#i also wonder what my feelings would be about individual authors' syntax had i not started with Most Convoluted and worked my way down lol
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coquelicoq · 5 months ago
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i wonder if i would be noticing so much about the syntax of various french authors if i didn't do all of my french reading aloud. it really forces your brain to figure out very quickly what role each word is playing in the sentence and what is likely to come next so you can stress the right words. you have to get a feel for the kinds of constructions each individual author uses and how long their sentences are and how they arrange their dependent clauses to avoid sounding like you're saying nonsense. i still remember that time i saw a quote ostensibly by dumas and immediately recognized it as a fake because of the punctuation used and the specific way the words were arranged. he would not say that. source: i spent three months reading 1400 pages of his writing aloud. nice try.
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ladyknightliveblogs · 7 years ago
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Listen, I love the Battle of Hoth, but this chunk of book just keeps going forever.
I swear to god, every time Luke is saying goodbye to his dudes before a space battle, it’s SO GAY. The bit with Biggs in the last book and now Han, I just….ugh. so gay.
THE MOST GAY: “The young commander began to walk away as memories of exploits shared with Han rushed to his mind. He stopped and looked back at the Falcon, and saw his friend still staring after him. As they gazed at each other for a brief moment, Chewbacca looked up and knew that each was wishing the other the best, wherever their individual fates might take them.”
THE. MOST. GAY. THING. TO EVER HAPPEN. IN STAR WARS.
GOD LOOK AT THEM
Even with Chewie there to be like “yeah, those bros...no homo-ing their best wishes through long, lingering glances.....just dudes being pals.....”
Listen, minus the incest, Han, Luke, and Leia is a really great canon ot3 and you can’t stop me from saying that.
Also gay, but now with robots!!: “Artoo whistled and tooted a good-bye, then turned to roll down the ice corridor. Waving stiffly, Threepio watched as his stout and faithful friend moved away. To an observer, it may have seemed that Threepio grew misty-eyed, but then it wasn’t the first time he had gotten a drop of oil clogged before in his optical sensors.” 
Gay robots with bad syntax: what more could you possibly want from this series?
“But above all this activity and noise a strange sound could be heard, an ominous thumping that was coming nearer…” Listen, I know I use too many commas in my writing, but would it kill them to put a comma after their conditional clause??
Oh god. Okay, here we go: 
“There must have been a dozen of them resolutely advancing through the snow, looking like creatures out of some uncharted past. But they were machines, each if them stalking like enormous ungulates on four jointed legs. Walkers!”
There is so much happening here i cant even decide where to start. Ungulates???? The exclamation point on the one word paragraph. Dinosaur and ungulate similes within two sentences of each other.
Ungulates though.
The next paragraph is even wooorseeee:
“With a shock of recognition, the officer identified the Empire’s All Terrain Armored Transports. Each machine was formidably armed with cannons placed on its foreside like the horns of some prehistoric beast. Moving like mechanized pachyderms, the walkers emitted deadly fire from their turnstile guns and cannons.”
Listen, my dudes, are they ungulates, dinosaurs, or elephants? You have to pick one.
“For a moment, Luke thought of some of the simple tactics a farm boy might employ against a wild beast.” Whatever works for you, babe.
“whoea” is not a spelling I’ve sen before, but you do you, my man.
I love that Rebel is capitalized every time. Lends authority and…idk weight? to the organizaion?
!!!! Rogue Two has a name?? His name is Zev!? Who knew…
Every time they refer to lightsabers as “laser swords” I both die a little inside and laugh uncontrollably.
“Luke dropped hard to the snow and became unconscious.” I’m not sure what it is about the phrasing of that that’s so damn amusing, but…became unconscious. Sure.
I feel like the Hoth bit of the movie takes way less time than it’s taking here in the book. Not that I’m complaining–I love the battle of Hoth–but it feels…slow. The pacing is off. And I’m wondering how much of that is because visuals are so much quicker than words…
Anyway, I’ve an essay in me about how certain stories are better suited to certain mediums, but today is not the day for that essay.
I’m...really glad that they eventually standardized that the droids are referred to by their numbers in narration and their phoenetic spellings only in dialogue. Because every time I see “See-Threepio” written out, I die a bit. It’s so ridiculous.
and by “eventually” I mean “by the time they got around to the Force Awakens novelization and not a moment sooner.” 
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soyosauce · 6 years ago
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The Poetic Prose Tethered To Memory In Void Star
 She looked into his other memory, the last eleven years of his life’s experience fixed forever in deep strata of data, immobile now, and somehow cold. Of course, she thought, I should have known, this is what death is, this stillness in memory.
Conveying a sense of a near future world in which the street finding its own uses for things ends up compiling moments where technology not yet here is antiquated or trash. A laptop has the potential to convey a “superior” education to Kern, a young man growing up in a Favela, and he takes what he needs from the machine; reflecting and embodying the harsh lines of poverty and society in his own body. Kern uses technology to become a weapon. But he doesn’t think like one.
“Like sculpture, the favelas, but she reminds herself that, avant-garde rapture notwithstanding, they’re sinks for all the saddest ugliness in the world, that to set foot in them is to step back decades, or even centuries, they’re the last bastion of the old…”
Irina is a survivor of an experimental tech herself: an implant. Already antiquated due to their unpredictability and low survival rate, few people have them and they drop your life expectancy. Expanding her memory and allowing her to interact with AI, which has grown past normal human understanding. This makes her profession prestigious and lucrative. But when she gets hired to figure out what is wrong with an AI that is supposedly acting strange, it becomes clear that people with implants have a hope of interacting with AI because of the abstracted experience that makes up their own lives.
Thales is the son of an assassinated Brazilian prime minister who got into a car accident. To save him they install a similar implant to make up for the damage to his brain. He is a ghost in his own life despite being alive. Paranoia stemming from his trauma and fear tied to the memory of his attack would be residual frameworks…But because his implant allows for it to be a living memory.
The rich, too are somewhat bound in this world. Everyone is because everyone has the new mortgage: the mayo. A clinic that provides maintenance to the human body, allowing for an elongated lifespan, with the caveat that you need the treatments as early as possible in your life. And, of course, the payments are gestured at being vast sums of money.
“Far be it from me to examine the motives of such a consistent patron of the applied arts. After all, the very rich aren’t like you and me.”
The main characters make up a stratification of class themselves. Irina’s lifestyle has enabled her to be prolonging her life, whereas Kern owns nothing at all. Thales seems to occupy a liminal space; one step in the world and one step out. The connective tissue bridging the massive gulf in the plot.
Cyberpunk is usually known for being frenetic but it’s clear early on Void Star prefers to linger. The prose and winding and beautiful and, in my case at least, extremely effective at slowing down the fiction during important moments, allowing the reader to dwell on them. To offset this the chapters are very short. In not quite 400 pages there are 77 chapters. I feel like this will either a reader will enjoy or hate. Not much time is spent on technical details or expanding on information that might normally follow. Instead, much like Gibson, more time is spent on how something feels. Both from a character perspective as well as the syntax and cadence of the text.
“Below her are the lights of the valley, like burning jewels on a dark tide. The Bay is a negative space around them, its leaden ripples picked out in the moonlight. There is, Irina realizes, a pattern in the flawed latticework of lights, something deeper than the incidental geometry of buildings and streetlight, to which the city has, unwitting, conformed itself, and, with this revelation, what she had taken for single lights expand into constellations, and each of their lights is a constellation in itself, luminescent forms in an endless descent, and the city is like a nebula, radiant with meaning, and this is how she finally knows she’s dreaming.”
While the story is about these three characters with implants converging as an insidious figure appears to be collecting the memories from those with implants by any means necessary. Seemingly random events come together in a satisfying way.
For me, part of why the book was so intriguing and fun to read was the effect the prose had. Just as Irina remembers a fading memory of a past love, willing her last conversation with him to replay in her memory, my mind also began to meander. While it took me out of the fiction it is also rare that some text can shift me into my own thoughts. There are interesting questions posed with no answers. Ever.
“He studied his face through her eyes, the image echoing between them, and then she watched as words coalesced—language like foam forming on black seas of thought…”
It’s been some time since I read cyberpunk with a voice like this. It’s more accessible than authors who tend to write like this. There isn’t a recycling of cyberpunk tropes to the point where technology makes no sense like with first wave cyberpunk books. Instead, there’s recontextualization of some of them; like a patch or update. Instead of technophobic musings Zachary Mason openly wonders about the importance of memory and the potential application of augmenting technology surrounding it. The author has done research on AI and so, this seems to more accurately posit what interactions with some might be like.
Whether it’s Irina trying to negotiate a precarious precipice on the fringes of her own or others’ memory, or Kern fleeing for his life with nothing to rely on but the words of a stranger in his ear; it is all rooted in a sense of place, unlike most cyberpunk fiction. The world feels vibrant and real. Lived in. There are repercussions from climate change and the scale and disparity of class stratification rooted in the thoughts and feelings of individuals instead of the somewhat typical infodump conversations.  
It's a poor sort of memory that only works backwards. I wish I could just slip up and down the timeline as I pleased. It's almost what I do anyway.
I wondered throughout if it’s written in the heavy prose style to have the reader wander the same strange cyberspace, approximating their surroundings with translations of data. The real bled in with the digital place for me because in describing the characters’ perspective in detail, you begin to understand the significance of a viewpoint other than your own.
 “…the abstract geometrics spasming across the TV screen are settling into a deep crystalline blue, the same as the color from her implant’s diagnostics, which somehow seems natural, as though her history pervaded everything, and the world were the palace of her memory.”
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DURING AND AFTER the Cuban Revolution, many US poets and artists who came of age in the Lower East Side art and poetry scene of the 1950s went on to express sympathies for the Latin American political left. Yet, only a few went beyond faddish appropriations of revolutionary style in order to sustain a literary culture of deep transnational social commitments. One such figure is Margaret Randall (b. 1936), whose remarkable six decades of work as a poet, translator, editor, activist, and scholar include her direction of the renowned bilingual literary magazine El Corno Emplumado (The Plumed Horn, 1962–1969), founded with her then-husband Sergio Mondragón in Mexico City, where the Mexican student movements left profound marks on her political outlook. Soon, she became a fixture of the Latin American literary left during a decade of residence in revolutionary Cuba (1969–1980), followed by four years in the Nicaragua of the Sandinistas (1980–1984). When US authorities attempted to deport Randall upon her 1984 reentry into the United States, her five-year legal case, defended by the Center for Constitutional Rights, helped to end the 1952 anticommunist legislation known as the McCarran-Walter Immigration and Nationality Act. 
In March 2018, I sat down with Randall and her partner, the artist Barbara Byers, at their modest home in Albuquerque, New Mexico, not far from where Randall grew up. They had recently returned from Ciudad Juárez, where Randall was the second US citizen to receive the Medal for Literary Merit from Literatura en el Bravo, and from Cuba, where they travel frequently for literary collaborations, talks, readings, and exhibitions. As our conversation unfolded, I became increasingly astonished by the prolific pace of her most recent publications as a cultural historian (including books on Che Guevara, Haydée Santamaría, and Cuba’s global solidarity programs) and especially as a literary translator. These translations, many published by underacknowledged small presses, include dense multi-voiced books such as The Oval Portrait, co-authored by 35 Cuban women and edited by Afro-Cuban poet Soleida Ríos. We conducted the following interview about her translation work by email from April 15–25, 2018. This interview also continues a conversation we filmed at Northwestern University in spring 2017, about Randall’s place in the Mexico City and Cuban avant-gardes of the 1960s and 1970s.
¤
HARRIS FEINSOD: It is hard to keep up with your stunning pace as a translator in the last few years. I count at least 10 standalone collections of poetry in print since 2017 and several others on the way. I hope we can talk about many of these projects, but would it be fair to say that your renaissance as a translator begins with your anthology Only the Road/Solo el camino: Eight Decades of Cuban Poetry (Duke University Press, 2016)?
MARGARET RANDALL: It’s an interesting question, and one I’ve asked myself. It’s true that my renaissance as a translator, as you put it, began with Only the Road/Solo el camino: Eight Decades of Cuban Poetry. I’d been translating on and off for years, beginning in the 1960s when we had El Corno Emplumado and wanted so much to make poetry in Spanish available to an English readership and vice versa. I’d translate a few poems by one or another poet. Back then, I rarely attempted a whole book. Exceptions were Otto René Castillo’s Let’s Go!, published in London by Cape Goliard in the early 1970s, and two book-length poetry collections that never saw publication: Carlos María Gutiérrez’s Prison Diary that won the Casa de las Américas poetry prize in 1970 — I was on that jury, along with Ernesto Cardenal, Roque Dalton, Cintio Vitier, and Washington Delgado — and a book about Vietnam by Roberto Fernández Retamar; I can’t remember the name of that book right now. In any case, neither the Gutiérrez nor the Fernández Retamar books were ever accepted for publication. Back then, I thought of myself as a very occasional translator. For years I concentrated mostly on my own poetry, as well as on doing oral history and essays.
What led you to conceive of an anthology of Cuban poetry today?
In the 1990s, I began returning to Cuba, first to take groups of US women down, and then to attend cultural events of one sort or another. I had long been interested in Cuban poetry; I’d produced two collections. In late 1978, Colorado State University brought out These Living Songs, a compendium of 15 very young Cuban poets. In 1982, a small Canadian press published Breaking the Silences: 20th Century Poetry by Cuban Women. Two and three decades later, I could see that Cubans were continuing to write very fine poems. The small island has long produced a great number of excellent poets, especially considering the size of its population. And I wasn’t only interested in the individual poets, but also in their development within a very different context from our own. In Cuba, as you know, the arts are very well supported. Despite tremendous economic problems, poetry is respected, and poets are encouraged to write, perform, and publish. I myself, when I lived in Cuba, had been part of that poetry scene.
So, I found myself excited by what I was reading. I can’t even remember the precise moment in which I decided to do the anthology. I do remember that when I presented the idea to my editor at Duke University Press, she was immediately enthusiastic.
Did you feel a particular political imperative to take on this project?
I’d say it was more of a literary imperative with political dimensions.
One of the most groundbreaking dimensions of Only the Road is the representation of women poets. These women represent an extraordinary diversity of standpoints — from poets of bourgeois elegance like Dulce María Loynaz to Afro-Cuban poets like Lourdes Casal and Nancy Morejón to younger writers like Anisley Negrín. Did you build on previous translations like Breaking the Silences? Can you tell us how your experiences in Cuba have shaped your commitments to feminism?
I’m glad you noticed the high percentage of women included in Only the Road. Almost half, which is extremely unusual for a national survey of this kind. Of course my feminism has something to do with this; I see and hear women, which not everyone does. Still, because using a different measure would have been unfair to the anthology as well as to the poets in it, quality was my first criteria. There’s an interesting story linking Breaking the Silences and Only the Road. The youngest poet in the first book was Chely Lima, 19 at the time. When I was reading for Only the Road, I wondered what she was up to and looked for recent books. I learned she had left Cuba and I didn’t track her down in time to include her in the new book. Later, I did find Chely, now living in Miami but as a man, and still writing groundbreaking poetry. One of the individual books I recently translated, and that The Operating System in Brooklyn published in 2016, was What the Werewolf Told Them. It’s an extraordinary collection about Chely’s own transition, and The Operating System produced a very beautiful bilingual edition.
Anthology projects require you to translate in so many different styles and registers. Chely’s transition suggests how voices might change in the arc of an individual life. I’m reminded of Octavio Paz’s remark that every poem offers a unique and unrepeatable expression of “something lived and suffered.” How do your translations negotiate between so many different voices?
I think poets can be very good translators of poetry, but there are dangers. The first thing one must avoid is imposing one’s own poetic voice. The challenge is to find the voice of the person you are translating and to figure out how to present it — with all its syntax, rhythms, inflections, and other characteristics — in an entirely different language. One of my biggest challenges in this respect was actually a book I recently translated that wasn’t poetry but prose. It’s The Oval Portrait, published by Wings Press in 2018. This anthology, which appeared in Cuba several years earlier, brings together 35 Cuban women, each of them writing in the voice of another: sometimes an imagined character, sometimes a historical figure. I had to find the writer’s voice and then also that other voice in which she chose to speak. When approaching a translation project, whether poetry or prose, I first read the book several times. I familiarize myself with the writer’s culture, time, and mode of expression. Then I experiment in an effort to see how I can best reproduce all that in English.
People you’ve met during return trips to Havana and Matanzas have inspired some of your recent translations. How have these encounters led to the projects you’ve taken up? I’m thinking of books like Transparencies, by Laura Ruiz Montes, who edits Ediciones Vigía. Did that arise from your work with Vigía?
In 2013, when I was in Cuba to do the fieldwork for my book about Haydée Santamaría, I asked a friend to take me to visit Vigía. The handmade book collective is famous far beyond Cuba’s borders. Many poets would love to have a book published there. It was on that trip that I met Laura Ruiz. She gave me a book of her poetry, and I fell in love with her work. That led to my translating Transparencies. On another trip to Cuba, this time for the 30th anniversary of Vigía, I met another excellent Matanzas poet, Alfredo Zaldívar. I translated a book by him, and Red Mountain Press published both those collections. Coincidentally, Alfredo was one of Vigía’s founders. He now directs Ediciones Matanzas. But I should make it clear that I don’t translate people because they are friends. It’s the work that inspires me.
Vigía has also published poems by you in translation, has it not? What have been your experiences with translators bringing you over into Spanish?
I’ve had the good fortune of having had two books of mine produced by Vigía: La Llorona in 2016 and When Justice Felt at Home/Cuando la justicia se sentía en casa in 2018, both in gorgeous hand-made limited editions created by Elizabeth Valero, one of Vigía’s talented designers. The first of these was translated by María Vázquez Valdez, a fine poet in her own right, who has been generous in rendering several of my books into Spanish for publication in Mexico. The second was translated by the Cuban poet Víctor Rodríguez Núñez and the North American Katherine M. Hedeen, literary giants who have also been very attentive to my work over the years. Recently, the fine Cuban poet and translator Israel Domínguez rendered a collection of my poems into Spanish for publication on the island. I’ve been very lucky that such sensitive talents have taken an interest in my work.
Translating Cuban literature has always been something of a family affair for you. Your mother, Elinor Randall, produced some landmark translations of José Martí. Can you tell us about her work? Did she come to translation through you, or did you come to it through her?
My mother devoted a great many years of her life to translating. Although she worked with several authors, José Martí was her passion. She was still polishing some of those translations a few days before her death at almost 97. I was actually the one who suggested my mother translate Martí. When I went to live in Cuba, in 1969, I was asked to translate an anthology of his work. At that point, he was much too difficult for me. I passed the task on to my mother, and she flew with it.
Perhaps the first translation of yours that I encountered was Let’s Go!, your collection of poems by the slain Guatemalan revolutionary Otto René Castillo. Recently you translated another militant poet, this time a young woman named Rita Valdivia, who was radicalized in Europe, trained in Cuba, and killed in Bolivia in 1969. How did you come to Valdivia?
I’ve actually translated quite a few of the “guerrilla poets”: Roque Dalton, Otto René, Carlos María Gutiérrez, among others. I came to Rita Valdivia purely by accident. I was on tour with my Cuban anthology, and in Chicago met a young Venezuelan poet named José Delpino. José mentioned Rita over lunch one day. I had never heard of her, but several years earlier, I had written a book about Che Guevara, Che on My Mind. It’s long bothered me that when speaking of Che, people almost always ignore the women who fought alongside him, Tania being the token exception. I knew that the 50th anniversary of Che’s death in Bolivia was coming up and decided to research Rita’s life and find and translate what I could of her poetry. By the time I had that little book, The Operating System offered to bring it out quickly to help commemorate the anniversary. Rita’s poems surprised me. They are not your typical “guerrilla poetry,” but rather lyrical in nature, almost surreal at times. She died at the age of 23 without having published a book. Had she lived, I have no doubt she would have become one of Latin America’s important poets.
In a short biography you’ve written of Valdivia’s life, you reflect: “How many unremembered men and women took part in the social justice struggles of the 1960s, ’70s, and ’80s?” Do you view translation as a means of remembrance for writers and revolutionaries like Castillo and Valdivia?
I think we must remember them in many ways. Translating and publishing their work keeps their legacies alive. We must be vigilant, because the history we are given is sometimes very different from the history that happened.
In the 1970s, testimonial literature offered writers a path toward vigilance for historical truth. I’m thinking of your books Cuban Women Now (1974) and Sandino’s Daughters: Testimonies of Nicaraguan Women in Struggle (1981). Both testimonials and translations are often evaluated in terms of “fidelity,” whether toward history or toward another language. How do you think about the problem of fidelity in translation and/or testimonial? 
Fidelity is key, but fidelity is not always simply a telling of “facts.” Real fidelity depends upon being able to recreate context, culture, the deepest meaning.
You mentioned your translations of Roque Dalton. I’ve always admired the Poemas clandestinos he published in newspapers and magazines toward the end of his life. This topic brings us back to the question of multi-voiced texts, since Dalton invented five distinct revolutionary personae with their own biographies and literary styles. You once told me you thought you could hear your own conversations with Dalton inflecting the persona of Vilma Flores in the Poemas clandestinos. What were those conversations like?
In our last conversations, before Roque left Cuba to return to his homeland and take part in the revolutionary struggle there, we had a few heated discussions stemming from what I perceived as his very male-centered gaze and my burgeoning feminism. When I read his Vilma Flores poems, I thought I heard echoes of those conversations.
What are you translating now?
I’m involved in a very exciting project, a book by another Cuban poet, Gaudencio Rodríguez Santana. He’s also from Matanzas, and I met him on a recent trip to the Book Fair there. I read his book, Economía nacional (The National Economy). It uses the collapse of the sugar industry as a metaphor for the problems currently confronting the Revolution. Producing sugar in Cuba was important, as you know: central to the country’s identity. The industry’s demise has affected thousands of people whose way of life was intimately linked to its production. Gaudencio’s poetry is profoundly original and very powerful. He is able to capture images, sounds, smells, a whole way of life that is dying. His are the kinds of poems that make me want to keep on translating.
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Harris Feinsod is the author of The Poetry of the Americas: From Good Neighbors to Countercultures (Oxford University Press, 2017), the co-translator of Oliverio Girondo’s Decals: Complete Early Poems (Open Letter, 2018), and the director of Open Door Archive. He is associate professor of English and Comparative Literature at Northwestern University.
The post Historical Fidelity: Margaret Randall on Translating Cuban Poetry appeared first on Los Angeles Review of Books.
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stacywoolley0-blog · 7 years ago
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Can Passion Make You Delighted?
Ask the concern exactly what creates a good marriage?" and you are actually very likely in order to get as several solutions as there are frozen yogurt tastes. If you possess any issue reading this fic with a display reader, feel free to do allow me know and also I will do positively whatever I could to fix that. Typically, the tracks are actually certainly not should understand the story, nevertheless I am actually working with featuring the verses to the songs on the video recording blog posts to ensure ought to be up soon. Our company possess pair of additional amazing flash myths, today, coming from pair of additional returning Featured Authors at Coastal Magic I'm constantly delighted for a chance to socialize with B A Tortuga, as well as I am actually equally as happy to have her joining this occasion. Welcome loved ones to your Easter parties along with customized stationery, or only deliver a Delighted Easter card to those you like. 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There is actually absolutely nothing wrong with being sure you enjoy however also reside for others and you discover much more joy. That is when an individual performs something great for another person, and that person, then, performs something good for the following person, and after that that person performs something wonderful for an the next individual etc. That is actually exactly how our company have an effect on as well as make the field around us a far better area. They will make our team pleased for a brief or not thus quick amount of time, yet ultimately you are going to get back to your preliminary condition. A number of researches have actually found then devoted with loved ones creates a huge difference to how delighted our experts think, usually. Mix that sensation with an enthused affection for puppies, and you acquire Skou's service: Puppies Create Me Delighted-- which now generates $40,000 monthly. 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However in the meantime, I have actually pertained to understand that joy and happiness is actually a selection and this is actually the motes that produce joy. However anyhow, they made me tremendously super delighted, and also created me wish to reflect as well as quit on all the other things that are actually making me delighted at presents. If you loved this short article and you wish to receive more details regarding yellow pages personal numbers uk (Our Site) assure visit our web-site. Just, if your close loved ones and buddies enjoyed individuals, there's a great odds that you will definitely be actually too. Mindfulness could help you to become satisfied with what you possess by allowing you to actually cherish just what you have. If so, you're probably searching for concepts to celebrate this satisfied celebration in a significant method.
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nofomoartworld · 8 years ago
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Hyperallergic: Timothy Hyman’s Alternative View of Figurative Painting in Art History
In this time, when the world has become increasing unstable, and when truth is strangled daily, it remains for art to bear witness, not just to social consciousness, but beyond it to psychic reality, not merely to the intellect but also to the imagination. Painting can be seen as a poetic weapon for the liberation of consciousness…but how to go about it? With uncanny timing, a critically passionate and personal history of painting’s recent past has appeared.
The World New Made: Figurative Painting in the Twentieth Century is Timothy Hyman’s brilliant follow up to his essential monographs on Pierre Bonnard and Sienese Painting. Hyman sketches an anti-formalist, alternative history of modernism from his perspective as a painter, arguing for the value of modernist figuration and the importance of narrative for painting today. It is unlike any surveys written by other critics and historians who focus on a few well worn, theoretical threads of art making, the better to control contemporary history and the marketplace.
Timothy Hyman (photo by Richard Burton)
A British writer, Hyman implicitly offers a challenging perspective on American art that, on its own, would make this book a worthwhile read. What results is an expansive assertion of pictorial diversity that includes the sexual, political, psychological, literary and narrative impulses that have been previously relegated by other critics to photography, installation and performance art.
Hyman first studied art when Clement Greenberg’s formalism had a stranglehold on Modernism. “Abstraction”, Greenberg wrote, “is the major mode of expression in our time; any other mode is necessarily minor.” Greenberg’s reductive formalism exchanged pictorial space for flatness and insisted that everything that didn’t have to do with the process of painting was irrelevant and extra-pictorial or literary. Hyman writes, “Like many others of my generation, potential painters of narrative and confession, fantasy and history, I was often paralyzed by the fear that the kind of art I aspired to create was a lost cause.”
And English realism would also prove to be problematic, too often pleasing and polite. Euan Uglow initially trained Hyman in William Coldstream’s perceptual analytical process, a deeply puritanical method that values accuracy over feeling, objectification over empathy. Eventually he turned to Howard Hodgkin, who was wrestling with fundamental questions regarding depiction. Hyman recalls, “How, for instance, to represent the experience of being with another person?”
Most of the artists in Hyman’s book, the author claims, are generally excluded from most survey courses and textbooks. Their presence here offers a sharp rebuke to the narrowing of creative possibilities and the disparagement of painting as a vehicle for the expression of modern life and consciousness. Hyman charts a personal constellation of men and women, whose work has both touched and quickened him on his own journey as a painter, and that of other members of his generation of English artists.
Leafing through this beautifully produced book, one may wonder how Hyman can claim any unity at all, since the work discussed is so diverse: James Ensor, Mario Sironi, Diego Rivera, Paula Moderson-Becker, Frida Kahlo, Alice Neel, Paul Rego, Charlotte Salomon, Jacob Lawrence, Benode Behari Mukherjee, Henry Darger, Pierre Bonnard, Chaim Soutine, Francis Bacon, Stanley Spencer, William Kentridge, Alex Katz, Leon Golub, and Ron Kitaj.
Hyman’s answer is that each of these artists is “resistant” to the legacy of 19th century academic naturalism and it’s numbing external vision of materialism. They all possess a need to transfigure their pictorial language, to claim a personal subjective experience of the world.  A world, Hyman asserts, often conditioned by an awareness of the universal Void and what I would call the loss of innocence about realism as self evident truth.
In its place, the re-invention of representation entails the investigation of systems of signs and forms, that reflect more complex relations to aspects of high and low traditions in both Western and non-Western art. This is the post-abstract consciousness that hurls each artist out into the uncharted space of hyper-subjectivity, away from a common, normative visual syntax.
Stepping past the titanic presences of Matisse and Picasso without entirely avoiding their long cast shadows, Hyman positions Henri Rousseau as a key catalyst, pointing the way to a childlike wonder evident in the pictorial inventions of artists like Marc Chagall, Carlo Carrà, Max Beckmann, early Balthus, Philip Guston, and Bhupen Khakhar. Several large and nebulous divisions attempt to group fifty-four men and women as expressionists, classicists, new realists, visionaries and outsiders. Still, this is not so much an “objective” survey as a personal examination of specific works from the vastness of twentieth century achievements that Hyman believes can serve as a foundation for twenty-first century painters.
In this, Hyman is something of an ideologue; he argues for complex pictures —pictorial worlds, really — that can convey our immersion in the reveries and ambiguities of everyday experience, in opposition to mere images of skill and good taste. He is especially interested in what he calls “first-person painting”, by which he means the exploration of the self, the personal confession, a self, fragmented or whole, narcissistic or selfless, and its possible transcendence or submergence through objectivity.
Underlying all this is an enthusiasm for Mikhail Bakhtin’s idea of the carnivalesque, the comic���grotesque traditions of caricature and expressionism as an essential enlivening agency for work that would resist any and all artistic norms: not only formalism and its many spin-offs, but also Pop’s corporate spirit, and the equally “cool”, perceptual, photo, and idealist realisms that have flourished in America, Europe and the UK from the mid-sixties on. Thus Hyman’s book implicitly advocates for a Romantic individualism against all “isms”; and this is what makes him invaluable to young artists trying to discover themselves in relation to their experience of the present and against the conformist forces of the art market and academe.
It was both surprising and refreshing to read about Hyman’s nuanced ambivalence about an iconic work like Edward Hopper’s “Nighthawks” (1942). Hopper is compared rather unfavorably to his contemporary George Bellows, “a magnificent, generous talent, fuelled by political conviction…the dour, hard bitten Republican Edward Hopper was Bellows’ opposite.” (Curiously, a work by Bellows isn’t discussed.)
Focusing on the “Nighthawks��� Hyman writes:
Hopper’s realism has something of the neutrality of the lens, eliminating not only the mark of the painter’s hand but our sense of any process by which the image has come into being. In “Nighthawks” the space is clamped into a simple perspectival scheme, a kind of no-nonsense normalization of vision (…) Yet “Nighthawks” is so intensely realized as to transcend its apparently banal representation, to create a strange, unforgettable icon, with its own new resonance (…) The conflict between mere naturalism and The Real was always on his mind. Whether or not he was aware of Carrà or Sironi (…) that is the company in which I would place him.
Indeed, the best Hopper’s always seem to wed the mystery of Metaphysical painting to a perceptual experience, where Hopper expresses alienation by his use of light. For me the accurate parallel is with de Chirico, an artist not discussed. I also disagree with Hyman’s remarks on Hopper’s hand, which is often clumsy, at times even crude, and yet this can add to the affect in his best works. Perceptual naturalism does not preclude empathetic expression.
This book has many short and often pellucid entries on specific works and in the longer entries, Hyman allows himself to expand on “how an artist organizes reality”, not without criticism, as he does with Max Beckmann, Stanley Spencer, early Balthus, Ron Kitaj, Ken Kiff, and especially Bhupen Khakhar and Indian Experience. Hyman writes a fluid, jargon-free prose that is infused with his emotional engagement with his artists. Like the best critics, his writing is a form of teaching, both generous and exacting. One can turn to the book’s notes and find a wealth of useful commentary on Hyman’s sources and his recommendations for further reading.
The book produces a certain tension in the reader, between reading the book through and dipping into the artists one is most interested in. I did both and the latter proved to be a mistake as each chapter points away from the specific towards the larger re-appraisal that Hyman sets out as his foundation: the future of figurative art. His prescription focuses on many key and urgent issues which may or may not fully fit the reader’s. Yet his aim throughout is to champion the marginalized artists who stand apart from what has been the mainstream culture and often with a Saturnine imagination have fashioned a poetry of transcendence out of despair. The example Hyman makes in forming his own trajectory through the recent past is a fine model for every artist who has the self awareness to want to find their own kindred spirits. The World New Made deserves to be read and re-read.
Timothy Hyman’s The World New Made: Figurative Painting in the Twentieth Century (2016) is published by Thames & Hudson and is available from Amazon and other online booksellers.
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