#hornings mills ontario

[if-you-fan-a-fire]

"Water Wheel Power Plant Lights Village, 30 Houses," Toronto Star. April 9, 1943. Page 8. ---- THIS GENERATOR LIGHTS HORNINGS MILLS ---- THE PINE RIVER DAM WHICH DRIVES IT --- By PAUL L. FOX --- Hornings Mills, April 9 - On the upper reaches of the Pine river is one of the smallest power plants in Ontario. A water wheel propelled at a terrific rate by the stream saddles sufficient power to serve 30 homes.

The power plant is owned by T. R. Huxtable, former reeve of Barrie, who has retired to Hornings Mills where he has trout fishing properties and the power plant. Mr. Huxtable's power lights the streets of the police village of Hornings Mills and 30 homes within the limits of the community.

The idea of a privately-owned power plant is not original, nor is this the only one in the province. Within a 100-mile radius of Toronto there are three such systems, one at Orillia which serves the whole. town: one at Erin which serves a large section in the vicinity of the: Caledon mountains, and the one. here, smallest of the three.

No Break in Service Mr. Huxtable was manager of the Pine River Light and Power Co. 25 years ago before it was taken over by Ontario Hydro. This company served homes in Orangeville and Shelburne and districts, including Hornings Mills.

"The Pine River company served homes in Hornings Mills for five years before Hydro took it over, and Hydro continued the service for 17 years," he said. "Then the trustees objected to the expense and decided to start their own system. I offered to set up a plant and sell them the power, That was 10 years ago, and there has been no down or an interruption in service," said Mr. Huxtable.

"The rates for power are much the same as Hydro rates but this year we will be able to offer our consumers a 25 per cent. reduction, making rates lower," he said. "When the system was inaugurated the trustees took out 10-year debentures for $3,800 to repair the street lighting in the town. Those debentures will be retired at the end of this year and our rates will accordingly be lower."

The plant is confined to a small one-storey frame building with a cement foundation and cellar. Water from a dam is piped into the base- ment through a 16-inch turbine operating under 33-foot head of water using 700 cubic feet per minute and developing 35 horsepower.

The present set-up is sufficient to service 50 homes without any alterations, Mr. Huxtable explained. With some adjustments a larger number of consumers can be serviced.

Water piped into the water wheel propels another in the cellar, which in turn drives a generator delivering 2,200 volts, 60-cycle alternating current. This is broken down to 220 and 110-volt currents.

A short fishing jacket, breeks, rubber boots and a battered felt hat is "Tom" Huxtable's attire as he services his electrical plant. Every year Mr. Huxtable stocks the Pine river with between 4.000 and 5,000 trout. He served on Barrie council about 15 years ago, and started the Barrie-Allandale bus line.

[college-girl199328]

Drivers, honk your horns, and flash those high beams—it’s time to celebrate. In what has felt like an eternity, or at the very least, several eons, motorists can finally breathe a sigh of relief now that the expansion on a big chunk of Highway 401 is complete.

If you’ve traveled along the highway through Mississauga into Milton (or vice versa) in the last couple of years, then you know it hasn’t been a smooth ride. If you’ve ever been in the westbound collector lanes immediately after Hurontario St., then you are familiar with the sea of red brake lights and barely moving vehicles as the right lane would end, then the left lane would end, leaving only one lane to putter along on until it eventually merged with the "express" lanes, some of whom would have to get all the way over to the Erin Mills Pkwy./Mississauga Rd. exit.

Fun times.

Or maybe you were driving eastbound on Erin Mills Pkwy./Mississauga Rd., attempting to use the one left lane to get over to the express lanes in what became a test of patience and a test to see just how good your merging skills actually are.

But that fun is all over, and a new kind of fun begins. There are now 18 kilometers of new lanes from Mississauga to Milton, which will "help fight gridlock and keep goods and people moving across the Greater Golden Horseshoe," according to the release from the Ontario government.

One can almost see the skies clearing and hear the angels singing. The new lanes either double or nearly double the previous six-lane highway.

There are also HOV lanes in each direction, the bridges in that span have been replaced or widened, and the existing Mississauga Rd. The carpool lot is back open with 50 more spaces to park in.

“Highway 401 is the busiest and most congested highway in North America with approximately 180,000 vehicles on average per weekday from Credit River in Mississauga to Regional Road 25 in Milton,” Caroline Mulroney, Minister of Transportation, said in a statement.

“Widening Highway 401 is another step forward in our plan to build Ontario with investments in our transportation system to reduce gridlock, improve economic productivity, and get drivers home to their loved ones faster.”

The Highway 401 expansion project began in 2019 and cost $640 million. From April 2022 to March 2023, the Ontario government is committing about $3 billion to repair and expand the province’s highways and bridges.

[newstfionline]

Sunday, February 13, 2022

Blockades on Canada-US border continue as protests swell (AP) Protesters opposed to COVID-19 vaccine mandates and other restrictions withdrew their vehicles from a key U.S.-Canadian border bridge Saturday though access remained blocked while other demonstrations ramped up in cities across Canada, including the capital, where police said they were awaiting more officers before ending what they described as an illegal occupation. The tense standoff at the Ambassador Bridge linking Detroit and Windsor, Ontario, eased somewhat early in the day when Canadian police persuaded demonstrators to move the trucks they had used to barricade the entrance to the busy international crossing. But protesters reconvened nearby—with reinforcements—and were still choking off access from the Canadian side late Saturday, snarling traffic and commerce for a sixth day. About 180 remained late Saturday in the sub-freezing cold. In Ottawa, the ranks of protesters swelled to what police said was 4,000 demonstrators. The city has seen that on past weekends, and loud music played as people milled about downtown where anti-vaccine demonstrators have been encamped since late January.

America’s Childcare Providers Struggle to Survive (Bloomberg) Since the pandemic began, one-third of U.S. childcare centers have closed. Last year, Congress allocated $39 billion to help tide over providers, sending money to states to distribute. And that’s where the problem began. A year later, many states have yet to even open their application process, let alone get cash to those in need. And now that money is more important than ever: With a structural fix for the ailing industry on hold following the demise of Biden’s “Build Back Better” plan, those funds are all that stands between some childcare providers and shutting down.

Shoplifting reaches crisis proportions (Axios) Shoplifting has gotten so bad nationally that chains like Rite Aid are closing hard-hit stores, sending terrified employees home in Ubers and locking up aisles of seemingly mundane items like deodorant and toothpaste. Retailers are already reeling from the pandemic, supply chain woes and the labor shortage. Now they’re combating systematic looting by organized crime gangs—which are growing more aggressive and violent. “We have experienced a 300% increase in retail theft from our stores since the pandemic began.” CVS spokesman Michael DeAngelis tells Axios. At a Rite Aid that just closed its doors in midtown Manhattan, more than $200,000 in goods were stolen in December and January, according to the New York Post. “They come in every day, sometimes twice a day, with laundry bags and just load up on stuff,” the Post quoted a store employee saying.

Police stop 500 vehicles heading to Paris in COVID protest convoy (Reuters) Police said they stopped 500 vehicles that were trying to get into Paris on Saturday in a ‘freedom convoy’ protest against COVID-19 restrictions. The vehicles were intercepted at three entry points into the French capital and more than 150 tickets were handed out, police said on Twitter. Police have mobilised thousands of officers, set up checkpoints and deployed armoured personnel carriers and water cannon trucks in preparation for the protests. Inspired by horn-blaring “Freedom Convoy” demonstrations in Canada, the motorists—from numerous cities across France—were seeking to defy a police order not to enter the city.

U.S. sending 3,000 more troops to Poland amid fresh Ukraine invasion warnings (Politico) The U.S. is sending 3,000 more troops to Poland as the Biden administration issued new warnings that Russia was poised to invade Ukraine at any moment. Washington and London, meanwhile, are urging their citizens to leave Ukraine immediately, while also evacuating some embassy staff. The alarms were the most strident to date of a crisis that began last fall as Russia significantly built up troops along the Ukrainian border.

Biden frees frozen Afghan billions for relief, 9/11 victims (AP) President Joe Biden signed an order Friday to free $7 billion in Afghan assets now frozen in the U.S., splitting the money between humanitarian aid for poverty-stricken Afghanistan and a fund for Sept. 11 victims still seeking relief for the terror attacks that killed thousands and shocked the world. No money would immediately be released. But Biden’s order calls for banks to provide $3.5 billion of the frozen amount to a trust fund for distribution through humanitarian groups for Afghan relief and basic needs. The other $3.5 billion would stay in the U.S. to finance payments from lawsuits by U.S. victims of terrorism that are still working their way through the courts.

Myanmar army defector recounts heavy losses inflicted by Chin rebels (Reuters) A Myanmar army officer who defected and fled the country has detailed battlefield losses to rebels in the southern part of Chin state, with at least 50 soldiers killed and 200 badly wounded in 2021 by opposition fighters with homemade weapons. Kaung Thu Win, a captain who defected in December, offered a rare first-hand account of intensified fighting in Chin, in Myanmar’s northwest, where the military junta has faced some of the fiercest armed resistance since it seized power a year ago. The military calls the rebellion an “armed insurrection”, and military ruler Min Aung Hlaing said there were more than 9,000 “terrorist attacks” last year. The junta said in January it had “largely restored national stability” by the second half of 2021.

Japan mulls easing COVID border controls amid criticism (AP) Japan is considering easing its stringent border controls amid growing criticism that the measures, which have banned most foreign entrants including students and business travelers, are hurting the country’s economy and international profile. Currently, most of Japan is under virus-related restrictions but infections have shown little signs of slowing. Nationwide, Japan reported nearly 100,000 new cases in the latest 24-hour period, including 18,660 in Tokyo. The current border measures are scheduled to remain in place until the end of February.

New Zealand tries music to flush out protesters (AP) Some countries might send in a riot squad to disperse trespassing protesters. In New Zealand, authorities turned on the sprinklers and Barry Manilow. Initial moves to try and flush out several hundred protesters who have been camped on Parliament’s grassy grounds since Tuesday had little effect. The protesters, who have been voicing their opposition to coronavirus vaccine mandates, responded to the soaking from the sprinklers by digging trenches and installing makeshift drainpipes to divert the water. When a downpour hit Saturday, their numbers only grew. Protesters brought in bales of straw, which they scattered on the increasingly sodden grounds at Parliament. Some shouted, others danced and one group performed an Indigenous Maori haka. By evening, Parliament Speaker Trevor Mallard had come up with a new plan to make the protesters uncomfortable: using a sound system to blast out vaccine messages, decades-old Barry Manilow songs and the 1990s earworm hit “Macarena” on a repeat loop.

An 11-year-old girl with Down syndrome was being bullied. So her country’s President walked her to school (CNN) The President of North Macedonia walked an 11-year-old girl with Down syndrome to school after he heard she was being bullied. President Stevo Pendarovski held Embla Ademi’s hand as he walked her to her elementary school in the city of Gostivar on Monday. Embla has experienced bullying at school due as a result of having Down syndrome—a genetic condition that causes learning disabilities, health problems and distinctive facial characteristics—a spokesperson for the President’s office told CNN. The president said, “[Children with autism] should not only enjoy the rights they deserve, but also feel equal and welcome in the school desks and schoolyard. It is our obligation, as a state, but also as individuals, and the key element in this common mission is empathy.”

[randylavalley]

11 Family Things to Do in Toronto

Toronto is not specifically a large playground, yet it's absolutely among the extra family-friendly cities around. There are lots of excellent attractions as well as activities around the city for those travelling with children, with lots of variety the pick from. Several of the readily available options can make quite severe boasts as well as consist of a few of Canada's greatest and also finest theme park, aquariums, zoos as well as galleries. There's fairly a great deal of focus on making discovering enjoyable as well as interactive, so a day's diversion for the youngsters can likewise be educational.

1 Royal Ontario Gallery

Discover Canadian and also globe background and also culture

Opened in 1914, the Royal Ontario Gallery is amongst the earliest as well as largest galleries in Canada It has a collection of over 6 million artefacts across 40 galleries, covering a diverse range of topics from natural history to Near Eastern and African art and also, certainly, Canadian History. It lies on the school of the College of Toronto in a structure that is both classically historical and also intensely contemporary. Entrance expenses concerning $20 for grownups and $14 for children.

Location: 100 Queens Park, Toronto, ON M5S 2C6, Canada. Open up: Daily from 10 am to 5.30 pm (open up until 8.30 pm on Fridays in summertime). Phone: +1 416-586-8000.

2 Hockey Hall of Fame.

See the Stanley Mug.

Torontonians love their sporting activities, with ice hockey normally among one of the most preferred. The Hockey Hall of Fame is the house of the Stanley Mug-- the sporting activity's most sought after reward-- along with a big series of exhibits. These consist of a to-scale entertainment of the Montreal Canadiens clothing area as well as relatively limitless things of hockey souvenirs and also tools. The Great Hall is the actual emphasize, though, as well as includes the names and backgrounds of a few of the sport's best stars. Entry prices regarding $20.

Area: 30 Yonge St, Toronto, ON M5E 1X8, Canada. Open up: Summertime: Monday-- Saturday from 9.30 am to 6 pm, Sundays from 10 am to 6 pm. Wintertime, Springtime and also Autumn: Monday-- Friday from 10 am to 5 pm, Saturdays from 9.30 am to 6 pm, Sundays from 10.30 am to 5 pm. Phone: +1 416-360-7735.

3 Ripley's Fish tank of Canada.

See several of the weirdest creatures worldwide's oceans.

Ripley's Aquarium of Canada is found right at the foot of the CN Tower, and holds more than 20,000 sea animals in concerning 5.7 million litres of water, making it one of Canada's biggest aquariums. There are 10 galleries to check out, with exhibitions varying from those neighborhood to Canada to sea life from Pacific coral reefs and also lagoons. It being under the brand name of Ripley's Believe It Or otherwise?, there's naturally a focus on the weird and also terrific. Look into The Gallery to see a few of one of the most delicate animals in the ocean, or get hands-on in the Discovery Centre. Tickets cost regarding $35 for teens as well as adults, with youngsters getting in for about $25.

Area: 288 Bremner Blvd, Toronto, ON M5V 3L9, Canada. Open up: Daily from 9 am to 11 pm. Phone: +1 647-351-3474.

4 Ontario Science Centre.

Take pleasure in greater than 500 interactive experiences.

Ontario Scientific Research Centre has the 'learn-through-play' principle right at its core, with most of the exhibits being interactive and also appealing. It covers geography, biology, astronomy and a little chemistry across 8 exhibit halls. The Planetarium in the Area Hall is especially preferred, yet it's also good to walk through a rain forest or see a motion picture in the IMAX theater. The exhibits transform on a regular basis, keeping everything fresh as well as interesting. Entry to the North York museum sets you back $22 for adults, $16 for teens and also $13 for children, however the IMAX cinema sets you back a little additional.

Area: 770 Don Mills Rd, North York, ON M3C 1T3, Canada. Open up: Monday-- Friday from 10 am to 4 pm, Saturdays from 10 am to 7 pm, Sundays from 10 am to 5 pm (hrs might differ by period). Phone: +1 416-696-1000.

5 Toronto Zoo.

Explore one of the world's largest zoos.

Covering 287 hectares of the Rouge Valley, about 20 km north-east of midtown, Toronto Zoo is amongst the largest zoos on the planet. It's residence to over 5,000 animals from 450 types, with leopards, greater one-horned rhinocerouses, pygmy hippos and also western lowland gorillas among the star attractions. There are also ziplines and also rope programs for family members that like a bit of adventure, in addition to 10 km of hiking tracks if you desire something a little calmer. Entrance rates vary via the year and also are a little cheaper in wintertime. In summertime, tickets are around $30 each and about $20 for youngsters under 12.

Location: 2000 Meadowvale Rd, Toronto, ON M1B 5K7, Canada. Open: Monday-- Friday from 9.30 am to 4.30 pm, weekend breaks from 9.30 am to 6 pm (hours might differ by period). Phone: +1 416-392-5929.

6 Centreville Theme Park.

Antique entertainments for younger youngsters.

Centreville Theme Park is a little antique, by amusement park requirements, yet still a great deal of fun for young children. The timeless rides consist of a Ferris wheel, twirling teacups, a tiny rollercoaster as well as a log flume, to name a few. The slide carousel is a real antique, going back to 1907 and including 52 hand-carved animals. Liing on among the Toronto Islands, you need to take a ferryboat to get to the park, which sets you back around $35 for an all-day pass.

Location: 9 Queens Quay W, Toronto, ON M5J 2H3, Canada. Open up: May-- September: daily from 10.30 am to 8 pm (hrs might vary by season). Phone: +1 416-203-0405.

7 Ft York National Historic Site.

See a crucial battleground from Canada's very early years.

Fort York played rather a crucial function in the very early years of the city of Toronto. It was built in 1793 to secure the new settlement as well as was after that destroyed during the Battle of York, in the Battle of 1812. However, it was rapidly restored to protect the town of York from future raids. The website is currently house to Canada's largest collection of structures from the duration, permitting visitors a peek back right into history. Browse through in summer for the best experience, when you'll see unique events and shows, consisting of reenactors in military uniforms of the time. Access costs concerning $14 for grownups.

Area: 250 Ft York Blvd, Toronto, ON M5V 3K9, Canada. Open up: Daily from 10 am to 5 pm (closes at 4 pm on weekdays in winter). Phone: +1 416-392-6907.

8 High Park.

The play area was made by kids, for kids.

Amongst the many green areas of Toronto, High Park sticks out as one of the most family-friendly. Found to the west of midtown Toronto, the 161-hectare park has a significant play ground, which was partly developed by youngsters. You'll also locate sports facilities, 18 outing locations, hiking trails and also special occasions throughout the year. Look into the mini-zoo to see llamas, deer, buffalo and also peacocks. The waterside, along Grenadier Pond, is especially attractive, however finest enjoyed in springtime, when the Sakura trees are in flower.

Location: 1873 Bloor St W, Toronto, ON M6R 2Z3, Canada.

9 Black Creek Leader Village.

Go back right into the past to see the very early days of Toronto.

As the name recommends, Black Creek Pioneer Town is a leisure of the village which at some point turned into the city of Toronto, situated near the Black Creek Park, by York College. A living background gallery, it reveals what life resembled for the pioneers who arrived in Canada in the very early 1800s, with a blacksmith's shop, weaver's shop, cook stove, cider mill as well as more, the majority of which are really functional. With costumed guides and duration structures, it's like stepping back right into the past. Access prices about $15 for adults and $11 for kids.

Area: 1000 Murray Ross Pkwy, North York, ON M3J 2P3, Canada. Open up: April-- December: Monday-- Friday from 10 am to 5 pm, weekend breaks from 11 am to 5 pm (hours differ somewhat by season). Phone: +1 416-736-1733.

10 Canada's Paradise.

One of the country's oldest as well as largest theme park.

Canada's Wonderland is amongst the largest as well as most prominent theme parks on the planet, with around 70 rides in the 130-hectare park. Among the 17 rollercoasters are such excitement rides as the Behemoth, the Time Warp flying rollercoaster, the wood Mighty Canadian Minebuster and the Flight Deck, which features inverted loops. There's additionally a theme park, live programs, an animatronic dinosaur park and also family-friendly trips, a few of which are themed on Snoopy characters. Ticket prices begin with around $40.

Place: 1 Canada's Wonderland Drive, Vaughan, ON L6A 1S6, Canada. Open up: May-- August: daily from 10 am to 10 pm, September: weekend breaks from 10 am to 8 pm, October: weekends from 10 am to 6 pm.

11 LEGOLAND Exploration Centre.

See the world's largest flag made from Lego.

The LEGOLAND Discovery Centre is found inside the Vaughan Mills shopping center, on the borders of Toronto. It's efficiently a scaled-down amusement park, with 10 play areas, a few rides, a 4D theater and also, naturally, plenty of a specific renowned little plastic block. Youngsters can examine out their creations on the Quake Tables or on the racetrack or browse the replicas of Toronto sites in Miniland. It's a popular place, so reserving your tickets online in advance is very suggested. Entrance prices concerning $20.

Area: Vaughan Mills, 1 Bass Pro Mills Dr, Concord, ON L4K 5W4, Canada. Open: Monday-- Saturday from 10 am to 8 pm, Sundays from 10 am to 7 pm. Phone: +1 905-761-7066.

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[esprit-de-corps-magazine]

THE BATTLE OF VIMY RIDGE: Part 1: Preparing The Attack

(Volume 24-03)

By Bob Gordon

 Prior to assaulting the ridge, the Canadian Corps had to dig tunnels, lay pipelines, and stockpile munitions. It was a Herculean effort of logistics.

 On January 19, 1917 British First Army Commander General Sir Henry Horne ordered Lieutenant-General Julian ‘Bungo’ Byng, commander of the Canadian Corps, to be prepared to attack Vimy Ridge in the spring. For the first time in the war, the Canadian Corps would fight a separate and distinct operation, with all four infantry divisions together. From right to left, in ascending numerical order, they were to attack up the southwestern slope of the ridge and occupy the summit.

The geography of northwestern France is uniformly flat and low, rising only gradually above sea level. Topographical elements that appear insignificant carry tremendous weight locally. Vimy Ridge is just such a commanding feature. Roughly seven kilometres in length, Vimy Ridge runs from northwest to southeast between Lens and Arras. Even at its highest points Hill 145 — the highest and most important feature of the Ridge and where the Vimy monument now stands — and a bulbous rise at its north end known as ‘The Pimple’ the ridge never rises more than 150 metres above sea level. Yet despite its modest dimensions, it is the highest feature for dozens of kilometres.

The German positions on the summit overlooked the Canadian trenches and many kilometres into the rear of their positions. Sergeant Walter Draycot, serving in the Princess Patricia’s Canadian Light Infantry, learned how much the Germans could see from documents captured during a raid. After the battle he wrote home that the Germans “had nearly as accurate description of our trenches as we had; how they were held, and of what strength in men, whether they were in good condition or otherwise, what new work was going on … These facts I discovered by taking a map from a prisoner after a successful raid by our troops.”

The Germans overlooking the Canadians did so from deep and complex fortifications. A Corps appraisal estimated that the ridge was protected by 34,000 metres of fire trenches, 15,000 metres of communication trenches, and over 9,000 metres of barbed wire entanglements.

The Allied war council decided that the first step in their plan for 1917 was a Canadian assault on Vimy Ridge. After the Canadian Corps had pushed the Germans off of that vantage point, it would be possible for the British and French armies’ offensives to start. With the Canadian Corps occupying the summit of Vimy Ridge, these attacks would be free from German flanking fire. At the same time, forward artillery observers on the ridge could overlook German movement and direct fire on German installations.

The plan for the Canadian attack was simple. Burst out of the trenches, race up the slope and capture the top of the ridge. The exact same plan that had been tried time after time on the Western Front by armies wearing uniforms of every colour. The Germans had occupied the ridge in October 1914 and fought off a six-division counterattack. In the summer of 1915 the French had suffered 100,000 casualties in a second unsuccessful assault. That fall a British attack had failed despite 40,000 casualties. Altogether 300,000 men had been killed or wounded on the slopes of Vimy Ridge.

Now it was the Canadians’ turn. LGen Byng was determined to succeed. To this end, the preparation phase was meticulous, methodical, and on a scale never seen before. Brigadier Victor Odlum, commanding officer of the 11th Brigade, put it simply: “Our fights are won or lost before we go into them.” Training was undertaken in an entirely new manner and the execution of the plan was to be revolutionary.

The Canadian plan was organized to the last detail. Four objective lines had been identified for the troops. Moving progressively deeper into the German defences, they were known as the Black, Red, Blue and Brown Lines. Times for the assault troops to reach each of these lines and for the next attackers to pass through the previous wave, all coordinated with a creeping barrage rolling forward over the German positions, were precisely scheduled.

The overall artillery plan was the brainchild of Major Alan Brooke, a staff officer on loan from the Royal Artillery. Lieutenant-Colonel Andrew McNaughton, formerly an engineering professor at McGill University, was the head of the Canadian counter-battery office (CCBO) and responsible for using Canadian artillery to destroy the German artillery. His counter-battery work was remarkably effective. The Germans had assembled 212 artillery pieces to support the defence of the heights. When the Canadian troops left their trenches on Easter Monday, four out of five German guns had already been destroyed. McNaughton described the exercise as “intense neutralization.”

Moving these millions of shells to the front was only one of the many logistical challenges that had to be overcome. Small arms ammunition, mortar and Mills bombs, as well as wood, concrete and sandbags for endless trench and tunnel construction also had to be brought forward. The 100,000 troops assembled for the attack needed food and water daily as did the more than 50,000 horses with them. Feeding these needs was a huge challenge, particularly when it all had to be done under the watchful eyes of the Germans atop Vimy Ridge.

Daily consumption of 600,000 gallons of water required installation of 70 kilometres of pipeline as well as its maintenance and repair. Even fed and watered, some horses were simply worked to death. Stephen Beames of the Canadian Field Artillery later wrote: “Our wretched, emaciated, starving, shivering horses died as we were forced by swearing, raving provost marshals to flog them into starting heavy loads of shells.” The War Diary of the 1st Canadian Field Artillery Brigade took note of the casualties amongst the horses on Sunday, April 8, the day before the assault: “Many horses died during the past few days owing to so much hauling of ammunition and cutting down of hay and straw ration.” The day after the battle the 3rd Division was so short of horses that officers were ordered to turn their saddle horses over to the Divisional Pack Train to be used as beasts of burden.

The Canadian Corps had entire units devoted to building and maintaining railroads, trenches and tunnels. Foresters and a crude sawmill supplied all the lumber for these projects. Communications required that some 4,200 kilometres of telephone and telegraph wire and 40 kilometres of communication cable be laid. The two months before the battle saw furious construction work ongoing everywhere behind the Canadian front.

Bridging work was undertaken under the command of the artillery. Major Crearer, 11th Field Battery, officer commanding the road construction, handled those duties in the sector of the 1st and 3rd Canadian Field Artillery (CFA) Brigade. On April 4 the brigade’s war diary noted: “Work started on bridges under 3rd Brigade, C.F.A. control on route over trenches in the coming advance.” Two days later it stated: “A standard gauge railway has been built and is now completed up to the 2nd How. (howitzer) Battery. Bridges made and trenches filled in up to 500 Crater …”

Immediately behind the Canadian line, the ground underneath the city of Arras was honeycombed with mines and tunnels. Tunnelling companies expanded these ancient catacombs linking them together and to the Canadian lines. Eventually, the Canadians had constructed a total of 12 large subways leading to the front line. The largest, the Grange, was over two kilometres long with innumerable side passages housing offices, infirmaries, dormitories, and caverns to hold the assault troops. After a tour, Lieutenant-Colonel Sam Sharpe, CO of the 116th (Ontario County) Battalion, described the underground system as “the most wonderful tunnels and dugouts … There is room here for a small tramway and it is entirely electrically lighted.”

Preparing subways and dugouts was a piece of cake compared to the work that other tunnellers had to do. Miners were also excavating deep tunnels more than 20 metres underground beneath the German defensive system. The objective was to excavate large caverns under the German defences, fill them with explosives and detonate huge land mines in conjunction with the attack. Other blind saps stopped just short of craters in no man’s land. When the attack commenced, they were to be blown open thereby providing the assault troops with direct, protected access to no man’s land.

The infantry assault troops had weaponry only slightly advanced from the disastrous fall battles on the Somme. However, the Corps was entirely reorganized before Vimy. The platoon of approximately 30 men became the basic combat unit. It was diversified to include riflemen, rifle-grenadiers, bombers and Lewis machine-gunners who used their various weapons in combination to suppress German fire and destroy machine guns and strongpoints.

The Corps also trained in an entirely different way. The level of openness was astonishing to experienced officers. Captain Ian Sinclair of the 13th Battalion recalled: “Troops throughout the ranks knew their objectives, the objectives of the units on their flanks, and the overall goals and scheduling of the offensive. They were encouraged to learn and rewarded for it.” They studied aerial photographs and maps. They looked at Plasticine models of the Ridge.

Safely behind the lines near Servins, they walked over fields with German trenches and positions marked on them exactly where they were known to be. “We got to know every part of that front,” Private Percy Twidale, a long-serving member of the 16th (Canadian Scottish) Battalion told an interviewer decades later, “which was a great help on the day of action.” Captain Sinclair concurred, noting that “Everybody down to the lowest Private knew exactly what the plan was from beginning to end … The timetable was clear to all involved.” At the time, an unheard of 40,000 maps were prepared and distributed to every officer and NCO involved in the operation.

Abandoned were the wave tactics employed on the Somme in 1916, when poorly trained troops of Kitchener Army’s advanced in lines, like automaton, only to be cut down by German machine-gun fire. Brigadier Griesbach of the 1st Brigade issued brigade orders on March 24, 1917 specifying that, “As long as an enemy machine gun is firing, it is clear that our people cannot advance in any sort of formation, and they must instead advance in short bounds or by stealth.” Byng concurred. He ordered his officers to fight “with the discipline of a well-trained pack of hounds. You find your own holes through the hedges. I’m not going to tell you where they are. But never lose sight of your objective. Reach it in your own way.”

By Monday, April 2, the final phases of the preparations were underway. The barrage that had gone on sporadically for weeks suddenly erupted with a new level of fury. In the week before the attack 50,000 tons of high explosives fell on the German defenders. The Canadian guns fired almost continuously. On occasion literally melting their gun barrels, they fired one million shells. So many, with such devastating effect, that the Germans on the receiving end named the period Woche des Leidens (the week of suffering).

“Once again trebled is the raging hurricane of fire,” one Bavarian soldier wrote in his diary. “The thunder of the heavy guns drowns any other noise. The rumble of the unparallelled storm is deeper now than the Somme.” Another experienced German soldier noted, “My dugout is four metres under the ground, but yet is not quite safe from the British who bombard us like the very devil.” Yet another wrote: “Men are constantly being killed and wounded.”

A German general staff account of the battle quoted an unnamed soldier: “What the eye sees through the clouds of smoke is a sea of masses of earth, thrown up and clouds of smoke rolling along … spitting fuses, slow burning gas shells, exploding trench mortars …” He also identified the psychological strain it imposed: “How long did this nightmare last? The sense of time seems intensified so that every second is divided into one hundred moments of fear.”

The bombardment was fiercer, and more accurate, than any that had preceded earlier battles.

On the Canadian side of the lines reports on artillery fire recorded in war diaries were workmanlike. “Weather fair and warm. All wire suspected is engaged, some 3,800 rds. expended by our 18 Pdr. Batteries. 4.5” Hows. busy on Trench Destruction. At 8 P.M. our Heavies put up a very good trial barrage. No hostile shelling of any extent during the past week.” By Easter Sunday, April 8, 1917 all of the preparations for the attack were complete.

Next month: The attack begins. After months of planning and preparation the Canadian Corps goes over the bags on a snowy, sleety Easter Monday morning.

[meadeqkburnscn73insurance-blog]

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