#kerma culture

[nubiologist]

Senkamanisken statue reconstruction, with Kushite headress

[panafrocore]

Kerma: Uncovering the Ancient History of Sudan's Enigmatic City

The ancient city of Kerma, nestled in present-day Sudan, carries with it a rich history that dates back more than 5,500 years. A cultural tradition that took root around 3000 BC laid the foundation for what would eventually evolve into a thriving urban center. At the heart of this metropolis stood the imposing Western Deffufa, an awe-inspiring adobe temple that served as a central point for the…

[kemetic-dreams]

When is the first evidence of an African empire? I will have to go with Kerma, below I’ll explain why .

The general political situation in the Neolithic Southern Nile Valley (left), pre-Kerma around c. 4th millennium BC (centre), and a Medjay warrior depicted on a bucranium (cattle skull) from Mostagedda, Middle Egypt, (right), illustrating the use of Hieroglyphs among the southern populations living among the Egyptians

See where Kerma is in the purple ? it would take all those other polities creating a large Empire to be known as Kush.

So if by Empire we are talking about a state gobbling up multiple states, many may think Egypt because the land area was large, but Kerma at it’s height took over all the surrounding polities under a unified front, I guess one could argue the same for the early unification of the upper and Lower Egypt, but these were multiple entities from as far away as Punt even.

The standing remains of a c. 4000 year old monument. The Western Deffufa, a massive mud brick temple in the center of Kerma, capital of the first Kingdom of Kush.

The rise of Kerma (c. 2500 BC) sees the absorption of these tribes into a strong centralised state, know as Kush, which ended up rivalling Egypt itself. This period sees some of the first monumental construction activities in Sudan, organised labour, advanced metallurgy, cross-continental trade networks and the earliest use of Egyptian hieroglyphs as well as being embroiled in violent conflict with their northern neighbour, annexing lower Nubia and raiding as far north as Thebes. A thousand years after its establishment, the Kingdom of Kerma was conquered by the New Kingdom. 500 Years of occupation blurred the lines between Kush and Egypt, as the material culture of the two countries became nearly indistinguishable.

Aerial view of a historic reconstruction of the central district of the Royal City of Kerma, somewhere around c. 2050 - 1750 BC, showing the Western Deffufa, a massive mud-brick religious monument, still standing today at 18 meters in height , surrounded by elite residential area's. This central area was walled with massive earthen ramparts with bastions. A large necropolis, shrines, palaces and agricultural villages extending north and south towards the fertile plain of the Nile surrounded this district.

The rise of Kerma (c. 2500 BC) sees the absorption of these tribes into a strong centralised state, know as Kush, which ended up rivalling Egypt itself. This period sees some of the first monumental construction activities in Sudan, organised labour, advanced metallurgy, cross-continental trade networks and the earliest use of Egyptian hieroglyphs as well as being embroiled in violent conflict with their northern neighbour, annexing lower Nubia and raiding as far north as Thebes. A thousand years after its establishment, the Kingdom of Kerma was conquered by the New Kingdom. 500 Years of occupation blurred the lines between Kush and Egypt, as the material culture of the two countries became nearly indistinguishable.

The following is important as to why I think Kerma was the first Empire.

The El Kab inscription

The tomb belonged to Sobeknakht, a Governor of El Kab, an important provincial capital during the latter part of the 17th Dynasty (about 1575-1550BC).

The inscription describes a ferocious invasion of Egypt by armies from Kush and its allies from the south, including the land of Punt, on the southern coast of the Red Sea. It says that vast territories were affected and describes Sobeknakht’s heroic role in organising a counter-attack.

The text takes the form of an address to the living by Sobeknakht: “Listen you, who are alive upon earth . . . Kush came . . . aroused along his length, he having stirred up the tribes of Wawat . . . the land of Punt and the Medjaw. . .” It describes the decisive role played by “the might of the great one, Nekhbet”, the vulture-goddess of El Kab, as “strong of heart against the Nubians, who were burnt through fire”, while the “chief of the nomads fell through the blast of her flame”.

The discovery explains why Egyptian treasures, including statues, stelae and an elegant alabaster vessel found in the royal tomb at Kerma, were buried in Kushite tombs: they were war trophies

[sepdet]

Oh come now, it's not kooky— Fly pendants were medals of valour in ancient Egypt because biting flies are FIERCE.

However, this is a jar, not a pendant, which rouses my curiosity, as do some of its features. I've got a hunch what this was used for... and believe it or not, I managed to tie it to a now-ancient Tumblr meme! 😝

(Disclaimer: Dammit, Jim, I'm a Classics M.A., not an Egyptologist. I was going to be an Egyptologist, but I got distracted. @rudjedet feel free to poke holes in my not-entirely-serious putterings below.)

OK. First of all, I tracked down this fly "juglet" in the Pelizaeus Museum collection.

Provenance unknown 😡 but dated to the 2nd Intermediate Period or immediately after, ie when the chariot-riding Hyksos conquered and ruled Egypt as the 15th-17th dynasties from c. 1650-1550. Latest possible date during reign of Amenhotep I, whose dad founded the 18th dynasty and threw the Hyksos out.

Much of the Hyksos-smiting was actually done by his badass grandma:

Remarkably, the most stunning example of gold fly pendants [above] were found in the tomb of Queen Ahhotep at Dra Abu el-Naga, in the Theban necropolis. Ahhotep’s burial contained three gold flies, large and striking, as well as two silver flies with gold heads. Their presence in a queen’s burial indicates the significant role she played as queen regent during the struggle against the Hyksos, especially when viewed with the other military objects found in her tomb: a dagger and a gold battle-axe. […]

The ancient Egyptians likely adopted the fly as a symbol of military prowess from their southern neighbors, the Kerma Culture, whose kingdom encompassed over two hundred miles of modern-day Sudan. Large fly pendants of ivory and bronze have been found at Buhen, Qai, and Kerma belonging to Kerma ‘warrior’ burials – burials in which the owner also possessed a sword, dagger, or other weapon, indicating a soldiering career.

The fly motif existed in Egypt even before the Old Kingdom, but it is not until after the Middle Kingdom and Second Intermediate Period (corresponding to the Classic Kerma Period) that fly pendants were instated as royal rewards for military achievements in Egypt. The Nilotic fly, a symbol of undaunted persistence and unwavering resolve in one Nile Valley culture, became a symbolic object of royal favor in another.

"The Symbolism of the Fly in Ancient Egypt" — great blog post by Taylor Bryanne Woodcock, Egyptology PhD candidate at University of Toronto.

That blog post includes photos of several fly pendants/beads, including this 18th dynasty necklace of gold and carnelian fly pendants which have the same kind of crosshatching on the wings as the clay jug.

Its museum catalogue entry classifies the fly jug as "Tell el-Jahudiya ware," or, as the British Museum calls it, "Tell el-Yahudiyeh Ware has a fabric of grey or light brown clay which has been slipped and burnished. It has a distinctive incised decoration of geometric patterns, usually filled with a white paste. Most of this ware was in the form of juglets, although small zoomorphic [animal-shaped] vessels were also made."

This kind of pottery was found from the Levant (the Hyksos' home turf) to Egypt from about 1750-1550 BC. There's some debate whether it originated in the former or the latter.

While the burnishing, incision, and shaping make it fancier than the most lower-class pottery, clay doesn't have quite the cachet of gold,faience, or stone. (The hands are also a little odd. I don't know whether that's a foreign element or the greater variability of folk art.)

That gives us a hint about its owner, but what does it mean?

As Woodcock's blog post and this writeup for an exhibition at University College London notes, ancient Egyptians used the symbolism of dangerous animals to enlist their aid, to take on their powers metaphorically, and to fend off their attacks:

Take the humble fly for example: the fly symbol was used at the end of the ancient Egyptian word for the insect itself, and to mean ‘to fly’. Flies were also worn as protective amulets as well as symbolising persistence: soldiers were awarded golden flies by the pharaoh as reward for heroic efforts in battle. In addition to symbolising persistence, ancient Egyptians also believed that wearing fly beads and amulets would protect them against disease – they took the dangerous aspect of the fly’s behaviour to cause disease, and used it instead as a protective mechanism.

[word for fly is "af"]

OK. This little jug is about 5cm in diameter. I was going to suggest it was a kohl (eyeliner) container, used by a soldier to apply greasepaint while arming for battle. However, kohl is usually stored in stone jars, and most of them have wide mouths. It's shaped more like a perfume or oil bottle.

Maybe it held bug salve for a soldier. Or... maaaybe...

Queen Ahhotep (last ruler of the 17th dynasty) rallied the troops, defended the capital of Thebes, and was described as a uniter of Egypt in the texts left by her son Ahmose, founder of the 18th dynasty, for whom she was regent for many years.

18th dynasty pharaohs began the tradition of handing out fly pendants as medals of honor. Is her fly pendant necklace the first Egyptian example of fly-symbolism used to indicate valor instead of just as warding/protection magic?

Was the fly originally a symbol of the queen herself, perhaps after being unwisely dismissed by her enemies as a mere insect?

Did people rallying to the queen's army make flies as symbol of defiance against and unity against the Hyksos?

Did Queen Aahotep herself hand out fly-themed gifts to her followers?

Was this an ointment jar for one of her attendants?

Obviously, I have strayed away from what the object and archaeology can tell us into pure speculation, but here's what I'm getting at:

Maybe it didn't belong to a warrior, but a handmaiden.

Or... MAYBE... considering the times... its owner was both.:)

A kooky fly-shaped clay vessel (15th Dynasty)

With its realistic representation of a fly, it includes large eyes, wings, and legs that resemble hands

[infohub-24]

Kerma, Sudan: The Complete Guide To Your Visit

Welcome to PureTrip24! For the most adventurous and historical trip of a lifetime Karma, Sudan tops that list. A former major city of the Kingdom of Kush! And a very old one, which offers areal regard back to Sudan’s rich days gone by. Looking to have an unforgettable time in Kerme through this definitive complete guide.

Overview of Kerma

Kerma is an ancient city located in northern Sudan, about 50 kilometers south of Dongola on the banks of the Nile. It is home to the ancient Kingdom of Kerma, which flourished from around 2500 BC until about 1500. The region was a major player in trade, culture, and power; it’s an important place to hit if you’re interested in the history of ancient Africa.

Why Visit Kerma?

IMPORTANCE OF THE SITE: The role of Kerma makes it possible to better understand old civilizations and their repercussions in the region. Read more

[afam24]

Nubian

From the MFA ( Museum of Fine Arts )Boston, the premier experts on Nubian history

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Exhibition Overview and Highlights

The ancient Nubians established vast trade networks that reached across the Mediterranean into Greece and Rome and far into central Africa. At the time that Nubian kings conquered neighboring Egypt in the 8th century B.C.E., they controlled one of the largest empires of the ancient world. Yet for many people today, this powerful history remains little known. Ancient Nubia Now looks at four moments in ancient Nubian history, presenting more than 400 works of art made in the early Nubian kingdom of Kerma (2400–1550 B.C.E.), during the Egyptian occupation of northern Nubia (1550–1070 B.C.E.) and throughout the Nubian empires of Napata (750–332 B.C.E.) and Meroe (332 B.C.E.–364 C.E.). Each section explores the distinctive artistic achievements of each era and region, as well as broader issues that relate to the objects on view.

Kerma (2400–1550 B.C.E.)

Already an established and fortified city by 2400 B.C.E., Kerma grew to become the capital of a vast Nubian kingdom by about 1700 B.C.E., with a trade network that reached from the Nile Valley into Central Africa and the Red Sea coast. Palaces, offices, workshops and homes within the city clustered around a massive mud brick temple. Outside the walls lay suburbs, ports and smaller settlements. A cemetery to the west of the city housed mortuary temples and mounded royal tombs, where Kerma’s rulers were buried along with the remains of animals and humans, sacrificed to accompany them to the afterlife. 

Two of the exhibition’s galleries are dedicated to Kerma. The first introduces the kingdom’s material culture through objects such as blue faience temple remains, carved inlays from funerary beds, and burial offerings, including jewelry and some of the finest pottery found anywhere in the Nile Valley. The second features objects found in the royal tombs, while addressing how racial prejudices informed Reisner’s work and led to misinterpretations of Kerma. A highlight is the large-scale Statue of Lady Sennuwy (Egyptian, Middle Kingdom, Dynasty 12, reign of Senwosret I, 1971–1926 B.C.E.), a masterpiece of Egyptian sculpture that was found in Kerma, buried in the tomb of the kingdom’s last ruler. While Reisner originally concluded that Kerma was a military outpost ruled by Egypt, scholars now believe that an army from Kerma attacked Egypt, looted sanctuaries and brought Egyptian objects home as souvenirs and status symbols.

Egyptian Occupation (1550–1070 B.C.E.)

One exhibition gallery explores the intertwined histories of ancient Nubia and Egypt as neighbors on the Nile—particularly during the period beginning in the mid-16th century B.C.E., when Egypt ruled over northern Nubia after defeating Kerma’s army and destroying the kingdom’s capital. Egyptian propaganda cast Nubians as the barbaric “other.” The Reliefs of Thutmose III (Egyptian, New Kingdom, Dynasty 18, reign of Thutmose III, 1947–1425 B.C.E.), for example, refer to the ram-headed god Khnum as the “opposer of bows,” in reference to the Nubians’ proverbial skill as archers, and “smiter of bubalis-antelopes,” comparing the Nubians to wild desert animals that need to be brought under submission. The true relationship between the Nubians and Egyptians, however, was far more nuanced. As other objects in the gallery reveal, they lived in proximity, traded materials and luxury goods, shared ideas and religious beliefs, and intermarried.

Napata (750–332 B.C.E.)

During the reign of the Nubian king Piankhy (743–712 B.C.E.), power dynamics in the Nile Valley took a dramatic turn. Piankhy and his army conquered Egypt, which he and his successors ruled as the 25th Dynasty. Official inscriptions and religious texts began to be recorded in Egyptian hieroglyphic script—offering, for the first time in their history, the Nubians’ own voices and perspectives in writing. Piankhy ruled from the city of Napata, which by the beginning of the 8th century B.C.E. had become the capital of an expansive Nubian kingdom, located at a strategic site for controlling trade and near Nubia’s holiest site, the “sacred mountain” at Gebel Barkal.

Three galleries of Ancient Nubia Now are focused on the Napatan era, when Nubia took its place as a world superpower and left monuments and artworks of uncontested beauty and power. Highlights include the spectacular jewelry of Piankhy’s wives; statues of kings Senkamanisken and Akharitene found at Gebel Barkal; the gold and silver “treasure” of king Aspelta; and more than 100 shawabties, or funerary figurines, of kings including Taharqa, the most powerful of Nubia’s rulers.

Meroe (332 B.C.E.–364 C.E.)

By the fourth century B.C.E., the Nubian capital moved south to Meroe—a cosmopolitan metropolis that was one of the great cities of antiquity, yet remains among the least understood. In part, the mystery stems from the fact that scholars still cannot read Meroitic script—the second-oldest African script, after Egyptian hieroglyphs. The Stele of King Tanyidamani (180–140 B.C.E.), on view in the final gallery of Ancient Nubia Now, is covered in the longest known Meroitic inscription, but is yet to be deciphered. The Meroitic period coincided with Greek and then Roman rule in Egypt, bringing Nubia into close contact with the classical world, while also ushering in a deeper relationship with central Africa. Additional highlights of this gallery include finely decorated pottery that drew inspiration from cultural exchange across the Mediterranean; elaborate jewelry that reached heights of technical sophistication unparalleled in the ancient Nile Valley; Greek and Roman objects that may have been diplomatic gifts, tribute or results of trade with Meroe’s many rulers; and a set of recently conserved auloi (reed pipes) that are the subject of an ongoing international research project.

An additional gallery provides further context into the role that archaeology—particularly, the MFA’s own excavations—has played in influencing how ancient Nubia’s story has been told on a global scale since the late 19th century. Twentieth-century photographs from the Museum’s archive, taken by Reisner and his team, are accompanied by historic excavation materials, as well as contemporary photographs and drone footage of modern-day sites at Kerma and Meroe.

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[lightdancer1]

There's an irony in the case of Pharaohs as with the Hawai'ian Kingdom that absolutism gets the one pass:

At the dawn of recorded history the first Black people to cross from archaeological/oral cultures into recorded, written histories were the peoples of Kush, the ancestors of the Nubians of the present. For the entire span of Ancient Egypt they lived often in its shadow and in the grim realities of serial predation by Egyptian armies of the most powerful phases of Pharaonic civilization, before in the 25th Dynasty proving very capable pupils indeed of their former imperial overlords and winding up more Egyptian than the Egyptians.

The various fetishism of and manias for the artifacts of Pharaonic civilization tend to neatly slide past that the political culture of these states was a shinier, golden North Korea ruled by divine monarchs who had very literal power of life and death and gloried in pyramids of severed genitalia ripped off the bodies of their victims. This was a reality Kushites spent so much of their time uncomfortably aware of, and the same reality that led them to form and organize both states and armies on a model very like that of their oppressors.

It's also a reality marked in a string of fortresses, which are testaments to the military power of the first great absolute monarchy, and to how it preferred to organize its power in real terms. And these are fortresses designed in line with the best, most hard-hitting technology of their time.

One can also see the first stirrings of one of Africa's most reliable dynamics, that of swaggering arrogant imperialists who march in Conquistador style into the world of Black Africa, and then find out the hard way that kicking a hornet's nest means the hornets kick back.

[i-am-theseeker]

Ancient DNA from Sudan

Linguists often hypothesize that the Sudan area in Northeast Africa may have been the urheimat or “original homeland” of the Afro-Asiatic (Hamitic-Semitic) language family. Certain old cultures in the vicinity — namely, the A-Group, C-Group, Kerma and Meroitic civilizations — also have close ties with that of ancient Egypt and the Cushitic-associated Savanna Pastoral Neolithic. As […]Ancient DNA…

[karijoojoo10]

The Power of Art, Design, and Culture in Entrepreneurship: How Creativity Drives Success

By Meriem Kerma – Art in Tanzania internship program Business internships Entrepreneurship is a multifaceted field that requires a broad range of skills, including creativity, innovation, problem-solving, and strategic thinking. Art, design, and culture are all essential components that play a crucial role in entrepreneurship. This blog post will explore the importance of art, design, and…

[charlesreeza]

Miniature Dagger, bronze, ivory and gold, 1700-1550 BCE

Excavated at Kerma from the tomb of a young boy, this dagger imitates the full-sized versions found in the nearby tombs of warriors.

From the temporary exhibit Nubia: Treasures of Ancient Africa formerly at the St. Louis Art Museum

[emcads]

pertinent to nothing ( well, pertinent to being granted patriarchal power and choosing to either reject the standard of oppression or to continue the norm of your peers and predecessors ) but i was thinking about the moment when jack frees the slaves and how that’s not ... an uncomplicated moment of goodness ?  in the way i feel it’s usually interpreted ?  he agrees to haul them as cargo, with every intention of delivering them to the plantation,  for the price of a ship  ( “What sort of a man trades a man’s life for a ship?” )  and its only really when he can’t ignore what he’s done and it inhibits his own comfort –– the wench sailing differently, the smell of human bodies, the sound of the screams –– that he reconsiders. two men died on the voyage and there’s no indication that he improved their conditions or released them from their chains even after he decided to sail to kerma. and being taken to kerma likely offers them a better future than taking them back to west africa, or the caribbean, but ...  why not allow each individual whatever freedom they wanted for themselves ? why not offer them the chance to join his future crew, if they so wished, where their rights will probably be more substantial than living under monarchical rule ? being taken to zezura is literally to trap them on a small island from which they are unable to sail away, in a culture frozen in time that is not their own, with a different language ...  of course amenirdis and shabako promise to be good leaders who themselves have dealt with the experience of being slaves,  but i simply feel that there was more to this than ‘jack did the right thing and this proves he’s a good man'

[ker4unos]

NORTH & EAST AFRICAN RESOURCES

The Anthropological Masterlist is HERE.

North Africa is an African region that spans the northern part of the continent. North Africa shares many cultural and linguistic similarities with the Middle East.

BERBER ─ “The Berber, or Amazigh, people are an African people. They are native to North Africa.” ─ Berber Encyclopedia (in French) ─ Amazigh Culture (in French) ─ Berber Dictionary (in French)

GUANCHE ─ “The Guanche people are an African people. They are native to the Canary Islands.” ─ Guanche Information ─ Guanche History

KUSHITE ─ “The Kingdom of Kush was a Northeast African civilization that lived from 1070 B.C.E. to 550 C.E. They lived in modern-day northern Sudan and southern Egypt.” ─ Kushite Information ─ Kerma History ─ Meroitic Language

KABYLE ─ “The Kabyle people are an African people. They are native to northern Algeria.” ─ Kabyle History (in French)

East Africa is an African region that spans the eastern part of the continent. East Africa shares many cultural and linguistic similarities with the Middle East. 

BAGANDA ─ “The Baganda, or Ganda, people are an African people. They are native to Buganda in Uganda.” ─ Baganda Culture

BANYARWANDA ─ “The Banyarwanda, or Kingdom of Rwanda, were an African people that lived from the 15th century C.E. to the 20th century C.E. They lived in modern-day Rwanda.” ─ Rwanda in the 20th Century ─ Genocide in Rwanda

DINKA ─ “The Dinka people are an African people. They are native to South Sudan.” ─ Dinka Culture ─ Dinka Language ─ Dinka Language Grammar

ETHIOPIAN ─ “The Ethiopian people are an African people that share the Ethiopian culture. They are native to Ethiopia.” ─ Ethiopian History ─ Afar Language ─ Ethiopian Music

KIPSIGIS ─ “The Kipsigis, or Kipsigiis, people are an African people. They are native to Kenya.” ─ Kipsigis Recordings

LOZI ─ “The Lozi, or Barotse, people are an African people. They are native to Barotseland in western Zambia.” ─ Barotseland Information ─ Lozi Language

LUGBARA ─ “The Lugbara people are an African people. They are native to the West Nile region in Uganda.” ─ Lugbara Culture ─ Sacrifice in Lugbara Culture

MAASAI ─ “The Maasai people are an African people. They are native to Kenya and northern Tanzania.” ─ Maasai Information ─ Maasai Culture ─ Maasai Language

MAKUA ─ “The Makua, or Makhuwa, people are an African people. They are native to northern Mozambique.” ─ Makua Culture

SHONA ─ “The Shona people are an African people. They are native to Zimbabwe.” ─ Shona History ─ Shona Dictionary

SWAHILI ─ “The Swahili, or Waswahili, people are an African people. They are native to the Swahili coast.” ─ Swahili Information ─ Swahili Culture ─ Swahili Dictionaries

VENDA ─ “The Venda people are an African people. They are native to the South African and Zimbabwean border.” ─ Venda Culture ─ Venda Culture

[manypenny]

Kushite architecture: the Deffufa Look closely: it is not a mountain. It is a building. The Deffufa was a Kushite mudbrick temple. We don’t know much about the religious belief at the time due to the lack of writing documents. The Deffufa was a 24 meters high and 52 X 26 meters at its base. It was massive. It had three stories and stairs and alleys to walk inside and to the top. The people who built this knew a about architecture. They knew what they were doing; since we have 3 deffufa that have survived. And it not Egyptian. The Egyptians did not inspire or contributed. It is just not the Egyptian culture. According to the archeologists it was built 4000 years ago. So the fact that it survived to this day is impressive. the Kushites built this only after 400 years of existence (in 2000 BC). As a matter of fact the first villages in kerma will show up only in -2400 BC (one hundred years after the construction of the 3 giza pyramids). So when we say that the Kushite were very well advanced it is not something that we’ve made up. It is real. https://www.instagram.com/p/CZ6UAAVNsji/?utm_medium=tumblr

[kemetic-dreams]

Early settlements sprouted in both Upper and Lower Nubia: The Restricted flood plains of Lower Nubia. Egyptians referred to Nubia as "Ta-Seti." The Nubians were known to be expert archers and thus their land earned the appellation, "Ta-Seti", or land of the bow. Modern scholars typically refer to the people from this area as the ÒA-groupÓ culture. Fertile farmland just south of the third cataract is known as the ÒPre-KermaÓ culture in Upper Nubia, as they are the ancestors civilization originated in 5000 BC in Upper Nubia..

The Neolithic people in the Nile valley likely came from Sudan, as well as the Sahara, and there was shared culture with the two areas and with that of Egypt during this time period.

By the 5th millennium BC, the people who inhabited what is now called Nubia participated in the Neolithic revolution. Saharan rock reliefs depict scenes that have been thought to be suggestive of a cattle cult, typical of those seen throughout parts of Eastern Africa and the Nile Valley even to this day.

[egyptologylessons]

The Nubian Pyramids 𓉴 The pyramids 𓍋𓅓𓂋𓉴 “mr” were built by the rulers of the ancient Kushite kingdoms. The area of the Nile 𓈗 valley known as Nubia 𓍯𓍯𓏏𓈉 wAwA.t, which lies within present day Sudan, was home to three Kushite kingdoms during antiquity.𓏤 The first had its capital at Kerma (2500–1500 BC). The second was centered on Napata (1000–300 BC). Finally, the last kingdom was centered on Meroë (300 BC–AD 300). They are built of granite 𓌳𓄿𓏏𓏋𓊌𓏫 “mAt” and sandstone 𓂋𓂧𓏲𓌗𓊌 “rwdj. The last two kingdoms, Napata and Meroë, were heavily influenced by ancient Egypt - Beloved Land - Tameri 𓇾𓌸𓂋𓆵𓇋𓊖𓊖 “tA-meri” culturally, economically, politically, and militarily. The Kushite kingdoms in turn competed strongly with Egypt economically and militarily.𓏤 In 728 BC, the Kushite king Piye united the entire Nile valley from the delta to the city of Napata under his rule. Piye and his descendants ruled as the pharaohs of the Twenty-fifth Dynasty. Napatan control of Egypt ended after being conquered by Assyria 𓇋𓋴𓇓𓅱𓂋𓏤 “issr” in 656 BC. #egypt #egyptian #ancient #ancientegypt #hieroglyphics #ägypten #middleeast #worldtourismday #thisisegypt #egyptologist #temple #myegypt #egyptianhistory #egyptology #archeology #hieroglyphs #madeinegypt #egypte #egyptians #egyptshots #loveegypt #discoveregypt #ruins #nubia #sudan #kushite #pyramids #assyrian https://www.instagram.com/p/CGFGQwqH2a1/?igshid=1x1i7sn4atc82

[whencyclopedfr]

Le Royaume de Koush

Koush était un royaume d'Afrique du Nord dans la région correspondant à l'actuel Soudan. La région plus vaste autour de Koush (appelée plus tard Nubie) était habitée vers 8 000 avant notre ère, mais le royaume de Koush se développa beaucoup plus tard. La culture Kerma, ainsi nommée d'après la ville de Kerma dans la région, est attestée dès 2500 av. JC et les preuves archéologiques du Soudan et de l'Égypte montrent que les Égyptiens et les habitants de la région de Koush étaient en contact à partir de la première période dynastique d'Égypte (c. 3150 - c. 2613 av. JC). La civilisation ultérieure définie comme " koushite " évolua probablement à partir de cette culture antérieure, mais fut fortement influencée par les Égyptiens.

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