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sagarg889 · 2 years ago

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Mill Pulverizer Industry Analysis, Future Growth, Segmentation, Competitive Landscape, Key Trends & Forecast 2023 to 2033

According to the recent FMI report, the market size for mill pulverizer is anticipated to cross a value of US$ 1,939.4 Million in 2033, growing at a CAGR of 5.2% approximately between 2023 and 2033.

The global industry expansion due to rapid urbanization and population growth would lead the market to new heights. This market would likely to achieve a value of US$ 1,934.4 Million in 2033.

As per FMI- A mill pulverizer is a device that grinds up materials like spices, coffee beans, and herbs. The grinding is done by a rotating plate that has small teeth on it. The teeth break up the material into smaller pieces so that it can be ground up into a powder.

There are numerous mill pulverizer models available on the market. Some pulverizers are designed to grind specific materials, while others can grind any material. The most common type of mill pulverizer is the impact pulverizer, which crushes the material with hammers.

Get a Sample Copy of this Report @ https://www.futuremarketinsights.com/reports/sample/rep-gb-16035

Pulverizers are widely used in industries such as industrial manufacturing, power generation, pharmaceutical product development, construction, agriculture, landscaping, printing, recycling, laboratory, and material processing. The tools provide material size deduction services to end users with a variety of goals according to their requirements and objectives.

Key Takeaways from the Mill Pulverizer Market Study:

The mill pulverizer market is expected to grow at a moderate rate during the forecast period. The major drivers of growth for this market are increased demand from the power generation industry and the need for improved coal combustion in order to reduce emissions.

The food and beverage application in mill pulverizer market would attain maximum revenue share over the forecast period due to growing demand of processed food around the world.

In recent years, the North American Mill Pulverizer market has seen significant growth and development. This is due to a number of factors, including the increasing demand for pulverized coal in power plants, the need for more efficient and cost-effective methods of pulverizing coal, and the rise in natural gas prices.

Asia pacific region is proving to be an emerging market for Mill Pulverizer Machines due to increased construction and infrastructures activities in the region.

Who is winning?

The competitive landscape of the market is likely to change in the coming years as new entrants are expected to enter the market with innovative products and technologies.

Some key players in Mill Pulverizer market are Mitsubishi, Babcock & Wilcox, SUNBEAM, McLanahan, and EXCT.

Get Valuable Insights into Mill Pulverizer Market

FMI, in its new offering, provides an unbiased analysis of the Mill Pulverizer market presenting historical demand data (2018-2022) and forecast statistics for the period from (2023-2033). The study divulges compelling insights on the demand for Mill Pulverizer market based on Type (Hammer Mills, Ball Mills, Pin Mills, Impact Mills), by Application (Pharmaceuticals, Food & Beverage, Others), by Sales Channel (Online, Offline), by Region (North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, MEA, RoW)

Get Full Access on this Report @ https://www.futuremarketinsights.com/reports/mill-pulverizer-market

Segmentation of Mill Pulverizer Market

Segmentation by Type:

Hammer Mills

Ball Mills

Pin Mills

Impact Mills

Segmentation by Application:

Pharmaceuticals

Food & Beverage

Others

Segmentation by Sales Channel:

Online

Offline

Segmentation by Region:

North America

Europe

Asia Pacific

Latin America

MEA

RoW

#Mill Pulverizer Market

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and-then-there-were-n0ne · 5 years ago

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People might object that algorithms could never make important decisions for us, because important decisions usually involve an ethical dimension, and algorithms don’t understand ethics. Yet there is no reason to assume that algorithms won’t be able to outperform the average human even in ethics. Already today, as devices like smartphones and autonomous vehicles undertake decisions that used to be a human monopoly, they start to grapple with the same kind of ethical problems that have bedevilled humans for millennia.

For example, suppose two kids chasing a ball jump right in front of a self-driving car. Based on its lightning calculations, the algorithm driving the car concludes that the only way to avoid hitting the two kids is to swerve into the opposite lane, and risk colliding with an oncoming truck. The algorithm calculates that in such a case there is a 70 percent chance that the owner of the car - who is fast asleep in the back seat - would be killed. What should the algorithm do?

Philosophers have been arguing about such ‘trolley problems' for millennia (they are called 'trolley problems’ because the textbook examples in modern philosophical debates refer to a runaway trolley car racing down a railway track, rather than to a self-driving car).“ Up until now, these arguments have had embarrassingly little impact on actual behaviour, because in times of crisis humans all too often forget about their philosophical views and follow their emotions and gut instincts instead. One of the nastiest experiments in the history of the social sciences was conducted in December 1970 on a group of Students at the Princeton Theological Seminary, who were training to become ministers in the Presbyterian Church. Each student was asked to hurry to a distant lecture hall, and there give a talk on the Good Samaritan parable, which tells how a Jew travelling from Jerusalem to Jericho was robbed and beaten by criminals, who then left him to die by the side of the road. After some time a priest and a Levite passed nearby, but both ignored the man. In contrast, a Samaritan - a member of a sect much despised by the Jews - stopped when he saw the victim, took care of him, and saved his life. The moral of the parable is that people’s merit should be judged by their actual behaviour, rather than by their religious affiliation.

The eager young seminarians rushed to the lecture hall, contemplating on the way how best to explain the moral of the Good Samaritan parable. But the experimenters planted in their path a shabbily dressed person, who was sitting slumped in a doorway with his head down and his eyes closed. As each unsuspecting seminarian was hurrying past, the 'victim’ coughed and groaned pitifully. Most seminarians did not even stop to inquire what was wrong with the man, let alone offer any help. The emotional stress created by the need to hurry to the lecture hall trumped their moral obligation to help strangers in distress.

Human emotions trump philosophical theories in countless other situations. This makes the ethical and philosophical history of the world a rather depressing rale of wonderful ideals and less than ideal behaviour. How many Christians actually turn the other cheek, how many Buddhists actually rise above egoistic obsessions, and how many Jews actually love their neighbours as themselves? That’s just the way natural selection has shaped Homo sapiens. Like all mammals, Homo sapiens uses emotions to quickly make life and death decisions. We have inherited our anger, our fear and our lust from millions of ancestors, all of whom passed the most rigorous quality control tests of natural selection.

Unfortunately, what was good for survival and reproduction in the African savannah a million years ago does not necessarily make for responsible behaviour on twenty-first-century motorways. Distracted, angry and anxious human drivers kill more than a million people in traffic accidents every year. We can send all our philosophers, prophets and priests to preach ethics to these drivers - but on the road, mammalian emotions and savannah instincts will still take over. Consequently, seminarians in a rush will ignore people in distress, and drivers in a crisis will run over hapless pedestrians.

This disjunction between the seminary and the road is one of the biggest practical problems in ethics. Immanuel Kant, John Swart Mill and John Rawls can sit in some cosy university hall and discuss theoretical problems in ethics for days - but would their conclusions actually be implemented by stressed-out drivers caught in a split-second emergency? Perhaps Michael Schumacher - the Formula One champion who is sometimes hailed as the best driver in history - had the ability to think about philosophy while racing a car; but most of us aren’t Schumacher.

Computer algorithms, however, have not been shaped by natural selection, and they have neither emotions nor gut instincts. Hence in moments of crisis they could follow ethical guidelines much better than humans - provided we find a way to code ethics in precise numbers and statistics. If we teach Kant, Mill and Rawls to write code, they can carefully program the self-driving car in their cosy laboratory, and be certain that the car will follow their commandments on the highway. In effect, every car will be driven by Michael Schumacher and Immanuel Kant rolled into one.

Thus if you program a self-driving car to stop and help strangers in distress, it will do so come hell or high water (unless, of course, you insert an exception clause for infernal or high-water scenarios). Similarly, if your self-driving car is programmed to swerve to the opposite lane in order to save the two kids in its path, you can bet your life this is exactly what it will do. Which means that when designing their self-driving car, Toyota or Tesla will be transforming a theoretical problem in the philosophy of ethics into a practical problem of engineering.

Granted, the philosophical algorithms will never be perfect. Mistakes will still happen, resulting in injuries, deaths and extremely complicated lawsuits. (For the first time in history, you might be able to sue a philosopher for the unfortunate results of his or her theories, because for the first time in history you could prove a direct causal link between philosophical ideas and real-life events.) However, in order to take over from human drivers, the algorithms won’t have to be perfect. They will just have to be better than the humans. Given that human drivers kill more than a million people each year, that isn’t such a tall order. When all is said and done, would you rather the car next to you was driven by a drunk teenager, or by the Schumacher-Kant team?

The same logic is true not just of driving, but of many other situations. Take for example job applications. In the twenty-first century, the decision whether to hire somebody for a job will increasingly be made by algorithms. We cannot rely on the machine to set the relevant ethical standards - humans will still need to do that. But once we decide on an ethical standard in the job market - that it is wrong to discriminate against black people or against women, for example - we can rely on machines to implement and maintain this standard better than humans. A human manager may know and even agree that it is unethical to discriminate against black people and women, but then, when a black woman applies for a job, the manager subconsciously discriminates against her, and decides not to hire her. If we allow a computer to evaluate job applications, and program the computer to completely ignore race and gender, we can be certain that the computer will indeed ignore these factors, because computers don’t have a subconscious. Of course, it won’t be easy to write code for evaluating job applications, and there is always a danger that the engineers will somehow program their own subconscious biases into the software. Yet once we discover such mistakes, it would probably be far easier to debug the software than to rid humans of their racist and misogynist biases.

We saw that the rise of artificial intelligence might push most humans out of the job market - including drivers and traffic police (when rowdy humans are replaced by obedient algorithms, traffic police will be redundant). However, there might be some new openings for philosophers, because their skills - hitherto devoid of much market value - will suddenly be in very high demand. So if you want to study something that will guarantee a good job in the future, maybe philosophy is not such a bad gamble. Of course, philosophers seldom agree on the right course of action. Few 'trolley problems’ have been solved to the satisfaction of all philosophers, and consequentialist thinkers such as John Stuart Mill (who judge actions by consequences) hold quite different opinions to deontologists such as Immanuel Kant (who judge actions by absolute rules). Would Tesla have to actually take a stance on such knotty matters in order to produce a car?

Well, maybeTesla will just leave it to the market. Tesla will produce two models of the self-driving car: the Tesla Altruist and the Tesla Egoist. In an emergency, the Altruist sacrifices its owner to the greater good, whereas the Egoist does everything in its power to save its owner, even if it means killing the two kids. Customers will then be able to buy the car that best fits their favourite philosophical view. If more people buy the Tesla Egoist, you won’t be able to blame Tesla for that. After all. the customer is always right.

This is not a joke. In a pioneering 2015 study people were presented with a hypothetical scenario of a self-driving car about to run over several pedestrians. Most said that in such a case the car should save the pedestrians even at rhe price of killing its owner. When they were then asked whether they personally would buy a car programmed to sacrifice irs owner for the grearet good, most said no. For themselves, they would prefer the Tesla Egoist.

Imagine the situation: you have bought a new car, bur before you can start using it, you must open the settings menu and tick one of several boxes. In case of an accident, do you want the car to sacrifice your life - or to kill the family in the other vehicle? Is this a choice you even want to make? Just think of the arguments you are going to have with your husband about which box to tick.

So maybe the state should intervene to regulate the market, and lay down an ethical code binding all self-driving cars? Some lawmakers will doubtless be thrilled by the opportunity to finally make laws that are always followed to the letter. Other lawmakers may be alarmed by such unprecedented and totalitarian responsibility. After all, throughout history the limitations of law enforcement provided a welcome check on the biases, mistakes and excesses of lawmakers. It was an extremely lucky thing that laws against homosexuality and against blasphemy were only partially enforced. Do we really want a system in which the decisions of fallible politicians become as inexorable as gravity?

- Yuval Noah Harari, The philosophical car in 21 Lessons for the 21st century

#yuval noah harari #21 lessons #21 lessons for the 21st century

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carbideproducts · 4 years ago

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nazaninlankarani · 7 years ago

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As Clear as — Industrial Sapphire

A radiograph of the BR-X1 Tourbillon Skeleton Sapphire.

When industrial sapphire crystal was introduced to watchmaking in the 1990s, it was meant to be the least conspicuous part of a watch, a way of showing off the intricacies of openwork or skeletal movements.

Now, advances in manufacturing processes have made it possible for watchmakers to use sapphire crystal (or sapphire glass — the terms are used interchangeably in the industry) as a stand-alone, virtually scratch-proof component; a prominent decorative element, or to protect the watch itself.

Industrial sapphire is obtained from the synthetic version of corundum, a crystalline aluminum oxide that is the second-hardest material after diamond. It usually is made in solid disc form, which is milled, ground and machined by specialized laboratories to make the front and rear crystals of a watch case in standard, mostly round, shapes. Because the material is expensive and prone to cracking, watchmakers rarely experiment with it.

But two years ago Bell & Ross, the French watch company, began producing sapphire watches in limited editions as a way of raising its profile as a luxury watchmaker.

“Sapphire represents for us the apex of luxury,” said Carlos A. Rosillo, chief executive of Bell & Ross. “It is the material of choice for a product that we finish so flawlessly that it has nothing to hide.”

The BR-X1 Tourbillon Skeleton Sapphire Gold.

Last month, Mr. Rosillo displayed new versions of the BR-X1 Tourbillon Skeleton Sapphire; the basic model was introduced in 2017 but at Baselworld this week the brand will be introducing a variation with colored elements in the openwork movement.

Cut out of five blocks of corundum, the watch case and caseback took a month to machine, Mr. Rosillo said. Sandwiched between those two sapphire elements, the components of the skeleton movement, made of solid gold or colored brass, are visible from all angles.

“The sapphire elements are cut like a gemstone to let the light bounce off their facets,” Mr. Rosillo said. “This is the closest a watch case has come to a princess-cut diamond.”

The BR-X1 Skeleton is the fourth in a series of sapphire watches that Bell & Ross has produced, “for the love of the art,” as Mr. Rosillo put it. The experiments appear to have paid off, as all the previous models have sold out, even though prices ranged from 450,000 euros (today, $551,180) for the BR-X1 Chronograph Tourbillon Sapphire produced in 2016, to €59,000 for the BR-X2 Tourbillon Micro-Rotor.

“We were surprised to see the watches sell at these price points because that is not our core business,” Mr. Rosillo said. “But we were addressing a new type of client who wants a watch that is unique and yet is discreet about how much is on his wrist.” The brand’s watches generally sell for less than €5,000.

The new BR-X1 Skeleton is available in an edition of six, the single rose-gold version priced at €450,000, and five with brass movement components in different colors, priced at €350,000 euros each.

Tilt Cartier’s Révélation d’une Panthère and the 900 beads in its sapphire glass case reveal the panther’s image.

The blue version of the watch will be displayed at Baselworld but is available exclusively online at Mr. Porter, and its buyer may have the option of being flown privately to Geneva to collect the watch and meet Mr. Rosillo and the watchmaker who worked on the timepiece.

“Owning this watch will be a complete experience in luxury from start to finish,” Mr. Rosillo said.

Other watchmakers also hope to impress buyers and collectors with their creations using the translucent material.

Cartier’s Révélation d’une Panthère, introduced in January, has 900 loose beads suspended in oil inside a watch case made of its patented sapphire glass. When the watch is tilted, the beads slowly slide down, mimicking the action of an hourglass, to reveal the panther’s head image against the black, red or green lacquer dial.

“This watch was five years in development to achieve the falling of the beads in reaction to the movement of the wearer’s wrist,” said Pierre Rainero, Cartier’s director of image, style and heritage. “We obtained two patents for this piece: one for the sapphire and the other for the fluid inside that is completely invisible and regulates the speed with which the beads drop inside the case.”

In the 1930s and ’40s, Cartier was admired for its desk clocks in which the mechanism seemed to float inside a sapphire case, using a technique invented in the 19th century. This year, Louis Vuitton took that technical prowess a step further with its Tambour Moon Mystérieuse Flying Tourbillon, in which the tourbillon seems to float inside the clear case and the crown has no visible connection to the winding mechanism.

The Louis Vuitton Tambour Moon Mystérieuse Flying Tourbillon.

“What is new here is that both the movement and the winding mechanism are invisible,” said Hamdi Chatti, vice president of the house’s watches and jewelry division. “All their components are made of sapphire. Inside, five separate sapphire discs, all perfectly fitted together, operate the movement, two of which support the hands, and nothing about this mechanism is visible.

“The result is magical and our watchmakers had a lot of fun with this very complex assembly,” he said.

Also this year, HYT, the independent Swiss watch brand known for the liquid activity inside its watches, reshaped its flat sapphire crystal to a bell-jar shaped dome. The brand said the shape, which now sits atop both the H0 Gold and H2O models, improved the view of the flow of fluids that indicate the passage of time.

“We revisited the design of the sapphire glass to give a fuller, three-dimensional view of time” and better reflect the brand’s aesthetics, said HYT’s chief executive, Grégory Dourde. “The sapphire glass now fits over the watch like a laboratory bell jar.”

Greubel Forsey wanted an unimpeded view of the titanium globe that is part of their watch, so the Swiss independent watchmaking duo designed a sapphire glass that combines the bezel and the glass into a single oddly shaped piece.

“We now have full visibility of the globe thanks to this complex piece of sapphire that allows the wearer to track the globe’s full revolution in 24 hours,” said Stephen Forsey, co-founder of the brand. “We have been testing sapphire elements for over a decade now and have a real savoir-faire in the subject.”

MB&F’s MoonMachine 2 has a sapphire case and internal sapphire discs.

In addition to the globe and its universal time indication, the watch displays three time zones on its face, and 24 cities with summer and winter times on the reverse.

At MB&F, a sapphire case and internal sapphire discs were used in its MoonMachine 2. The timepiece, introduced in January, was inspired by the Can-Am racecars of the 1960s and ’70s and made in collaboration with the Finnish watchmaker Stepan Sarpaneva.

“The sapphire glass was designed like the windshield of a car,” said Charris Yadigaroglou, head of communication at the Swiss watchmaker. “It is an intrinsic element of the case; it is cut flush with the sides and not encased, so that it can be integral part of the timepiece.”

And, he added, “the sapphire inside works as an optical prism to transmit the reading of the hours and minutes onto the ‘headlights’ display of the watch and not the face.”

One pioneer in sapphire use, Richard Mille, has long been working on improving the shock resistance of the crystals and lessening their weight, as seen in his RM 056 Sapphire Tourbillon Split Seconds Chronograph, introduced in 2012, and both the RM 56-01 and RM 56-02 models. The sapphire in the latter required more than 1,000 hours of machining and polishing, a process that caused so many crystals to crack that it was limited to 10 pieces, priced at $2.02 million each.

This year, Mr. Mille has tackled a new challenge with the RM 53-01, designed in partnership with the Argentine polo player Pablo Mac Donough.

The RM 056 Sapphire Tourbillon Split Seconds Chronograph by Richard Mille.

Mr. Mac Donough was in Geneva in January for the introduction of the RM 53-01 at the Salon International de la Haute Horlogerie. With an X-ray image of his skull projected on a screen behind him, Mr. Mac Donough explained that he was once hit above the eye with a polo mallet.

“In polo, you can get hit by a mallet, a flying ball or fall under a horse,” Mr. Mac Donough said. “You forget who you are when you take a hit.”

After two years of research and testing in collaboration with Stettler Sapphire, a Swiss sapphire maker, Mr. Mille came up with a laminated sapphire crystal that promises to keep the watch’s mechanism visible and shield the delicate tourbillon inside its Carbon TPT (thin ply technology) case against the impact of a mallet or a polo ball hitting it at 200 miles per hour.

“We wanted a watch capable of resisting all types of shock in a polo match while leaving the movement visible,” said Salvador Arbona, the brand’s technical director for movements, who described how the sapphire crystal was tested with a pendulum using a 10-pound weight.

“This glass is basically indestructible,” Mr. Arbona said. “It is made of two layers of sapphire assembled with a thin sheet of polyvinyl. The sapphire could crack but it will not shatter and the watch will remain intact.”

The RM 53-01, priced €941,500, is limited to 30 pieces.

“Next time I play,” Mr. Mac Donough said. “I know the safest part of my body will be my watch.”

[Source]

#watches #nazanin lankarani

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planetaryballmill-blog · 7 years ago

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Planetary Ball Mill Accessories- Use Them For A Flawless Operation

Planetary ball mills are something those are well designed to meet the huge demand of people. It is worthy to mention, different innovations occur each day to simplify consumer demands to check competitors from their usual way. Manufacturers are busy with producing such highly developed devices those provide highest standard of powered materials to enhance in research and developing different simplified products to meet consumer needs. All most all labs those are busy with their researches, they can be easily spotted with these ball mills working in their labs.

Today, planetary ball milling machine is one of the popular devices and can be found in various laboratories those are mainly responsible for carrying out researches for purposes such as pharmaceutical and chemical industries. Latest ball mill has added almost 800 RPMs and faster grinding to below 1 um. Furthermore, these machines are come with safer locking systems and provide guaranty on consistent duplicability. Along with these, newly developed areas, highly advanced mills are being built in such ways those protect workers from crushing movements those were once known as threat to workers. It is obvious that, while there is highly rotated devices are on work, they surely make such parts weak and in this context to make them workable, planetary ball mill accessories are needed to install.

All most all researchers are always in passion to get their result accurate and in order to get such results. Materials need to be powered with smallest size of its particles and laboratory ball mill is the right device to opt for. These heavy duty machines sometimes need a wash over otherwise they will be damaged. Choosing accurate laboratory ball mill accessories will make you hassle free while you will able to flawless operation. Planetary ball mill accessories available through online with pocket friendly price, as a result you can go ahead without any worries.

#planetary ball mill accessorieslaboratory ball mill accessories

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priortothiwristwatch-blog · 8 years ago

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Photos: The A to Z of watchesN

Prior to this wristwatch appearing for sale, the most famous of Churchill's watches was a

Breguet

pocket watch, which was in daily use. (For those who adore synchronicity, Lemania was absorbed by Breguet and is now part of the Swatch Group.)

Photos: The A to Z of watchesN is for Nanotechnology – To make watches more reliable, accurate, and durable, modern watchmaking uses manufacturing methods capable of producing micron-level precision, from computer-guided milling machines (standard in watchmaking today) to nanotech manufacturing techniques like silicon fabrication and even more exotic methods like the micro-lithography technique known as LIGA. A watchmaker from 100 years ago would understand how a watch of today works, but the processes would make his jaw drop.Hide Caption14 of 26

Photos: The A to Z of watchesO is for Omega – Over the course of its history, Omega has been an industry leader in just about every way that matters. They've developed everything from wristwatches and marine chronometers, to pioneering watches for deep diving and ocean exploration. Omega timepieces have been just about everywhere -- including space. The Omega Speedmaster's most famous moment as "the Moonwatch" came when it was used by the Apollo 13 crew to time critical firing of their crippled spaceship's rocket to ensure a safe reentry. (Cabin instruments were shut down to save precious battery power.)Hide Caption15 of 26

Photos: The A to Z of watchesP is for Patek Philippe – Founded in 1851, the name has, since its inception, been synonymous with the very highest level of finesse. Patek Philippe's watches are beautifully crafted, often mechanically innovative and, just as importantly, they're some of the most collectible and valuable watches on the planet. Want proof? Patek Philippe watches routinely break and set records. The highest price ever paid at auction was by an anonymous collector who, in 2015, paid $24.4 million for an ultra-complex pocket watch made in the 1930s for American banker Henry Graves.Hide Caption16 of 26

Photos: The A to Z of watchesQ is for Quartz – Though they're commonplace nowadays, quartz watches were not only the very hottest thing in watchmaking, but also coveted luxury items when they were first released. The very first quartz watch ever was Seiko's Astron, which went on sale in Japan on Christmas, 1969, and cost as much as a new car. Mass production and lowered manufacturing costs meant that eventually anyone could have chronometer accuracy on their wrist. Many thought the so-called "Quartz Crisis" would kill off mechanical watches completely, but today, fine mechanical and durable, dependable watches, like Casio's famous G-Shock, happily coexist in the marketplace.

Hide Caption17 of 26

Photos: The A to Z of watchesR is for Rolex – People who've never heard of any other watch company have heard of Rolex. And for good reason: no company has been so successful at insinuating itself into the public mind as this Swiss watch brand. Rolexes have been seen on innumerable wrists in the movies, starting with Sean Connery's Bond. The classic novice's goof is to think of Rolex as all show and no go, but real horological insiders know that Rolex's movements are some of the most accurate, robust and reliable on the planet.Hide Caption18 of 26

Photos: The A to Z of watchesS is for Silicon – Lighter than steel and, critically, non-magnetic, silicon has a huge advantage over traditional alloys. Silicon is part of what's behind the resistance to magnetism of Omega watches, and you might be surprised to hear that Patek Philippe, a company that's identified with doing things the old-fashioned way, has embraced silicon technology for moving parts in many of its watches as well.Hide Caption19 of 26

Photos: The A to Z of watchesT is for Timex – Timex is an older company than most might imagine. It was originally founded in 1854 as the Waterbury Watch Company and, in one form or another, has been around ever since. Timex was one of the first brands to make inexpensive watches accessible to the masses. The brand continues that tradition today. Their biggest hit in advertising was a series of TV ads in which they would do spectacular torture tests -- involving things like jackhammers, paint mixers, and outboard motors -- and then show the watch running unscathed, with the world-famous tagline: "Takes a licking and keeps on ticking."Hide Caption20 of 26

Photos: The A to Z of watchesU is for UTC – These watches have an extra hour hand that shows the time in a different time zone. Typically, the main hour hand can be reset, independently of the other hands, in one-hour increments as you cross time zones while traveling, so it always shows the correct local time. A second hour hand, pegged to a 24-hour scale, shows home time, so at a glance you can see the time where you are, and the time at home. The classic model is the Rolex GMT Master, originally produced by the company for Pan Am pilots to help fight jet lag.Hide Caption21 of 26

Photos: The A to Z of watchesV is for Vintage Watch Collecting – Vintage watch collectors are incredibly varied in terms of what catches their eye, and focuses can be narrow and intense. Some people, for instance, collect only vintage Rolex Submariners with rare or unusual dials. You need deep pockets if you're one of them: vintage Rolex, like vintage Patek, have skyrocketed in price in the last decade, with some vintage Omega models, like the Speedmaster, not far behind. But buyer beware: the incredible prices some vintage watches routinely hit at auction have made creating fakes a lucrative business.

Hide Caption22 of 26

Photos: The A to Z of watchesW is World Time Watch – A ring on the dial, showing the names of major cities in each time zone, has inside it a 24-hour disc that rotates once a day. Whichever hour is lined up with a given city is the current time in that city. A practical and beautiful complication, its only drawbacks are that it can't compensate for Daylight Savings time, and that some time zones are not a whole hour apart. However, some modern manufacturers have created world time watches that show the time even in those oddball time zones -- a beautiful, if pricey, example is the Traditionnelle World Time wristwatch from Vacheron Constantin.

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Photos: The A to Z of watchesX is for Xtremely Tough – The inventor of G-Shock is Casio engineer Kikuo Ibe, whose beloved mechanical watch broke accidentally. He then vowed to make a watch that was unbreakable. The first G-Shocks came out in the mid-1980s and they were tough alright. Ibe famously tested prototypes by throwing them out of the fourth-floor men's room window at Casio's research laboratory, into the parking lot below.Hide Caption24 of 26

Photos: The A to Z of watchesY is for Year – The challenge is that there aren't a whole number of days in a year. Instead, it's about 365 and a quarter days to make one trip around the Sun -- which is why months are different lengths, and why February has a day added once every four years to keep the calendar in sync with the seasons. The watchmaker's solution is a type of watch called a perpetual calendar. Such watches contain a tiny mechanical computer that automatically detects the correct length of each month, and always displays the correct date -- even at the end of February in a leap year. These watches are traditionally very expensive, but a major trend nowadays is creating more affordable perpetual calendar watches, like the Montblanc Meisterstück Heritage Perpetual Calendar, which starts at less than $10,000.Hide Caption25 of 26

Photos: The A to Z of watchesZ is for Zirconium Dioxide – Zirconium dioxide, also called just plain zirconia, is a ceramic. Yes, so is your grandmother's Wedgewood china, but there the resemblance ends. Zirconium dioxide is a tough, highly scratch-resistant material that's part of a big trend in the last decade of watchmaking to replace steel or aluminum case parts with scratchproof ceramics. Rolex and Omega, as well as a huge range of other firms like Blancpain and Rado, use the material for bezels and even entire cases, and you'll find ceramics commonly used in modern watch movements as well, where they are used for ball bearings in the automatic winding mechanism.Hide Caption26 of 26 More fromSTYLE

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Photos: The A to Z of watchesA is for Accuracy – Though quartz watches and atomic clocks (like the one that controls your smartphone) will always be more accurate than even the best mechanical watch, the pursuit of high precision in mechanics is still alive today. The fascination behind achieving precision timekeeping in a watch with gears and a mainspring, rather than a battery and an integrated circuit, is a big part of what's kept traditional watchmaking alive in the 21st century.

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