#kingdom of Dai Viet
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Emperor Le Loi. Source: Bao Lam Dong website
In 1400, the Chinese Ming dynasty, taking advantage of internal turmoil in the Kingdom of Dai Viet, invaded Vietnam and briefly occupied it. Vietnamese general, Le Loi, led a nine year guerrilla resistance against the Chinese invaders and eventually drove them out. In 1428 he became Emperor of the restored Kingdom of Dai Viet, founding the Later Le dynasty. In 1431, the Ming formally recognised Vietnamese independence. Le Loi is one of the most famous heroes of Vietnamese history, and considered a national hero.
#vietnam#Vietnamese independence#le Loi#ming dynasty#sino vietnamese war#later le dynasty#kingdom of Dai Viet
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[“Asked which side he supported, one peasant from a village close to Saigon told a Front cadre in 1963: “I do not know, for I follow the will of Heaven. If I do what you say, then the Diem side will arrest me; if I say things against you, then you will arrest me, so I would rather carry both burdens on my shoulders and stand in the middle.” Caught between two competing regimes, the peasant did not assert his right to decide between them, rather he asked himself where his duty lay. Which regime had the power to claim his loyalty? Which would be the most likely to restore peace and harmony to his world? His decision might be based on personal preference (a government that considered the wishes of the people would be more likely to restore peace on a permanent basis). But he had, nonetheless, to make an objective analysis of the situation and take his gamble, for his first loyalty lay neither with the Diem regime nor the NLF but with the will of Heaven that controlled them both. At certain periods attentisme was the most moral and the most practical course.
As a warning to Westerners on the difficulties of understanding the twentieth-century conflict in Vietnam, Paul Mus told an ancient Chinese legend that is well known to the Vietnamese. There was trouble in the state of Lu, and the reigning monarch called in Confucius to ask for his help. When he arrived at the court, the Master went to a public place and took a seat in the correct way, facing south, and all the trouble disappeared.
The works of Vo Nguyen Giap are but addenda to this legend, for the legend is the paradigm of revolution in Vietnam. To the Vietnamese it is clear from the story that Confucius was not taking an existential or exemplary position, he was actually changing the situation. Possessed of neither godlike nor prophetic authority, he moved an entire kingdom by virtue of his sensitivity to the will of Heaven as reflected in the “eyes and ears of the people.” As executor for the people, he clarified their wishes and signaled the coming — or the return — of the Way that would bring harmony to the kingdom. For the Hoa Hao and the Cao Dai, the traditionalist sects of the south that in the twentieth century still believed in this magical “sympathy” of heaven and earth, political change did not depend entirely on human effort. Even the leaders of the sects believed that if they, like Confucius, had taken “the correct position,” the position that accorded with the will of Heaven, all Vietnamese would eventually adopt the same Way, the same political system that they had come to.
Here, within the old spiritualist language, lies a clue as to why the Vietnamese Communists held their military commanders in strict subordination to the political cadres. Within the domestic conflict military victories were not only less important than political victories, but they were strictly meaningless except as reflections of the political realities. For the Communists, as for all the other political groups, the vehicle of political change was not the war, the pitch of force against force, but the struggle, the attempt to make manifest that their Way was the only true or “natural” one for all Vietnamese. Its aim was to demonstrate that, in the old language, the Mandate of Heaven had changed and the new order had already replaced the old in all but title.
When Ho Chi Minh entered Hanoi in August 1945, he made much the same kind of gesture as Confucius had made in facing south when he said (and the wording is significant, for he was using a language of both East and West), “We, members of the Provisional Government of the Democratic Republic of Viet-Nam solemnly declare to the world that Viet-Nam has the right to be a free and independent country — and in fact it is so already. The entire Vietnamese people are determined to mobilize all their physical and mental strength, to sacrifice their lives and property in order to safeguard their independence and liberty.” His claims were far from “true” at the time, but they constituted the truth in potential — if he, like Confucius, had taken the “correct position.” For the Confucians, of course, the “correct position” was that which accorded with the will of Heaven and the practice of the sacred ancestors. For Ho Chi Minh the “correct position” was that which accorded with the laws of history and the present and future judgment of the Vietnamese people.”]
frances fitzgerald, from fire in the lake: the vietnamese and the americans in vietnam, 1972
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Mỹ Sơn (pronounced Mee Sahn) Sanctuary showcases the remains of a now-extinct Indian-Hindu Kingdom of the Cham people, which settled southern and central Vietnam between the 4th and 13th centuries. This site was the former religious and political capital of the civilization for most of its existence. Despite being lesser known, Mỹ Sơn Sanctuary offers historical and cultural knowledge on par with Angkor Wat.
Mỹ Sơn is home to 71 temple towers, built for the Hindu divinities such as Krishna and Vishnu, but above all Shiva. The tower temples were constructed over ten centuries of continuous development. The skill of the bricklayers is still marveled to this day, as the exact techniques used are still unknown. The original bricks are remarkably well preserved, despite being ravaged by war and 15 centuries of time.
A Linga and Yoni lay at the center of many of the oldest temples, symbolizing the balance between male and female. The linga church is the oldest example of a ruling theocratic power in Southeast Asia.
French archeologists found the site in the 20th century and began conservation efforts, although it's worth mentioning that a number of statue heads were stolen and brought back to France. During the Vietnam War, the Viet Cong used My Son as a military base, and were subsequently bombed by American soldiers, where the site suffered the most significant damage due to combat.
Mỹ Sơn Sanctuary has been recognized by UNESCO since 1999.
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Jim Hopper: Hogwarts AU
Jim Hopper is a Pureblood wizard that was born on the 10th of April 1952 and started attending Hogwarts on the 1st of September 1963, being sorted into Gryffindor House.
He has a Fir wand with a Phoenix Feather core.
His Patronus is a Brown Bear.
His favorite subject is Herbology and his least favorite is History of Magic.
He was one of Gryffindor's Chasers from his fourth year onward.
Sometime after reaching the age of 18, Hopper fought in the Third Wizarding War. He was exposed to dangerous chemicals like Agent Orange, an herbicide that was used to damage vegetation that the NVA and Viet Cong were using for cover. Alongside his friends who served, they all tried to return to their normal lives after the war, but their exposure to Agent Orange led to numerous health complications for their spouses and as a result, they could not safely have healthy children. Hopper's wife, Diane, was able to luckily give birth to their daughter, Sara. However, this would be short-lived as Sara developed cancer at a young age. The loss of his daughter and family life left Hopper emotionally reserved and cynical. To manage his pain, he regularly drank alcohol, smoked several cigarettes a day and developed an addiction to anti-anxiety drugs. Instead of making real connections with people, he slept around with several women who he never contacted again.
Despite being an Auror, he didn't care about his job, as he regularly slept in and showed up late and had an overall laid-back attitude in the Auror's office even before the Byers case and had an indifference to the cases brought to his attention. Only when Will Byers went missing and it turned out to be a ministry cover-up did he start caring about doing his job properly, as he had a personal interest in the case.
After discovering Eleven and taking her in to his cabin as her new home, Hopper grew to be highly sympathetic and responsible, which was why they quickly formed a father-daughter bond. To ensure her safety as well as fear for losing her like his daughter, Hopper placed security barriers around their location and had no other choice but to prohibit Eleven from leaving the cabin at all to return to Hogwarts. His care for her was so fierce that one day, he got mad at her for putting herself in jeopardy, an act he regretted. He later acknowledged this and asked her forgiveness. His sense of duty also didn't waiver during their time together, as he would often go to check out Will's condition and help him out as well as scrutinizing the reason behind the abnormal incidents of Hogsmead.
Hopper's empathy for Eleven was the reason why, with the help of healer Owens he later took her as his adopted daughter. He also grew overprotective of Eleven and began believing Mike Wheeler to be a bad influence on her, as he did not want Eleven to grow up so quickly. Hopper began to develop romantic feelings for Joyce, but had trouble confessing them for her, despite asking her out on a date. Yet, Hopper was willing to risk his life to protect Joyce and the kids in order to destroy the Portkey to the Forbidden Forest.
After eight months of being imprisoned in Russia, Hopper was desperate to escape where he formed an alliance with corrupt ministry guard Dmitri Antonov. Hopper's time in prison also caused him to reflect on his actions and his relationships with those closest to him such as Sara, Joyce, and Eleven. When discovering a Mountain Troll to be kept in the prison he was being held at, Hopper was determined to fight it in order to survive and escape. When reunited with Joyce, Hopper was able to make amends and begin a romantic relationship with her as they attempted to leave Russia. However, when discovering the Party to be in danger, Hopper was willing to return to the Russian prison where he was kept and kill the Trolls inhabiting there, in order to save the kids. After successfully killing the Trolls and returning to the United Kingdom, Hopper was happily reunited with Eleven and Mike and officially started sealing his romance with Joyce.
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DELHI SULTANATE WAR ELEPHANT, 13TH CENTURY
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One of the images I made, but didn't end up using, for my video on Mongol heavy cavalry in the wars against the Khwarezmian Empire and Delhi Sultanate.
War elephants were rarely part of the Mongol army: the Mongols found more use for them in labour or as mounts for Khubilai Khan while he travelled or hunted. They were otherwise seen as too cumbersome, unreliable and difficult to feed for regular military usage. The Khwarezmians had only a few that they took from the Ghurids which played no real part in the war against the Mongols. In contrast, the Delhi Sultanate made great use of them, armouring them and placing towers on their back to hold archers and javelin-men. Mongol armies also faced them in south eastern Asian, fielded in great numbers by the kingdoms of Dai Viet, Champa (today's Vietnam) and Pagan (Myanmar).
The general idea seems to be that for the Mongols, elephants were hard to kill outright, especially when armoured. They were also troublesome as their scent and sound frightened horses. However, the Mongols proved capable of driving them mad with concentrated arrow-barrages, at which point the animals became a liability and would run wild through their own lines. Unfortunately, the sources give rather few details as to most Mongol-elephantine military interactions.
This elephant here is based off our brief source descriptions and paintings from early 14th century editions of the Ilkhanate's Jami' al-Tawarikh to depict a Delhi war-elephant. The mahoot and javelin-man are Hindus in Delhi service, with a Turkic archer accompanying them.
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I talk about Mongol heavy cavalry in the war against Khwarezm in my latest video:
youtube
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Events 4.29
801 – An earthquake in the Central Apennines hits Rome and Spoleto, damaging the basilica of San Paolo Fuori le Mura. 1091 – Battle of Levounion: The Pechenegs are defeated by Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos. 1386 – Battle of the Vikhra River: The Principality of Smolensk is defeated by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and becomes its vassal. 1429 – Joan of Arc arrives to relieve the Siege of Orléans. 1483 – Gran Canaria, the main island of the Canary Islands, is conquered by the Kingdom of Castile. 1521 – Swedish War of Liberation: Swedish troops defeat a Danish force in the Battle of Västerås. 1760 – French forces commence the siege of Quebec which is held by the British. 1770 – James Cook arrives in Australia at Botany Bay, which he names. 1781 – American Revolutionary War: British and French ships clash in the Battle of Fort Royal off the coast of Martinique. 1826 – The galaxy Centaurus A or NGC 5128 is discovered by James Dunlop. 1861 – Maryland in the American Civil War: Maryland's House of Delegates votes not to secede from the Union. 1862 – American Civil War: The Capture of New Orleans by Union forces under David Farragut. 1864 – Theta Xi fraternity is founded at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, the only fraternity to be founded during the American Civil War. 1903 – A landslide kills 70 people in Frank, in the District of Alberta, Canada. 1910 – The Parliament of the United Kingdom passes the People's Budget, the first budget in British history with the expressed intent of redistributing wealth among the British public. 1911 – Tsinghua University, one of mainland China's leading universities, is founded. 1916 – World War I: The UK's 6th Indian Division surrenders to Ottoman Forces at the Siege of Kut in one of the largest surrenders of British forces up to that point. 1916 – Easter Rising: After six days of fighting, Irish rebel leaders surrender to British forces in Dublin, bringing the Easter Rising to an end. 1944 – World War II: New Zealand-born SOE agent Nancy Wake, a leading figure in the French Resistance and the Gestapo's most wanted person, parachutes back into France to be a liaison between London and the local maquis group. 1945 – World War II: The Surrender of Caserta is signed by the commander of German forces in Italy. 1945 – World War II: Airdrops of food begin over German-occupied regions of the Netherlands. 1945 – World War II: HMS Goodall (K479) is torpedoed by U-286 outside the Kola Inlet, becoming the last Royal Navy ship to be sunk in the European theatre of World War II. 1945 – World War II: Adolf Hitler marries his longtime partner Eva Braun in a Berlin bunker and designates Admiral Karl Dönitz as his successor. 1945 – Dachau concentration camp is liberated by United States troops. 1945 – The Italian commune of Fornovo di Taro is liberated from German forces by Brazilian forces. 1946 – The International Military Tribunal for the Far East convenes and indicts former Prime Minister of Japan Hideki Tojo and 28 former Japanese leaders for war crimes. 1951 – Tibetan delegates arrive in Beijing and sign a Seventeen Point Agreement for Chinese sovereignty and Tibetan autonomy. 1952 – Pan Am Flight 202 crashes into the Amazon basin near Carolina, Maranhão, Brazil, killing 50 people. 1953 – The first U.S. experimental 3D television broadcast shows an episode of Space Patrol on Los Angeles ABC affiliate KECA-TV. 1965 – Pakistan's Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO) successfully launches its seventh rocket in its Rehber series. 1967 – After refusing induction into the United States Army the previous day, Muhammad Ali is stripped of his boxing title. 1968 – The controversial musical Hair, a product of the hippie counter-culture and sexual revolution of the 1960s, opens at the Biltmore Theatre on Broadway, with some of its songs becoming anthems of the anti-Vietnam War movement. 1970 – Vietnam War: United States and South Vietnamese forces invade Cambodia to hunt Viet Cong. 1974 – Watergate scandal: United States President Richard Nixon announces the release of edited transcripts of White House tape recordings relating to the scandal. 1975 – Vietnam War: Operation Frequent Wind: The U.S. begins to evacuate U.S. citizens from Saigon before an expected North Vietnamese takeover. U.S. involvement in the war comes to an end. 1975 – Vietnam War: The North Vietnamese army completes its capture of all parts of South Vietnam-held Trường Sa Islands. 1986 – A fire at the Central library of the Los Angeles Public Library damages or destroys 400,000 books and other items. 1986 – The United States Navy aircraft carrier USS Enterprise becomes the first nuclear-powered aircraft carrier to transit the Suez Canal, navigating from the Red Sea to the Mediterranean Sea to relieve the USS Coral Sea. 1986 – Chernobyl disaster: American and European spy satellites capture the ruins of the No. 4 reactor at the Chernobyl Power Plant. 1991 – A cyclone strikes the Chittagong district of southeastern Bangladesh with winds of around 155 miles per hour (249 km/h), killing at least 138,000 people and leaving as many as ten million homeless. 1991 – The 7.0 Mw Racha earthquake affects Georgia with a maximum MSK intensity of IX (Destructive), killing 270 people. 1992 – Riots in Los Angeles, following the acquittal of police officers charged with excessive force in the beating of Rodney King. Over the next three days 63 people are killed and hundreds of buildings are destroyed. 1997 – The Chemical Weapons Convention of 1993 enters into force, outlawing the production, stockpiling and use of chemical weapons by its signatories. 2004 – The final Oldsmobile is built in Lansing, Michigan, ending 107 years of vehicle production. 2011 – The Wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton takes place at Westminster Abbey in London. 2013 – A powerful explosion occurs in an office building in Prague, believed to have been caused by natural gas, and injures 43 people. 2013 – National Airlines Flight 102, a Boeing 747-400 freighter aircraft, crashes during takeoff from Bagram Airfield in Parwan Province, Afghanistan, killing seven people. 2015 – A baseball game between the Baltimore Orioles and the Chicago White Sox sets the all-time low attendance mark for Major League Baseball. Zero fans were in attendance for the game, as the stadium was officially closed to the public due to the 2015 Baltimore protests.
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Europe:
Iberia
Pamplona and the Kingdom of Navarre: Trifecta of Strife and Unity
Toledo and Medieval Iberia: Abode of Three Faiths
Santiago de Compostela and the Kingdom of Galicia: Jerusalem of Iberia
Oviedo and the Kingdom of Asturias, Raging Embers of Christendom
Leon:
Zaragoza:
Lisbon:
Granada: Final Bastion of the Moors
Cordoba and the Umayyad Dynasty: Throne of the Rightful Caliph
Seville and Medieval Iberia: Pearl of Andalusia
Celtic Isles
London and the
Scone and Medieval Scotland, Throne of Ascension and Sovereignty
Scandinavia
Lund and Medieval Denmark: Heart of Scandinavian Christendom
Roskilde and Medieval Denmark: Throne of Sacred Springs
Hedeby and Viking Age Denmark: Hearth at the World’s Edge
Uppakra and Viking Age Sweden: Grand Norse Metropolis
Gamla Uppsala and Viking Age Sweden: Hall of the Aesir
Nidaros (Trondheim) and Medieval Norway: Royal Harbor of the North
Sigtuna
Variscia
Paris:
Cologne:
Luxembourg:
Lubeck:
Regensburg
Aachen & Frankfurt = Imperial elections and coronations.
Nuremberg & Regensburg = Political centers and imperial diets.
Cologne & Lübeck = Commercial powerhouses.
Prague & Vienna = Royal capitals at different times.
Augsburg = Banking dominance.
Visegrad
Krakow and the Kingdom of Poland, Majesty Ascent in the Plains
Esztergom and the Kingdom of Hungary, Equestrian Valor imbued with Catholic Glory
Prague
Sarmatia
Kernave and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania: Pagan Might of the Balts
Vilnius and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania: Mountain of the Iron Wolf
Kiev:
Novgorod: Cradle of all the Russ
Trebizond:
Principality of Chernigov
Principality of Pereyaslavl
Vladimir-Suzdal
Principality of Volhynia
Principality of Galicia
Principality of Polotsk
Principality of Smolensk
Principality of Ryazan
Balkania
Constantinople and the Byzantine Empire: Crown of the Ecumene
Thessaloniki
Pliska
Preslav: Cradle of Orthodox Slavdom
Turnovo: The Third Rome
Italia
Palermo:
Venice: Serenity afloat in Opulence
Genoa:
Ravenna
Pavia:
Caucuses
Ani: Where the Angels Nest
Tbilisi:
West Asia
Arabian Peninsula:
Medina and the Rashidun Caliphate, Bastion of the Holy Prophet
Mecca
Levant:
Mesopotamia:
Baghdad and the Abbasid Caliphate, Beating Heart of the Ummah
Anatolia:
Iranian Plateau:
Ghazni
Central Asia
Orkhon valley
Otuken: Where all power and authority derives
Karakorum
Test
Merv and the Medieval MiddleEast, Rendezvous of Great and Small
Tarim Basin:
Loulan
Qocho
Beshbalik
South Asia
Test
East Asia
Tibetan Plateau:
Lhasa and the Tibetan Empire, Heart of the Supine Demoness
Korean Peninsula:
Gyeongju
Kaesong
Manchuria:
Japanese Archipelago:
Kyoto and Medieval Japan, Tranquility adorned in Flora
Kamakura and Medieval Japan, Will of the Shogun
Coastal River Basin:
Chang'an and the Tang Dynasty, City of One Hundred and One Cities
Southeast Asia
Test
Thang Long and the Dai Viet, Where the Dragon Rises
Angkor Wat and the Khmer Empire, The Divine Temple City
Vijaya
Muang Sua
Oceania
Micronesia
Nan Madol and the Saudeleur dynasty, Reef of Heaven
Polynesia
Mua
Australasia
Melanesia
Africa
Maghreb:
Kairouan
Fez
Tunis
Tlemcen: Nexus of the Sahara and Mediterranean
Sijilmasa: Fortune at the desert’s frontier
Nekor: Synthesis of Arab-Berber Unity
Nile Valley:
Seats of Power: Soba and the Kingdom of Alodia, Verdant Grail of Treasures
Horn of Africa:
Seats of Power: Cairo and the Fatimid Caliphate, Babylon on the Nile
Axum:
Sahel:
Guinea Rainforest:
Ile Ife and the Medieval Yoruba State, Origin of Mankind and All Creation
Benin:
Congo River Basin:
Swahili Coast:
Kilwa
Mogadishu
North America
Northeast Woodlands:
Cahokia and the Mississippian Culture, Spiritual Nucleus of the Great River
Tenochtitlan and the Aztec Empire, Prickled Crown Sprout from Blood
Tikal
South America
Andes mountains
Chan Chan and the Kingdom of Chimor, Solar Glory of the Moche Valley
Cusco
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2024 Movie Odyssey
The final tradition now to close a year's Movie Odyssey. This is the complete list of films I saw for the first time in their entirety over 2024. They are listed in the order of completion and with a respective rating out of ten from me. Each rating (my ratings system and eligibility rules are explained here – which I really need to update) is based on my personal imdb rating. All half-points are rounded down on imdb.
February and a little bit of March was home to my blog’s annual 31 Days of Oscar marathon (in which I limit myself to watching films nominated for an Academy Award or Honorary Academy Award winning films). Much of April, May, and early June was entirely dedicated to viewing submissions for Viet Film Fest as the festival's Artistic Director – which contributes heavily to the amount of short films here. Out of respect to those who submitted films to VFF, their ratings – even if I was wildly positive about the film – have all been redacted from the public list. But I assure you, I did rate them all out of 10.
After the first ever year without 10/10 rating in 2023, three films achieved that maximum rating this year.
In sum, I saw 253 films that were new to me in 2024 (up from 226 in 2023). There were 137 features (films defined as forty-one minutes or longer, a record low since I’ve been keeping records, up from 111 in 2023); 116 were short films (forty minutes or shorter; which beats last year's record by one.
A new policy on my end: because of my work for Viet Film Fest as Artistic Director, I am modifying my policy on watching more pre-1980s movies than those released 1980 and after. This policy has been in place since the blog's beginning to ensure that I watch a breadth of movies from a wide range of eras. Now, because of the vast amount of short films skewing the total for releases 1980 and after, short films will no longer count against the pre-1980/1980 and after policy. So, this year, I'm in the clear!
Without further ado...
Film Title (release year, country/countries of origin if the film is not in the English language nor from the U.S.) – rating out of 10
JANUARY
Chicken Run: Dawn of the Nugget (2023) – 6.5/10
Challenge to Lassie (1949) – 6/10
Where the Red Fern Grows (1974) – 6.5/10
Señor Droopy (1949 short) – 7/10
Son of Godzilla (1967, Japan) – 2/10
Poor Things (2023) – 6/10
The Zone of Interest (2023, United Kingdom) – 5/10
You Nazty Spy! (1940) – 8/10
Affair in Trinidad (1952) – 6/10
Funny Money (2013, Vietnam) – 7/10
The Johnstown Flood (1926) – 8/10
Inside the Yellow Cocoon Shell (2023, Vietnam) – 8/10
On Borrowed Time (1939) – 8/10
Carl’s Date (2023 short) – 6/10
Elemental (2023) – 5.5/10
Tèo Em (2013, Vietnam) – 6/10
FEBRUARY (31 Days of Oscar began on February 9; all asterisks are exceptions aka non-Oscar nominees)
The Teachers’ Lounge (2023, Germany) – 7.5/10
The Gold of Naples (1954, Italy)* – 7/10
The Your Name Here Story (1962 short)* – 6/10
Nuremberg: Its Lesson for Today (1948)* – 7/10
The Big Boss (1971, Hong Kong)* – 6/10
Children of a Lesser God (1986) – 7/10
Building a Building (1933 short) – 7/10
Ferdinand the Bull (1938 short) – 9/10
Lend a Paw (1941 short) – 7/10
The Taste of Things (2023, France)* – 8.5/10
A Special Day (1977, Italy) – 10/10
Nai Nai & Wài Pó (2023 short) – 7.5/10
The Barber of Little Rock (2023 short) – 7/10
Island in Between (2023 short, Taiwan) – 7/10
The ABCs of Book Banning (2023 short) – 4/10
The Last Repair Shop (2023 short) – 8.5/10
20 Days in Mariupol (2023, Ukraine) – 9/10
The After (2023 short) – 4/10
Red, White and Blue (2023 short) – 6/10
Knight of Fortune (2022 short, Denmark) – 7.5/10
Invincible (2022 short, Canada) – 7/10
The Wonderful Story of Henry Sugar (2023 short) – 7.5/10
One Way Passage (1932) – 9/10
Our Uniform (2023 short, Iran) – 7.5/10
Letter to a Pig (2022 short, Israel/France) – 8.5/10
Pachyderme (2022 short, France) – 8.5/10
Ninety-Five Senses (2022 short) – 8/10
War Is Over! Inspired by the Music of John and Yoko (2023 short) – 4/10
Wild Summon (2023 short)* – 6/10
I’m Hip (2023 short)* – 6/10
The Bells of St. Mary’s (1945) – 8/10
Lambert the Sheepish Lion (1951 short) – 8/10
Aquamania (1961 short) – 7/10
MARCH (31 Days of Oscar) (ended with The Triplets of Belleville)
Society of the Snow (2023, Spain) – 8/10
Perfect Days (2023, Japan) – 7.5/10
The Robe (1953) – 6/10
Robot Dreams (2023, Spain/France) – 8.5/10
The Triplets of Belleville (2003, France/Belgium/Canada/United Kingdom) – 9/10
Kung Fu Panda 4 (2024) – 6/10
The Goodbye Girl (1977) – 7.5/10
El cochecito (1960, Spain) – 7/10
The Lady of the Dugout (1918) – 6/10
[Viet Film Fest short submission; REDACTED]
Dune: Part Two (2024) – 7.5/10
Annie Laurie (1927) – 6/10
Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire (2024) – 5/10
Corn Chips (1951 short) – 6/10
Dinner at Eight (1933) – 9/10
APRIL (VFF submissions are redacted)
The Loves of Carmen (1948) – 6/10
El Dorado (1966) – 8.5/10
Abdul the Bulbul Ameer (1941 short) – 8/10
Smash and Grab (2019 short) – 6/10
The Crippled Masters (1979, Hong Kong) – 5/10
Tammy and the Bachelor (1957) – 7/10
The Conquering Power (1921) – 6/10
Spy x Family Code: White (2023, Japan) – 6/10
Dragonwyck (1946) – 7.5/10
The Bakery Girl of Monceau (1963 short, France) – 6.5/10
[Viet Film Fest short submission; REDACTED]
[Viet Film Fest short submission; REDACTED]
[Viet Film Fest short submission; REDACTED]
[Viet Film Fest short submission; REDACTED]
[Viet Film Fest short submission; REDACTED]
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[Viet Film Fest short submission; REDACTED]
MAY (VFF submissions are redacted)
[Viet Film Fest short submission; REDACTED]
[Viet Film Fest short submission; REDACTED]
[Viet Film Fest short submission; REDACTED]
[Viet Film Fest short submission; REDACTED]
[Viet Film Fest short submission; REDACTED]
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[Viet Film Fest short submission; REDACTED]
All That Heaven Allows (1955) – 9/10
Mars Express (2023, France) – 8/10
[Viet Film Fest short submission; REDACTED]
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The Boys in the Boat (2023) – 6.5/10
Dounia and the Princess of Aleppo (2022, Canada/France) – 7/10
Theater Camp (2023) – 6/10
News of the World (2020) – 7/10
The Caine Mutiny Court-Martial (2023) – 7.5/10
[Viet Film Fest short submission; REDACTED]
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JUNE (VFF submissions are redacted)
Kingdom of the Planet of the Apes (2024) – 6/10
[Viet Film Fest feature submission; REDACTED]
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Daddy Long Legs (1955) – 7/10
Young Woman and the Sea (2024) – 7/10
[Viet Film Fest feature submission; REDACTED]
[Viet Film Fest feature submission; REDACTED]
Those Who Came Back (1948, Mexico) – 6.5/10
[Viet Film Fest feature submission; REDACTED]
[Viet Film Fest short submission; REDACTED]
Inside Out 2 (2024) – 7.5/10
Let’s Stick Together (1952 short) – 6/10
Wynken, Blynken & Nod (1938 short) – 6/10
JULY
Horizon: An American Saga – Chapter 1 (2024) – 6.5/10
A Quiet Place: Day One (2024) – 6/10
Devi (1960, India) – 8.5/10
Casque d’Or (1952, France) – 7.5/10
Week-End in Havana (1941) – 6/10
The Big Trail (1930) – 7/10
Jim Thorpe – All American (1951) – 7/10
Deadpool & Wolverine (2024) – 6/10
AUGUST
Dìdi (2024) – 8/10
Alien: Romulus (2024) – 6/10
X: The Man with the X-Ray Eyes (1963) – 6/10
SEPTEMBER
Fist of Fury (1972, Hong Kong) – 7/10
Broadway Melody of 1936 (1935) – 7/10
Ozzie Nelson & His Orchestra (1940 short) – 6/10
Cleopatra (1912) – 4/10
The Caddy (1953) – 6.5/10
Swing Cat’s Jamboree (1938 short) – 6.5/10
Son of the White Mare (1981, Hungary) – 9/10
The Way of the Dragon (1972, Hong Kong) – 6/10
The Fall Guy (2024) – 7/10
Girl Happy (1965) – 5/10
Mauvaise Graine (Bad Seed) (1934, France) – 6/10
The Wedding Banquet (1993) – 8.5/10
Dance of the Weed (1941 short) – 6.5/10
Megalopolis (2024) – 5/10
The Wild Robot (2024) – 8.5/10
Appointment with Death (1988) – 6/10
OCTOBER
Mr. Peabody and the Mermaid (1948) – 5/10
Adam’s Rib (1949) – 9/10
Game of Death (1978, Hong Kong) – film incomplete; no rating
Tom Sawyer (1973) – 6/10
Murders in the Rue Morgue (1932) – 7/10
Flow (2024, Latvia) – 9/10
You’ll Find Out (1940) – 6/10
Conclave (2024) – 8/10
Festival! (1967) – 7/10
The Brood (1979) – 5/10
The Corpse Vanishes (1942) – 3/10
NOVEMBER
The Ace of Hearts (1921) – 7/10
Anora (2024) – 8/10
The Parallax View (1974) – 7/10
Famous Movie Dogs (1940 short) – 6/10
Killer’s Kiss (1955) – 6.5/10
Ennio (2021, Italy) – 8/10
Memoir of a Snail (2024) – 9/10
The Cloud-Capped Star (1960, India) – 7/10
A Real Pain (2024) – 6/10
The Big Heat (1953) – 10/10
Gladiator II (2024) – 5/10
Awaara (1951, India) – 10/10
Wicked: Part I (2024) – 7/10
Moana 2 (2024) – 5/10
DECEMBER
The Mission (1986) – 7.5/10
The Life of the Party (1920) – 7/10
The Enchanted Cottage (1924) – 7.5/10
The Scalphunters (1968) – 7/10
A Visit to Santa (1963 short) – 3/10
U-Boat 29 (1939) – 7/10
Alambrista! (1977) – 8/10
The Lord of the Rings: War of the Rohirrim (2024) – 6/10
Love (1927) – 7/10
The Big Combo (1955) – 8.5/10
Desk Set (1957) – 7.5/10
Ice Climbers (1956 short) – 6/10
Room for One More (1952) – 7/10
Gift Wrapped (1952 short) – 7/10
The Abominable Snow Rabbit (1961 short) – 7.5/10
Weasel While You Work (1958 short) – 6/10
Home on the Range (1940 short) – 6/10
Andy Hardy’s Private Secretary (1941) – 6/10
Life Begins for Andy Hardy (1941) – 6.5/10
How to Behave (1936 short) – 5/10
A Complete Unknown (2024) – 6.5/10
The Courtship of Andy Hardy (1942) – 5.5/10
Alphaville (1965, France) – 6.5/10
Detour (1945) – 9.5/10
Pre-1980s: 93 Post-1980s: 160 (pre-80s v post-80s when considering features and serials only: 70-67)
2024 Movie Odyssey by decade (features and shorts) 19th century: 0 1900s: 0 1910s: 2 1920s: 7 1930s: 14 1940s: 23 1950s: 21 1960s: 15 1970s: 12 1980s: 4 1990s: 1 2000s: 1 2010s: 4 2020s: 150
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Bolshevik; Modern Day
“To be bolshevik is to be so bold as to insult a victim to their face and then use violence when the victim is in a position where they are unaware and therefore unable to defend themselves.” - @outlawqueen2016
“The Bolsheviks (Russian: большевики, bolsheviki; from большинство, bolshinstvo, 'majority'),[a] led by Vladimir Lenin, were a far-left faction of the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) which split with the Mensheviks[b] at the Second Party Congress in 1903. The Bolshevik party, formally established in 1912, seized power in Russia in the October Revolution of 1917, and was later renamed the Russian Communist Party, All-Union Communist Party, and Communist Party of the Soviet Union. The party's ideology, based on Leninist and later Marxist–Leninist principles, is known as Bolshevism.” - Wikipedia
Modern iterations of the Bolshevik include: ANTIFA, the Confederacy, the United States Democratic Party, the bourgeoise social class, the Transatlantic Alliance, the New World Order, the Soviets, the Kremlin, Boko Harem, Palestine, Hazbollah, Sindicate, Pacifica, the Communist Party of China, Viet Cong, Cong, Nam, and the social demographic which identifies themselves as “bougie”. In any case, the culture is the same.
Embezzlement.
The stealing of wealth in the form of finances, finery, or positions of power and authority which are then flaunted before the rightful owner, boldly. There have been no repercussions for the bolshevik as there is never any proof of their trespass or criminal actions.
To state the culture of the bolshevik plainly: communism; the belief that individuals are entitled to nice things at the expense of others. It is tyranny, slavery, in which the top producers are held hostage and their earnings taken by force by those who refuse to work.
To be bolshevik is to be a colonizer; infiltrating productive economies and undercutting the working class through entitled consumption. The bolshevik are, in their own opinion, too good to work, to put in the effort to earn the lifestyles they so desperately crave. As such, they steal. From shorting their coworker’s pay to forcing their coworkers to pick up the slack they leave behind; the bolshevik only cares that they have the upper hand, as measured in material goods.
The Bolshevik organization of the 1900’s led directly to World War I and subsequently World War II as they refused to accept defeat by practicing horde eugenics. The Bolshevik followed the Transatlantic Alliance stratagem, “Turn of the Century” in order to spark world wide conflict in the mid 1900’s. World War III, the universe wide conflict engaged upon by Nikia O’Niele as Queen of the Kingdom of Hawaii Nei and Empress of the Galactic Republic through the International Legion for the Freedom of Free Peoples of the Kingdom of Hawaii Nei, is the manifestation, the playing out of the Transatlantic Alliance, Democratic Party’s plan, Project 2025, designed to instigate political unrest and create an environment where perversions may be indulged in unchecked.
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Shrine of King Binh Do Linh, Hoa Lu Citadel, Ninh Binh, Vietnam; Source: dreamstime.com
By the tenth century AD, under the weakened Chinese Sung Dynasty, Nam Viet had become a semi-autonomous region of warlords. In 961, Binh Lo Dinh defeated his eleven rivals in battle and proclaimed himself King. Renaming the Chinese province the Kingdom of Dai Co Viet, Binh Do Linh pledged fealty to the Chinese Empire in return for effective independence. The accession of Binh Do Linh marked the end of direct Chinese rule over Vietnam.
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Richard D. Wolff Warns: 𝐈𝐒𝐑𝐀𝐄𝐋 𝐒𝐓𝐔𝐌𝐁𝐋𝐄𝐃 Into Historic 𝗗𝗲𝗳𝗲𝗮𝘁
President Xi China /”🎨🖼️🎭 [Alfred Nobel 10 décembre 1896 ]1913/ 1917/1927/1947*Louis MOUNTBATTEN. WARNING. ☢️⚠️ INDIA PAKISTAN ISRAEL PALESTINE ⛽ “PETROL VENEZUELA” The Maracaibo oil field was discovered in 1914,[ The 1913 Plot was a petrol ⛽ scheme, once petrol was discovered to be usefully for industry & finances in the middle East America and the Venezuelan lake of Maracaibo. The first steep was the creation of Israel reason Petrol. By 1945 those that understood the realm and could act lasted until 1953 / Suez canal war /Korean war/ Venezuelan presidents ⛽⚠️ Perez Jimenez war/1963 Kennedy/ Romulo Bettencourt 1964 no different than 1967 6 DAY WAR ⛽🕎🤑 Viet Nam war all Petrol wars, from antisemitism to Al Queda all creations of the Petrol ⛽🤐🕎🤑 seven sisters if you like. 1989/ the return of the 1917 🕰️1927 believe ⛽☢️ the second war against Arab nations by the Washington cartel Today the Holocaust industry is bankrupt no longer works and you got Eye phone 📲 YOU TUBE Facebook, the 1917 client states of Saudi kingdom Jordan Israel and the others are becoming irrelevant the 1974 Petrol dollar is useless and the dollar is dead FED DEBT civilization no longer exist welcome to the 21 centuries. Europe might get his Independence Day 🎶🩰“one of these days’ 🤔De Gaulle tried however difficult everyone that could help begun disappearing since 1953 1968. 😥 Now the chance is happening at last welcome to the future free EUROPE 🤔🏦🍷🍮is never too late 🥂⌛
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Events 1.31 (after 1930)
1942 – World War II: Allied forces are defeated by the Japanese at the Battle of Malaya and retreat to Singapore. 1943 – World War II: German field marshal Friedrich Paulus surrenders to the Soviets at Stalingrad, followed two days later by the remainder of his Sixth Army, ending one of the war's fiercest battles. 1944 – World War II: American forces land on Kwajalein Atoll and other islands in the Japanese-held Marshall Islands. 1944 – World War II: During the Anzio campaign, the 1st Ranger Battalion (Darby's Rangers) is destroyed behind enemy lines in a heavily outnumbered encounter at Battle of Cisterna, Italy. 1945 – US Army private Eddie Slovik is executed for desertion, the first such execution of an American soldier since the Civil War. 1945 – World War II: About 3,000 inmates from the Stutthof concentration camp are forcibly marched into the Baltic Sea at Palmnicken (now Yantarny, Russia) and executed. 1945 – World War II: The end of fighting in the Battle of Hill 170 during the Burma Campaign, in which the British 3 Commando Brigade repulsed a Japanese counterattack on their positions and precipitated a general retirement from the Arakan Peninsula. 1946 – Cold War: Yugoslavia's new constitution, modeling that of the Soviet Union, establishes six constituent republics (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia and Slovenia). 1946 – The Democratic Republic of Vietnam introduces the đồng to replace the French Indochinese piastre at par. 1949 – These Are My Children, the first television daytime soap opera, is broadcast by the NBC station in Chicago, United States. 1951 – United Nations Security Council Resolution 90 relating to the Korean War is adopted. 1958 – Cold War: Space Race: The first successful American satellite detects the Van Allen radiation belt. 1961 – Project Mercury: Mercury-Redstone 2: The chimpanzee Ham travels into outer space. 1966 – The Soviet Union launches the unmanned Luna 9 spacecraft as part of the Luna program. 1968 – Vietnam War: Viet Cong guerrillas attack the United States embassy in Saigon, and other attacks, in the early morning hours, later grouped together as the Tet Offensive. 1971 – Apollo program: Apollo 14: Astronauts Alan Shepard, Stuart Roosa, and Edgar Mitchell, aboard a Saturn V, lift off for a mission to the Fra Mauro Highlands on the Moon. 1971 – The Winter Soldier Investigation, organized by the Vietnam Veterans Against the War to publicize alleged war crimes and atrocities by Americans and allies in Vietnam, begins in Detroit. 1978 – The Crown of St. Stephen (also known as the Holy Crown of Hungary) goes on public display after being returned to Hungary from the United States, where it was held after World War II. 1988 – Doug Williams becomes the first African American quarterback to play in a Super Bowl and leads the Washington Redskins to victory in Super Bowl XXII. 2001 – In the Netherlands, a Scottish court convicts Libyan Abdelbaset al-Megrahi and acquits another Libyan citizen for their part in the bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland in 1988. 2003 – The Waterfall rail accident occurs near Waterfall, New South Wales, Australia. 2007 – Emergency officials in Boston mistakenly identified battery-powered LED placards depicting characters from Aqua Teen Hunger Force as Improvised explosive devices (IEDs), causing a panic. 2009 – At least 113 people are killed in Kenya and over 200 injured following an oil spillage ignition in Molo, days after a massive fire at a Nakumatt supermarket in Nairobi killed at least 25 people. 2019 – Abdullah of Pahang is sworn in as the 16th Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia. 2020 – The United Kingdom's membership within the European Union ceases in accordance with Article 50, after 47 years of being a member state.[ 2022 – Sue Gray, a senior civil servant in the United Kingdom, publishes an initial version of her report on the Downing Street Partygate controversy. 2023 – The last Boeing 747, the first wide-body airliner, is delivered.
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Europe
Hercynia:
Iberia:
Seats of Power: Toledo and the Kingdom of Castille, Abode of Three Faiths
Seats of Power: Santiago de Compostela and the Kingdom of Galicia, Jerusalem of Iberia
Seats of Power: Pamplona, Trifecta of Strife, and Unity
Seats of Power: Oviedo, Raging Embers of Christendom
Nordica:
Italy:
Seats of Power: Venice and the Italian City States, Serenity afloat in Opulence
Balkons:
Seats of Power: Pliska and the First Bulgarian Empire, Contendor of Byzantium
Seats of Power: Preslav and the First Bulgarian Empire, Cradle of Orthodox Slavdom
Seats of Power: Turnovo and Second Bulgarian Empire, The Third Rome
Seats of Power: Constantinople and the Eastern Roman Empire, Crown of the Ecumene
Visegrad:
Seats of Power: Krakow and the Kingdom of Poland, Majesty Ascent in the Plains
Seats of Power: Esztergom and the Kingdom of Hungary, Equestrian Valor imbued with Catholic Glory
Sarmatia:
Seats of Power: Kernave and the Grand Dutchy of Lithuania, Pagan Might of the Balts
Seats of Power: Vilnius and the Grand Dutchy of Lithuania, Mountain of the Iron Wolf
Caucuses:
Seats of Power: Ani and Bagratid Armenia, Where the Angels Nest
Celtic Isles:
Seats of Power: Scone and Medieval Scotland, Throne of Ascension and Sovereignty
Africa
Sahel:
Seats of Power: Timbuktu and the Mali Empire, Mother of Knowledge, Faith, and Wealth
Nile:
Seats of Power: Soba and the Kingdom of Alodia, Verdant Grail of Treasures
Seats of Power: Cairo and the Fatimid Caliphate, Babylon on the Nile
Maghreb:
Seats of Power: Kairouan and Medival North Africa, Mecca of the Magrehb
Tlemecen and the Zayyanids, nexus of the Sahara and Mediterranean
Fez
Tunis
Guinea:
Seats of Power: Ile Ife and the Medival Yoruba State, Origin of Mankind and All Creation
Swahili Coast:
Seats of Power: Kilwa and the Swahili City States, Merchant Crown of the Coast
Seats of Power: Mogadishu and the Swahili city States, White Pearl of the Indian Ocean
Horn of Africa:
Lake Complex:
South African Plateau:
West Asia:
Arabian Peninsula:
Seats of Power: Medina and the Rashidun Caliphate, Bastion of the Holy Prophet
Levant:
Anatolia:
Iranian Plateau:
Mesopotamia:
Seats of Power: Baghdad and the Abbasid Caliphate, Beating Heart of the Ummah
South Asia:
Indus River Valley:
Ganges River Valley:
Deccan Plateau:
Ghat Coast:
Southeast Asia:
Coastal Lowlands:
Seats of Power: Thang Long and the Dai Viet, Where the Dragon Rises
Seats of Power: Angkor Wat and the Khmer Empire, The Divine Temple City
Shan Plateau:
East Asia:
Tibetan Plateau:
Seats of Power: Lhasa and the Tibetan Empire, Heart of the Supine Demoness
Korean Peninsula:
Manchuria:
Japanese Archipelago:
Seats of Power: Kyoto and Medieval Japan, Tranquility adorned in Flora
Coastal River Basin:
Seats of Power: Chang'an and the Tang Dynasty, City of One Hundred and One Cities
Central Asia:
East Asian Steppe:
Seats of Power: Otuken/Ordubalik and the Gokturk Khaganate, Where All Power and Authority Derives
Shangjing/Lihuangfu: Imperial Splendor of the Half Barbarians
Desert Basin Complex:
Seats of Power: Loulan and the Tocharian Cities, Golden Silk Oasis
Seats of Power: Qocho
Central Asian Mountain Complex:
Turan Basin:
Seats of Power: Merv and the Medival MiddleEast, Rendezvous of Great and Small
North America:
Northeast Woodlands:
Seats of Power: Cahokia and the Mississippian Culture, Spiritual Nucleus of the Great River
Central America:
Seats of Power: Tenochtitlan and the Aztec Empire, Prickled Crown Sprout from Blood
South America:
Andes:
Seats of Power: Chan Chan, Solar Glory of the Chimu
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Restructuring in the Face of Failure
The Board, an Overview
As it so happens, things change. Especially in times of conflict, let alone times of global crisis, the power struggle for advantage on the field of battle, control of culture, and strength of specialized strategic investments influences the day to day development of this ongoing Great War.
The board as we knew it comprised of the International Legion for the Freedom of Free Peoples against the communist organizations: Transatlantic Alliance, forged between the Calvanists and the Kremlin; Hazbollah; Viet Cong; African Union; Syndicate; Kingdom of Pacifica; the traitors of Hazbollah, Palestine; and Transatlantic Alliance offshoots: ANTIFA, Confederacy, Pride (LGBTQ+).
The board as defined by Nikia O’Niele, General of the International Legion for the Freedom of Free Peoples; Queen of the Kingdom of Hawaii Nei; Empress of the Galactic Republic, features the International Legion for the Freedom of Free Peoples against the communist organizations: Hazbollah, under the command of Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah; Hezbollah, under the command of Major General Hassanal Bolkiah; African Union, under the command of Dictator Djibouti; Syndicate under no cohesive command; Palestine, under command of both, Whore Al-Assad I and her daughter, Whore Al-Assad II; Viet Cong, under the command of the current shadow Dictator Shae Shi Ping; and the New World Order.
Pivotal Moments
The International Legion for the Freedom of Free Peoples made critical statements which sparked further investigation by independent journalists; leading to scrutiny on the Transatlantic Alliance public facing organization, NATO. The inquiry was founded and the end result is the United Nations cut ties from NATO in June of 2024.
The International Legion for the Freedom of Free Peoples gained substantial numbers advantage over the course of the Battle of the Dungeon in the Outskirts.
Analysis of the organization Pride and the LGBTQ+ community revealed the sexual perversions hiding behind sexual deviations (homosexual and bisexual). The International Legion for the Freedom of Free Peoples condemns sexual perversions and the organizations which lobby for the cultural acceptance of sexual perversions which lead to the acceptance of communism and the adoption of slavery.
The International Legion for the Freedom of Free Peoples released statements, at multiple levels, explaining and condemning New World Order Project 2025; meanwhile Democrats in the United States insist the Republican Party is to blame.
The International Legion for the Freedom of Free Peoples targeted leadership and command of the Transatlantic Alliance a few short months into the beginning of the Russo-Ukraine Conflict. The high success rate of these missions has left the Transatlantic Alliance without command and organization.
Conclusion
In sum, the International Legion for the Freedom of Free Peoples entered the field of battle in Europe in 2022, with the intent to defend the freedoms of our peoples in Ukraine against the tyrant, Ukraine President Volodymyr Zelenskyy. The unfortunate truth of the matter is a dead man strived his entire life to make a difference in the life of the commoner in Central Europe. The terrorist who replaced an honorable man, has made his catch phrase “slavi ukraini.” a chilling phrase translated as, “enslave the free peoples.”
I, Nikia O’Niele, General of the International Legion for the Freedom of Free Peoples; Queen of the Kingdom of Hawaii Nei; Empress of the Galactic Republic, was moved to tears when my dear friend, Vladum Romanov, General of the International Legion for the Freedom of Free Peoples; Crown Prince of Transylvania, told me of the plight of the Ukrainians.
I felt I had no choice. So many of my men had fought shoulder to shoulder with these men during joint military operations in Afghanistan. So many of those men had fought toe to toe against kidnappers for the pedophile circuit with my men. So, the Kingdom of Hawaii Nei, on behalf of it’s Queen, Nikia O’Niele, Queen of the Kingdom of Hawaii Nei, declared war against the Transatlantic Alliance.
The sum of these individual losses is devastating. The Transatlantic Alliance lacked leadership and strength. When this power void occurs in a company, usually, a specialist is called in to restructure the organization and payroll is reworked. In this case, a new organization made of cross-functional traitors over the ages has come to power: the New World Order.
In the time since, the International Legion for the Freedom of Free Peoples has taken enemy objectives around the world and crippled the powers that be. The only thing left is to continue to erode the New World Order grip on media and expose their unethical behavior and irresponsible practices in order to preserve freedom for one more generation to come.
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The Sixteenth Century Vietnamese Civil War. Source: Little Charm Hanoi Hostel website
In 1526, the insurgent Mac clan, supported by the Chinese and led by Mac Dang Dung, rose in rebellion against the Le dynasty and seized the Dai Viet throne, initiating the so-called “Mac Dynasty”. The Le retreated south and, supported by the powerful Nguyen and Trinh families, fought to regain the kingdom. The Mac/Le civil war lasted seventy years, ending with the restoration of the Le in 1592. The Mac were driven to a small region in the far north, on the Chinese border.
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