#kevin beiler

[strathshepard]

A diagram of a fungal network that links a group of trees, showing the presence of highly connected “mother trees.” 

Suzanne Simard: “Kevin Beiler, who was a PhD student, did really elegant work where he used DNA analysis to look at the short sequences of DNA in trees and fungal individuals in patches of Douglas fir forest. He was able to map the network of two related sister specials of mycorrhizal fungi and how they link Douglas fir trees in that forest.Just by creating that map, he was able to show that all of the trees essentially, with a few isolated [exceptions], were linked together. He found that the biggest, oldest trees in the network were the most highly linked, whereas smaller trees were not linked to as many other trees. Big old trees have got bigger root systems and associate with bigger mycorrhizal networks. They’ve got more carbon that’s flowing into the network, they’ve got more root tips. So it makes sense that they would have more connections to other trees all around them.”

via Yale University

[princessphilly]

Jelly Donuts and Shorties:

Four times you met Kevin around food plus the one time you and Kevin went out together.

Word Count: 1011

All places mentioned are Philly restaurants/bakeries.

Dedicated to @broadstbroskis

@h-oc-keyfics

1.

Frangeli’s was a piece of heaven. When people thought of donuts in Philly, they thought of FedNuts or Beiler’s in Reading Terminal Market. But for Marisa, the only donuts that really mattered came from Deep South Philly. Today, she had a taste for jelly filled and a plain glazed donut and Frangeli’s filled their donuts with whatever jelly you wanted when you ordered them. She hoped they had raspberry jelly. But as soon as she came in, she saw someone she had never seen there before. He was really tall; Marisa was 5’10 but he made her feel short.

“Hey Risa, how you doin? How’s youse family, I saw Richie the other day but he didn’t pop in.”

Marisa smiled at Rosalina, one of her dad’s neighbors. Even though the neighborhood was changing due to gentrification, there was still enough of the old guard still living in the area. “Hi Ms. Rosalina, I’m doing well. Just getting a couple of donuts before work today. Richie’s doing good, you know he’s busy since he started taking classes at Drexel.”

Marisa snuck a glance at the giant ordering. Then he turned around and she got a look at his face. She gasped before rolling her eyes. Oh fuck, she thought, this place is going to blow up just like Angelo Apeetz.

***

The second time Marissa ran into him, it was at Wawa. Coming from a quick trip to the Shore, she had pulled into the Wawa on Black Horse Pike after getting off the AC Expressway. The Wawa was amazingly not crowded but Marissa recognized that head of shaggy brown hair in front of her, waiting for something too. Marissa inwardly groaned; ever since the day she saw Kevin Hayes at Frangeli’s, the donut shop was busier than ever.

Of course, the tall center turned around and looked at her. The neutral expression on his face changed into a crooked grin. “Hey, weren’t you at that donut shop a couple of weeks ago,” he asked, his Boston accent stronger in the early morning hour.

Marissa shrugged as she said, “Yep.”

“Awesome donuts! I got some for the boys after our game against the Rangers.”

Marissa gave him a bland smile, causing the excited expression on Kevin’s face to fall a bit. Then the guy called out, “Veggie shorti for Marissa!”

“Oh, that’s my order, I gotta go!”

As Marissa picked up her order, Kevin quietly remarked, “Have a great day, Marissa.”

**

Marissa knew that sooner or later, she would probably bump into Kevin Hayes at either Isgro’s or Termini Brother’s. Both had amazing cannoli and she was craving a chocolate chip cannoli. She could taste it in her mouth as the shop person wrapped up her cannolis in wax paper.

“Look who’s here!”

Marissa turned around to see Kevin Hayes beaming at her. “It’s my lucky day, it seems.”

“Of course it’s your lucky day. It’s always my lucky day when I see you.”

Marissa tilted her head as she looked at Kevin weirdly. Kevin scratched the back of his head as he sheepishly said, “I seem to score a goal every game after I see you.”

Marissa arched an eyebrow. “I must be your unwitting good luck charm.”

“You are! You should let me pay you back by taking you out on a date.”

Pursing her lips, Marissa shook her head. “Eh, I’d rather have a date with this cannoli I’m about to eat.”

Ignoring Kevin’s crestfallen face, Marissa collected her dessert and left.

**

One of the joys of living in Philadelphia was that it is a major city, huge yet after a while, it felt smaller. Sooner or later, you began to run into the same people depending on where you lived, worked, and played.

So tonight, when Marissa saw Kevin and some of his teammates at Parc, it wasn’t unexpected. The bad part was that her date had stood her up.

Marissa took a gulp of her wine. She was angry, bitter that another douchenozzle had wasted her time. Marissa still ordered dinner because she was hungry. However, when it was time to pay her bill, the waiter told her that it was covered.

“The gentleman at the table five tables away on your right paid for your meal,” he said.

Marissa turned around to see Kevin, raising his glass. She raised hers as well in a toast before taking a sip. Opening the check, she saw a note from Kevin: On me because it’s obvious some asshole stood you up. Let me know the next time you want to go out with a real man, with his phone number written on it. Staring at the number, Marissa drank more of her wine.

**

The tension was so thick, Marisa felt like you could cut it with a knife. Kevin was right in front of her; he wasn’t touching her but she could feel his gaze like a caress. For once, he wasn’t saying anything goofy but the silence felt simultaneously comforting yet electric.

“You look amazing.”

Marisa looked down at her dress. It was a simple sapphire blue sheath that made her legs look amazing. “You’re welcome.”

Kevin reached for her hand and Marisa swore she felt so hot, it was like an inferno. He was affected similarly; Kevin’s expression went from shock, to wonder, and finally, to desire.

“Are you ready,” he finally asked, his voice rougher than usual. Marissa beamed at him.

“Yes.”

As Kevin walked her to his car, Marissa marveled. This was unexpected for a Philly school teacher; she had been annoyed when she met the Flyers player at her favorite donut shop, now she was letting him take her out.

The drive was short through the streets of Philly and 95. As Kevin turned off onto Lombard Street, Marissa gasped. Kevin grinned as he wheeled around 2nd street before stopping at Front and South at Bridget Foy’s.

“Figure a Philly restaurant for a Philly girl.”

“Shut up, Hayesy.”

[fatehbaz]

At one point, this PDF/online document was set as my homepage for a week or two. It’s a nice compilation, from 2017, of recent artistic, academic, and activist work on the cultural importance of forests with special focus on decolonization; Indigenous voices; biosemiotics and “forest as community”; and Amazonian cosmology. The intent here seemed to be the mingling of research and art to explore the decolonization of ecological thought and the “emotional, socio-political, and eco-cultural” significance of forests in “an age of extinction.” It’s not always great (there are some kind of suspect, twee contributions from Euro-American), but there is also some good material here, especially about “forest as organism”; Indigenous justice in Brazil; cosmology; and the Amazon.

-

From the introduction:

Borrowing its title from Ursula K. Le Guin’s 1972 science fiction novella, The Word for World is Still Forest is composed in these pages as an homage to the forest as a turbulent and generative multinature. Throughout this book, we invite you to join us in traversing the mighty forests of Amazonia, Southeast Asia, and the Pacific Northwest, arriving in the old urban woods of Berlin, where this book was published. [...]

Moving from concepts of the forest as a thinking superorganism to the linear monocultural plantations and “concrete jungles” that threaten the life of global forests, you will encounter trees as companions, communities, entities, and providers; in other moments, they will appear as expert witnesses, data stories, or resourceful ancestors. Whether they occur as images, subjects, or architectures, the forests of this world will beckon you to remember that their destiny is entangled with yours. […] Since we began to work on this volume in 2014, the relevance  of Le Guin’s description of militarized, ecocidal violence has only continued to intensify. [...]

This homage to words and forests is followed by an essay from Pedro Neves Marques about the particularities of Amerindian multinaturalism that sharpens our sense of the forest as an ontological multiplicity teeming with relations, perspectives, and temporalities. [...]

That such forests and worlds are largely incommensurable with Eurocentric image-making technologies poses a serious challenge to understanding and solidarity by demanding that we learn “how to inhabit the space of the in-between, the interval between ‘worlds’ in order to contribute to a decolonization of the many worlds from the imposition of the ‘one world.’” This book is an attempt to open up a space for these transformations. [...]

Curator Dan Handel presents a paginated version of his research on wood as a vital aspect of forest mythologies and a driver of industrial resource management. By translating elements from his previous exhibitions into this volume, Handel contributes to a renegotiation of the metaphors and mechanisms that render the forest present in human habits of consumption, creativity,  and ideation.

Canadian forest ecologist Suzanne Simard examines how underground networks of fungi uptake nutrients of salmon brought from sea to river to land by grizzlies and wolves. Simard’s text summarizes her ongoing collaboration with researchers from various First Nations communities in British Columbia to offer a defense of nature as a tangled web rather than a taxonomical order. Accompanied by visualizations from forestry researcher Kevin Beiler, this contribution makes a plea for a more holistic approach to forestry science and urges us to “fundamentally transform the modern scientific image of nature as a resource.”

Remaining with the motif of the axe implicit in Castleman’s work, we follow Nonuya knowledge-elder Abel Rodríguez (also known as Mogaje Guihu) to the Middle Caquetá River region in the Colombian Amazon. He shares an oral narrative conveying the discovery and eventual felling of the Tree of Abundance, which relays the origin of social, territorial, and ecological inter-dependency in the Amazon; at the same time, this mythological narrative alludes to the beginning of labor, violence, and disease. Rodríguez’s storytelling was transcribed and edited in collaboration with Carlos Rodríguez from the Tropenbos International Colombia forest conservation group and the philosopher and editor Catalina Vargas Tovar.

An understanding of the Amazon as an anthropogenically cultivated multinature is further elaborated in the contribution by Brazilian architect, urbanist, and activist Paulo Tavares. His essay and richly annotated selection of archival photographs and contemporary cartographies expose the “politics of erasure” deployed by the Brazilian state against Indigenous peoples  and their lands in the twentieth century. Highlighting the hybrid literacies required by resistance movements fighting illegal logging, plantations, evictions, and development, Tavares shows that genocide and ecocide are often two sides of the same coin in struggles for land sovereignty. He also underscores the politi-cally significant thesis that many forests of the Amazon region are the result of Pre-Columbian domestication and cultivation practices. By rendering Amazonia palpable as the living ruin  of an “‘expanded polis,’ within which humans and nonhumans co-inhabit a common political space,” he infinitely complicates any comfortable dichotomies of city, civilization, and culture versus forest, wilderness, and nature. An interview with anthropologist Eduardo Kohn, based on his book How Forests Thinkand observations from his fieldwork in Ecuador, explores the philosophical implications of nonhuman thought. After a discussion about “thinking-with” multispecies semiotics, we conclude our conversation with questions about how to cultivate a forest-like mindfulness even in non-forest ecologies—a provocation  that we hope resonates through many other contributions in this book as well.

(End quote.)

-

Included is an essay by Pedro Neves Marques which, in my opinion, provides a nice and concise summary of “Amazonianist” scholarship, Amazonian cosmology and animism, and the work of Eduardo Viveiros de Castro. Viveiros de Castro’s work is celebrated for its respect for and attention to detail in Amazonian worldviews, and is often cited as an example of the importance of Amazonian/Indigenous “multinaturalism” and animism as alternatives to Western scientific naturalism.

Also, Paulo Tavares’s article here is - again, in my opinion - good and important. The Brazilian state denies that a genocide took place against the Waimiri Atroari people. But Tavares mapped the local forest region to clearly demonstrate that not only were the Waimiri Atroari forcibly removed, but that they also had a previously underreported and sophisticated system of agroecology and forest management.

Some of the editorial commentary can verge on twee Euro-American/Western mysticism and cultural appropriation, but the articles and essays themselves are nice. There is some questionable content occasionally referenced in the text - including some commentary from a Western academic who drinks ayahuasca - so take some of the material with a grain of salt. All-in-all, it’s an enjoyable read, though. If nothing else, there are some good citations and resources for further reading.

-

The Word for World is Still Forest. In intercalations 4. Edited by Anna-Sophie Springer and Etienne Turpin. In association with Kirsten Einfeldt and Daniela Wolf. February 2017. [Available online for free.]

[orbemnews]

Watch now: Another option for Amish and Mennonite farmers as Platteville Produce Auction opens A worker at the Platteville Produce Auction uses a pallet jack to move flats of recently purchased plants. AMBER ARNOLD, STATE JOURNAL Each auction, which begins at 9:30 a.m., can last from 2 1/2 to three hours, depending on the time of the year and the number of items available. This week there is only an auction on Friday, but from May through the first week of October auctions are held every Tuesday and Friday. The sales are held only on Tuesdays the last three weeks of October. Kevin Hall, who puts on two horse auctions each year in Mineral Point, was asked to manage the new Platteville Produce Auction since he was familiar with auction processes. On Friday he assisted Hostetler, the auctioneer, by using a four-foot-long yellow plastic paddle (normally used to help herd cattle) to point to items up for bid. At the same time, Hall kept an eye out for nodding and shaking heads, pointing fingers and raised cards from the assembled bidders. Henry Beiler, of Platteville, helps unload flowers to be sold during a live auction at the Platteville Produce Auction. The flowers and young vegetable plants are grown in hoop houses and greenhouses by Amish and Mennonite farmers in the surrounding area. AMBER ARNOLD, STATE JOURNAL “Everything’s grown local. We’ve got good soil around here to grow good produce and a lot of family farms,” Hall said. “As the year progresses we’ll get more into produce, a lot of tomatoes, peppers and (cucumbers for) pickles. Toward fall we’ll get pumpkins, watermelon and cantaloupe. There’s been strong demand. People want to buy local.” But while the auction is primarily attended by those buying at the wholesale level, anyone can register on site for a bid number. Angie Maag, who will graduate this spring from UW-Madison with a journalism degree, came with her mother, Amy, to buy pansies, hydrangeas, hanging baskets and some of the woodworking by Stoltzfus for the family home in Fennimore. Source link Orbem News #amish #auction #barryadams #farmers #Flowers #local-places #mennonite #Opens #Option #Platteville #plattevilleproduceauction #Produce #townoflima #watch

[laquimeradegupta]

ORÍGENES EVOLUTIVOS DE LAS MICORRIZAS: borrando fronteras y conectando suelos (II)

En el anterior post, estuvimos describiendo los tipos de plantas antiguas, evolutivamente hablando, que existen, y qué tipos de micorrizas existen. En este nos proponemos ahondar en la evolución y en algunas curiosidades de las micorrizas. Hemos dejado las referencias del post anterior por si venís desde allí (así no tenéis que volver si queréis profundizar)

Una vez sabemos qué son los briófitos en sentido laxo y sabemos lo que son las micorrizas, podemos empezar a entender la estrecha relación evolutiva que se pudo establecer entre ambos. Ahora vamos a hablar del origen evolutivo de las micorrizas, del caso concreto de la extraña simbiósis que se presenta entre los briófitos y unos particulares hongos y de otras hipótesis sobre el origen de la simbiosis hongo-planta.

La primera evidencia física que tenemos sobre la existencia histórica de la simbiósis micorrítica la hayamos en la llamada Flora de Rhynia Chert. Rhynia es el nombre del género de plantas vasculares más representativo de la flora, donde se hallaron los indicios de la simbiosis, y también es el nombre de la localidad donde se encontró esta flora (cerca de la localidad escocesa de Alford). Lo más curioso de esta evidencia es que, en la medida de lo que es posible analizar una interacción tan íntima como la micorriza, la evidencia disponible muestra una simbiosis compatible morfológicamente con las actuales endomicorrizas (protagonizadas por plantas actuales y los hongos glomales). Esta evidencia parece apuntar a que las endomicorrizas estarían presentes ya desde la época de la Flora de Rhynia Chert, hace 407 millones de años (en el devónico) y que, muy probablemente, habrían jugado un papel esencial en la transición evolutiva del linaje de las plantas, desde el agua, hacia tierra seca. La similitud morfológica de los fósiles de esta simbiosis hallados posteriormente (Paleozóico, mesozoico y zenozoico) revelan que la simbiosis, una vez establecida, era muy estable. Las micorrizas más antiguas, de momento, descubiertas en el registro fósil son las endomicorrizas.

Sin embargo, dadas las limitaciones de un fósil para interpretar esta relación biológica, es posible aún mantener que, simplemente, estemos ante una micorriza de otro tipo que, al sufrir el proceso de conservación fósil (proceso tafonómico), halla convergido morfológicamente.

Existen, además, otras dos evidencias que apuntan hacia esta hipótesis (4): I) existen, actualmente, plantas hidrófilas (cuyos hábitats están permanentemente inundados. Se les denomina, por ello, hidrófitas) que pueden establecer relaciones micorríticas de forma facultativa: en condiciones no esperadas de menor humedad o, incluso, sequía, estas hidrófitas son capaces de reclutar hongos para extender su red de captación de nutrientes. Cuando se vuelve a inundar el ecosistema, la relación acaba. Esto permitiría elaborar la hipótesis de que fue, precisamente, en estos ambientes permanentemente inundados, donde se pudieron establecer las primeras simbiosis con hongos, II) Pese a las inexactitudes propias de un método como el reloj molecular para datar separaciones filogenéticas, el estudio de las especies de hongos actuales que realizan simbiosis micorríticas (glomales) ha dado como resultado una divergencia de los mismos hace 462-353 millones de años. Esto cuadra con la edad de los fósiles de la Flora rhynia Chert y con el hecho de que solo los hongos glomales formen endomicorrizas. La taxonomía molecular indica que estos hongos son monofiléticos y, actualmente, se los prefiere clasificar con un único género (Glomus).

K.A. Pirozynski afirmaba en 1981 que era el fotobionte (la planta) la que ha respondido a presiones de selección (7). La hipótesis afirma que eran las plantas las que no podían acceder a los nutrientes terrestres y fue la asociación con los hongos la que les permitió independizarse del medio acuático. Esto habría producido una sola clase de hongos, que serían simbiontes obligados de las plantas porque han evolucionado específicamente para vivir con las plantas. Habrían empezado como hongos saprófitos pero ya no podrían vivir sin las plantas. En cambio, las plantas no podían dejar a los hongos hasta que no fueran capaces de asegurarse todos los nutrientes y un buen sistema radicular. Este hecho, que las plantas se hayan independizado de su simbiosis con los hongos, ha ocurrido varias veces en la evolución vegetal, pero el porcentaje de plantas que ha conseguido dejar esta simbiosis es muy bajo. Este es otra evidencia que nos lleva hacia la hipótesis del origen común de las endomicorrizas.

Por su parte las ectomicorrizas aparecen en el registro fósil mucho después, hace unos 250-225 millones de años, durante el carbonífero. Las plantas vasculares que las utilizan son mucho más escasas y los hongos que pueden estar implicados son diversos. A diferencia de las endomicorrizas, la ectomicorriza parece una relación evolutivamente mucho más flexible y, se piensa, que las relaciones se crean y se abandonan mucho más fácilmente. Pero, en la naturaleza, podemos observar tres tipos de ectomicorrizas si atendemos al tiempo evolutivo (5): I) Las simbiosis nuevas, II) las simbiosis antiguas y III) la simbiosis que potencialmente pueden dar información sobre cómo se inició  la relación entre plantas y hongos, tanto endomicorrítica, como ectomicorrítica. La principal hipótesis que explica las simbiosis nuevas es la aquella que afirma que los hongos implicados derivarían de hongos parásitos de plantas que habrían reducido su patogenicidad (la evolución de la patogenicidad es un tema muy interesante: los patógenos demasiado agresivos con sus víctimas sucumben ante su propia estrategia porque acaban con ella antes de que puedan completar el ciclo vital). Esto habría ocurrido muchas veces y con diversos tipos de hongos. Por su parte, la principal hipótesis que explica las ectomicorrizas antiguas se basa en el caso de las pináceas: casi todos los pinos y sus parientes cercanos, forman ectomicorrizas y el registro fósil y la filogenia molecular las sitúa en el triásico. Al igual que las endomicorrizas, la relación es estable e implica a un grupo muy estrecho de hongos que, probablemente, eran saprófitos. La dinámica evolutiva sería similar: saprófitos que devienen en mutualistas.

¿Qué ventajas obtienen cada uno de los simbióntes en una relación de tipo ectomicorrítica? Las consecuencias son inesperadas: I) nutrientes orgánicos e inorgánicos y II) extensión ilimitada de la superficie radicular. Como en la relación endomicorrítica, la planta trasfiere fotosintatos al hongo y, en este caso, los hongos ectomicorríticos llegan mejor a los fosfatos y los nitratos de algunos flóculos y granos que las raíces de las plantas, y éstas pueden tomarlo a través de las hifas que han penetrado en su epidermis. Además, los contactos con otros hongos ectomicorríticos es frecuente, tanto de un individuo planta con varios hongos, como hongos entre ellos. ¿Cual es el resultado? Que los diferentes individuos planta interactúan entre ellos. Existe una transferencia dinámica de elementos entre ellos y los hongos. Kevin J. Beiler y sus compañeros de la University of British Columbia han demostrado que, la interacción ectomicorrítica, se parece más a una red compleja que a una interacción entre dos individuos (8). En palabras de los autores:

“Se encontró una fuerte relación positiva entre el tamaño del árbol y la conectividad, lo que resultó en una arquitectura de red libre de escala con propiedades de mundo pequeño. Esta arquitectura de red micorrizal sugiere una red eficiente y robusta, donde los árboles grandes desempeñan un papel fundamental para facilitar la regeneración conespecífica y estabilizar el ecosistema.”

Quizá esto nos esté dando una explicación de porqué el bioma más extenso del planeta es la taiga, dominada por pináceas y especies emparentadas que utilizan, mayoritariamente, ectomicorrizas en sus interacciones edáficas.

Pero volvamos al origen de las micorrizas. Hemos dicho que las endomicorrizas se establecieron hace 400 millones de años y que han cambiado más bien poco y, en cambio, las ectomicorrizas parece que involucran a mecanismos moleculares de interacción física más flexibles. La principal hipótesis sobre el origen evolutivo de las plantas terrestres involucra a algún antepasado de las actuales clorófitas.

Figura 4. Esquema resumen del trabajo realizado por  Kevin J. Beiler y sus colaboradores (8). Estudiaron una parcela de 30x30m donde habitaban abetos de Douglas (Pseudotsuga menziesii) e individuos del género Rhizopogon, hongos del tipo basidiomiceto, en un bosque del Canadá más occidental. El área de estudio contenía 67 árboles, de diversas edades (formas verdes. El tamaño es relativo al diámetro del árbol). Los pequeños puntos negros marcan los muestreos positivos al hongo micorrítico Rhizopogon. Un 84% de los Rhizopogon estaban asociados a una interacción árbol-hongo específica y, aproximadamente el 50% corresponde a dos especies concretas del género Rhizopogon, a saber, R. vesiculosus y R. vinicolor. Cada asociación árbol-hongo específica está representada mediante las líneas de color (cada asociación con un color distinto). Se han coloreado con un color cada individuo de hongo identificado. El árbol más conectado del sistema está vinculado con otros 47 árboles a traǘes de 8 individuos de R. vesiculosus y 3 de R. vinicoler.

(Addenda: algas verdes; un género muy abundante de estas algas verdes en nuestras lagunas son las del género Chara). En un momento de la evolución, las clorófitas desarrollaron, al igual que lo hicieron los animales (y esto está fuertemente relacionado con la adquisición evolutiva de la multicelularidad, como explicamos aquí (9)), un programa de desarrollo del organismo. En otra palabras, se inventó la embriogénesis. Aquí encontramos, tanto a los briófitos en sentido laxo, como a las plantas vasculares. La separación entre ambas es situada por el reloj molecular en el precámbrico, hace unos 630-510 millones de años. La pregunta es ¿Tienen los briófitos algún tipo de simbiosis con los hongos? Ellos también tuvieron que adaptarse al mundo terrestre ¿Siguieron el mismo patrón? Si es así ¿Qué ocurre con las algas verdes? ¿Ellas también pueden establecer simbiosis con hongos? ¿Tienen algún elemento de las actuales simbiosis con hongos algo que ver con las algas verdes?

Pierre-Marc Delaux y colaboradores (10) estudiaron 10 genomas completos de algas verdes y briófitos en sentido laxo y 259 transcriptomas (conjunto de todos los RNA sintetizados por la célula) de esas mismas especies para dilucidar qué tenían en común y, así, comprobar si existe algún mecanismo molecular ancestral que permitiése la simbiosis. De hecho, se ha descubierto lo que Delaux y sus colegas han denominado “Kit de herramientas simbióticas”, una serie de proteínas que, en conjunto, operan actualmente para indicarle al hongo cuando debe penetrar en la planta. No se conoce la función que podrían desempeñar en la alga verde, pero una de las proteínas está relacionada, también, con el control de los niveles de calcio intracelulares. Los autores, así, concluyen que las algas verdes, con este Kit, estaban “preadaptadas” para la simbiosis con hongos.

En los briófitos en sentido laxo y en las hepáticas existen muchas relaciones simbióticas con hongos. En las hepáticas es muy común la simbiosis con los hongos glomeromycota, como en las angiospermas, y también la simbiosis con algunos basidiomicetos (hongos formadores de cuerpos fructíferos o setas). En los musgos, las asociaciones son con ascomicetos (11).

Todavía no se ha descubierto ninguna simbiosis entre hongos y algas verdes, pero a nadie debería de extrañarle. Tienen el mismo equipamiento genético y molecular que las plantas evolutivamente más antiguas y, estas, son capaces, como vemos, de formar simbiosis con múltiples tipos de hongos. Muchas algas verdes viven fijas al sustrato permanentemente húmedo de las charcas y lagunas que habitan. Éstas pasarán por periodos de más sequedad y, quizá, las algas verdes tengan un as bajo la manga mientras intentan mantener estables sus niveles de calcio intracelular.

Relacionado

ORÍGENES EVOLUTIVOS DE LAS MICORRIZAS: borrando fronteras y conectando suelos (I)

REFERENCIAS:

Pérez, B. E., Draper, I., de Atauri, D., & Bujalance, R. M. (2011). Briófitos: una aproximación a las plantas terrestres más sencillas. Biodiversidad, 19.

Cronodon. (2017). Bryophytes - mosses and liverworts. Consultado 02/05/2018.

Bidartondo, M. I., Read, D. J., Trappe, J. M., Merckx, V., Ligrone, R., & Duckett, J. G. (2011). The dawn of symbiosis between plants and fungi. Biology letters, rsbl20101203.

Kamel, L., Keller‐Pearson, M., Roux, C., & Ané, J. M. (2017). Biology and evolution of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis in the light of genomics. New Phytologist, 213(2), 531-536.

Villegas Ríos, Margarita y Cifuentes, Joaquín. (2004). Las micorrizas en la evolución de las plantas. Ciencias 73, enero-marzo, 30-36.

Mark Brundrett. (2008). Mycorrhyza associations: The Web Resource Section 5. Eectomycorrhyzas. 03/05/2018, de School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia.

Pirozynski, K. A. (1981). Interactions between fungi and plants through the ages. Canadian Journal of Botany, 59(10), 1824-1827 citado en Villegas Ríos, Margarita y Cifuentes, Joaquín. (2004). Las micorrizas en la evolución de las plantas. Ciencias 73, enero-marzo, 30-36.

Beiler, K. J., Durall, D. M., Simard, S. W., Maxwell, S. A., & Kretzer, A. M. (2010). Architecture of the wood‐wide web: Rhizopogon spp. genets link multiple Douglas‐fir cohorts. New Phytologist, 185(2), 543-553.

La Quimera de Gupta, "Evolución de la multicelularidad” (Parte I y II)” mayo, 2017

Delaux, P. M., Radhakrishnan, G. V., Jayaraman, D., Cheema, J., Malbreil, M., Volkening, J. D., ... & Rothfels, C. J. (2015). Algal ancestor of land plants was preadapted for symbiosis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112(43), 13390-13395.

Pressel, S., Bidartondo, M. I., Ligrone, R., & Duckett, J. G. (2014). Fungal symbioses in bryophytes: new insights in the twenty first century. Phytotaxa, 9(1), 238-253.

[ao3feed-destiel]

If You Get Lost, You Can Always Be Found

read it on the AO3 at http://ift.tt/2mq7pw4

by WinJennster

Days after I’m No Angel, Castiel finds himself exiled from the safety of the bunker. The money Dean gives him runs out all too soon. Luck, or perhaps divine providence, lands him on the Amish farm of Jacob and Lydia Beiler. The Beilers take Cas in. Despite the Amish’s general distrust of outsiders - Englischers - the strange man who can understand their language and isn’t afraid of hard work seems a natural fit amongst them. Castiel thinks he might just go ahead and stay - the farm seems like a good place to heal his broken heart, and maybe forget who broke it.

Meanwhile, Dean finds himself so wracked with guilt, he can’t stand to see his own face in the mirror. He doesn't know what's worse; the fact that he threw Cas away or that Sam’s unwillingly - and unwittingly - possessed by an angel. Charlie comes for a visit and decides to stay, and it takes her no time at all to call Dean on his bullshit. With her help and encouragement and a plan to deal with the angel in Sam later, Dean and Charlie set out to find Cas and bring him home. But when they find him, Dean’s surprised that Cas doesn’t want to come home, leaving Dean to face some difficult truths about himself - and how he feels about Castiel.

Words: 25417, Chapters: 8/8, Language: English

Fandoms: Supernatural

Rating: Explicit

Warnings: Creator Chose Not To Use Archive Warnings

Categories: M/M

Characters: Dean Winchester, Castiel, Sam Winchester, Charlie Bradbury, Ezekiel | Gadreel, Hannah (Supernatural), Original Characters, Kevin Tran

Relationships: Castiel/Dean Winchester

Additional Tags: Dean/Cas Pinefest 2017, Awesome Charlie, Charlie Ships It, Road Trips, 9.03 mention, April Kelly mention, Bottom Dean, Frottage, Blow Jobs, severe abuse of enochian, gadreel!sam, Men of Letters Bunker, Castiel in the Bunker, i don't break the car for once, I hate tagging, Canon Compliant, sort of, still hate tagging, so much pining, Pining, Mutual Pining, Domestic Dean Winchester

read it on the AO3 at http://ift.tt/2mq7pw4

[technewss15-blog]

Emmy Awards 2017: The complete list of winners and losers

It’s official, ladies and gentlemen: there has been a changing of the guard. Just a few short years ago, the Emmy Awards were dominated by network TV. Fast forward to 2017, and it’s all about HBO, Netflix, and Hulu. HBO still had a big night despite the fact that its flagship series Game of Thrones was ineligible for the awards this year, and Netflix and Hulu each took home multiple top awards. Even cable channels stole network TV’s thunder on Sunday night, as Donald Glover took home the “Lead Actor in a Comedy Series Emmy” for his work on FX’s Atlanta.

You’ll find the complete list of Emmys winners (and losers) below.

Drama Series “Better Call Saul” (AMC) “The Crown” (Netflix) “The Handmaid’s Tale” (Hulu) “House of Cards” (Netflix) “Stranger Things” (Netflix) “This Is Us” (NBC) “Westworld” (HBO)

Comedy Series “Atlanta” (FX) “Black-ish” (ABC) “Master of None” (Netflix) “Modern Family” (ABC) “Silicon Valley” (HBO) “Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt” (Netflix) “Veep” (HBO)

Limited Series “Big Little Lies” (HBO) “Fargo” (FX) “Feud: Bette and Joan” (FX) “The Night Of” (HBO) “Genius” (National Geographic)

Television Movie “Black Mirror: San Junipero” (Netflix) “Dolly Parton’s Christmas Of Many Colors: Circle Of Love” (NBC) “The Immortal Life Of Henrietta Lacks” (HBO) “Sherlock: The Lying Detective (Masterpiece)” (PBS) “The Wizard Of Lies” (HBO)

Lead Actor in a Drama Series Sterling K. Brown (“This Is Us”) Anthony Hopkins (“Westworld”) Bob Odenkirk (“Better Call Saul”) Matthew Rhys (“The Americans”) Liev Schreiber (“Ray Donovan”) Kevin Spacey (“House of Cards”) Milo Ventimiglia (“This Is Us”)

Lead Actress in a Drama Series Viola Davis (“How to Get Away with Murder”) Claire Foy (“The Crown”) Elisabeth Moss (“The Handmaid’s Tale”) Keri Russell (“The Americans”) Evan Rachel Wood (“Westworld”) Robin Wright (“House of Cards”)

Lead Actor in a Comedy Series Anthony Anderson (“black-ish”) Aziz Ansari (“Master of None”) Zach Galifianakis (“Baskets”) Donald Glover (“Atlanta”) William H. Macy (“Shameless”) Jeffrey Tambor (“Transparent”)

Lead Actress in a Comedy Series Pamela Adlon (“Better Things”) Tracee Ellis-Ross (“black-ish”) Jane Fonda (“Grace and Frankie”) Lily Tomlin (“Grace and Frankie”) Allison Janney (“Mom”) Ellie Kemper (“Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt”) Julia Louis-Dreyfus (“Veep”)

Lead Actor in a Limited Series Riz Ahmed (“The Night Of”) Benedict Cumberbatch (“Sherlock: The Lying Detective”) Robert De Niro (“The Wizard of Lies”) Ewan McGregor (“Fargo”) Geoffrey Rush (“Genius”) John Turturro (“The Night Of”)

Lead Actress in a Limited Series Carrie Coon (“Fargo”) Felicity Huffman (“American Crime”) Nicole Kidman (“Big Little Lies”) Jessica Lange (“Feud”) Susan Sarandon (“Feud”) Reese Witherspoon (“Big Little Lies”)

Supporting Actor in a Drama Series John Lithgow (“The Crown”) Jonathan Banks (“Better Call Saul”) Mandy Patinkin (“Homeland”) Michael Kelly (“House of Cards”) David Harbour (“Stranger Things”) Ron Cephas Jones (“This Is Us”) Jeffrey Wright (“Westworld”)

Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Ann Dowd (“The Handmaid’s Tale”) Samira Wiley (“The Handmaid’s Tale”) Uzo Aduba (“Orange Is the New Black”) Millie Bobby Brown (“Stranger Things”) Chrissy Metz (“This Is Us”) Thandie Newton (“Westworld”)

Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Alec Baldwin (“Saturday Night Live”) Louie Anderson (“Baskets”) Ty Burrell (“Modern Family”) Tituss Burgess (“Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt”) Tony Hale (“Veep”) Matt Walsh (“Veep”)

Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series Kate McKinnon (“Saturday Night Live”) Vanessa Bayer (“Saturday Night Live”) Leslie Jones (“Saturday Night Live”) Anna Chlumsky (“Veep”) Judith Light (“Transparent”) Kathryn Hahn (“Transparent”)

Supporting Actor in a Limited Series or Movie Bill Camp (“The Night Of”) Alfred Molina (“Feud: Bette and Joan”) Alexander Skarsgård (“Big Little Lies”) David Thewlis (“Fargo”) Stanley Tucci (“Feud: Bette and Joan”) Michael K. Williams (“The Night Of”)

Supporting Actress in a Limited Series or Movie Judy Davis (“Feud: Bette and Joan”) Laura Dern (“Big Little Lies”) Jackie Hoffman (“Feud: Bette and Joan”) Regina King (“American Crime”) Michelle Pfeiffer (“The Wizard of Lies”) Shailene Woodley (“Big Little Lies”)

Variety Talk Series “Full Frontal With Samantha Bee” (TBS) “Jimmy Kimmel Live!” (ABC) “Last Week Tonight With John Oliver” (HBO) “The Late Late Show With James Corden” (CBS) “Real Time With Bill Maher” (HBO) “The Late Show with Stephen Colbert” (CBS)

Reality Competition “The Amazing Race” (CBS) “American Ninja Warrior” (NBC) “Project Runway” (Lifetime) “RuPaul’s Drag Race” (vh1) “Top Chef” (Bravo) “The Voice” (NBC)

Variety Sketch Series “Billy On The Street” (truTV) “Documentary Now!” (IFC) “Drunk History” (Comedy Central) “Portlandia” (IFC) “Saturday Night Live” (NBC) “Tracey Ullman’s Show” (HBO)

Directing for a Drama Series Vince Gilligan (“Better Call Saul”) Stephen Daldry (“The Crown”) Reed Morano (“The Handmaid’s Tale”) Kate Dennis (“The Handmaid’s Tale”) Lesli Linka Glatter (“Homeland”) The Duffer Brothers (“Stranger Things”) Jonathan Nolan (“Westworld”)

Directing for a Comedy Series Donald Glover (“Atlanta”) Jamie Babbit (“Silicon Valley”) Mike Judge (“Silicon Valley”) Morgan Sackett (“Veep”) David Mandel (“Veep”) Dale Stern (“Veep”)

Directing for a Limited Series, Movie or Dramatic Special Jean-Marc Vallee (“Big Little Lies”) Noah Hawley (“Fargo”) Ryan Murphy (“Feud: Bette & Joan”) Ron Howard (“Genius”) James Marsh (“The Night Of”) Steve Zaillian (“The Night Of”)

Directing for a Variety Series Derek Waters & Jeremy Konner (“Drunk History”) Andy Fisher (“Jimmy Kimmel Live”) Paul Pennolino (“Last Week Tonight with John Oliver”) Jim Hoskinson (“The Late Show with Stephen Colbert”) Don Roy King (“Saturday Night Live”)

Writing for a Drama Series Joe Weisberg and Joel Fields (“The Americans”) Gordon Smith (“Better Call Saul”) Peter Morgan (“The Crown”) Bruce Miller (“The Handmaid’s Tale”) The Duffer Brothers (“Stranger Things”) Lisa Joy and Jonathan Nolan (“Westworld”)

Writing for a Comedy Series Donald Glover (“Atlanta”) Stephen Glover (“Atlanta”) Aziz Ansari and Lena Waithe (“Master of None”) Alec Berg (“Silicon Valley”) Billy Kimball (“Veep”) David Mandel (“Veep”)

Writing for a Limited Series, Movie or Drama David E. Kelley (“Big Little Lies”) Charlie Brooker (“Black Mirror: San Junipero”) Noah Hawley (“Fargo”) Ryan Murphy (“Feud: Bette and Joan”) Jaffe Cohen, Michael Zam and Ryan Murphy (“Feud: Bette and Joan”) Richard Price and Steven Zaillian (“The Night Of”)

Writing for a Variety Series  Jo Miller, Samantha Bee, Ashley Nicole Black, Pat Cassels, Eric Drysdae, Mathan Erhardt, Travon Free, Joe Grossman, Miles Kahn, Melinda Taub & Jason Reich (“Full Frontal with Samantha Bee”) Kevin Avery, Tim Carvell, Josh Gondelman, Dan Gurewitch, Geoff Haggerty, Jeff Maurer, John Oliver, Scott Sherman, Will Tracy, Jill Twiss & Juli Weiner (“Last Week Tonight with John Oliver”) Jermaine Affonso, Alex Baze, Bryan Donaldson, Sal Gentile, Matt Goldich, Dina Gusovky, Jenny Hagel, Allison Hord, Mike Karnell, John Lutz, Seth Meyers, Ian Morgan, Seth Reiss, Amber Ruffin, Mike Scollins, Mike Shoemaker & Ben Warheit (“Late Night with Seth Meyers”) Barry Julien, Jay Katsir, Opus Moreschi, Stephen Colbert, Tom Purcell, Matt Lappin, Michael Brumm, Nate Charny, Aaron Cohen, Cullen Crawford, Paul Dinello, Ariel Dumas, Glenn Eichler, Django Gold, Gabe Gronli, Daniel Kibblesmith, Michael Pielocik, Kate Sidley, Jen Spyra, Brian Stack & John Thibodeaux (“The Late Show with Stephen Colbert”) Chris Kelly, Sarah Schneider, Kent Sublette, Bryan Tucker, Pete Schultz, James Anderson, Kristen Bartlett, Jeremy Beiler, Zach Bornstein, Joanna Bradley, Megan Callahan, Michael Che, Anna Drezen, Fran Gillespie, Sudi Green, Steve Higgins, Colin Jost, Erik Kenward, Rob Klein, Nick Kocher, Dave McCary, Brian McElhaney, Dennis McNicholas, Drew Michael, Lorne Michaels, Josh Patten, Katie Rich, Streeter Seidell, Will Stephen & Julio Torres (“Saturday Night Live”)

Emmy Awards 2017: The complete list of winners and losers was originally published on Tech News Center Generation

[arduennasilva-blog]

The Word for World is Still Forest creates a space for the reader-as-exhibition-viewer to consider how forests may be seen not only for their trees, but also how they can enable experiences of elegance, affirmation, and creation for a multitude of creatures. in response to their violent destruction, which characterizes the Anthropocene, these pages traverse various woodlands by way of their semiotic, socio-political, historical, and epistemic incitements in order to reveal how practices of care, concern, and attention also enable humans to inhabit and flourish in this world as forest.

Taking its title from Ursula K. Le Guin’s 1972 novella, The Word for World is Still Forest curates an homage to the forest as a turbulent, interconnected, multinature. Moving from concepts of the forest as a thinking organism to the linear monocultural plantations that now threaten the life of global forests, the volume includes an interview with anthropologist Eduardo Kohn on perspectival multinatural semiotics based on his observations in Ecuador as well as a piece by Canadian forest ecologist Suzanne Simard, with visualizations by Kevin Beiler, examining how fungi networks uptake nutrients of salmon brought from sea to river to land by grizzlies and wolves. Curator Dan Handel presents an excerpted exhibition on “wood” as a vital element of forest mythology and the driver of industrial resource management. Media designer and data curator Yanni A. Loukissas adds a series of reflections on botanical data from Harvard University’s Arnold Arboretum. An original typography of tree forms from artist Katie Holten’s Tree Alphabet reconnects the paper of the book page to its forest genealogy. Brazilian architect and urbanist Paulo Tavares contributes an annotated visual composition on Amazonian human rights violations and indigenous struggle, highlighting the hybrid literacies required by resistance movements fighting illegal logging and plantations. Shannon Lee Castleman also addresses illegal logging in her photo essay on the incremental harvesting practices in the diminished tropical forests of Indonesia, while the landscape architect Sandra Bartoli offers a little known history of the ancient trees of the urban forest known as the Berlin Tiergarten and Silvan Linden portrays a case study of Berlin's ever-more controversial urban “wild.” The Nonuya elder and shaman Abel Rodríguez contributes an oral narrative of the Ancestral Tree of Plenty, transcribed in collaboration with the Tropen Bos International Colombia forest conservation group, alongside a series of his drawings of medicinal plants used for botanical conservation efforts. In resonance, the book also contains an essay by Pedro Neves Marques about the particularity of Amerindian images of naturecultures. Finally, the book includes excerpts of Ursula K. Le Guin’s original book, The Word for World is Forest.

Contributors: Sandra Bartoli, Kevin Beiler, Shannon Castleman, Dan Handel, Katie Holten, Elise Hunchuck, Silvan Linden, Yanni A. Loukissas, Eduardo Kohn, Pedro Neves Marques, Abel Rodríguez, Carlos Rodríguez, Suzanne Simard, Anna-Sophie Springer, Paulo Tavares Etienne Turpin, Catalina Vargas Tovar

http://www.anagrambooks.com/the-word-for-world-is-still-forest

[ao3feed-charliebradbury]

If You Get Lost, You Can Always Be Found

read it on the AO3 at http://ift.tt/2mq7pw4

by WinJennster

Days after I’m No Angel, Castiel finds himself exiled from the safety of the bunker. The money Dean gives him runs out all too soon. Luck, or perhaps divine providence, lands him on the Amish farm of Jacob and Lydia Beiler. The Beilers take Cas in. Despite the Amish’s general distrust of outsiders - Englischers - the strange man who can understand their language and isn’t afraid of hard work seems a natural fit amongst them. Castiel thinks he might just go ahead and stay - the farm seems like a good place to heal his broken heart, and maybe forget who broke it.

Meanwhile, Dean finds himself so wracked with guilt, he can’t stand to see his own face in the mirror. He doesn't know what's worse; the fact that he threw Cas away or that Sam’s unwillingly - and unwittingly - possessed by an angel. Charlie comes for a visit and decides to stay, and it takes her no time at all to call Dean on his bullshit. With her help and encouragement and a plan to deal with the angel in Sam later, Dean and Charlie set out to find Cas and bring him home. But when they find him, Dean’s surprised that Cas doesn’t want to come home, leaving Dean to face some difficult truths about himself - and how he feels about Castiel.

Words: 25417, Chapters: 8/8, Language: English

Fandoms: Supernatural

Rating: Explicit

Warnings: Creator Chose Not To Use Archive Warnings

Categories: M/M

Characters: Dean Winchester, Castiel, Sam Winchester, Charlie Bradbury, Ezekiel | Gadreel, Hannah (Supernatural), Original Characters, Kevin Tran

Relationships: Castiel/Dean Winchester

Additional Tags: Dean/Cas Pinefest 2017, Awesome Charlie, Charlie Ships It, Road Trips, 9.03 mention, April Kelly mention, Bottom Dean, Frottage, Blow Jobs, severe abuse of enochian, gadreel!sam, Men of Letters Bunker, Castiel in the Bunker, i don't break the car for once, I hate tagging, Canon Compliant, sort of, still hate tagging, so much pining, Pining, Mutual Pining, Domestic Dean Winchester

read it on the AO3 at http://ift.tt/2mq7pw4

[ao3feed-gadreel]

If You Get Lost, You Can Always Be Found

by WinJennster

Days after I’m No Angel, Castiel finds himself exiled from the safety of the bunker. The money Dean gives him runs out all too soon. Luck, or perhaps divine providence, lands him on the Amish farm of Jacob and Lydia Beiler. The Beilers take Cas in. Despite the Amish’s general distrust of outsiders - Englischers - the strange man who can understand their language and isn’t afraid of hard work seems a natural fit amongst them. Castiel thinks he might just go ahead and stay - the farm seems like a good place to heal his broken heart, and maybe forget who broke it.

Meanwhile, Dean finds himself so wracked with guilt, he can’t stand to see his own face in the mirror. He doesn't know what's worse; the fact that he threw Cas away or that Sam’s unwillingly - and unwittingly - possessed by an angel. Charlie comes for a visit and decides to stay, and it takes her no time at all to call Dean on his bullshit. With her help and encouragement and a plan to deal with the angel in Sam later, Dean and Charlie set out to find Cas and bring him home. But when they find him, Dean’s surprised that Cas doesn’t want to come home, leaving Dean to face some difficult truths about himself - and how he feels about Castiel.

Words: 25417, Chapters: 8/8, Language: English

Fandoms: Supernatural

Rating: Explicit

Warnings: Creator Chose Not To Use Archive Warnings

Categories: M/M

Characters: Dean Winchester, Castiel, Sam Winchester, Charlie Bradbury, Ezekiel | Gadreel, Hannah (Supernatural), Original Characters, Kevin Tran

Relationships: Castiel/Dean Winchester

Additional Tags: Dean/Cas Pinefest 2017, Awesome Charlie, Charlie Ships It, Road Trips, 9.03 mention, April Kelly mention, Bottom Dean, Frottage, Blow Jobs, severe abuse of enochian, gadreel!sam, Men of Letters Bunker, Castiel in the Bunker, i don't break the car for once, I hate tagging, Canon Compliant, sort of, still hate tagging, so much pining, Pining, Mutual Pining, Domestic Dean Winchester

Read it on AO3 at http://ift.tt/2mq7pw4

[theecoreport]

The Secret Life Of Trees (Video)

The Secret Life Of Trees (Video)

Dr. Suzanne Simard, with the UBC Faculty of Forestry, explains how trees communicate with each other in an interactive community, the secret life of trees

Originally Published on A Future of Our Choosing

In this real-life model of forest resilience and regeneration, Professor Suzanne Simard shows that all trees in a forest ecosystem are interconnected, with the largest, oldest, “mother trees”…

[thecomedybureau]

Here Are Your 2017 Emmys Comedy Nominees

Today, the nominations for the 2017 Primetime Emmys were announced. For comedy specifically, it’s probably what you expected.

Premium cable and streaming services continue to dominate the Emmys with Netflix and HBO coming out strong. FX also maintains its status as a premium cable network disguised as a basic cable network with its handful of nominations for Atlanta, Better Things, and Baskets. 

Colbert’s Election special and Sam Bee’s Not the WHCD thankfully were bestowed nominations here as well.

One thing that was a delightful surprise is Lauren Lapkus and Ben Schwartz gaining nominations for their performances in The Earliest Show, a web series that followed a morning talk show with one of the hosts going through all the stages of grief.

Take a gander at all the comedy nominees below.

*All comedy nominees are in italics

OUTSTANDING COMEDY SERIES Atlanta, FX Black-ish, ABC Master Of None, Netflix Modern Family, ABC Silicon Valley, HBO Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt, Netflix Veep, HBO

LEAD ACTRESS IN A COMEDY SERIES Pamela Adlon, Better Things, FX  Jane Fonda, Grace And Frankie, Netflix Allison Janney, Mom, CBS Ellie Kemper, Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt, Netflix Julia Louis-Dreyfus, Veep, HBO Tracee Ellis Ross, Black-ish, ABC Lily Tomlin, Grace And Frankie, Netflix

LEAD ACTOR IN A COMEDY SERIES Anthony Anderson, Black-ish, ABC Aziz Ansari, Master Of None, Netflix Zach Galifianakis, Baskets, FX Networks Donald Glover, Atlanta, FX Networks William H. Macy, Shameless, Showtime Jeffrey Tambor, Transparent, Amazon

VARIETY TALK SERIES Full Frontal With Samantha Bee, TBS Jimmy Kimmel Live, ABC Last Week Tonight With John Oliver, HBO The Late Late Show With James Corden, CBS The Late Show With Stephen Colbert, CBS Real Time With Bill Maher, HBO

SUPPORTING ACTRESS IN A COMEDY SERIES Vanessa Bayer, Saturday Night Live, NBC Anna Chlumsky, Veep, HBO Kathryn Hahn, Transparent, Amazon Leslie Jones, Saturday Night Live, NBC Judith Light, Transparent, Amazon Kate McKinnon, Saturday Night Live, NBC

SUPPORTING ACTOR IN A COMEDY SERIES Louie Anderson, Baskets, FX Networks Alec Baldwin, Saturday Night Live, NBC Tituss Burgess, Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt, Netflix Ty Burrell, Modern Family, ABC Tony Hale, Veep, HBO Matt Walsh, Veep, HBO

VARIETY SKETCH SERIES Billy On The Street, truTV Documentary Now!, IFC Drunk History, Comedy Central Portlandia, IFC Saturday Night Live, NBC Tracey Ullman’s Shows, HBO

OUTSTANDING ANIMATED PROGRAM Archer, FX Bob’s Burgers, Fox Elena And The Secret Of Avalor (Sofia The First), Disney Channel The Simpsons, Fox South Park, Comedy Central

UNSTRUCTURED REALITY PROGRAM Born This Way, A&E Deadliest Catch, Discovery Channel Gaycation With Ellen Page, Viceland Intervention, A&E RuPaul’s Drag Race: Untucked, YouTube United Shades Of America With W. Kamau Bell, CNN

HOST FOR A REALITY/REALITY COMPETITION PROGRAM Alec Baldwin, Match Game, ABC W. Kamau Bell, United Shades Of America With W. Kamau Bell, CNN RuPaul Charles, RuPaul’s Drag Race, VH1 Heidi Klum and Tim Gunn, Project Runway, Lifetime Gordon Ramsay, MasterChef Junior, Fox Martha Stewart and Snoop Dogg, Martha & Snoop’s Potluck Dinner Party, VH1

OUTSTANDING CHARACTER VOICE-OVER PERFORMANCE American Dad!, Dee Bradley Baker as Klaus, TBS/20th Century Fox Television Bob’s Burgers, Kevin Kline as Mr. Fischoeder, Fox BoJack Horseman, Kristen Schaal as Sarah Lynn, Netflix F Is For Family, Mo Collins as Ginny, Jimmy Fitzsimmons, Lex, Ben, Cutie Pie, Netflix Family Guy, Seth MacFarlane as Peter Griffin, Stewie Griffin, Brian Griffin, Glenn Quagmire, Fox The Simpsons, Nancy Cartwright as Bart Simpson, Fox

OUTSTANDING SHORT FORM COMEDY OR DRAMA SERIES Brown Girls, Open TV Fear The Walking Dead: Passage, AMC.com Hack Into Broad City, ComedyCentral.com Los Pollos Hermanos Employee Training Marvel’s Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.: Slingshot, ABC.com

OUTSTANDING SHORT FORM VARIETY SERIES Behind The Voice Epic Rap Battles of History Honest Trailers The Daily Show-Between the Scenes The Star Wars Show

OUTSTANDING SHORT FORM NONFICTION OR REALITY SERIES Creating Saturday Night Live Feud: Bette and Joan: Inside Look Jay Leno’s Garage National Endowment For The Arts: United States of Arts Viceland at The Women’s March

OUTSTANDING ACTOR IN A SHORT FORM COMEDY OR DRAMA SERIES  Ty Burell, Boondoggle Alan Tudyk, Con Man Kim Estes, Dicks Jason Ritter, Tales of Titans Ben Schwartz, The Earliest Show John Michael Higgins, Tween Fest

OUTSTANDING ACTRESS IN A SHORT FORM COMEDY OR DRAMA SERIES  Mindy Sterling, Con Man Jane Lynch, Dropping the Soap Kelsey Scott, Fear The Walking Dead: Passage Mindy Sterling, secs & EXECS Lauren Lapkus, The Earliest Show 

OUTSTANDING SHORT FORM ANIMATED PROGRAM Adventure Time, Cartoon Network Disney Mickey Mouse, The Disney Channel Marvel’s Rocket & Groot, Disney XD Steven Universe, Cartoon Network Teen Titans Go!, Cartoon Network

DIRECTING FOR A COMEDY SERIES Donald Glover, Atlanta Jamie Babbit, Silicon Valley Morgan Sackett, Veep David Mandel, Veep Dale Stern, Veep

DIRECTING FOR A VARIETY SERIES Derek Waters & Jeremy Konner, Drunk History Andy Fisher, Jimmy Kimmel Live Paul Pennolino, Last Week Tonight with John Oliver Jim Hoskinson, The Late Show with Stephen Colbert Don Roy King, Saturday Night Live

DIRECTING FOR A VARIETY SPECIAL Paul Pennolino, Full Frontal with Samantha Bee Presents Not The White House Correspondents’ Dinner Glenn Weiss, The Oscars Jim Hiskinson, Stephen Colbert’s Live Election Night Democracy’s Series Finale: Who’s Going to Clean Up This S—? Jerry Foley, Tony Bennett Celebrates 90: The Best is Yet to Come

WRITING FOR A COMEDY SERIES Donald Glover, Atlanta Stephen Glover, Atlanta Aziz Ansari & Lena Waithe, Master of None Alec Berg, Silicon Valley Billy Kimball, Veep David Mandel, Veep

WRITING FOR A VARIETY SERIES -Full Frontal with Samantha Bee, Jo Miller, Samantha Bee, Ashley Nicole Black, Pat Cassels, Eric Drysdae, Mathan Erhardt, Travon Free, Joe Grossman, Miles Kahn, Melinda Taub & Jason Reich -Last Week Tonight with John Oliver, Kevin Avery, Tim Carvell, Josh Gondelman, Dan Gurewitch, Geoff Haggerty, Jeff Maurer, John Oliver, Scott Sherman, Will Tracy, Jill Twiss & Juli Weiner  -Late Night with Seth Meyers, Jermaine Affonso, Alex Baze, Bryan Donaldson, Sal Gentile, Matt Goldich, Dina Gusovky, Jenny Hagel, Allison Hord, Mike Karnell, John Lutz, Seth Meyers, Ian Morgan, Seth Reiss, Amber Ruffin, Mike Scollins, Mike Shoemaker & Ben Warheit  -The Late Show with Stephen Colbert, Barry Julien, Jay Katsir, Opus Moreschi, Stephen Colbert, Tom Purcell, Matt Lappin, Michael Brumm, Nate Charny, Aaron Cohen, Cullen Crawford, Paul Dinello, Ariel Dumas, Glenn Eichler, Django Gold, Gabe Gronli, Daniel Kibblesmith, Michael Pielocik, Kate Sidley, Jen Spyra, Brian Stack & John Thibodeaux  -SNL, Chris Kelly, Sarah Schneider, Kent Sublette, Bryan Tucker, Pete Schultz, James Anderson, Kristen Bartlett, Jeremy Beiler, Zach Bornstein, Joanna Bradley, Megan Callahan, Michael Che, Anna Drezen, Fran Gillespie, Sudi Green, Steve Higgins, Colin Jost, Erik Kenward, Rob Klein, Nick Kocher, Dave McCary, Brian McElhaney, Dennis McNicholas, Drew Michael, Lorne Michaels, Josh Patten, Katie Rich, Streeter Seidell, Will Stephen & Julio Torres 

WRITING FOR A VARIETY SPECIAL -Full Frontal with Samantha Bee Presents Not the White House Correspondents’ Dinner, Samantha Bee, Jo Miller, Ashley Nicole Black, Patt Cassels, Eric Drysdale, Mathan Erhardt, Travon Free, Joe Grossman, Miles Kahn & Melinda Taub  -Louis C.K. 2017, Louis C.K. -Sarah Silverman: A Speck of Dust, Sarah Silverman  -Stephen Colbert’s Live Election Night Democracy’s Series Finale: Who’s Going to Clean Up This S—?, Jay Katsir, Opus Moreschi, Stephen Colbert, Michael Brumm, Nate Charny, Aaron Cohen, Cullen Crawford, Paul Dinello, Rob Dubbin, Ariel Dumas, Glenn Eichler, Django Gold, Gabe Gronli, Barry Julien, Daniel Kibblesmith, Matt Lappin, Michael Pielocik, Tom Purcell, Kate Sidley, Jen Spyra, Brian Stack & John Thibodeaux -70th Annual Tony Awards, Dave Boone, Mike Gibbons, Lauren Greenberg, Ian Karmel, Ben Winston & Justin Shanes 

WRITING FOR A NONFICTION PROGRAM Amanda Knox, Brian McGinn  Anthony Bourdain Parts Unknown, Anthony Bourdain  The Beatles: Eight Days a Week – The Touring Years, Mark Monroe  Bill Nye Saves the World, Prashanth Venkataramanujam, CeCe Pleasants, Sanden Totten, Mike Drucker & Flora Lichtman  13th, Ava DuVernay & Spencer Averick 

OUTSTANDING INTERACTIVE PROGAM Full Frontal with Samantha Bee Last Week Tonight with John Oliver Saturday Night Live Multiplatform Experience The Late Late Show with James Corden The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon

Get the full list of all this year’s Primetime Emmys nominees, including all of the Creative Arts Emmys here.