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classicalmonuments · 4 years ago

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East Gate of Bosra

Bostra (Bosra), Arabia, Syria

End of 1st /start of 2nd century CE

This arch is one having a single, broad, high opening, in form of a tunnel vault, through its minor axis, and two narrow, low, tunnel vaults piercing the masonry on either side of the main opening, through the major axis of the structure, at right angles to the main arch.

Assuming that the proportions of the podium are approximately correct, we find the first storey, on both faces of the arch and on either side of the opening, ornamented with pilasters at the angles, quarter columns adjoining the pilasters, and half columns flanking niches in the middle of each side. The architrave breaks out en ressaiit over each pilaster and half column, but the other members of the entablature above the architrave are omitted. In the upper storey another composition is repeated four times, twice on either face of the arch. This is made up of four pilasters which ascend from the ressauts of the lower order, and three niches, one large semi-circular niche in the middle space and a small rectangular niche in either of the side spaces.

The pilasters have no bases, their caps are formed by a simple moulding which is carried across the face of the arch, breaking out over each, and curving upward in an arch above the middle niche. The main arch is the central feature of this storey. Its archivolt has a good set of architrave mouldings which spring from the ressauts above the lower pilasters. It will be noted that two of the pilasters of the upper storey terminate below rather clumsily upon the extrados of these arch mouldings. There is no attempt to produce the effect of an entablature above the order of the upper storey, the wall rises in two plain courses to a height a little above the crown of the main arch where a moulded string course is carried across the entire face of the arch.

There are remains which show that the building was at least one tall course higher than the string moulding; but it is impossible to know how much higher the structure was, or how it was completed at the top. I have added a deep overhanging cymatium of the ordinary Hauranian type to finish the restoration; but there may have been a complete Attic storey in the style of Roman arches. Section A-B gives the treatment of the two interior faces of the arch, with the opening of the low vaulted side passages. Nothing in this drawing is restored save the podium and the profile of the crowning mouldings of the arch. The ends of the edifice are almost wholly conjectural, the lower storey being almost completely hidden by modern buildings at both ends and the upper part being in ruins.

The more important details of this building are given on a larger scale in Plate X. The order is most unusual, though, as we have seen, it was not unique in Bosra, and it is not difficult to detect the resemblance it bears to examples known in Petra, Hegra and Sf. For this reason I do not hesitate to call it a Nabataean order. The bases of the half and quarter columns may not be given with complete accuracy; for I found them badly injured; but the capitals and the architrave and other mouldings are in good preservation. The caps of the grouped pilasters and quarter columns at the exterior and interior angles on the east face are compound designs in which the circular mouldings of the half columns are replaced by a row of stiff, erect, acanthus leaves.

The abacus of each pilaster cap is of the same “horned” variety as that of the half columns, and a single “horn” of the same type of abacus projects above the quarter column. The architrave is low, with two bands and a very salient cymatium. It is a pity that no inscription has as yet been found that might give a definite date to this monument. We may not even look to Petra for dated monuments that would assist in dating this arch. But the dated and dateable buildings erected in the Hauran under the Antonine emperors and under the emperors of the third century present none of the details which set this monument apart, and point to an earlier date, perhaps in the reign of Trajan, probably earlier.

The peculiar abacus of the capitals in this edifice is a common feature in the rock-hewn facades of Petra which are believed to be earlier than the year 106 CE The combined pilaster and quarter columns under a composite cap of this strange order appear in rock-hewn tomb fronts discovered at Hegra and published by the Dominican Fathers Jaussen and Savignac. These particular details appear, without the circular mouldings below the abacus, beside the doorways of three tombs (E 18) (A 5) and (B 1), all dated by Nabataean inscriptions of the year 31 CE. 3 and in the same part of another tomb (F 4) dated in the 24th year of Malichus II., i. e. 63-64 CE. Engaged columns, and pilasters with quarter columns attached, both having circular mouldings below the abacus, all very like those in the East Arch at Bosra, are found in a rock-hewn façade in Petra (No. 633)4 which bears a Nabataean inscription that is to be dated early in the second century of this era. It is therefore plain that these details were well known in the country of the Nabataeans in the first century CE and early in the second. The capital with a cluster of leaves below the “horned” abacus has not been found in Petra or Hegra. This fact however need not interfere with our assigning the East Arch of Bosra to a date near the end of the first, or early in the second, century; for Greek influence was much stronger here than in the regions farther south.

(Text is told first hand by Howard Crosby Butler, who wrote the Syria series)

Sources: 1, 2, 3, 4

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nyccoindealer · 5 years ago

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MALICHUS II & SHAQILATH II Arab Kingdom of Nabataea PETRA Rare Greek Coin i46669

http://dlvr.it/RQX27b

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saraneumayer · 7 years ago

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COINS of ARABIA – Arab Caravan Kingdom of Nabataea Explored in Video GUIDE Article

Ancient Coins of ARABIA – Arab Caravan Kingdoms Greek Roman Times

Learn more about the Types of Coins issued by the Kingdom of Nabataea of ancient Petra in Jordan and the Greek and Roman coins

youtube

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dQGrbChG7Hs

Ancient Arabia from circa 250’s B.C. to circa 250 A.D. is an interesting topic to explore. There were many different types of coins issued. One of the most powerful kingdoms of the area was the Kingdom of Nabataea. This was a kingdom based in the middle of the desert and was known as a Caravan Kingdom as a lot of caravans passed through there on their way from further south and even east. The kingdom prospered and to this day, the ruins that are left from that time period are gorgeous and an archeological site of importance.

Arabia was to the south of ancient Jerusalem and is therefore an important neighbor that has played a role in ancient biblical history. The Romans at one point consolidated all of Arabia into a province with same name, ending the Kingdom of Nabataea along with others.

The goal of this guide is to explore many different types of ancient coins.

Click here to see ALL COINS OF ARABIA

Click here to see ALL COINS OF NABATAEA

Click here to see ALL COINS PETRA

Educational Video about Ancient Petra

This is a great video about the topic of ancient Petra with breathtaking views. Great to watch before looking at the coins to understand their context.

Anonymous Arab Kingdom of Nabataea PETRA 270BC Athena Nike Greek Coin i46676

Arab Kingdom of Nabataea, Anonymous Bronze 16mm (4.04 grams) Petra mint, circa 270-72 B.C. Reference: HGC 10, 671; Meshorer, Nabataea 1-4 Helmeted head of Athena right. Nike advancing left, holding wreath and cornucopia; crescent above Λ in field to left.The northern kingdom of Arabia of the Nabataean people, with Petra being the capital existed until early 2nd century A.D. when Roman emperor Trajan created the province of Arabia.

ARABIA Saba Kingdom 160BC Owl as Athens Silver Ancient Greek Coin RARE i47784

Arabia Kingdom of Saba Silver ‘Tetradrachm’ 28mm (4.87 grams) Struck circa 160-130 B.C. Reference: HGC 10, 725; Munro-Hay 1.13il Laureate male head with long hair right. Owl standing right on amphora; monograms to left and right.* Numismatic Note: The coins of this kingdom use the reverse similar to the “New Style” tetradrachm coins of Athens, and what the obverse ostensibly is similar to the Roman Republican L. Calpurnius Piso Frugi denarius or perhaps a royal portrait.

Pompey the Great General Beats Aretas III Arab Nabatea Silver Roman Coin i46389

Roman Republic M. Aemilius Scaurus and Pub. Plautius Hypsaeus moneyer Silver Denarius 18mm (3.68 grams) Rome mint at Rome 58 B.C. Reference: Aemilia 8; B.M.C. 3878; Syd. 913; Craw. 422/lb; Hendin 1443 M . SCAVR / AED CVR above king Aretas kneeling beside a camel r., EX on , S . C on right, REX ARETAS in exergue. HYPSAE (vs) / AED CVR above Jupiter in quadriga left, CAPTVM on right, c. HYPSAEVS cos PREIV (ER) in ex. scorpion below horses.This coin commemorated the victory over Aretas III by Pompey the Great’s general, Marcus Aemilius Scaurus. King Aretas III was an ally and supported John Hyrcanus II in war against his brother, Aristobulus II. Upon defeat, King Aretas had to pay a massive sum of 300 talents as a fine to Pompey the Great. M. Aemilius and Pub. Plautius were curule aediles together in 58 B.C. It is interesting to note that this is one of the earliest types that had the moneyer commemorate their own accomplishments on a coin.”Aristobulus was not able to make resistance, but was deserted in his first onset, and was driven to Jerusalem: he also had been taken at first by force, if Scaurus, the Roman general, had not come and seasonably interposed himself and raised the siege.” (Josephus, Wars, 1, VI:2) Click here to see all coins of the Roman Republic for sale or read the Guide to the Coins of the Roman Republic

King Syllaeus of Arab Caravan Kingdom of Nabataea Ancient Greek Type Coin i50391

Arab Kingdom of Nabataea Syllaeus – King: 9 B.C. Bronze 15mm (2.49 grams) Petra mint, Struck 9 B.C. Reference: Meshorer, Nabataea 42 Diademed head of Obodas III right. Two cornucopiae crossed.

ARETAS IV 9BC Arab Kingdom of Nabataea Authentic PETRA Ancient Greek Coin i46668

Arab Kingdom of Nabataea Aretas IV – King: 9 B.C. – 40 A.D. Bronze 16mm (2.00 grams) Petra mint, Struck circa 4 B.C. – 1 A.D. Reference: Meshorer, Nabataea 70 Laureate head right, Aramaic het in front. Crossed cornucopiae; Aramaic het between.

ARETAS IV & SHAQUILATH Arab Kingdom of Nabataea PETRA Ancient Greek Coin i46666

Arab Kingdom of Nabataea Aretas IV Aretas IV, with Shaqilath Bronze 15mm (2.63 grams) Petra mint, circa 11-40 A.D. Reference: Meshorer, Nabataea 97 Aretas standing facing, head left, wearing military attire, holding spear and placing hand on hilt of sword; palm frond to left, monogram to right. Shaqilath standing left, raising hand; wreath to left; to right, name in Aramaic in three lines.

Arab Kingdom of Nabataea ARETAS IV & SHAQUILAT PETRA Ancient Greek Coin i466722

Arab Kingdom of Nabataea Aretas IV King Aretas IV with Queen Shaqilath Bronze 20mm (4.36 grams) Petra mint, circa 11-40 A.D. Reference: Sear GIC 5699; B.M.C. 28.8,15; Meshorer, Nabataea 114 Conjoined bustsr right of Aretas, laureate, and Queen Shaqilath, draped; Aramaic letters in field. Two cornucopiae, crossed; between them, Aramaic legend = ‘Aretas, Shaqilath’ in three lines.

Arab Kingdom of Nabataea ARETAS IV & SHQUILATH Silver Ancient Greek Coin i46670

Arab Kingdom of Nabataea Aretas IV – King: 9 B.C. – 40 A.D. Debased Silver Drachm 16mm (3.28 grams) Petra mint: 11 A.D. Reference: Sear GIC 5695; Cf. Meshorer, Nabataea 100 Laureate bust of Aretas right; around, Aramaic legend = ‘Aretas, king of Nabataea, lover of his people’. Conjoined draped busts right of Aretas, laureate, and Queen Shaquilath; around, Aramaic legend = ‘Shaquilath, queen of Nabataea, year 20’ (= c. A.D. 11).

Aretas IV Arab Kingdom of Nabataea PETRA 4BC Original Ancient Greek Coin i503900

Arab Kingdom of Nabataea Aretas IV – King: 9 B.C. – 40 A.D. Bronze 14mm (1.87 grams) Petra mint, circa 4/3 B.C. Reference: Meshorer, Nabataea 77 var. (o instead of ﬣ on obverse) Laureate head of Aretas IV right, in field to right, ﬣ. Two cornucopia crossed; in field on right, ﬣ, on left, o.

ARETAS IV 9BC Arab Kingdom of Nabataea Authentic Ancient PETRA Greek Coin i466777

Arab Kingdom of Nabataea Aretas IV – King: 9 B.C. – 40 A.D. Bronze 14mm (2.41 grams) Petra mint Reference: Meshorer, Nabataea, 61A Laureate head right. Two cornucopias with palm; Aramaic inscription around.

Aretas IV Arab Kingdom of Nabataea PETRA 4BC Original Ancient Greek Coin i503855

Arab Kingdom of Nabataea Aretas IV – King: 9 B.C. – 40 A.D. Bronze 13mm (2.24 grams) Petra mint, circa 4/3 B.C. Reference: Meshorer, Nabataea 68 Laureate head of Aretas IV right. Two cornucopia crossed; monogram (= ﬣﬧ) between.

King Aretas IV of Arab Caravan Kingdom of Nabataea Ancient BibleTime Coin i50387

Arab Kingdom of Nabataea Aretas IV – King: 9 B.C. – 40 A.D. Bronze 14mm (2.04 grams) Petra mint, Struck 4/3 B.C. Reference: Meshorer, Nabataea 74 var. Laureate head of Aretas IV right. Two cornucopiae crossed; between them, o.

King Aretas IV of Arab Caravan Kingdom of Nabataea 4BC Ancient Bible Coin i504000

Arab Kingdom of Nabataea Aretas IV – King: 9 B.C. – 40 A.D. Bronze 15mm (2.20 grams) Petra mint, Struck 4/3 B.C. Reference: Meshorer, Nabataea 76 Laureate head of Aretas IV right; in field, right, ח. Two cornucopiae crossed between them, caduceus; on staff of caduceus, above, ח below, o; in field left, ח.

MALICHUS II & SHAQILATH II Arab Kingdom of Nabataea PETRA Rare Greek Coin i46669

Arab Kingdom of Nabataea Malichus II – King: 40-71 A.D. Malichus II and Queen Shaqilath II Silver Drachm 15mm (3.73 grams) Petra mint, Struck circa 49 A.D. Reference: Sear GIC 5702; Cf. Meshorer, Nabataea 134 Laureate bust of Malichus right; around, Aramaic legend = ‘Malichus the king, king of Nabataea, year 9’ (= circa A.D. 49) Veiled and draped bust of Queen Shaquilath II right; around, Aramaic legend = ‘Shaqilath, his siter, queen of Nabataea’.

King Malichus II Arab Caravan Kingdom of Nabataea 64AD Greek Type Coin i50452

Arab Kingdom of f Nabataea<!– Malichus II – King: 70-106 A.D. Bronze 16mm (2.73 grams) Petra mint, Struck 64/65 A.D. Reference: Meshorer, Nabataea 140 Jugate heads of Malichus II and Shuqailat II right, the king laureate, with hair hanging down to nape of neck, wearing V-shaped ornament above forehead, the queen laureate; in field, ש מ . Two cornucopiae crossed; between them, above and below, in three lines, inscription מלכן/שקי/לת (Malichus/Shuqai/lat).

King Rabbel II Arab Caravan Kingdom of Nabataea 75AD Greek Type Coin i50401

Arab Kingdom of f Nabataea<!– Rabbel II – King: 70-106 A.D. Bronze 16mm (2.52 grams) Petra mint, Struck 75/76 A.D. Reference: Meshorer, Nabataea 146 Jugate portraits of Rabbel II and Shuqailat right, both laureate, head of Rabbel with very long hair covering nape of neck, but of Shuqailat draped. Two cornucopiae crossed; between them, above and below, in three lines, inscription רבאל/שקילת/אמה (Rabbel/Shuqailat/his mother)

ARABIA FELIX HIMYARITES Yemen Ancient Silver Quinarius Greek-like Coin i39632

ARABIA FELIX – Under HIMYARITES Scyphate Silver Quinarius 14mm (1.00 grams) “RYDN” Royal Series. “‘MDN BYN” (Amdan Bayyin). Circa 80-100 A.D. Reference: Malcom-Hay 3.4i; BMC Arabia pg. 71, 1; SNG ANS 1596 Male head right within torc; monogram behind. “‘MDNIBYNI” around, “RYDN” in exergue, small head right; “sceptre” symbol before.

King Rabbel II Gamilat Arab Caravan Kingdom of Nabataea 101AD Greek Coin i5041717

Arab Kingdom of Nabataea<!– Rabbel II – King: 70-106 A.D. Bronze 17mm (3.47 grams) Petra mint, Struck 101/102 A.D. Reference: Meshorer, Nabataea 163A Jugate portraits of Rabbel II, his head laureate, with particularly long hair coming down to nape of neck, undraped, and of Gamilat, laureate, her bust draped. Two cornucopiae crossed; between them, in two lines, inscription רבאל/גמלת (Rabbel/Gamilat).

TRAJAN creates ARABIA Province 112AD Camel Ancient Silver Roman Rome Coin i53225

Trajan – Roman Emperor : 98-117 A.D. – Silver Denarius 19mm (3.01 grams) Rome mint: 112 A.D. Reference: RIC 245; BMCRE 474. Cohen 26 (3 Fr.) IMP TRAIANO AVG GER DAC P M TR P COS VI P P, Laureate, draped bust right left shoulder. S P Q R OPTIMO PRINCIP Exe: ARAB ADQ, Arabia standing, facing, holding branch and cinnamon sticks; camel to left.

SEVERUS ALEXANDER 222AD Bostra Arabia Zeus-Ammon Ancient Roman Coin i38501

Severus Alexander – Roman Emperor: 222-235 A.D. Bronze 18mm (5.32 grams) of Bostra in Arabia Reference: Kindler 38; Spijkerman 48; Rosenberger 41; SNG ANS 1222 Laureate, draped, and cuirassed bust of Severus Alexander right, seen from behind. Draped bust of Zeus-Ammon right.

PHILIP I the ARAB 248AD 1000 Years of Rome Wolf Twins Silver Roman Coin i5217070

Philip I ‘the Arab’ – Roman Emperor: 244-249 A.D. – Silver Antoninianus 23mm (3.95 grams) Rome mint: 248 A.D. Commemorating the 1000th anniversary of Rome Reference: RIC 15; C 178 IMP PHILIPPVS AVG, radiate, draped, and cuirassed bust right SAECVLARES AVGG / II, Lupa ( She-wolf) standing left, looking back to lick her suckling twins, Romulus and Remus.

Ancient Coins of ARABIA Nabataea Petra Caravan Kingdoms Greek & Roman Times

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