle agrees two-year deal with Essex   AFP · 3h See all AUSTRALIA | TWITTER @Australia ·  Snowball fight! ❄️ Photo via IG/samhbarnard in @tasmania #SeeAustralia When you hold up the queue because you can’t decide what to order ☕ (via @austreptilepark in @NewSouthWales) #seeaustralia 13 hours ago  · Twitter RT @CairnsGBR: Remote, untouched & wildly adventurous – #CapeTribulation is a tropical escape like no other in @Australia 🍃 (Via IG/rowansims) #exploreTNQ 15 hours ago  · Twitter Not only does the food at @Speedoscafe at #BondiBeach make for a great photo but it tastes incredible as well! (via IG/onebite.atatime) #RestaurantAustralia 19 hours ago  · Twitter Happy Friday! Here are this week's favourite fan photos:bit.ly/Fanphotos79 19 hours ago  · Twitter We are confident this is one of the most picturesque carparks in the world. (via IG/susiereynolds66, while crossing the #NullarborPlain in @southaustralia) #seeaustralia 1 day ago  · Twitter See all Australia - Wikipedia https://www.bing.com/images/search?view=detailV2&ccid=hC3DrRci&id=82778FE9E90D5135F7DBDB33E1456D03796E18EA&thid=OIP.hC3DrRciROp0ZPxsAviyfwHaE7&q=australia&simid=608055728251733186&selectedIndex=0&PC=SMSM&ajaxhist=0 http://phoebettmh.blogspot.com/2011/12/australia-welcome-to-great-barrier-reef.html?m=1