#htls conductor

[zmskvcable]

HTLS Conductor Cable: Types and Characteristics for High-Temperature Power Transmission

HTLS conductor cable, or high-temperature low-sag conductor cable, is a type of electrical conductor that is used in high-voltage power transmission lines. It is designed to operate at high temperatures without losing its mechanical strength or electrical conductivity. This allows the cable to carry high currents over long distances without sag, which can reduce the overall efficiency of the transmission line.

There are several types of HTLS conductor cables, each with its unique characteristics and applications.

Some of the most common types include:

AC HTLS conductor cable This type of cable is designed for use in alternating current (AC) power transmission systems. It consists of multiple strands of aluminum or aluminum alloy, which are twisted together to form a single conductor. The strands are coated with a layer of insulation, such as polyethylene or cross-linked polyethylene, to prevent electrical leakage and provide mechanical support. AC HTLS conductor cables are typically used in high-voltage power transmission lines, where they can operate at temperatures up to 200 degrees Celsius without losing their strength or conductivity.

DC HTLS conductor cable This type of cable is designed for use in direct current (DC) power transmission systems. It consists of a single strand of copper or copper alloy, which is coated with a layer of insulation to prevent electrical leakage and provide mechanical support. DC HTLS conductor cables are typically used in high-voltage DC transmission lines, where they can operate at temperatures up to 250 degrees Celsius without losing their strength or conductivity.

Composite HTLS conductor cable This type of cable is a combination of AC HTLS and DC HTLS conductor cables. It consists of multiple strands of aluminum or aluminum alloy, which are twisted together to form a single conductor. The strands are coated with a layer of insulation, such as polyethylene or cross-linked polyethylene, to prevent electrical leakage and provide mechanical support. The composite HTLS conductor cable also contains a single strand of copper or copper alloy, which is coated with a layer of insulation to provide additional conductivity and mechanical support. Composite HTLS conductor cables are typically used in high-voltage transmission lines, where they can operate at temperatures up to 250 degrees Celsius without losing their strength or conductivity.

Concentric HTLS conductor cable This type of cable is a variation of composite HTLS conductor cable. It consists of multiple strands of aluminum or aluminum alloy, which are twisted together to form a single conductor. The strands are coated with a layer of insulation, such as polyethylene or cross-linked polyethylene, to prevent electrical leakage and provide mechanical support. The concentric HTLS conductor cable also contains a single strand of copper or copper alloy, which is coated with a layer of insulation to provide additional conductivity and mechanical support. The copper strand is arranged concentrically around the aluminum conductor, forming a "core-shell" structure. Concentric HTLS conductor cables are typically used in high-voltage transmission lines, where they can operate at temperatures up to 250 degrees Celsius without losing their strength or conductivity.

Summary

Overall, HTLS conductor cables are an important component of high-voltage power transmission systems. They are designed to operate at high temperatures without losing their mechanical strength or electrical conductivity, which allows them to carry high currents over long distances without sag. Different types of HTLS conductor cables are suitable for different applications, depending on the type of power transmission system and the operating conditions of the transmission line.

[gis56]

"Overhead Line Product Market Dynamics and Forecast for 2024-2033"

Overhead line products are crucial in ensuring the reliable and efficient transmission of electricity over vast distances, serving as the backbone of modern power grids. These components, including conductors, insulators, and fittings, have evolved significantly with advancements in materials science and engineering, resulting in improved performance, durability, and safety.

Innovations such as high-temperature low-sag (HTLS) conductors and composite insulators are enhancing the capacity and resilience of overhead lines, enabling them to withstand extreme weather conditions and reduce energy losses. Moreover, smart monitoring systems integrated into these lines provide real-time data on the health and performance of the grid, allowing for predictive maintenance and swift response to potential issues. This not only minimizes downtime but also extends the lifespan of the infrastructure. As the demand for electricity continues to grow, especially with the integration of renewable energy sources, overhead line products are playing a pivotal role in building a more robust and sustainable power network. The future of power transmission is bright, with ongoing research and development promising even greater innovations in overhead line technology.

#OverheadLines #PowerTransmission #EnergyInfrastructure #GridReliability #SmartGrid #Electricity #EnergyInnovation #HTLS #CompositeInsulators #PowerGrid #RenewableEnergyIntegration #EnergyEfficiency #SmartMonitoring #Infrastructure #Durability #AdvancedMaterials #EnergyTech #SustainablePower #GridResilience #TechAdvancements

[secillina]

[ctcglobal]

The ACCC conductor’s hybrid composite core reduces the thermal sag that restricts the current carrying capacity of other conductor types

[henrikalbert-blog]

The suppliers’ database consists of all ACCC hardware that has been qualified by CTC Global. These are qualified for the use with ACCC Conductor

[mine122]

Robust and well-built EHV lines are the backbone of transmission system in order to have a successful continuous supply of electricity. EHV Substations, EHV Substation Contractors. Superior power quality is achieved by using high ampacity cables conductors & HTLS conductors

[wileon]

Unfortunately, as air temperatures increase – the efficiency of the #electricpowergrid decreases. The reason why several utilities have proactively selected the HCLS ACCC® Conductor to strengthen their electric power systems.

[offpage51]

Successful association with M/s. Torrent Power Ltd. And M/s. Tata Power Company Ltd. for replacement of old conductor by New HTLS (ACCC) conductor. Augmentation of Transformer.

[zmskvcable]

High-temperature low sag conductors (HTLS conductors) are a new technology for upgrading transmission lines to increase the thermal rating to improve transmission capacity.

[reportsandmarkets]

High-temperature and Low-sag Conductor Market Report 2017 : just published

High-temperature and Low-sag Conductor Market Report 2017 : just published

High-temperature, Low-sag Conductor , High-temperature and Low-sag Conducto, High-temperature and Low-sag Conductor htls,High-temperature and Low-sag Conductor market,High-temperature and Low-sag Conductor industry  United States High-temperature and Low-sag Conductor market is valued at USD XX million in 2016 and is expected to reach USD XX million by the end of 2022, growing at a CAGR of XX%…

[harsh917]

Transformer Oil Market By Electrical Product By Application Forecast To 2025

Transformer oil is also known as insulating oil. Being stable at high temperatures, the oil has superior electrical insulating properties. It is used in high-voltage capacitors, oil-filled transformers, high-voltage switches, and fluorescent lamp ballasts along with circuit breakers. Transformer oil is also used to maintain the transformer’s windings and core as these are completely dipped into the oil. One more important property that powers the demand of transformer oil is its capability of stop oxidation. Transformer oil has two essential functions in a transformer, namely, dissipation of heat created within the transformers and suppression of arcing. There are three kinds of transformer oil on the basis of origin, namely, silicone oil-based, mineral oil-based, and bio-based. 

The transformer oil market has been divided by type as silicone oil-based, mineral oil-based, and bio-based. Moreover, the mineral oil-based section is sub-divided into paraffinic and naphthenic. The usage of paraffinic transformer oil was the most due to its easy accessibility. Paraffinic transformer oil is used extensively in transformer cooling segments due to its high-temperature viscosity properties and good oxidative stability.

 Transformer Oil Market Key Segments:

   By Electrical Product:

Mineral Transformer Oil

Naphthenic Oil

Paraffinic Oil

Silicone Transformer Oil

Bio-Based Transformer Oil

    By Application:

Small-scale Transformers

Large-scale Transformers

Utility Transformers

Distribution Transformer

Power Transformer

Instrument Transformer

Others

 Top companies

 Nynas

Nynas is a different kind of oil company. Working together with our customers, we tap into the full potential of oil to help create valuable applications for end-users and society. Wherever you look, you will see products and services made – or made possible by – using Nynas’ naphthenic oils and bitumen.We have made it our business to unlock oil’s potential and provide value to our customers around the world.

Nynas’ vision is to strengthen our position as the global leader in naphthenic products and as the premier bitumen partner in Europe. We do this by developing next generation solutions for our customers, assuring profitable growth and providing an attractive place to work.High quality sourcing and manufacturing – along with a supply network that is strategically located around the world – ensure that customers receive prompt and reliable delivery, regardless of their location.

  Hydrodec

We are a clean-tech oil re-refining group with operations in the USA. We apply proprietary technology to re-refine used and contaminated waste oil to produce, market and distributes SUPERFINE™ transformer oil and naphthenic base oil.

Our technology is a proven, highly efficient, oil re-refining and chemical process. It was initially developed to target the multi-billion dollar, worldwide market for transformer oil used in electricity generation. Contaminated waste oil is processed at our plant at Canton, Ohio, US, with distinct competitive advantage. Our process delivers very high recoveries (>99%), producing transformer oil that tests ‘better than new' at competitive cost and without environmentally harmful emissions. The process also completely eliminates PCBs, a toxic additive banned under international regulations.

Hydrodec Group plc has been listed on AIM, the Alternative Investment Market of the London Stock Exchange, since 2004.

  Valvoline                    

Valvoline Inc. is a leading worldwide marketer and supplier of premium branded lubricants and automotive services, with sales in more than 140 countries. Established in 1866, the company’s heritage spans more than 150 years, during which time it has developed powerful brand recognition across multiple product and service channels. Valvoline ranks as the No. 3 passenger car motor oil brand in the DIY market by volume. It operates and franchises approximately 1,400 quick-lube locations, and it is the No. 2 chain by number of stores in the United States under the Valvoline Instant Oil ChangeSM brand and the No. 3 chain by number of stores in Canada under the Valvoline Great Canadian Oil Change brand. It also markets Valvoline lubricants and automotive chemicals, including the Valvoline High Mileage with MaxLife technology motor oil for engines over 75,000 miles; Valvoline Advanced Full Synthetic motor oil; Valvoline Premium Blue heavy-duty motor oil; Valvoline Multi-Vehicle Automatic Transmission Fluid; and Zerex antifreeze.

   Sinopec Corporation

 China Petrochemical Corporation (Sinopec Group) is a super-large petroleum and petrochemical enterprise group, established by the state in July 1998 on the basis of the former China Petrochemical Corporation, and further incorporated as a limited liability corporation in August 2018. A super large petroleum and petrochemical group, the company has a registered capital of 274.9 billion yuan with the board chairman of Sinopec Group serving as its legal representative. It exercises the investor's rights to the related state assets owned by its full subsidiaries, controlled companies and share-holding companies, including receiving returns on assets, making major decisions and appointing managers. It operates, manages and supervises state assets according to related laws, and shoulders the corresponding responsibility of maintaining and increasing the value of state assets. Sinopec Group is the largest oil and petrochemical products suppliers and the second largest oil and gas producer in China, the largest refining company and the third largest chemical company in the world. Its total number of gas stations rank the second place in the world. Sinopec Group ranked the 3rd on Fortune's Global 500 List in 2018.

     Apar industries

 Apar Industries Ltd. headquartered in Mumbai, India with production facilities spread across Rabale(Maharashtra) , Silvassa and Athola (Dadra Nagar Haveli), Khatalwad and Umbergaon (Gujarat).

Apar's Conductor division started in 1958 with the technical know-how from Alan (Canada) and Properzi (Italy) is the largest producers of POWERLINE Aluminum and Alloy Conductors in Asia, with strategic partnership and supply relationships with top EPC contractors in the world. The aluminum conductor division manufactures all type of bare overhead aluminum conductors, GS earth wires. It started manufacturing new generation conductors called High Temperature Low Sag (HTLS) with product approvals from Power Grid Corporation of India Limited.

Apar's Speciality Oil business established in 1969 with the technical know-how from Sun Oil Company (USA) is a pioneer and largest producer of POWEROIL Transformer Oils in Southeast Asia. The division has four diverse product lines- Transformer Oils, White Oils and Liquid Paraffins, Industrial and Automotive Oils and Lubricants, Process Oils (For Rubber & Tyre , EPM & EPDM Polymers , Thermo Plastic Elastomers , Printing inks, Hot Melt Addhesives , Metal Working Fluids and Low PCA Oils applications).

In the year 2007-2008, Apar established a strong foundation for Automotive Lubricants under a license agreement with ENI Italy to manufacture and market high-end automotive and speciality industrial lubricants under the reputed "ENI" brand in India. ENI is the world's eighth-largest automotive lubricants manufacturer with a diverse product range catering to passenger and commercial vehicles.

[westernmarketresearch]

OLED Materials Market by Type (Substrates, Encapsulation, Anode, Hole Injection Layer (HIL), Hole Transport Layer (HTL), Electron Transport Layer (ETL), Emissive Layer (EML), and Cathode), Application (Display (Television & Monitors, Smartphones, Notebooks & Tablets, Automotive, and Others) and Lighting), End User (Residential, Commercial, and Industrial) - Global Opportunity Analysis and Industry Forecast, 2017-2023

OLED Materials Market by Type (Substrates, Encapsulation, Anode, Hole Injection Layer (HIL), Hole Transport Layer (HTL), Electron Transport Layer (ETL), Emissive Layer (EML), and Cathode), Application (Display (Television & Monitors, Smartphones, Notebooks & Tablets, Automotive, and Others) and Lighting), End User (Residential, Commercial, and Industrial) – Global Opportunity Analysis and Industry Forecast, 2017-2023

The global OLED materials market was valued at $5,932 million in 2016, and is expected to reach $25,731 million by 2023, registering a CAGR of 26.3% from 2016 to 2023. Organic light-emitting diode (OLED) is a flat light-emitting technology that is produced by employing thin organic films in between two conductors. OLEDs have gained wide range of acceptance among end users as they are lightweight,…

[grendyjulian-blog]

Familia CI’s ECL

1.   Introducción.

Se denomina familia lógica, al conjunto de circuitos integrados que son fabricados utilizando una puerta básica determinada. Las características esenciales de cada familia lógica son:

1.    Todos los circuitos de una misma familia poseen propiedades eléctricas y temporales similares, es decir, los mismos para metros de conmutación.

2.    Como consecuencia de los mismos parámetros de conmutación, todos los circuitos de una misma familia se pueden conectar entre si directamente. Para conectar puertas de diferentes normalmente hay que utilizar circuitos especiales o etapas de interface.

 En función del tipo de transistor utilizado para realizar las puertas, hay dos grupos de familia:

 1.    Familias bipolares: utilizan como base el transistor BJT, (Familias TTL, ECL, entre otras)

2.    Familias MOS: utilizan el transistor MOS (Familias NMOS, CMOS, entre otras)

 Además, dentro de cada familia, existen subfamilias que tienen características especiales para mejorar determinados comportamientos específicos necesarios en aplicaciones particulares. Por lo tanto, a la hora de hacer un diseño habrá que elegir aquella familia y subfamilia que mejor cumpla los requerimientos del mismo, en base a flexibilidad lógica, velocidad de operación, catálogo de funciones lógicas disponibles, ruido, temperatura de operación, consumo de potencia, tensión de alimentación, área y coste final.

2. Concepto de Circuito Integrado.

Un circuito integrado (CI), también conocido como chip, microchip, es una estructura de pequeñas dimensiones de material semiconductor, normalmente silicio, de algunos milímetros cuadrados de superficie (área), sobre la que se fabrican circuitos electrónicos generalmente mediante fotolitografía y que está protegida dentro de un encapsulado de plástico o de cerámica. El encapsulado posee conductores metálicos apropiados para hacer conexión entre el Circuito Integrado y un circuito impreso.

3. Familia de los Circuitos Integrados.

Dependiendo del tipo de transistor el cual se utilice para su construcción se tienen dos tipos de Familia de Circuito Integrado:

Familia Bipolar: Esta familia está compuesta de C.I que están hechos a base de transistores de unión Bipolar (BJT).

Dentro de este grupo de familia se encuentran unas subfamilias como lo son:

·         TTL (Lógica- Transistor-Transistor): Una de las más utilizadas a nivel de circuitos SSI y MSI.

·         ECL (Lógica Emisor Acoplado): Es una de la más rápida, por esto se emplea en varias ocasiones en especial cuando se requiere de aplicaciones de alta velocidad de respuesta sin tener en cuenta el precio o el consumo.

·         RTL (Lógica Resistencia-Transistor) y DTL(Diodo-Transistor): Hoy en día están obsoletas.

·         HTL (Alto Umbral de Ruido): Esta subfamilia presenta una alta inmunidad al ruido, siendo apropiada.

·         I2L (Inyección Integrada): Comercialmente no cuenta con un propósito de circuitos

Familia MOS: Son C.I hechos a base de transistores de efecto de campo (Mosfet)

Dentro de este grupo se encuentran las siguientes subfamilias:

·         nMos (Lógica Mosfet de canal n): Es muy utilizada en circuitos LSI y VLSI, empleados para microprocesadores y memorias.

·          pMos (Lógica Mosfet de canal p): En la actualidad esta subfamilia es obsoleta.

·         CMos (Lógica de simetría Complementaria):  Ya que presenta un consumo bajo es apta para emplearla en equipos a baterías como lo son las calculadoras de bolsillo.

 4. Familia Lógica ECL.

La lógica de Emisor Acoplado(ECL) deriva su nombre de la configuración de amplificador diferencial donde cada lado del amplificador consiste de transistores bipolares de entradas múltiples con sus emisores enlazados entre sí. Una polarización de entrada en el lado opuesto del amplificador diferencial provoca que el amplificador opere continuamente en el modo activo. Consecuentemente, ECL consume una cantidad relativamente importante de potencia en ambos estados (uno o cero) pero también resulta en las más rápidas velocidades de conmutación de todas las familias lógicas. Un beneficio inherente de ECL es el estrecho nivel de variación de la conmutación entre elementos (aproximadamente 800 mV) lo cual ayuda a reducir la generación de ruido.

4.1 Estructura.

 La estructura ECL se basa en un par diferencial (Q1-Q2 y Q3) en el que una rama se conecta a una tensión de referencia, que determina el umbral ALTO / BAJO y la otra rama con n transistores en paralelo a las n entradas. Del diferencial se pueden obtener simultáneamente dos salidas con la salida y la salida negada y muy bajo jitter entre ellas. Estas salidas se llevan, finalmente, a sendos seguidores de emisor para proporcionar ganancia en corriente y el fan-out adecuado, que en muchos casos pueden alimentar líneas de 50Ω directamente. Es común la presencia de pines de alimentación separados para estos últimos transistores ya que, a diferencia del par diferencial, su corriente varia con la señal si no están los dos transistores conectados a impedancias iguales. Alimentándolos separadamente se evita que estas variaciones alcancen el par diferencial.

Esta estructura produce simultáneamente la salida OR / NOR: cualquier entrada a nivel alto provoca que el emisor de Q5 pase a nivel alto y el de Q6 a nivel bajo. Por comparación, la estructura TTL sólo produce la función NAND.

A diferencia de otras tecnologías (TTL, NMOS, CMOS), la ECL se alimenta con el positivo (Vcc) conectado a masa, siendo la alimentación entre 0 y -5,2V, habitualmente. Algunas familias permiten que VEE sea -5V, para compartir la alimentación con circuitos TTL.

4.2 Amplificador Diferencial.

El circuito posee dos entradas v1 y v2 y dos salidas vO y vO2. Dada la simetría del circuito, al tomar la salida entre los dos colectores, se elimina la parte común y solo queda la diferencia.

 4.3 Inversor ECL.

Compuesto por un amplificador diferencial y dos seguidores de emisor. Un nivel lógico “1” de entrada provoca la conducción de T1, pero a medida que T1 empieza a conducir provoca que T2 se vaya cortando, lo que provoca que T1 conduzca más. Este efecto provoca que la transición se produzca en un tiempo inferior, consiguiendo con ello menores tiempos de transición en la familia.

 4.4 El Proceso Tecnológico de Fabricación de las ECL.

La evolución de la estructura de un transistor bipolar ha ido mejorando a lo largo del tiempo. En el caso que nos ocupa, la familia ECL, conviene señalar que, en un principio, se comenzó a fabricar usando una tecnología avanzada isoplanar llamada FAST-Z. Este proceso hacía posible retrasos lógicos menores de un nanosegundo, y un alto control sobre los cambios de nivel alto a bajo y viceversa.

Evolución de las estructuras de un transistor bipolar

 Como en todas las tecnologías de tipo isoplanar, el proceso FAST-Z incorpora una delgada capa de óxido entre las dos superficies exteriores, en vez de la región P+ que presentan los procesos planares. El óxido no necesita ningún tipo de separación entre las regiones base-colector, resultando una reducción sustancial del tamaño de los circuitos integrados o chips.

Esta clase de estructuras permite una reducción en el área de un transistor de silicio de un 400% en comparación con una estructura planar. El substrato del colector, por lo tanto, también se reduce en este 400%, luego el área base-colector disminuye en un 540%. Estas reducciones combinadas con la unión superficial nos permitirán tener un control mayor en el proceso de ionización, con lo que disminuirán los valores de capacidad y resistencia, lo que permitirá un aumento de velocidad.

El proceso FAST-LSI es análogo al FAST-Z, pero también incluye algunas mejoras. La alineación de los metales ha sido disminuida y acortadas las distancias entre los contactos base emisor. La estructura metálica también se ha visto mejorada, al utilizar un combinado de platino y silicio para los contactos óhmicos tipo N+ y P+.

4.5 Características de Familia ECL.

 Las características más importantes de la familia ECL de los circuitos lógicos son las siguientes:

i)      Los transistores nunca se saturan, así es que la velocidad de la conmutación es muy alta. El tiempo común de retraso en la propagación es 1ns, que hace a la ECL un poco más rápida que la TTL Schottky (serie 74AS).

ii)     Los niveles lógicos son nominalmente -0.8V y -0.7V para el 1 y 0 lógicos, respectivamente.

iii)    Los márgenes de ruido ECL en el peor de los casos son aproximadamente 250mV. Estos márgenes de ruido bajos hacen a ECL un tanto insegura para utilizarse en medios industriales con mucho volumen de trabajo.

iv)   Un bloque lógico ECL por lo general produce una salida y su complemento, Esto elimina la necesidad de inversores.

v)    Los factores de carga se encuentran comúnmente alrededor de 25, debido a las salidas emisor - seguidor de baja impedancia.

vi)   La disipación típica de potencia de una compuerta básica ECL es de 25mW, valor mayor que el correspondiente a la serie 74AS.

vii)  El flujo de corriente toral es un circuito ECL permanece relativamente constante, sin importar su estado lógico. Esto ayuda a mantener un consumo de corriente invariable en el suministro de potencia del circuito, aun durante transiciones de conmutación, Así, no se generan internamente ruidos como los producidos por los circuitos TTL tipo tótem.

 5. Aplicaciones.

 Además de las familias lógicas ECL I, ECL II, ECL III, ECL10K y ECL100K, la tecnología ECL se ha utilizado en circuitos LSI:

·         Matrices lógicas

·         Memorias (Motorola, Fairchild)

·         Microprocesadores (Motorola, F100 de Ferranti)

[ctcglobal]

Reduce your carbon footprint at #CTCGlobal #ACCCConductor saves up to 400 mt CO2/km/yr.