#maafa

[3rdeyeblaque]

On April 6th in Hoodoo History: The New York City Slave Revolt of 1712 🔥✊🏾

23 enslaved Afrikans set fire to NYC one year after the slave trade markets officially opened by the East River on Wall Street.

• On the night of April 6th, 1712, 23 Afrikans armed themselves with swords, knives, guns - laced with prayer & faith - and fire against White Slavers in the streets of NYC. They set an outhouse ablaze at the home of Peter Van Tilborough on Maiden Lane, at what was then the northern edge of Manhattan. They then picked off any White Slavers nearby who tried to stop it, from the cover of darkness. 9 Slavers were killed and 6 others were injured by nights end.

• On the following morning, the Governor of NY ordered two militias to "drive the island" aka capture & kill the rebels. 6 Afrikans took their lives in protest. The rest were burned alive or "broken" at the wheel. This unprecedented event hitting the streets of NYC quickly spurred the NY State Assembly to pass an act that would permit Slavers to punish Afrikans to the extreme measures by "not extending to life or member", thus cementing a new precedent for their cruelty in the North. In addition, Slavers would now be required to pay $200 dollars in security fees to the State & annuity for any freed Afrikans. Despite these stringent laws, NYC would see more slave rebellions in the next two decades; the next being in 1741.

To be of Hoodoo is, and has always been, to fight back. Let this be a reminder, forever to be drilled into our psyches: We been fighting. We been sacrificing. We been spiriting. We been victorious.

Today, 83 Maiden Lane sits in the infamous Financial District of Manhattan & now serves as the headquarters of the AHRC (Association of Help for Retarded Children). But beneath the cloak of modern amenities & reconstructive efforts, the once-scorched Earth still remembers the night of April 6th. This is where we made our stand. This, & the streets along the northern edge of Manhattan, is a place of power.

It is important to remember the when & WHERE of this event (and those that followed) as many to this day falsely believe that the North was somehow the righteous exception to the Eurocentric cruelties of Maafa. The North was not the exception then & is not the exception now. May we:

• Meditate on the cost of true freedom that these Ancestors paid in blood so we wouldn't have to.

• Pour libations for them, especially those of us residing on or near the Financial District, as this is where our Ancestors were bought & sold from the docks on the East River to Wall Street.

• Remember our plight & presence in the Northern states that have lightened their reputation with the mask of progressive thinking.

[notchainedtotrauma]

It's   just   way   more   eloquent   than   anything  to  let   yourself  smile  about  it    The  market  would  call    your  enjoyment  meaningless      all  these  captains  of  industry  are  thieves!     And  today  we  took   a  walk  and  laughed    erratically  at  the  damp  lenient  scene,  the  chemtrails   huddled  like  rainbows,  hugging,  posing  vibrantly  for  conspiracists   rubbing  the  sky  with  their  swiftness  of  filth

from Black Anguish by Harmony Holiday

[renegadeurbanmediasource]

I already know what the stupid comments will be by the (soon to be MINORITY) majority. “You were never a slave, nor did you know anyone who was!” Fair enough! “Party of Lincoln”, you never freed a slave yet something that happened almost 157 years ago is the only positive thing u can say your Party has done for Blacks, wow! I am NOT a Democrat either. This is the reason we need to come together and UNIFY! That’s my dream! To have my People UNIFIED, we are a sleeping giant! They know this! This is what kept Ms. J. Edgar Hoover awake at night! A “Black Messiah”. But we’d rather fool ourselves into thinking we can really be LEFT/RIGHT, DEMOCRAT/REPUBLICAN and CONSERVATIVE/LIBERAL. Koons like Candace Owens crack me up with “The leftwing cultural Marxist, blah, blah!” You can hang with them, talk like them but they’ll NEVER accept you as an equal. See Herschel Walker for an example!

[digiindie]

MAAFA - Because We Are (@maafahardcore)

 

[voss117]

Kate Lova by Nora Maafa - SEOULFUL SURPRISE

[prolifeproliberty]

This is absolutely hilarious.

I was just informed that someone is accusing me of calling for the extermination of black babies in the womb in order to prevent the Great Replacement Theory from happening.

Obviously the accusation is entirely fabricated and the person making it is making crap up to try to cause infighting among pro-lifers on tumblr. But anyone who believes it obviously…

1. Has not read any of my posts ever about abortion

2. Does not actually know what the Great Replacement Theory is (or thinks I don’t, at least)

So anyway, in case there’s any confusion:

- No one should be aborted (including black babies)

- Eugenics is bad

- Here’s the Maafa 21 documentary (which I have posted numerous times on this blog) that explains how eugenicist groups conspired to use birth control, forced sterilization, and abortion to “control” the black population (and again, to be perfectly clear, I am saying this is a bad thing)

Oh did I mention already that eugenics is bad and I want all preborn babies given equal protection under the law?

[neotaissong]

many thanks to @vvaterling for the tag, appreciate it

Last songs I listened to: 'the creator has a masterplan' by pharoah sanders, 'arab voice of freedom (live)' by fairuz, 'kwanzaa' by karma and 'weight of the word' by MIKE

Currently watching: mandabi by ousmane sembène (super stressful watch as unc gets taken by the triple threat of colonialism, corruption and a community of vultures) sankofa by haile gerima (one the best time travel movies of all time, with arguably the most cathartic slave uprising commited to film, another gerima masterpiece that burns all the exploitative, liberal-fascist, cash-grab, trauma porn slave narratives to dust) burning an illusion by menelik shabazz, the empire strikes back 4K80 (all these 'resistance' movies owe haiti, algeria and vietnam, a big phat cheque) love is blind (ngl after mandabi i needed thissss lol, so much mess this season) as above so below by larry clark (has some of the fiercest close ups of all the la rebellion films) little forest: winter/spring (a beautiful, seasonal series of movies, focused on cooking in a small village in Japan and the relationship between a daughter and her mother who has abandoned her, it's like a slow burn cooking show slash japanese art house movie series (it's 4 movies in total) about the poetic changing of seasons...it really makes you think about how limited western filmmaking/storytelling is and in it's own way asks the eternal question: what is cinema?) spirited away by miyazaki (i kinda hate sharp images at the mo, BUT reluctantly getting a 4k cut made from an 8k upscale, had me marvelling at every single frame and brushstroke and now im bopping thru the streets to joe hisaishi's score like a joker, but u know idgaffffffff this movie is an absolute masterpiece and it ain't up for discussion my dears lol) the muslim mindset and islam’s mission with dr sohail hanif and ig stories from: bisan, motaz, hindkhoudary, warsanshiree, saul williams, red_maat, bsonblast, amandaseales, oaklandmademe, thezaynalarbii and yasinbey...

Currently reading: ousmane sembène interviews, the quran, art on my mind by bell hooks, ming smith aperture monograph, domu: the dreams of children by katshuhiro otomo, the sound i saw by roy decarava, instant light (polaroids) by andrei tarkovsky, maafa by harmony holiday, the book of light by lucile clifton and suheir hammad's gaza suite. dipping in and out of all of the above...

Sweet/savory/spicy: all three, but right now, korean spicy chicken is what i dream of...

Relationship status: single...praying she loves god...............................and korean spicy chicken..............

Current obsession: shooting with my new camera, lenses lenses lenses, colour grading on davinci, preparing for shoots at the end of the month, inshallah...roy decarava's photography and his use of shadow, darkness and light, ming smith's photography and her use of blurrrr, darkness and focus, summerdanceforver dance-off videos (i miss paradiso) new balance 9060's and salehe bembury's designs and interviews especially his peace be the journey sneakers, hiking, harmony holiday on twitter (unmatched raps with a razor under tongue!) hiroshi yoshimura - copped the vinyl represses of green and surround, which im super grateful for, totally obsessed with green: ethereal and expansive movements through nature, basking in healing frequencies. local reggae community radio station run by elders in north london, always vibrant, shaggy and aggy. talking, arguing, listening, LEARNING, UNLEARNING, loving and meditating on how to decolonise everything, liberation and how we get free...free palestine congo sudan and stopppp cop city...steamed buns from bun house, writing and shooting (jill scott voice: slowly surely) and last and certainly notttttt least, getting closer to god...

Last search: flights to jamaica... (get me outta babylon fam)

Currently working on: beating burnout and the resulting procrastination to finish my new movie inshallah...preparing for shoots at the end of the month inshallah...

now i tag: @humbleseed @kndmind @ritasdove @ahla-tahiya @komplikacije @wrathdiwata @earthgoddessmusings @elea-mar @mosterriblewoman @thacryingame @besarelcielo @universalstudent @jamiefoxxhairline @therootednomad @0912199 @afeelingindescribable @sbtravie @artemisiasea @macaroot @textualtrancetextural @143-4u @afroladina @chaosteorema @rose1water @coyotelo @godzilla-en-mexico @esdr0 @gullyrootoranamu @guwop07 @bohemialatina @emekkka

im sure i've missed some mutuals, plssssss if i didn't tag you and you feel like you wanna put us on game and spill the beans on whats currently got you moving --------- pls join innnnn!

[madamlaydebug]

DESCENDANTS OF THE DIASPORA/MAAFA ❤️🖤💚

DI-AS-PO-RA / n. a dispersion of a people, language, or culture that was formerly concentrated in one place, to scatter, to displace, to live in separated communities.

"The only difference between a Dominican, Puerto Rican, Jamaican, Haitian, Cuban, Bahamian, and an African American is a boat stop."

[eraserheadbabydriver]

Bob Vylan has 🔥 albums

Other artists (sorry dk full albums)

Cinnamon babe, banshee, MAAFA, the 1875

i'll check out the others soon but bob vylan is slayinggg i love bait the bear and drug war

[3rdeyeblaque]

Today we venerate Ancestor "Phillis Wheatley" on her 270th birthday 🎉

Her masterful talent & revolutionary use of words in poetry, spawned her storied success in becoming the first Afrikan descendant poet to be published in U.S. History.

I place quotations "Phillis Wheatley", because that was NOT her name. "Phillis" was the name of the slave ship that robbed her of her home, dignity, & identity. "Wheatley " was the name of the European slaver who "owned" her. Both names are a lie (as are many of ours today) forced upon her as a reflection of her circumstances. I feel compelled to emphasize this as the dark truth of our history & how it presently affects us generations later, is consistently ignored. Sadly, we will never know her true name. Yet she remains a shining example of how Black excellence always perseveres despite circumstance or any interruption to our history.

Born in Senegal/Gambia, "Phillis Wheatley" was just 8 years old when she was kidnapped and sold into Slavery. She was taken to Boston, MA where she was purchased by the Wheatleys as a hand servant. Even at such a tender age, "Phillis Wheatley" showed exceptional intellectual promise. At the Wheatley's instruction, she learned to read Greek & Latin. At age 12, she discovered Alexander Pope, who she'd begin to model her own literary work after. She was first published at age 13 when her work was featured in a Rhode Island newspaper.

As her prominence grew, the Wheatleys sought a publisher to release an anthology of her work. They pursued her publication in England. There, she garnered the interest of many & the support of a Countess, who was a pro-abolitionist. A publisher approached the Wheatleys with interest, but demanded proof that it was indeed "Phillis'" work. Shortly thereafter, a literary trial unsued. A young "Phillis Wheatley" endured 18 White male arbiters in Boston who were tasked with validating her work; none in the U.S. believed that an enslaved young Afrikan woman was capable of articulating her thoughts into such impeccable work. Of course, she proved them all very wrong. 11 months later, "Phillis Wheatley's" 1773 anthology was published.

Her work was deeply attuned to the societal issues of her time; from Slavery to the Abolition Movement, to the warped irony of the European transplants writhing to escape their British dominants in the wake of the Revolutionary War. Though her classical eurocentric literary training emanated from her work, it never diminishing her voice. Her masterful use of allegories - drawn particularly from Greek mythology- affirmed her perspective as an enslaved Afrikan Woman. Due to her growing popularity & growing wealthy patrons, John Wheatley caved into the pressure to emancipate her. With her life as her own for the first time in her life, "Phillis Wheatley" sought to pursue a career in writing poetry. However, the Revolutionary War quickly redirected the financial resources of her wealthy patrons on both sides of the Atlantic.

"In every human Breast, God has implanted a Principle, which we call Love of Freedom; it is impatient of Oppression, and pants for Deliverance." - "Phillis Wheatley"  

We pour libations & give her💐 today as we celebrate her for her perseverance & revolutionary words, and elevate her in healing. May be remembered for her truth spoken through the power of words & the truth in her identity.

Offering suggestions: libations of water, read/share her poetry, & foods/music from Gambia/Senegal

*Note: offering suggestions are just that & strictly for veneration purposes only. Never attempt to conjure up any spirit or entity without proper divination/Mediumship counsel.

[reasoningdaily]

Rapper Boosie Badazz says if he were back in the antebellum South, he would probably be a slave.

During an interview with former battle rapper turned talk show host Math Hoffa, the “Wipe Me Down” chart-topper was asked about the almost equally controversial Kanye West.

Boosie shares on the “My Expert Opinion” show that he was “p##### off at Kanye West” last year when he made several inflammatory statements about the Black Lives Matter movement, George Floyd, the Jews, and slavery. He said he was so upset that he could not stop tweeting and “misspelling words” trying to get his outrage out on Twitter.

“I don’t like what Kanye do to our Black race,” the Louisiana recording artist said. “I don’t know what Blacks done done to him, bro.”

Math Hoffa jumped in and asked if he was referring to the White Lives Matter shirts— which caused an uproar with the other guests in the barber shop setting.

Still, Boosie didn’t get distracted. He was clear on what he feels Kanye’s perspective on is on Black people.

“[Ye] said slavery was a choice,” the guest blurted out.

Math Hoffa dropped a bomb and said he felt the same way, shifting the conversation to what he would have done if he was a victim of the Transatlantic Slave Trade (the MAAFA).

“I don’t,” Boosie said, vehemently shaking his head “no,” and mimicking what a whip might look like going against an enslaved person’s back.

Hoffa tried to challenge that and ask why didn’t people rise up and fight back or stop Europeans from going into Africa and stealing his ancestors. He asked why people didn’t risk their lives or choose death.

Boosie (nor many of the other guests) jacking Hoffa.

“I don’t agree with nothing Kanye West says about Blacks. I feel as a person, from what I seen him do and talk about Black people, I feel like he has no love or respect for the Black race,” the rapper said, adding, “I feel he loves the white race more.”

To this point, Math Hoffa brought the infamous 2005 Hurricane Katrina telethon and Ye’s comments about the then-sitting president.

Boosie was clear.

“He said ‘George Bush doesn’t care about Black people,’” the rapper said, “but he shows he doesn’t love Black people.”

One of Boosie’s problems with Kanye is that he believes the artist has a dynamic platform but has chosen to use it multiple times to tear down and “disgrace” Black people, particularly pointing at his comments regarding Floyd.

As the conversation intensified, Hoffa asked Boosie if would he have fought to the death to not be enslaved or have his family members enslaved.

“At that time, I am going to do what I have to do to stay alive,” Boosie said. “If I run, I’ma die.”

“Now let me flip it on you. If a million of your brothers and sisters got burned up in a fire, would you like somebody talking about them or saying anything that is not supporting them?” he asked Math Hoffa.

Hoffa didn’t answer the question, perhaps not understanding that Boosie was referencing the Jewish Holocaust.

During the discussion, Hoffa continued to be challenged, even by his co-host who said, “You’re speaking from the perspective of a free man. You don’t know what it feels like to be in captivity. You have no idea what that is like and to sit there and judge someone who was…”

Boosie jumps in and says, “You don’t know if you’ve never been in captivity. Some people not gonna run if you over them with guns and whips on your back.”

Hoffa asked, “What you gonna do?”

“I wouldn’t know. I wasn’t in captivity,” Boosie, a man from the deep South, answered.

“If I run, I’ma die. I probably would have been a motherf##king slave,” he said. “If I was born in captivity…”

Math interrupts and says, “You? That’s hard to believe.”

The consensus of Boosie and the other host, “It’s hard to think about being born into captivity.”

“That’s just like me being born in the hood and staying a hood n##ga. If I was born into captivity and all I know since a child is praising and being took care by a white man I probably would have been a f##king Django or a slave overseer. I would probably be f##k up,” he said.

Check out the very powerful interview by clicking here.

[diallokenyatta]

Let's say Black people who were subjected to the Maafa are the original Jews (we aren't. but lets pretend), what would that mean? Should we go back to practicing the horrendous Old Testament religion of blood sacrifices, incest, eye gouging, child brides, genital mutilation, stoning, etc? Do yall think the Zionist will surrender the land of Isreal to us along with the nukes so that we can oversee the Genocidal occupation of Palistine? Yall think all these Askinazi executives will resign their positions so we can put Puffy over the record industry, Tyler Perry over Hollywood, & Killer (Crip Cola) Mike over global finance? Seriously, how would it salve your Wounded Ego to believe that Black Hebrew myth? What good would come if any of that BS was true or valid. What is the end game? Truth obviously isn't the goal because you would have exited the Black Hebrew path after reading the first chapter of the Torah, which is obviously the fever dream of a deranged hermit. Truth isn't the goal because every single claim asserted by the scriptures concerning the founding of the Chosen People is contradicted by archeological evidence & the historical record. So please tell me what is the actual goal behind wresting this fiction away from the European Jews & imposing it on the African Diaspora? #TooTiredForHastags (at South Side, Chicago) https://www.instagram.com/p/ClFxkzHufBW/?igshid=NGJjMDIxMWI=

[indomitablekushite]

A Chronology of The Peculiar Institution: Slavery Timeline 1300-1600

This is not covering the Arab slavery of our people. The reason for this post is I have seen so many of us who have no clue about how and when it started. I hear people say Black started slaver here or we sold our people into slavery and it makes me sad and mad. Anyway much could be added but I cant make it long because we will not read it. If I missed any points just let me know. Do you know how the names Grain, Gold, Slave Coast came about? Im working on a post about our fight against the Maafa which has never been told in full. 1380 In the aftermath of the Black Plague, Europe’s slave trade revives in response to the labor shortage. The slaves come from all over Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa. Later on they will ever use their own children. 1444 We learn from the Portuguese royal chronicler Gomes Eanes de Zurara, who was a young ship captain named Antam Gonçalvez, who sailed to West Africa in 1441 hoping to acquire seal skins and oil.  After obtaining his cargo, Gonçalvez called a meeting of the twenty-one sailors who accompanied him and unveiled his plan to increase their profits. According to Zurara, Gonçalvez told his crew, “we have already got our cargo, but how fair a thing would it be if we, who have come to this land for a cargo of such petty merchandise, were to meet with good fortune and bring the first captives before the presence of our Prince?” That night, Gonçalvez led a raiding party into Cap Blanc, a narrow peninsula between Western Sahara and Mauritania, and kidnapped two Berbers, one man and one woman. Another Portuguese mariner, Nuno Tristão, and members of his crew soon joined Gonçalvez. Although the raid resulted in less than a dozen captives, Zurara imagines in his account that prince Henry of Portugal responded to this enterprise with, “joy, not so much for the number of captives taken, but for prospect of other [countless] captives that could be taken.”While Gonçalvez’s voyage in 1441 is widely considered to mark the beginnings of the trans-Atlantic slave trade, it may also be viewed as an extension of an older tradition of raiding and ransom on both shores of the Mediterranean. Upon returning to Portugal, Gonçalvez treated his captives in accordance with this custom, and allowed them to negotiate the terms of their release. Rather than offering a ransom of money, the captives promised to give Gonçalvez ten slaves in exchange for their own freedom and safe passage home. According to royal chronicler Zurara, the Berbers explained that these new captives would be “black [and] not of the lineage of Moors, but Gentiles.” Thus in 1442, Gonçalvez returned his Berber captives to Western Sahara, receiving as payment ten enslaved sub-Saharan Africans, whom he then transported back to Portugal for re-sale. Please understand this was no trade, it was kidnapping. Its was also a agreement of one white man with another all believers in a book that said God will make Africans people slave the them. No European nation was willing or able to put an army in western Africa until the Portuguese colonization of what is now Angola (this Angola was part of Congo Empire) more than a century later (and even then, Portuguese forces received extensive aid from armies of Imbangala or “Jaga” mercenaries). Early raids as they say are nothing more than kidnapping, but really such as the one made by Gonçalvez and Tristão in 1441 were unusual, and may have only been possible because the Portuguese had never previously raided south of Cape Bojador. Portuguese mariners soon learned that inhabitants along the Upper Guinea coast were more than capable of defending themselves from such incursions. Not long after his 1441 voyage, Tristão and most of his crew were killed off the coast of present-day Senegal.Prior to the colonization of Angola, Portuguese colonies and commercial hubs in Africa were generally established on islands that had previously been uninhabited. I cant recall what pope made it illegal to kidnap thus creating what we now know as the slave trade. but was it really a Trade???? 1502: Juan de Córdoba of Seville becomes the first merchant we can identify to send an African slave to the New World. Córdoba, like other merchants, is permitted by the Spanish authorities to send only one slave. Others send two or three. 1504: a small group of Africans - probably slaves captured from a Portuguese vessel - are brought to the court of King James IV of Scotland. 1505: first record of sugar cane being grown in the New World, in Santo Domingo (modern Dominican Republic). 1509: Columbus's son, Diego Cólon, becomes governor of the new Spanish empire in the Carribean. He soon complains that Native American slaves do not work hard enough. 1510: 22 January 1510: the start of the systematic transportation of African slaves to the New World: King Ferdinand of Spain authorises a shipment of 50 African slaves to be sent to Santo Domingo. 1513: 2 April 1513: Juan Ponce de Leon becomes the first European to reach the coast of what is now the United States of America (modern Florida). 1516: the governor of Cuba, Diego Velázquez, authorises slave-raiding expeditions to Central America. One group of slaves aboard a Spanish caravel rebel and kill the Spanish crew before sailing home - the first successful slave rebellion recorded in the New World. 1516: in his book Utopia, Sir Thomas More argues that his ideal society would have slaves but they would not be 'non-combatant prisoners-of-war, slaves by birth, or purchases from foreign slave markets.' Rather, they would be local convicts or 'condemned criminals from other countries(AKA prison industrial complex) , who are acquired in large numbers, sometimes for a small payment, but usually for nothing.' (Trans. Paul Turner, Penguin, 1965) 18 August 1518: in a significant escalation of the slave trade, Charles V grants his Flemish courtier Lorenzo de Gorrevod permission to import 4000 African slaves into New Spain. From this point onwards thousands of slaves are sent to the New World each year. 1519: 20 September The circumnavigation expedition of Ferdinand Magellan sets out from San Lucar de Barameda. In December 1520, Magellan discovered the ocean which he named the Pacific. Magellan died in the Philipines, 27 April 1521. Only one of the five ships to set out returned to Spain, on 8 September 1522. 13 August 1521: with the capture of King Cuahutemotzin by Hernan Cortés and the fall of the city of Mexico, the Aztec empire is overthrown and Mexico comes under Spanish Rule. 1522: A major slave rebellion breaks out on the island of Hispaniola. This is the first significant uprising of African slaves. After this, slave resistance becomes widespread and uprisings common. 1524: 300 African slaves taken to Cuba to work in the gold mines. 1526: Hieronymous Seiler and Heinrich Ehinger of Konstanz become the first Germans we know to have become involved in the slave trade. 1527: earliest records of sugar production in Jamaica, later a major sugar producing region of the British Empire. Sugar production is rapidly expanding throughout the Caribbean region at this time - with the mills almost exclusivly worked by African slaves. November 1528: a slave called Esteban (or Estevanico) becomes the first African slave (Know 2 the white man, African not slaves had beeen coming here long before) to step foot on what is now the United States of America. He was one of only four survivors of Pánfilo de Narváez's failed expedition to Florida. He and the other three took eight years to walk to the Spanish colony in Mexico. After their return in 1536, the group's leader, Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca, published an account of their journey through modern Texas and Mexico 1530: Juan de la Barrera, a Seville merchant, begins transporting slaves directly from Africa to the New World (before this, slaves had normally passed through Europe first). His lead is quickly followed by other slave traders. 1532: William Hawkins of Plymouth becomes the first English mariner to visit the coast of West Africa, although he does not take part in slave trading. 22 January 1532: Martim Afonso de Souza founds the first Portuguese colony in Brazil at São Vicente. Sugar production begins almost immediately. 15 November 1532: Francisco Pizaro massacres the Incas at Caxamalca (modern Caxamarca) and captures King Atahuallpa, an event that marks the Spanish conquest of Peru. 1539 30 May 1539: Hernando de Soto, following reports from Cabeza de Vaca, lands on the coast of Florida. Of about 1200 men in his expedition, around 50 were African slaves. After exploring modern Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, and South Carolina, the expedition ended in disaster. September 1541: on his third voyage to Canada, Jacques Cartier establishes the first French colony in the New World at Charlesbourg-Royal, close to modern Québec. 1555: the Portuguese sailor Fernão de Oliveira, in Arte de Guerra no mar (The Art of War at Sea), denounces the slave trade as an 'evil trade'. The book anticipates many of the arguments made by abolitionists in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. 1555: Queen Mary of England, under pressure from the Spanish, forbids English involvement in Guinea. July 1555: a small group of Africans from Shama (modern Ghana) described as slaves are brought to London by John Lok, a London merchant hoping to break into the African trade. 10 November 1555: a group of Norman and Breton sailors, under the command of Nicolas de Villegagnon, found the first French colony in South America. The settlement, close to modern Rio De Janiero in Brazil, is named La France Antarctique. 1556: The Italian city of Genoa tries to prevent trading in slaves - not for any humanitarian reasons - but only in an attempt to reduce the numbers of Africans in the city. 1556: Domingo de Soto, in De justicia et de jure libri X (Ten Books on Justice and Law), argues that it is wrong to keep in slavery any person who was born free. October 1562: John Hawkins of Plymouth becomes the first English sailor that we know about to have obtained African slaves - approximately 300 of them in Sierra Leone - for sale in the West Indies. Hawkins traded the slaves illegally with Spanish colonies, but the trip was profitable and others followed. These contributed to increasing tensions between England and Spain. (As well as initiating the English slave trade, Hawkins also introduced both the potato and tobacco to England.) 1569: a Sevillian Dominican, Tomás de Mercado, publishes Tratos y contratos de mercaderes (Practices and Contracts of Merchants), which attacks the way the slave trade is conducted. 1571: the Parlement of Bordeaux sets all slaves - "blacks and moors" - in the town free, declaring slavery illegal in France. 1573: a Spanish-Mexican lawyer, Bartolemé Frías de Albornoz, publishes Arte de los contratos (The Art of Contracts), which casts doubt on the legality of the slave trade. 20 February 1575: Paulo Dias de Novães founds the Portuguese colony of São Paulo de Luanda on the African mainland (modern Angola). The colony soon became a major slave-trading port supplying the vast Brazilian market. 13 December 1577: Sir Francis Drake sets out from Plymouth on his circumnavigation of the globe. (Returns 26 September 1580) 29 January 1579: with the Union of Utrecht, the northern provinces of the Low Countries unite to create a Calvinist republic free from Spanish rule. The United Provinces (modern Netherlands) soon becomes an important slave-trading nation and an aspiring colonial power. 1580: Following the death of King Henry of Portugal, and a short campaign by the duke of Alva, Spain and Portugal are united under Philip II of Spain. Spain thus becomes the most important colonial power - and the largest participant in the slave trade. 27 July 1585: the first English colony in the New World is established at Roanoke Island (modern North Carolina), organised by Sir Walter Raleigh and governed by Ralph Lane. It was not successful, and the colonists withdrew in June 1586. 16 November 1585: In the first of a series of attacks on Spanish colonial interests, Sir Francis Drake sacks the slave-trading settlement of Santiago in the Cape Verde Islands. 11 January 1586: Sir Francis Drake sacks the Spanish colony of Santo Domingo (modern Dominican republic). He goes on to sack Cartagena (modern Columbia) and St. Augustine (modern Florida). These acts of piracy are among the factors that precipitate war between England and Spain. 23 July 1587: A second English colony is founded at Roanoke Island, again organised by Sir Walter Raleigh. When it is revisted by English ships in August 1590, it has vanished without trace. July-September 1588: the failure of the Spanish Armada (an intended Spanish invasion of England, largely destroyed by bad weather) provides a boost for English maritime power and for English colonial ambitions, although the boost may have been more psychological than actual. 1592: Bernard Ericks becomes the first Dutch slave trader. 1594: L'Espérance of La Rochelle becomes the first French ship positively identified as participating in the slave trade.

[digiindie]

MAAFA - "Welfare" (@maafahardcore)

[lyricsssdotin]

Draamebaaz Lyrics

Singer:Geet SagarAlbum:Nautanki Saala Woh woh o o…Life hai aapa-dhaapi… woh wo!Sabki hai maafa-maafi… woh wo!Zor se dhakka maro bus ek sorry kaafi(Thoda adjust kar lo na bhai) Beat-up, repeater yahaan sab hain cheaterHaan sab hi lagaate hain waatDil se lagaaye jo, apna banaaye joUsko hi padti hai laat Tu bhi Dramebaaz main bhi DramebaazSaale Draamebaaz sab yahaan (x2) Woh woh o o…Life hai…

[lifeofamage]

warrior women energetics in a song: