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k00250550 · 4 years ago

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Design and Culture Essay In order to keep our culture strong, it’s best that some things are left out of the ads

Let me begin by telling you a story.

One day a few cavemen went out on the hunt. They came across a gorgeous cow. Strangely enough this cow was all alone but she seemed to be pregnant! Somehow the cavemen convinced this vulnerable creature to come home with them.

They fed her delicious fruit everyday while building a spacious pin around her, chopping trees directly from that area for the finest material and perfect animal storage. They finished building the fence right before the gentle cow had her calf. The cavemen saw what a beautiful connection the mother had with her baby but they were hungry.

They ate the calf and started drinking it’s milk. Regardless of the cow’s emotions/trauma her body still thought it was feeding her baby.

When other cavemen heard about these geniuses they immediately searched for healthy looking cows and bulls to breed and humankind never looked back!

Until the bloody vegans came along……………...

When it comes to eating animals, not only do we kill animals who are living their wildlife but humans are so intelligent that they managed to capture and breed animals for the sole purpose of becoming what some people like to call food. Does anyone want to know what their life is like before they’re sitting on the tesco shelf? What goes on behind closed doors?

Who kills animals everyday and why are they willing to do it?

Many people feel as though they have no other way to earn to feed their families and commonly undocumented immegrants who have little to no choice.

Slaughterhouses are one of the most dangerous working environments with risks from amputations to catching diseases. Not to mention PTSD.

This is what you see when you search “slaughterhouse workers” on Google Scholar (first 5)

Sickness absence and work strain among Danish slaughterhouse workers: An analysis of absence from work regarded as coping behaviour - ScienceDirect

Occurrence of carpal tunnel syndrome among slaughterhouse workers on JSTOR

Neck and upper limb disorders among slaughterhouse workers: an epidemiologic and clinical study (jstor.org)

High prevalence of nasal MRSA carriage in slaughterhouse workers in contact with live pigs in The Netherlands (cambridge.org)

Body discomfort in poultry slaughterhouse workers (iospress.com)

Sickness absence and work strain among Danish slaughterhouse workers: An analysis of absence from work regarded as coping behaviour - ScienceDirect

Occurrence of carpal tunnel syndrome among slaughterhouse workers on JSTOR

Neck and upper limb disorders among slaughterhouse workers: an epidemiologic and clinical study (jstor.org)

High prevalence of nasal MRSA carriage in slaughterhouse workers in contact with live pigs in The Netherlands (cambridge.org)

Body discomfort in poultry slaughterhouse workers (iospress.com)

Irish culture vs Chinese culture

In Ireland we accept the idea that pigs are “food” and dogs are pets (I believe animals should be wild). I do not agree with the idea of human supremacy. I don’t think it's moral to breed/ take ownership of anybody other than our own.

In Chinese culture they think it is normal to eat cats and dogs. What’s the difference between dogs and pigs?

Did you know that pigs are extremely intelligent?

“Pigs are indeed physiologically similar to humans” (pig cognition, Mendl, Held, Byrne)

Did you know that most pigs in Ireland are in factories where they barely see the light of day? Same goes for the 70 million chickens reared in Ireland each year (plus 2 million hens) agritours.ie boasts all about how successful Ireland is when it comes to taking advantage of species that are less important than human animals.

Chickens were developed from the red jungle fowl, who naturally lay about 12 eggs per year, I’ll let you think about the amount of hormones and genetical engineering was required for them to lay daily, as well as the fact that egg shells are 100% calcium meaning the hens we see today would die of osteoporosis if we don’t kill them soon enough/but the hens are killed before they get the chance to develop osteoporosis)

Perdue made it clear in his ads that his chickens were bred from the best to make the best.

“the better the breeding, the better the eating”, “bred from a lot of different chickens to give you the best of them all”

Perdue Chicken Ads 1970s

“It takes a tough man to make tender chicken”

Eating animals has been promoted as manly and essential in order to be strong.

Yet gorillas are herbivores…………….

ADVERTISING

We see dead animals advertised all over the world but we just think we’re looking at food. Thanks to the paradigm.

I remember the pleasure that comes with eating animals just like I remember the pleasure that comes with smoking tobacco.

Why are certain dead animals better known as meat?

When you walk into burger king, they don’t use photographs of cute and healthy bullocks (a bull that got the chop) nor do they show the conditions in which the cow got milked (most likely poop everywhere)

Instead they show us the delicious looking melted cheese on a burger of a blended animal in crispy buns with the best sauce and lettuce.

People don’t have to make the connection.

No reminder of slaughter in the design - god forbid kids know the origin of nuggets.

How do we view animals?

How do predators see their prey?

Why do videos of animals being slaughtered make people uncomfortable?

I don’t think a lion would care whether or not his prey is happy nor would they stop and think it’s cute… then again I don’t think a lion would capture and breed another species. They would have no need to hunt if they simply made zebras have sex with eachother and didn’t let them escape an area. They could even use their milk as a source of calcium when the babies are fat enough to be eaten.

Thanks to advertising, most people don’t even have to think about the fact that cows need to carry a baby for 9 months before it being taken away so they can make money from their milk.

The paradigm: Why are we constantly reminded that milk contains calcium for strong bones? We are all very familiar with Avonmore “for healthy growth and strong bones” who sponsor RTE weather! Are you familiar with the mother of your milk? Are you a feminist?

The dairy industry has convinced us that their milk is an important source of calcium, obviously milk for a developing calf is nutritious but does that mean it is suitable for a grown/developing human?

What wild animal would stand around and let you milk it?

Why would our natural bodies require another mammals milk?

Collard greens, seaweeds and sesame seeds have more calcium than cow’s milk and strangely enough they are not a source of bad cholesterol. Drink milk though, it's important!

Health risks/ Nutrition (The Encyclopedia of Healing Foods, pg 575)

Dr. Murray says milk “does much more harm than good at the average amount consumed” and that it is not a necessary source of calcium like they made it seem.

He also states that “milk and cheese are often loaded with fat and cholesterol which can lead to obesity, heart disease and cancer” something I’ve never seen included in advertising.

The U.S dairy industry tells us that everybody needs milk through an enormous annual advertising budget and as result: humans have a huge love affair with the addictive milk for calf growth (Dr. Neal Barnard: The Cheese Trap - Break the addiction)

“Milk products may also be contaminated with pesticides, dioxins, drug residues and concern is growing about the use of hormones in cows to boost milk production leading to cancer and asthma” “In addition, good evidence exists that milk consumption actually increases the risk of osteoporosis, the very disease that the dairy industry uses as a selling point in its ads”

Oh the Avonmore ad is on again, do do dooooo :) what a lovely guitar :)

“Countries with the highest rate of hip fractures per capita have the highest dairy intake”

Similar proof applies to osteoporosis. (All outlined in the Encyclopedia of healing foods)

Happy cows produce the best milk but I wanna know what kinda cows produce the most milk!

Bovine Growth Hormone (Encyclopedia of Healing Foods, pg 598)

Estimated 80-90% of U.S. dairy supply is contaminated (rBGH injections to increase milk production) and about 40% of “beef” used to make hamburgers comes from ‘old’ dairy cows. In Ireland, dairy cows also get sent for slaughter when they are no longer capable of having more babies.

Do you know where Cadbury’s source their milk? Cadburys is owned by Monsanto, the same American company who owns Philadelphia cream cheese. Have you ever wondered how they treat their animals?

The politics of meat (The Encyclopedia of Healing Foods, pg 600)

1 in 6 people go hungry

70% of U.S grain goes to feed livestock

50% of U.K cereal crops used for animal food

Each kilo of meat represents several kilos of grain/corn/wheat that could be consumed directly by humans

People are so focused on animal products (thanks to advertising I’d say) that they seem to disregard/ forget the importance of plant food!

Anyway this book of healing food wholey praises plants while warning about the consumption of dead animals and their excretions. Yes “meat and dairy” have nutritional value but does that mean we should eat them?

When you think about it, thanks to animal agriculture and all the land it requires, humans are homeless and hungry while farm animals are fed and sheltered (in captivity)

Bibliography:

The Encyclopedia of Healing Foods, Dr. Michael Murray and Dr. Joseph Pizzorno with Laura Pizzorno

Pig Cognition, Michael Mendl, Suzanna Held and Richard W. Bryne

Poultry Farming in Ireland (agritours.ie)

Perdue Chicken Commercials - 1970's - YouTube

Dr. Neal Barnard, The Cheese Trap - Break the Addiction, YouTube

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peter-author · 5 years ago

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It’s About The Beds, Stupid!

We’re in the middle of another cataclysmic event for America and the world – but America always learns precipitously and leaps to solutions—sometimes good, sometimes bad. The last cataclysmic event was 9/11. Within a week of that event corporations changed from risk-takers to decisions by committee in an effort to at least feel stability could be returned. In the process, much of the greatest individualism traits of American business were swept aside in favor of corporate think instead of entrepreneurial think. Boeing senior staff moved away from a hands-on managerial style and established one-step-up-only management systems like the military, thinking that would bring stability and risk-avoidance. The most senior management left the plant in Washington and moved to Chicago, losing contact with the very engineering feedback that made the company great. Result? We’re seeing it with the 737 Max.

GE made a decision along similar lines and told NBC, overnight, to disregard any proposal for less than $25,000,000 and (I was on the receiving end) dropped projects they had green-lighted already. Result? Profits fell and NBC was shuffled off to Universal who, in turn, sold itself to Comcast. Hospital groups, Airlines (Continental, Northwest, Aloha, America West, US Airways), Pratt-Whitney, Chrysler, GM, Random House, HarperCollins, and a host of others sought a group-think managerial style—all of which resulted in depressed profits, horrible product mistakes and, never least, a rush to Wall Street to shore up their business and, thereby, they squeezed the best assets they had out the door: their trained workers.

In fact, things were so tenuous in late 2008 for much of America’s workforce that when Bush/Cheney ran us into debt and the mortgage crisis the only sensible plan was to invest government money into those businesses with the largest workforces to keep any semblance of the economy working. America was built on its workers, not Wall Street. Wall Street is a tool to be used only by the most skilled, to insure the people have work, generate business, revenue (GDP), and keep America strong. The best investors know this. Think Warren Buffett.

And now we have a pandemic. It was lauded as “fake news” which was just plain stupid. There was ample proof, medical proof, bodies piling up, that showed it was not a hoax. So, instead of preventative measures, we’re now trying to shut the barn door long after the horses have left, been back, left again and so on. Okay, you say, people will get sick, it’s like the flu, right? No. Every expert medical evaluation shows the death rate is at least ten times higher than death by flu. Influenza kills one in a thousand people who get sick, 34,200 last year. This Covid-19 kills one in a hundred. Look around you, do you know, see a hundred people? One of the ones near you may well die. Do the math for total possible deaths and illness and you can see this pandemic is cataclysmic.

And for each person getting sick, two people will be required to look after them, at least two. And the company that person works for? And the pay that person is not earning while sick? And the expenses and leisure time for the people looking after the sick? In short, one person getting that sick, let alone dying, can cripple the economy quickly as numbers explode. McDonalds sells less hamburgers, paper from China for printing and toilet paper gets in short supply, sick truck drivers can’t deliver food… the chains here are all in danger of being broken.

And to make matters worse, there are only 100,000 critical care beds in our country. Assuming no nurse, doctor, hospital administrator, hospital cook, cleaner, testing lab tech ever gets sick, means that the government’s CIDRAP estimate of up 3% of the people who get sick will need a bed in hospital. Going by current CDC estimates, we’re looking at possibly 1,000,000 sick by end of April, 2,000,000 by May 7, 14,000,000 million by June 14… doubling every six days until it begins to fade in late July. If 3% of those cases need hospitalization and hospital treatment, then by late May we’ll be out of all hospital critical care facilities, and critical care nurses, and critical care doctors, and critical care cleaners, equipment, administrators… the list goes on.

Buckle up and prepare. Everything in America is about to change once again, 9/11 all over again.

#covid-19 #icu #coronavirus

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lodelss · 5 years ago

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A Once and Future Beef

Will Meyer | Longreads | July 2019 | 10 minutes (2,501 words)

This year beef has become yet another proxy in the never ending culture wars. Such foot-soldiers as Sebastian Gorka and Ted Cruz have stoked the flames, claiming that Democrats are going to take hamburgers away and kill cows, replacing summer barbecues with Stalinism. Of course, Democrats have no such plans, at least not yet; at this point, the Green New Deal (GND) is merely a pipe dream and hardly an actionable reality. Still, the idea that beef could become contested is what provoked reactions. A fact-sheet about the GND mentioned the carbon emissions from the meat industry, and last year’s International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report specifically named animal emissions and land use as issues that need addressing in order to save the planet within its twelve-year time table.

“The forecast is bleak,” Troy Vettese writes of the IPCC report in Boston Review: “[over] the course of the twenty-first century, as the global population balloons past ten billion, the Earth simply will not have enough land to expand production for crops, meat, dairy, forestry, biofuels, as well as for various schemes to reduce carbon dioxide, while simultaneously preserving biodiversity and safeguarding the food security of the world’s poorest people.” Half of the world’s habitable landmass, he notes, is used for agriculture. Of this, just more than two-thirds is used for grazing. Of the remaining third, a third of that is used for animal feed, and a fifth for biofuels. In short, a downright incredible amount of the world’s land is used for animal agriculture. And the market for cheap beef is rapidly expanding to include the growing middle class in places like India, China, and South America, further exacerbating the problem.

As the human species faces a fork in the road of epic proportions — with survival hanging in the balance — chances are we will have to confront not only the engines of industrial capitalism, but also the diet it has subsisted on. To do that, historian Joshua Specht has turned his attention to the making of what he dubs the “cattle-beef complex,” the industrial mechanism that birthed a Red Meat Republic; or so asserts the title of his new book recently out from Princeton University Press. The book follows the development of the modern beef machine from the second half of the 19th century until the first decade or so of the 20th. From frontier settlements and the dispossession of Indigenous land to the development of transportation technology and the rise of monopolistic “Beef Trusts,” Specht chronicles what amounted to a “democratization of beef” — wherein cheap and accessible beef for the many became a signal of American progress.

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The making of the cattle-beef complex expanded the government’s regulatory powers — introducing legislation and other regulations to ensure food safety — ultimately prioritizing consumer concerns such as price and sanitation, superseding any worries about labor exploitation or animal abuse. Instead of the easy story told by the industry itself, one of progress and technological breakthroughs by way of railroads and refrigeration, Specht stakes out the contours of this history in its political and economic struggles, providing a vivid picture of the sheer violence — from ranch to table — needed to birth the modern meat industry. Disturbingly, by situating the beef industry’s rise historically in the U.S., Red Meat Republic doesn’t make it any harder to imagine the continued rise of a ever-larger beef frontier that slaughters and ships record amounts of beef to new markets, with no rise of global vegetarianism — and no climate crisis relief — in sight; instead, it makes it all too easy.

Specht begins his history with the violent conquest of grazing lands. The book’s first chapter, aptly titled “War,” tells how hunters, ranchers, and the U.S. military worked side by side to settle the West. After the Civil War, it was ranching specifically that drove the frontier westward. Ranches were not only the most outward white settlements, but they also served, in many cases, as a pretext for further expansion. Meanwhile, hunters, with the help of the U.S. cavalry, pursued bison in order to both sell the hides and threaten Native people’s subsistence, eventually forcing them onto reservations (where they were sold beef unfit for the white market). During this time, Union general Philip Sheridan, who, Specht notes, was one of the “chief architects” of conquest in the West, delivered a speech to the Texas legislature; it was the height of the cattle boom, and the legislature was considering a bill to preserve the few remaining bison. In his address, Sheridan praised the bison hunters for doing more “in the last two years and [who] will do more in the next year, to settle the vexed Indian question, than the entire regular army has done in the last thirty years.” Once the hunters finish the job and the “buffaloes are exterminated,” Sheridan said, “Then your prairies can be covered with speckled cattle, and the festive cowboy, who follows the hunter as the second forerunner of an advanced civilization.”

Specht … provid[es] a vivid picture of the sheer violence — from ranch to table — needed to birth the modern meat industry.

Of course, Specht notes, the line between hunter and cowboy was hazy at best, and the cowboy more an “accomplice” to conquest than anything. Wars in the 1870s against the Kiowa, Comanche, and Cheyenne people brought victory to the U.S. military, expanding the “Cattle Kingdom.” Specht describes cattle from this time period as “mobile colonizers,” because as they roamed into disputed territory they created further pretext for military intervention. As ranching grew, so did foreign investment in ranches, leading to simmering tensions between large and small operations. This took the form of sparring over private property, water, and new technology like fencing to assert ownership claims. By the 1880s a cattle boom was underway, which was thwarted by harsh winters in 1886-87. These winters, Specht explains, exposed the contradictions of ranching — that ranches were predicated on massive risks that were in conflict with financial demands of investors — and led to the dissolution of many ranches. The balance of power then shifted towards Chicago, where the Big Four meat packing houses — Armour & Co., Swift & Co., Morris & Co. and Hammond & Co. — jockeyed for control of the industry.

“The stories ranchers and hunters told themselves and others were as much a tool of conquest as their rifles,” Specht writes. Early cowboy songs and novels depicting ranching told of a loss of a way of life: “Gone is the buffalo, the Indian warwhoop, and the free grass of the open plain,” one song went, presciently hinting at Bundy-esque motifs of the West’s original state of pure freedom that still persist to this day. The image of the early cowboy did two things: it obscured the relationship between labor and ranch management and it told a fairy-tale version of the frontier à la the Turner thesis (which suggested that America’s uniquely democratic society was a direct result of frontier expansion) that whitewashed both the violent conquest on the Plains as well as the later horrors of the Chicago packinghouses. In Specht’s words, “the open range was more imagined than real, but the idea’s power helped make western violence and land dispossession a reality.”

There were four ways to make money from cattle, Specht notes: “raising them, fattening them, moving them, or butchering them.” As the Big Four ascended, ranchers had to move their cattle to Chicago, often via treacherous marches, where the cows walked thousands of miles to slaughter. Cows would die on the trail, get stolen, face dehydration or disease. Still, quite a cottage industry of cattle movers hustled and dealt, leading the animals through a makeshift transportation infrastructure of gold-rush style cattle towns complete with brothels and dance halls where deals could be struck. Cattle towns, in places like Kansas, would later lobby railroads to construct stops to ensure their boom wouldn’t bust. Without a railroad stop, these towns were finished.

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It was the mythology of railroads, refrigeration, and the advent of the assembly line that allowed the Big Four to consolidate power. While changes in technology absolutely transformed the firms’ capacity to ship beef globally with haste, their success likewise stemmed from their ability to crush labor, collude with railroads, undercut local butchers, and use the law to their advantage. “Cattle slaughter was as much about exploitation as innovation; beef distribution as much about collusion as invention,” Specht writes. Slaughterhouses relied on a plentiful and expendable labor force. The Pinkertons — private mercenaries — were brought in to break up strikes for an 8-hour day, and workers injured on the job had trouble seeking legal recourse. Specht tells the story of fourteen-year-old Vincentz Rutkowski, who was performing the jobs of at least three workers when he got injured — a swinging carcass hit a knife that stabbed him in the arm — and he took his employer to court claiming his injury was a result of understaffing. The court sided with the firm, Swift & Company, saying he had the ability to leave to protect his safety.

Despite labor concerns brought up by stories like Rutkowski’s or Upton Sinclair’s Chicago slaughterhouse exposé The Jungle, the safety of workers took a back seat to that of consumers, who ultimately wanted cheap and sanitary beef above all else. (“I aimed for the public’s heart,” Sinclair famously lamented, “and by accident hit it in the stomach.”) This allowed the government to expand its regulatory apparatus, which the Big Four complied with to stave off food safety concerns. The industry’s biggest scandal emerged during the War of 1898, when canned beef — one of the favorite non-perishables of a nascent imperialism — was responsible for poisoning thousands of soldiers and even killing some. This scandal stoked fears of the budding industrial food system and its risks. Yet these fears “may actually have contributed to the naturalization of industrial beef,” Specht writes, because it funneled concern into adequate regulation and actionable fixes for the packing houses that didn’t ultimately challenge their power. Even Teddy Roosevelt, who secured a legacy of breaking the power of big business, didn’t go after Big Beef but rather signed off on the idea of a federal food safety regime, passing both the Pure Food and Drug Act and the Federal Meat Inspection Act in 1906, thereby cementing the legitimacy of cheap industrial beef.

According to Specht, the “democratization of beef” allowed diets of steak for workers and aristocrats alike. Cheap and abundant meat, he explains, gave newcomers an excuse to write home to tell of an American abundance that eventually defined global tastes and continuers to influence American cultural identity to this day. Yet Red Meat Republic tells the story not so much of a “democratization” per se, but rather of an economic concentration and domination. Then as now, there were always cheaper proteins available — you won’t be shocked to learn that the cost per calorie of almost all beans and nuts, as well as eggs and a lot of dairy products, is massively less than that of nearly all meats, including relatively cheap ground beef. Yet, the world over, the hunger for beef is growing.

Lurking beneath the cultural signifiers of the mythical American frontier are the cunning tactics with which to justify illegal land grabs.

Despite a few mergers and acquisitions, the beef industry that formed by the turn of the 20th century continues to splatter blood and grind burgers basically intact. The Brazilian meatpacker JBS does get a passing mention in Red Meat Republic’s introduction, where Specht notes its 2007 purchase of Swift & Co. (the member of the original Big Four that maimed Vincentz Rutkowski), thus creating the largest packing firm in the world. But the book does not address the fact that the beef industry is now expanding into the indigenous lands of the Amazon, a fact so on the nose as to seem designed to bolster Specht’s case. As the Guardian recently noted, “Brazil is now the world’s slaughterhouse,” clearing the rainforest to export record amounts of beef to markets like China and Hong Kong. In other words, Brazil is torching and clearing one of the world’s largest carbon sinks in order graze “mobile colonizers”; and it’s only gotten worse since far-right president Jair Bolsonaro took power, gutting and/or institutionally ignoring what few regulations still remained to curb deforestation (not to mention tacitly encouraging the murder of indigenous activists, journalists, and politicians by loggers and ranchers).

As one study by scientists from 40 countries noted, halting deforestation is “just as urgent” as reducing emissions in order to contain the unraveling climate catastrophe. Summarizing the study, the Guardian writes, “Razing the world’s forests would release more than 3 trillion tons of carbon dioxide, more than the amount locked in identified global reserves of oil, coal and gas.” According to another study, “Tropical deforestation could add 1.5 degrees Celsius (2.7 degrees Fahrenheit) to global temperatures by 2100 — even if we shut down fossil fuel emissions tomorrow.” On top of all that, deforestation — which is driven by “global greed for meat,” as per the Guardian — will cause climate consequences in unintended ways. New research is starting to show the links between deforestation and changing weather patterns in different parts of the world. When forests are cleared for ranching and other agribusiness, they release less water vapor into the clouds, affecting rainfall and agriculture in places like Argentina and the American Midwest.

Still, what is most uncanny, perhaps, is the striking parallel between the western prairies of the U.S. in the 19th century and the Amazon today when it comes to the dispossession of indigenous land to make way for ranching. Reporter Alexander Zaitchik went to Brazil recently for The Intercept and described in detail the “agricultural frontier” eating into the rainforest. Reading Zaitchik on Brazil reminded me so much of reading Specht: one detail that stood out was the description of the cattle boom towns. Here’s Zaitchik: “The ascendant ranching capital of south Amazonas, [the town of] Boca swaggers with the ersatz Texas style found throughout western Brazil, with cowboy-themed bars and burly men dressed in the region’s take on the Marlboro Man: unbuttoned checkered shirt, cross on a gold chain, blue jeans, oversized belt buckle, boots, and a wide-brimmed hat of straw or leather, pulled low,” which recalled Specht’s recollection of Kansas cattle towns (Ellsworth and Abilene) boasting bars and brothels with names like “Lone Star,” “The Alamo,” and “Long Horns.” Lurking beneath the cultural signifiers of the mythical American frontier are the cunning tactics with which to justify illegal land grabs. JBS must pretend to adhere to environmental and moral standards to appear clean to international auditors — but they are supplied beef by AgroSB, which has been “accused of illegal deforestation, keeping workers in slave-like conditions, and spraying a community occupying one of its farms with pesticides — accusations it has strongly denied,” according to the Guardian.

Global hamburger hegemony, arguably the U.S.’s most powerful export, is now being pitted against a livable climate. Even those who are on the forefront of agroforestry practices like silvopasture, which would reduce emissions related to animal husbandry by adding more trees to pastures, will bluntly point out that our meat consumption must be significantly reduced. The history of U.S. beef has been written; now we have to learn its lessons.

* * *

Will Meyer is a writer and musician. He is editor of The Shoestring, a local online publication in Western Massachusetts.

Editor: Dana Snitzky

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ravishankarsivasubramaniam · 5 years ago

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A Once and Future Beef

Will Meyer | Longreads | July 2019 | 10 minutes (2,501 words)

Local Bookstores Amazon

Specht … provid[es] a vivid picture of the sheer violence — from ranch to table — needed to birth the modern meat industry.

Kickstart your weekend reading by getting the week’s best Longreads delivered to your inbox every Friday afternoon.

Lurking beneath the cultural signifiers of the mythical American frontier are the cunning tactics with which to justify illegal land grabs.

* * *

Will Meyer is a writer and musician. He is editor of The Shoestring, a local online publication in Western Massachusetts.

Editor: Dana Snitzky

#Longreads #Food #Ravishankar Sivasubramaniam #Will Meyer

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