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Hatnub

[archaeologicalnews]

This 4,500-Year-Old Ramp Contraption May Have Been Used to Build Egypt's Great Pyramid

Archaeologists have long wondered exactly how the ancient Egyptians constructed the world's biggest pyramid, the Great Pyramid. Now, they may have discovered the system used to haul massive stone blocks into place some 4,500 years ago.

They discovered the remains of this system at the site of Hatnub, an ancient quarry in the Eastern Desert of Egypt. The contraption would have been used to transport heavy alabaster stones up a steep ramp, according to the archaeologists working at the site, from the Institut français d'archéologie orientale (French Institute for Oriental Archaeology)in Cairo and from the University of Liverpool in England. And it was possibly how Egyptians built the Great Pyramid, in the name of the pharaoh Khufu.

"This system is composed of a central ramp flanked by two staircases with numerous post holes," Yannis Gourdon, co-director of the joint mission at Hatnub, told Live Science. "Using a sled which carried a stone block and was attached with ropes to these wooden posts, ancient Egyptians were able to pull up the alabaster blocks out of the quarry on very steep slopes of 20 percent or more." Read more.

[imperium-romanum]

At the ancient site of Hatnub, a quarry in the eastern Egyptian desert not far from Faiyum, archaeologists have recently discovered a sled ramp system used to transport alabaster blocks. Post holes and a ramp with stairs on either side indicate that the contraption allowed Egyptian builders to move heavy blocks up and down steep slopes. Inscriptions have now helped archaeologists from the Institut français d’archéologie orientale and the University of Liverpool to date this groundbreaking technology to at least the reign of Khufu, who ruled from 2589–2566 BCE. Khufu is known as the pharaoh who likely commissioned the building of the Great Pyramid at Giza. Discovery and reconstruction of the ramp allows us to better understand ancient construction techniques. It also chips away at the long-held but fringe theory that the blocks were so heavy and the distances they would have to travel so lengthy that aliens must have built the pyramids.

Where did the theory of aliens building the pyramids actually come from? Since the late 19th century, science fiction writers have imagined Martians and other alien lifeforms engaged in great feats of terrestrial engineering. Earlier alien theories surrounding Atlantis may have spawned fantasies about alien building. The most substantial evidence for non-earthly creatures arrived in the wake of H.G. Wells’s success.

Capitalizing on the fervor surrounding Wells’s The War of the Worlds, astronomer and science fiction writer Garrett P. Serviss penned a quasi-sequel titled Edison’s Conquest of Mars in 1898. Serviss posited that “giants of Mars” had moved large blocks and built the Great Pyramid. He even noted that the Sphinx had Martian features. Edison’s Conquest was part of a number of science fiction works published as books or serialized in newspapers in the late 19th century which imagined alien invasions fought off by great inventors of the time. Thomas Edison was a favored hero in these science fiction fantasies much later collectively called Edisonades.

Continue reading

[egyptology-misr]

Table for Libations or Offerings Sculpted from an alabaster block, this altar was used either as a sacrificial altar or a libation table. It is decorated with the forms of two lions, whose front and back paws are beautifully defined. The altar slopes downward towards a circular basin, around which the tails of the lions are curled. Magical offering formulas and prayers were recited when libations like water, milk, beer or wine were poured over the altar. The liquids were then collected in the basin and presented to the gods or to the ka of the deceased. The same magical and sacred formulas were required during sacrificial rites performed on the altar, and in this case, the blood of the sacrificial animal was collected in the basin. The use of lion heads and paws, as decorative elements on thrones, chairs and beds, was a popular theme in ancient Egypt. The lion was associated with the horizon, where the sun god rose, and these features imbued the item of furniture with an air of strength and protection. Funerary beds matching the style of this altar were found in the tomb of King Tutankhamun, as well as in the funeral procession scenes in the Tombs of the Nobles in Thebes from the New Kingdom Period. The alabaster stone, often referred to as calcite by Egyptologists, was called shes by the ancient Egyptians, and quarried at Hatnub near Minya, 250 km south of Cairo. Old Kingdom, end of 2nd Dynasty, around 2690 BC. From the Mortuary Temple of Djoser, Saqqara. Now in the Egyptian Museum, Cairo.  #egyptology_misr #Egypte #Agypten #Egipt #Egipto #Egitto #Египет #مصر #मिस्र #エジプト #埃及 #Egypten #Visit_Egypt #discover_Egypt #Experience_Egypt #diving  #socialmedia #egypt #iloveegypt #luxor #karnak #mylifesamovie #mylifesatravelmovie #travelblog #travelblogger #solotravel #wanderlust #gopro #egyptology #ancientegypt (at Egyptian Museum) https://www.instagram.com/p/CIhG1HoF9k9/?igshid=174gxku0cq8bb

[photomatom]

End of Hatnub 2019 season #egypt #igersegypt #hatnub #discovering #journey #travelshots #travelgram #travelphotography #travellerlife #travelpic #travellover🌎 #traveler_stories #travel_captures #discover_earth #adventure_time #adventure #neverstopexploring #openyoureyes #travelpicsdaily #picoftheday #pictureoftheday — view on Instagram https://ift.tt/2VexbC9

[liputanviral-blog]

Proses Pembangunan Piramida di Mesir yang Bikin Penasaran

Liputanviral - Mesir merupakan salah satu negara yang mempunyai satu dari tujuh Keajaiban Dunia. Lewat piramida-nya, negara dengan ibu kota Kairo itu berhasil menarik ribuan orang untuk melihat bagaimana menakjubkannya bangunan berbentuk limas segiempat itu. Seperti Piramida Agung Giza yang dibangun pada dinasti keempat oleh Firaun Khufu, menjadi salah satu bangunan terbesar yang dibuat manusia. Tak hanya itu, hebatnya lagi konstruksi piramida menggunakan lebih dari 2 juta balok batu, yang masing-masing beratnya lebih dari 2 ton. Lantas bagaimana caranya orang Mesir kuno bisa mengangkut balok batu yang sangat berat itu?

Dilansir dari The Vintage News, para peneliti dari French Institute for Oriental Archaeology di Kairo dan University of Liverpool, Inggris menemukan bukti perihal sejarah dibangunnya piramida yang pernah menjadi bangunan tertinggi di dunia selama lebih dari 3.800 tahun. Para arkeolog mengungkapkan jika mereka menemukan sisa-sisa dari metode pembangunan piramida. Temuan itu berupa sistem yang digunakan untuk mengangkut dan memindahkan material balok batu dari tambang batu pualam atau Hatnub yang digunakan untuk membangun piramida. Pola itu berupa sebuah jalanan agak miring yang diapit oleh beberapa lubang tiang kecil. "Dengan menggunakan semacam kereta luncur, orang Mesir kuno bisa membawa balok batu dari tambang di lereng yang curam dengan mengikatnya dengan tali pada tiang kayu,” ujar Yannis Gourdon, salah satu arkeolog yang terlibat.

Tiang kayu itu berada sejajar dengan tangga yang mengapit landasan miring itu. Sementara tali yang diikatkan pada tiang dapat membantu para pekerja untuk menarik balok pualam. "Sistem semacam ini tidak pernah ditemukan di tempat lain," lanjut Gourdon. Gourdon menambahkan, jika sistem ini digunakan pada masa pemerintahan Khufu. Yang berarti pada saat itu orang Mesir kuno tahu bagaimana caranya memindahkan balok batu besar dari lereng yang sangat curam yang bisa digunakan untuk membangunan piramida. Read the full article

[narcisbolgor-blog]

New Discovery Finally Explains How The Egyptians Built Their Great Pyramids

Standing proudly at 139 meters (456 feet) tall, the Great Pyramid was the world’s largest human-created structure for 3,871 years. Over 4,500 years ago, they somehow managed to transport vast blocks out of the quarries and across the desert, but how?

Just north of modern-day Luxor, an important clue has been stumbled upon. For the first time, archeologists have discovered evidence of a sloped ramp with two sets of steps and numerous postholes on either side that was clearly used to help hoist blocks from a quarry via a sled. With the help of manpower and ropes, the wooden posts were used to leverage the sled uphill. 

As per an announcement by Egypt’s Ministry of Antiquities on Wednesday, it is simple yet clear evidence of a "unique system" to move and pull blocks. Ramps seem like an obvious answer to the question, and archeologists have long theorized that they were heavily relied on during the pyramid’s construction, but this is the first time that researchers have actually discovered physical evidence of their use.

The slope. Note the steps on either side, which were used to help to sleigh up the hill. Egyptian Ministry of Antiquities

An equally interesting feature of the discovery includes at least 100 engravings along the slopes that depict the organization of workers and their construction campaigns from the time.

The steps and slopes were discovered near Hatnub, once home to seasonal workers and a vast Egyptian alabaster quarry. Much of the pyramids were made of limestone, while many of the sculptures, floors, and walls were crafted from alabaster. It’s believed to date to the reign of King Khufu in the 4th Dynasty, which ties up nicely to the time of the Great Pyramid’s construction.

Drawings that explain some of the workers' campaign at the quarry. Egyptian Ministry of Antiquities

"As this system dates back at least to Khufu's reign, that means that during the time of Khufu, ancient Egyptians knew how to move huge blocks of stone using very steep slopes. Therefore, they could have used it for the construction [of] his pyramid," Yannis Gourdon, co-director of the joint mission at Hatnub, told Live Science.

As previous studies have shown, it’s likely that the ancient Egyptians used large sleds and ropes to pull the pyramid’s 2.5-ton building blocks and statues across the desert. It’s then likely that they poured a small amount of water across the sand to significantly reduces the sliding friction, a neat little trick that allowed the Egyptians to cut the number of workers needed by half.

[H/T: Live Science]

Original Article : HERE ; This post was curated & posted using : RealSpecific

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New Discovery Finally Explains How The Egyptians Built Their Great Pyramids was originally posted by Viral News - Feed

[munove]

Descubierto sistema para mover bloques de piedra hace 4500 años en cantera egipcia

En el yacimiento de las antiguas canteras de alabastro en Hatnub, en la región de Minia, un equipo de arqueólogos del Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale y de la Universidad de Liverpool ha descubierto un sistema para mover grandes bloques de piedra. El sistema, según ha explicado Yannis Gourdon, uno de los directores de los trabajos, se remontaría al reinado del faraón Quéops, momento en que esa sección de la cantera estuvo activa. El descubrimiento realizado consiste en una rampa rodeada por un sistema de postes.

etiquetas: egipcios, cantera, hatnub

» noticia original (egiptologia.com)

[aburafi418-blog]

Annotated Bibliography

Pyramid Technology, University of Florida. Retrieved from http://www2.mae.ufl.edu/~uhk/PYRAMID-TECHNOLOGY.pdf

The first source I will be using is a study from the Department of Mechanical and AeroSpace Engineering at the University of Florida. This study contains a break down of a timeline of how long it would've taken to build the Pyramid of Giza as well as the applied mathematical equations and sequences that were used by engineers to help construct the Pyramid. This source is very imperative to use and understand because ideologies and theories are essentially inferences or assumptions based on the facts; this source contains the proper math and is using primarily logos to explain how certain blocks were crafted and transported as well as an overall explanation to how the Pyramid was essentially built.

It seems like the audience was mainly directed towards those who understood key concepts such as friction of force and angular friction; essentially directed towards those who have history or experience with physics and logic such as engineers or even down to a basic level, students in high school and up. This source contains sophisticated language as well as sophisticated math to help explain how blocks were transported for construction such as granite blocks through wet sand and calculating the friction force available to help calculate how long the construction would’ve essentially taken. The elements of Pathos and Ethos were not prevalent throughout the article.

Overall, this source provides data of the types of resources and manpower that it had to take to build the pyramid over the 20 years it was constructed in; down to how many blocks needed to be constructed per hour (35 blocks per hour) and how many hours worked by the workers (10 hours a day) just to make this landmark possible. The dominant use of Logos helps make this source very reliable as the math is broken down and combined with logic helped to create a very substantial answer as to whether or not there was unknown and lost technology used to help create the pyramid.

Little, B. (2018, November 02). How Did Egyptians Build the Pyramids? Ancient Ramp Find Deepens Mystery. Retrieved fromhttps://www.history.com/news/ancient-egypt-pyramid-ramp-discovery

The second source I’ll be referring to is an online article that summarizes the insights drawn from the evidence of certain transportation systems that are still observable today. The author, Becky Little, provides insights of a recent discovery of a 4,500 year old ramp system recovered in the Eastern Desert of Hatnub. Researchers in Egypt have yet to mark the significance of the ramp system recovered, but Little continues to provide her observations and experience upon the quality of the evidence in the article

The audience is intended for those with an interest in the construction of the pyramids, as she relays information about possible theories held by researchers of how to construct the pyramids such as using ramp systems that would curve around the bottom outside walls to help construct the pyramid as it got higher and higher. She also includes that the Egyptians didn’t seem to leave any deliberate information on how they’ve built their pyramids. With those pieces of information, it shows that Little is trying to inform or update her audience on the logical theories that are being accepted and proved as researchers continue to discover new constructs related to the construction of the pyramids. The use of Logos is prevalent as well throughout the article which wasn’t surprising as there's no room, per status quo, for the use of Pathos or Ethos if it doesn’t help prove something of substance.

Overall, this source serves as an update on the new discoveries found by archeologists in Egypt and how it attributes to current theories and ideologies held by scientists today. It helps the case of unknown technology being used in my research question because it's clear that a solid logical reason has not been established on how the Pyramid was actually built; ramp or not. The evidence shows that for the construction of the pyramid, ramps weren’t enough and that something was missing from the overall components for the construction of the Pyramid; something like unknown advanced technology?

Parra, J., Vannini, S., Sappa, C., & Cordon Press. (2017, January 24). Standing Tall: Egypt's Great Pyramids. Retrieved fromhttps://www.nationalgeographic.com/archaeology-and-history/magazine/2017/01-02/egypt-great-pyramids-giza-plateau/

The third source I’ll be using is also another online article written by Jose Parra from National Geographic. In this article, it gets much more in depth into the historical value of the pyramid compared to the other two sources and why it was created in the first place. It provides a greater insight on who were the ones in charge of the architecture, and why the Pyramid of Giza was built in such a substantial way. It also attributes to the case of some common ideas of how the pyramid was built (evidence of ramp systems). This source has the parts of the story which are crucial to why the Egyptians went to great lengths to construct a pyramid of this nature.

The audience of this source can be those with significant interest in learning the history of the Pyramid of Giza as well as the construction. The source contains specific and in depth information as to who the architect was, Heminu (Khufus Nephew), who they were built for, and what kind of stonework was used to help build the pyramid and why the Engineers used bigger and bigger stones as construction went on. This source contains multiple pictures and diagrams displaying where and how certain things were constructed and positioned the way they were, providing a visualistic insight on why certain designs were taken over others.

Overall, this source is filled with many details that I found to be missing in the other two articles; historical and traditional reasons as to why the pyramid was created. This source also contains more elements of Pathos and Ethos as well as Logos compared to the other sources when describing how the incredible pyramid was needed as a shrine to their emperor, Khufu. This helps to close out my sources as I have great detail to look into with them and comparing the logical theories while cross matching them with one another. I really would like to understand the great depths that the Egyptians had to go through to create a landmark that was this substantial and is still one of our seven wonders today.

[isabellavonghoul]

Pseudoarchaeology and the Racism Behind Ancient Aliens

Pseudoarchaeology and the Racism Behind Ancient Aliens

At the ancient site of Hatnub, a quarry in the eastern Egyptian desert not far from Faiyum, archaeologists have recently discovered a sled ramp system used to transport alabaster blocks. Post holes and a ramp with stairs on either side indicate that the contraption allowed Egyptian builders to move heavy blocks up and down steep slopes. Inscriptions have now helped archaeologists from the…

[viparts]

Pseudoarchaeology and the Racism Behind Ancient Aliens

Pseudoarchaeology and the Racism Behind Ancient Aliens

A female Egyptian head with an elongated skull is likely a depiction of the child of Amenophis IV/Akhenaten, (1351-1334 BCE) and is a forgery executed in the 18th Dynasty, Amarna Period style, limestone and red paint, Walters Art Museum (image via the Walters Art Museum creative commons).

At the ancient site of Hatnub, a quarry in the eastern Egyptian desert not far from Faiyum, archaeologists ha…

[imperium-romanum]

What began as an expedition to record the inscriptions of ancient Egyptian quarry workers produced a remarkable discovery about the Great Pyramid at Giza. My colleagues and I in the Anglo-French joint archaeological mission to the ancient quarry site of Hatnub recently revealed the existence of a well-preserved haulage ramp dating to the time of the Great Pyramid, roughly 4,500 years ago.

We think this could significantly change the theories about how the workers who built the monument were able to transport such large blocks of stone to great heights. It could even provide evidence that pulleys were invented hundreds of years earlier than previously documented.

The ancient ramp. Photo by Roland Enmarch.

The rock-cut ramp is flanked by two flights of rock-cut stairs, into which are cut post holes that would originally have held wooden posts, now long perished. The pattern of post holes is well enough preserved that we can begin to reconstruct a pulley system that would have been used to lift large blocks of alabaster out of the open-cast quarry.

Continue reading

[egyptology-misr]

Table for Libations or Offerings Sculpted from an alabaster block, this altar was used either as a sacrificial altar or a libation table. It is decorated with the forms of two lions, whose front and back paws are beautifully defined. The altar slopes downward towards a circular basin, around which the tails of the lions are curled. Magical offering formulas and prayers were recited when libations like water, milk, beer or wine were poured over the altar. The liquids were then collected in the basin and presented to the gods or to the ka of the deceased. The same magical and sacred formulas were required during sacrificial rites performed on the altar, and in this case, the blood of the sacrificial animal was collected in the basin. The use of lion heads and paws, as decorative elements on thrones, chairs and beds, was a popular theme in ancient Egypt. The lion was associated with the horizon, where the sun god rose, and these features imbued the item of furniture with an air of strength and protection. Funerary beds matching the style of this altar were found in the tomb of King Tutankhamun, as well as in the funeral procession scenes in the Tombs of the Nobles in Thebes from the New Kingdom Period. The alabaster stone, often referred to as calcite by Egyptologists, was called shes by the ancient Egyptians, and quarried at Hatnub near Minya, 250 km south of Cairo. Old Kingdom, end of 2nd Dynasty, around 2690 BC. From the Mortuary Temple of Djoser, Saqqara. Now in the Egyptian Museum, Cairo. CG 1321 #egyptology_misr #Egypte #Agypten #Egipt #Egipto #Egitto #Египет #مصر #मिस्र #エジプト #埃及 #Egypten #Visit_Egypt #discover_Egypt #Experience_Egypt #diving  #socialmedia #egypt #iloveegypt #luxor #karnak #mylifesamovie #mylifesatravelmovie #travelblog #travelblogger #solotravel #wanderlust #gopro #egyptology #ancientegypt (at Egyptian Museum) https://www.instagram.com/p/B8KPC9UlNzt/?igshid=1pgee3ubcm4sw

[photomatom]

End of Hatnub 2019 season #egypt #igersegypt #hatnub #ancienthistory #discovering #journey #travelshots #travelgram #travelphotography #travellerlife #travelpic #travellover🌎 #traveler_stories #travel_captures #discover_earth #adventure_time #adventure #neverstopexploring #openyoureyes #travelpicsdaily #picoftheday #pictureoftheday — view on Instagram https://ift.tt/2LPaZvw

[tesaonews]

Sistema de rampas pode explicar mistério da construção das pirâmides do Egito

As famosas pirâmides do Egito são a única das Sete Maravilhas do mundo antigo que continuam de pé e chamam nossa atenção até hoje. Muitos sempre se perguntaram como que elas foram construídas pelos egípcios. Só que mais uma pista acaba de ser dada: a antiga civilização pode ter utilizado um engenhoso sistema de rampas para transportar os enormes blocos usados na construção.

Uma nova descoberta arqueológica revelou que na pedreira de alabastros de Hatnub, existia uma rampa construída especialmente para carregar os blocos até o local da construção das pirâmides.

O material mais usado para a construção das pirâmides do Egito foi o calcário, mas o alasbatro também foi usado nos pisos, estátuas e sarcófagos. Acredita-se que esse sistema também pode ter sido utilizado em outras pedreiras.

A descoberta é de grande importância por que essa é a primeira evidência de como que os blocos usados na construção das pirâmides foram transportados das pedreiras, segundo Mustafa Waziri, secretário do Ministério de Antiguidades do Egito.

“O sistema consiste de uma rampa central, cercada por dois lances de escadas que contém buracos”, explicou o arqueólogo Yannis Gourdon.

Os arqueólogos acreditam que esses buracos tinham, provavelmente, enormes e resistentes tocos de madeira. Os blocos, então eram colocados em trenós também feitos de madeira e cordas eram amarradas nesses postes para facilitar o trabalho dos serventes na hora de empurrar as enormes rochas.

Além dessa rampa, os arqueólogos também encontraram, ao menos, 100 escrituras que celebravam a visita de faraós até as pedreiras de alabastro de Hatnub. No entanto, elas já apresentavam sinais significativos de degradação por conta da ação do tempo.

Mais escavações precisam ser realizadas para descobrirmos se existem mesmo outras rampas semelhantes. Por exemplo, ainda não se sabe como que os blocos de calcário foram transportados. Mas com essa importante descoberta, já podemos ter encontrado uma possível resposta para esse mistério.

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O post Sistema de rampas pode explicar mistério da construção das pirâmides do Egito apareceu primeiro em Tesão News.

source https://tesaonews.com.br/noticia-tesao/sistema-de-rampas-pode-explicar-misterio-da-construcao-das-piramides-do-egito/

[liberty1776]

The remains of a 4,500-year-old ramp system have been discovered in an ancient quarry in Eastern Desert, in what scientists said may give a clue on how Egyptian Pyramids were built thousands of years ago, according to Live Science.

The ramp was unearthed at the Egyptian site of Hatnub by researchers from the French Institute for Oriental Archaeology in Cairo and the University of Liverpool in England.

The scientists suggested that the ramp was specifically designed to drag 2.5-ton stone blocks up a slope with the help of sleds and rope.