#hachel

[athletearrhythmia]

Hey there! I have followed you for a while and enjoy your posts. I am curious though, you seem very fit and healthy. What if anything is wrong with your heart? Rate and rhythm problems?

Glad you like my stuff! I love sharing my heart, I think I come off kinda macho-dudebro in my posts but I'm really just a lil nerd and I experimented with various exercises/training to change my body and heart and I'm kinda floored by the results. I always worry I come off like "tell me I'm the best" when really I'm like "this is so cool right? I can't believe it's my heart!"

Anyway, to actually answer your question: short answer, nope, I'm in spectacular cardiac health. Slightly longer, I have "athlete's heart" or "athlete's heart syndrome." High levels of exercise will modestly enlarge the heart. Disease will greatly enlarge the heart. In some folks, like me, the exercise enlargement is more than expected and appears to overlap with early heart disease, in terms of enlargement, electrical changes, etc.

So, they make you do a bunch of tests. My echocardiogram is from that round of tests that confirmed I'm just a high level athlete and don't have heart disease. I also have some electrical changes and minor arrhythmia but these are actually common in athletes. Actually another cardiophile, my friend Hachel on YouTube, has a similarly enlarged heart, and you can find his files where he goes into sporadic arrhythmia and gets very low resting rates (even more pronounced than me! He's an inspiration.)

My crazier arrhythmia files are not natural occurrences, they are induced rhythms because I have a bit of a taste for them. I like how they feel, what can I say? I don't recommend it haha. The arrhythmia I get naturally aren't as wild and they're fairly unpredictable. But they don't bother me.

The other exams and scans I've posted are from being a healthy control in medical imaging studies. I sought those out on my own out of curiosity.

[axolotlbloddy]

Noo ship: I recover from cringe and I tell Mr bottoms to stiles Mr tops hat and feed it to thr hachelings eiad:why the ...

[larsen71]

PORTRÆT AF Hachel, oberst Ditlev (matador)41(631

[shippy-pjo-shipper]

Some concepts. Alabaster/Hazel, Bianca/Jason, Ethan/Drew, Ethan/Reyna. Ethan/Bianca, Ethan/Annabeth, Ethan/Clarisse, Rachel/Hazel, Will/Annabeth. Thoughts?

I always love receiving your concepts, so let's see :

Alabaster/Hazel (Alabazel, Hazelaster) : Wait... Did you just... Did you just give me a new ship of magicians ? Cause... thank you ! Thank you so much I love it ! I already paired Alabaster and Hazel with Calypso, but here you just gave me a new ship and a new polyship anon ! So yes, I love the ships including the different sorcerers of the books (Calypso, Hazel, Alabaster, Lou Ellen and all of the TKC cast), and Hazel/Alabaster sounds really nice : Hazel has a huge support potential, Alabaster and her have a lot in common (like their relationship with their parents and how they're not used to social interactions) and I love the idea of Alabaster bonding with the underworld children, Hazel is part of it, so I love it.

Bianca/Jason (Biancason, Jasianca) : Again, shame on me for not having thought about it, that's so great. I think they complete each other in a unusual way : Bianca is used to be forced to have everything in control, like Jason, when he was praetor. Maybe in an AU where Bianca survives and go with the Seven to Roma in order to save her brother, the two could become friends, then lovers. I'd see Bianca helping Jason to accept to give up his role of praetor, to understand that, with her in his life, he doesn't need and want all those responsibilities anymore. I don't know, I love the potential it has. And a family-like bond between them, Thalia and Nico, it's a big yes (oh, and it would piss Zeus and Hades to death, that's a great bonus point).

Ethan/Drew (Drethan) : I'm not completely sure. But it has a lots pros : two characters in need of redemption, Ethan is the straight to the point kind of guy Drew needs to receive criticism and advices from... But Drew is straight to the point too, in a different way, Ethan is pretty introverted, he is direct when he snaps, quick and effective, but otherwise, he prefers to ignore the others. Drew would take him out of his hiding spot, and force him into social interactions, against his will of course. It could be an incredible friendship, with two opposites who match with each other against all odds. I'm not certain for a love relationship, I still think about it, but that's one of my favorites fanon BrOTP.

Ethan/Reyna (Rethan, Ethyna) : Beautiful, wonderful, I love it. I already shipped it and it's awesome. First, it combines two of my favorites characters. And second, they'd match really well, yes they both are reserved, cold and hard to befriend, but I think at the first contact, between them and the two camps maybe, they'd immediately invest the other. Like, if the two sides start to argue, they would defend the other, without even knowing each other, they'd understand there way of thinking quickly. That's the kind of relationship I see matching very soon. And my favorite headcanon about this ship is them being extremely flustered everytime the other shows any sign of romantic attraction to them, but they always keep the hard face, no matter what (but their love for each other would be easily noticed by anyone who would spend more than two minutes with both of them). That's one of my favorites crack PJO ships.

Ethan/Bianca (Ethianca) : Already talked about it here. To resume, I love it, one of my favorites ships for both of them. It's greatly great.

Ethan/Annabeth (Ethabeth) : Post TLO friendship, bonding over Luke's death, strategic planning for capture the flag, friendly rivalry, Annabeth being a protective friend with Ethan... Hum yes, yes yes yes, awesome. I love it. I'm already convinced they would have been best friends in canon if Ethan had survived, so a couple, I'm in.

Ethan/Clarisse (Etharisse, Clarethan) : Again, I thought about it but I prefer it as a friendship. But that's great, again, Clarisse would help Ethan through his redemption, especially cause he'd certainly be friend with Chris. I want this two to bond, but I prefer them as friends, I still like that ship, but I don't have any AU for it.

Rachel/Hazel (Hachel, Razel) : I love it, I already said some things about it while talking about OT3 including them both. They are cute, they love art, they are badass : perfect. Rachel could make Hazel discover the world, new technology, obscure art things... It's adorable, I love that pairing.

And Will/Annabeth (Willabeth) : They're already friends, and have potential. I'm not sure how to explain why, but I like that ship. Will is fun, cool and chill, like Percy, but without the darker side Percy hides. Will could be the friend Annabeth confides to between the different PJO adventures. They both are genius in their specialty, and I love imagining Annabeth admiring Will's capacities, and wanting to learn medicine tips from him. I really like this pairing, but I unfortunately don't have a lot to say about it.

Plenty of great pairing anon, thank you again for that ^^.

[joleanart]

i decided to make a little thing for pride month!! it was something i wanted to draw since i don’t even know, so there it is: little fusions with pjo/hoo characters!

JERCY (jason and percy):

- gorgeous ace boy

- such an amazing leader. he’s very persistent and  most of the time work with fun to make his point. life’s boring, but he doesn’t need to be

- king of hot&cute face

PIPABETH (piper and annabeth):

- bi queen

- she’s the leader of everything. get out of her way. seriously

- "please kill me softly”

NANK (nico and frank):

- very gay

- he’s so polite. literally the biggest gentleman in the world

- doesn’t talk much, but if you need him, he’ll be there for you. anytime

LEYNA/REO (reyna and leo):

- handsome trans boy

- no one beats him at anything. it doesn’t matter what you’re playing, you will lose

- the world is his. bow down, please

HACHEL (hazel and rachel):

- pan-cutie

- art!! queen of drawings

- small and sweet, but will never tolerate any of your shit

i LOVE this. actually wanted to do more with another characters like will, grover, clarisse, etc.

[profitstitta]

Heartbeat sound

If you're not convinced by the galloping horse / train heartbeat theory when it comes to finding out your baby's sex but want to know about more possible gender predictors, you can read about 28 (count 'em!) more here – or listen to our special podcast on this very topic with Dr Philippa. This gentleman from the YouTube channel Hachel Hachel likes to share his strong heartbeats with his fans. I think it sounds more like a horse but then I picture a train and it sounds like a train too!" How reliable are other gender prediction tests? Soothes and calms babies - Choose from a gentle heartbeat sound, white noise, nature sounds or 3 soothing lullabies Babies will adore this blanket, as theyre. Searching for the ideal heartbeat sound for babies to sleep Shop online at buybuy BABY to find just the heartbeat sound for babies to sleep you are looking. As forum user newlook says: "Mine can sound like both they are very similar. Then, of course, it's actually quite tricky to decide whether the heartbeat you're hearing is train-y or horse-y. And because when you are proved right, you'll likely to tell everyone about it – like forum user Minnie09: "Ours definitely sounds like a galloping horse and, true to the old wives' tale, we're having a girl!" Maybe because there's always a pretty good chance (50/50) that you'll be right. So if there's no evidence, why do so many of us believe it? Indeed a 2006 study of 447 pregnancies by researchers at Wright State University in Ohio, US and published in Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy found "no significant differences between male and female fetal heart rates during the 1st trimester". "A baby's heart rate – much faster than an adult's – will be somewhere between 110 and 160 beats per minute," she adds, "but there's no evidence that a baby boy's heart rate is slower than a baby girl's." "There is no evidence that a heartbeat sounding like a train or horse indicates a girl or a boy," says our expert GP Dr Philippa Kaye. Here's a YouTube recording where you can hear a baby boy’s heartbeat (16 weeks): does it sound like a train to you? What does a ‘girl galloping horse heartbeat’ sound like?Īnd here's the sound of a baby girl’s heartbeat: does it sound like a galloping horse? It's certainly beating consistently over 140 beats a minute. What does a ‘boy train heartbeat’ sound like? The reason a boy's heartbeat sounds like a train but a girl's sounds like a horse is, apparently, because a baby boy's heart is beating at under 140 beats per minute, while a girl's heartbeat is beating faster, at over 140 beats per minute.

[lmortgages158]

Independence woman who worked for mortgage company accused of stealing ... - Yahoo News

Prosecutors say Hachelle Alsip made wire transfers totaling $507000 from Victory Mortgage's bank accounts to a personal account.

[jjkscafe]

If you were a matchmaker and had to set up 7 of your mutuals with each member of Bangtan who would you pair with who and what date or activity would you pick for each pair?

[genesisofourlives]

The Genesis of Our Lives presents: Sonic the Hedgehog 2!

Release date: November 24th, 1992

While not the best Sonic title in my opinion, there’s no doubt Sonic 2 was one of the most influential. The firm establishment of casino-themed stages as a franchise staple, the introduction of the Death Egg, setting the number of Chaos Emeralds at 7 and introducing Super Sonic... But the most notable aspect, of course, was the introduction of Sonic’s ever faithful sidekick, Miles “Tails” Prower. Even after 26 years, Tails remains my favorite character in the series, and his Japanese profile of being a technological prodigy becoming Western canon in Adventure remains something I can get behind. While Tails’ playable appearances as of late are few and far between as the 3D gameplay these days seems to prefer jumping between Sonic and different!Sonic (making his being playable again in Sonic Mania, which comes out on the 15th of this month, one of the things I’m most hyped for), I always played as Tails as a kid. Between his orange color palette - my favorite color - and his awesome ability to fly/swim in Sonic 3 making everything more accessible for a kid like me that really sucked at games, he was basically my go-to choice, no questions asked.

Unfortunately, it wasn’t until after I finished streaming last week that I remembered that in this title you didn’t lose access to the final stage by playing as Tails. Whoops. I’ll let him tag along for Sonic 3.

As you read in my retrospective, I started this last week after finishing Golden Axe and will be seeking to finish it this week. Most of the game is behind me, but I’ll just cut the stream short if it takes me less than four hours to get the last few stages down, since even with a game that goes this fast there’s no way I’m going to finish everything with enough time for a decent RPG session to follow. As a reminder, I’m playing a ROM hack called Sonic the Hedgehog 2: Long Version by French hacker “Sonic Hachelle-Bee,” which adds in four stages that were shown in various states of beta over the gaming press and wayward prototypes at the time. At this point, only the second act of Hidden Palace Zone (which differs from its implantation in the 2013 mobile rerelease, I should hope) and the two levels added to Death Egg itself remain of the new content.

Let’s celebrate the release of Sonic Mania this upcoming week - and finish this game at sonic speed!

Tomorrow at 2 PM Pacific standard time!

[therachelbarbaraberry-blog1]

F2F Hachel

Rachel: showed up to Starbucks and ordered two coffees and sat waiting for him to arrive for their small talk.

[sfnoticias]

Com mais de 100 crianças, Cantata de Natal promete emocionar público em Cordeiro

Fotos: Arquivo Pessoal/ SF Notícias A noite desta quarta-feira (06/12) promete ser de muita emoção recheada com o espírito natalino em Cordeiro. A cidade dará boas-vindas às celebrações de Natal com uma programação especial. Com a direção artística de Hachel Melengate, cerca de 150 alunos da Escola Municipalizada Rodolfo Gonçalves vão compor o Coral das Crianças. Segundo ela, esta é a primeira…

[remyrn]

(Not into online #challenge but this is from K and the thing #MakesSense , so accepted.) I was nominated by Milkaren to post a #scripture everyday for 10 days (tagging a friend each day). In my #Day5 , I nominate Hachel to do the same. Let us spread the #WordOfGod. #HISWordInHerWorld

[mosauerin-blog]

Wos a richtige Beirin is, mocht a a Sauerkraut. Ich bin zwar keine richtige Bäuerin aber Sauerkraut mach ich trotzdem. Noch dazu muss ich ja fast, bei diesem Hofnamen. Ich mache nämlich ein Mosauerkraut. Ja, der Witz ist schlecht, das Rezept fürs Kraut dafür aber von da Oma. Und so guad! Und a Video gibt’s a dazu. Und a Rezeptkarte. Na, da hat sie sich wieder bemüht, die Mosauerin…

Nachdem “meine” Schnecken mein komplettes liebevoll gehegtes Kraut heuer verjausnet haben, diese Mistviecher, musste ich mir die 10 Kilo Weißkraut die ich für mein Sauerkraut brauche woanders besorgen. Das wichtigste ist beim Sauerkraut machen übrigens : ABSOLTUTE SAUBERKEIT. Sonst ist die Arbeit umsonst. Und dann muss man erst wieder Sauerkraut kaufen. Also Alles, wirklich alles, auskochen was geht!

Noch ist es nur Kraut

Schritt für Schritt Anleitung Sauerkraut

Neben dem Kraut und einem Krauthobel, einem 16l Gärtopf, ein Wäscheschaffl zum hineinhobeln, einem nicht schließenden Deckel,  einem ausgekochten Geschirrtuch und einem sehr schweren Stein braucht man noch Salz, Wacholderbeeren und Kümmel nach belieben. Vom Salz nehm ich auf 10 Kilo gute 5 dag (50 g für Nicht-Österreicher). Wacholderbeeren und Kümmel nach Gefühl.

Wacholderbeeren, Salz und Kümmel

Zuerst wird das Kraut gehachelt, das geht erstaunlich schnell – vorher die Strünke herausschneiden aber nicht vergessen! Und tut Euch einen gefallen, macht es nicht mit einer kleinen Küchenhachel, besorgt Euch ein richtiges Teil!

10 Kilo Kraut hacheln

So 10 Kilo Kraut hachel ich in ca. 15 Minuten, ich hab aber nicht auf die Uhr geschaut, das ist wirklich nur geschätzt. So sollte das dann ungefähr aussehen, es muss schon recht fein sein und es wird eine ganz schöne Menge. Daher auch das Lawoa (Lavoir). Wenn Du das fertig hast, gibst Du die Gewürze über das Kraut und mischst alles gut durch.

10 Kilo gehacheltes Kraut

Falls Du Dich fragst ob das wirklich alles in so einen kleinen 16 Liter fassenden Topf passt: Ja. Tut es. Im nächsten Schritt sind dann nämlich Deine Muckis gefragt…

Mein Gärtopf

Das Kraut wird jetzt schichtweise in den Topf gegeben und festgestampft bis das Wasser beginnt auszutreten. Ich nehme dafür einen Fleischklopfer. Das ist übrigens der mühsamste Teil der Angelegenheit. Im Video siehst Du wie ich das einstampfe.

Wenn nun das ganze Kraut im Topf ist und gut gestampft ist, siehst Du, es geht sich aus! Dann kommt ein ausgekochtes Baumwoll-Küchentuch drüber. Der Deckel (ausgekocht!) kommt drauf und das ganze wird mit einem schweren Stein beschwert. Mein Deckel ist übrigens ein Deckel von einem alten Fleischfass. Ein hölzernes Jausenbrettl tut’s aber auch, Hauptsache es schließt nicht komplett ab, sondern drückt mit dem Stein das Kraut in die Flüssigkeit.

Erste Schicht Kraut im Topf

letzte Schicht Kraut im Topf

Abgedeckt mit Tuch

Deckel drauf

Stein drauf

Das Kraut sollte relativ schnell Wasser (also schon beim kräftigeren Draufdrücken) abgeben und sich somit selbst mit Wasser bedecken. Wenn das nicht der Fall ist gießt Du abgekochtes, ausgekühltes Wasser drüber.

Das Kraut muss mit Flüssigkeit bedeckt sein

Nun stellst Du das Kraut an einen kühlen, nicht zu kalten Raum – bei mir steht’s in der Speis – und wartest 3-4 Wochen. In dieser Zeit gärt das Kraut und die feinen Milchsäurebakterien fermentieren Dir das Kraut zu prickelndem Sauerkraut.

Wenn das Sauerkraut fertig ist kannst du es entnehmen, den Deckel, den Stein und das Handtuch säubern bzw. ersetzen und das Sauerkraut damit wieder verschließen. Wahrscheinlich wirst du die Oberfläche des Krautes auch reinigen müssen, aber davon kann ich Dir noch kein Bild zeigen. Das folgt dann später mal.

Videoanleitung Sauerkraut

Für Alle, die keine Zeit haben das ganze da oben zu lesen, hier lernst Du in 30 Sekunden, wie ich Sauerkraut herstelle.

Rezeptkarte Sauerkraut

Wenn Du dir das Sauerkraut Rezept merken magst hab ich eine kleine Rezeptkarte für Dich erstellt, die kannst Du Dir herunterladen und abspeichern oder ausdrucken, ganz wie Du magst.

(Wenn du auf das Bild klickst, kommst Du zu einem PDF)

Rezeptkarte Sauerkraut

Wenn Dir ein Textlink lieber ist, bitte schön: hier geht’s zur Sauerkraut-Rezeptkarte

Und wenn Du das nachmachst, freu ich mich über einen kleinen Bericht in den Kommentaren, wie es Dir damit gegangen ist.

Ich werde mich bemühen, das Format detaillierte Bildanleitung – Video – Rezeptkarte bei all meinen Kochereien so zu gestalten, wenn Euch das recht ist. Wenn nicht, müssts ma das gleich sagen. Wegen der vergebenen Liebesmüh warats…

Bis dahin lasst’s es Eich schmecka!

Mosauerin

Das Mosauerkraut -NEU- mit Videoanleitung & Rezeptkarte Wos a richtige Beirin is, mocht a a Sauerkraut. Ich bin zwar keine richtige Bäuerin aber Sauerkraut mach ich trotzdem.

[pochology]

It’s my first time to attend this seminar and I am thankful that I have heard the story of your life and your inspiring messages. I have knew that “voice” is very important being a public server. You have inspired me soo much to become a successful newscaster. I have enjoyed your session. “Thank you” is not enough but I know that it will make you happy. I won’t forget you kuya Choy.

Hachelle Ann L. Suel

Cahagnicikan, Pototan, Iloilo

[emmagreen1220-blog]

New Post has been published on Biology Dictionary

New Post has been published on https://biologydictionary.net/common-descent/

Common Descent

Common Descent Definition

Common descent is a term within evolutionary biology which refers to the common ancestry of a particular group of organisms. The process of common decent involves the formation of new species from an ancestral population. When a recent common ancestor is shared between two organisms, they are said to be closely related. In contrast, common descent can also be traced back to a universal common ancestor of all living organisms using molecular genetic methods. Such evolution from a universal common ancestor is thought to have involved several speciation events as a result of natural selection and other processes, such as geographical separation.

Theory of Common Descent

The theory of common descent states that all living organisms are descendants of a single ancestor. Thus, the Theory of Common Descent helps to explain why species living in different geographical regions exhibit different traits, some traits are highly conserved among broad animal classifications (e.g., vertebrates or tetrapods), seemly different species (e.g., birds and reptiles) share inherited physical and genetic traits, and successfully adapted organisms typically produce more offspring. While the Theory of Common Descent is primarily derived from the physical observation of various phenotypes (e.g., size, colour, beak shape, embryological development, etc.), modern advances in genetics and associated molecular techniques have been able to demonstrate that the process by which DNA is eventually translated into proteins is maintained among all lifeforms. Small changes in DNA between organisms have revealed a shared ancestry as well as insight into important changes that resulted in various speciation events. Phylogenetic trees and cladograms are often used to hypothesize the evolution of various organisms and shared common descent.

Examples of Common Descent

Human Chromosome 2

Compelling evidence of the shared common ancestry of humans with the great apes is the fusion event which occurred when two chromosomes common in apes fused to form chromosome 2 in humans (as illustrated below). This resulted in humans having only 23 pairs of chromosomes, while all other hominidae have 24 pairs. The great apes (e.g., chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans) have two chromosomes with almost identical DNA sequences as that found in chromosome 2 of humans. Further evidence of such a fusion event is the residual presence of telomeres and a centromere, which indicate that the genetic information was historically found on two separate chromosomes.

Endogenous Retroviruses

Endogenous retroviruses are residual DNA sequences found in the genomes of virtually all living organisms as a result of ancient viral infections. Since the retroviral sequences are incorporated into the DNA of the host organism, such sequences are inherited in the offspring. Since such infections are random events, as is the location in which the viral genome is inserted within the genome, the identification of the same retroviral sequences in multiple species is indicative of a shared ancestry. Such analyses of endogenous retroviruses often reveal speciation events (e.g., feline endogenous retroviruses reveal the separation between large and small cat species) and how closely related two species may be, as observed in the shared endogenous retroviruses between humans and other primate species.

The Presence of Atavisms

Atavisms are the appearance of a lost trait observed in an ancestral species that is not observed in more recent ancestors. Atavisms are an example of common descent as they provide evidence of the phenotypical or vestigial features that are often retained throughout evolution. Some examples, include the appearance of hind limbs in whales as evidence of a terrestrial ancestor, teeth exhibited by chickens, additional toes observed in modern horse species, and the back flippers of bottlenose dolphins. Atavisms tend to arise because the ancestral genes are not deleted from the genome, but rather silenced and then reactivated in later offspring.

Vestigial Structures

Similar to atavisms, vestigial structures are structures that are homologous to those found in ancestral species, but have become underdeveloped, non-functional, or degenerated in more recently evolved organisms. Such structures provide evidence of adaptations to a new environment, in which the ancestral organ or limb is no longer required, or has been modified to better suit a new purpose. There are an abundance of examples of vestigial structures observed in nature. Some examples include, the hind limbs and pelvic girdle observed in whales (as shown below) and snakes, non-functional wings exhibited by some insect species, non-functional wings of flightless bird species (e.g., ostriches), abdominal segments of barnacles, and the embryonic limb buds exhibited by several species lacking hind limbs (e.g., dolphins).

Pentadactyl Limbs

The presence of pentadactyl limbs is an example of a homologous trait exhibited by all tetrapods and is highly conserved throughout evolution, despite some modifications. Such limbs are first observed in the evolution from fishes to amphibians and consists of a single proximal, two distal, carpal, five metacarpal, and phalange bones. Although the overarching structure of the pentadactyl limbs is similar, various modifications have been made throughout evolution as adaptations to specific environments or lifestyles. Some examples include the modified pentadactyl wings of bats, the elongated forearms of primate species, the flippers of dolphin and whale species, and the modified digits of horses to form a hoof.

Fossil Evidence

The fossilized remains of various organisms combined with modern dating methods provides some of the most convincing evidence of common descent and evolutionary history. Fossilization occurs when the bones of a decaying animal become porous and the mineral salts in the surrounding earth infiltrate the bones, converting them to stone. Other methods include preservation in ice, imprinted remains (e.g., plants or footprints), tree resin, and peat. Since fossils are found in sedimentary rock, which is formed by layers of silt and mud, each layer corresponds to a specific geological period which can be dated. Thus, the extinction, evolution, and emergence of various species can be observed throughout history using the fossil record. Many extinct species are also observed in the fossil record, such as dinosaurs.

Biogeography

Biogeography presents compelling evidence of common descent by showcasing speciation and novel traits through adaptations to environmental pressures. One of the most famous examples is that of island biogeography and Charles Darwin’s observations of the beaks of finches residing on the Galapagos Islands. In these finches, the beaks had been adapted for the specific vegetation found on the island, resulting in deviation from the ancestral finches found on the mainland. Long term effects of geographical separation are also observed with the evolution of new species that are not found elsewhere in the world. An example of this is the presence of marsupial species on the continent of Australia, and the emergence of polar bears as a result of geographical isolation in the arctic.

Quiz

1. The presence of a tail during the early stages of human embryological development is an example of: A. Sequence homology B. Biogeography C. Activation of chromosome 2 D. Vestigial structure

Answer to Question #1

D is correct. Vestigial structures are features that remain from an ancestral form, but have subsequently lost a function or have an adapted function throughout evolution.

2. Recently, a bottlenose dolphin with four fins (two in the front and two in the back rather than only two in the front) was identified. This is an example of: A. Convergent evolution B. Pentadactyl limbs C. Activation of chromosome 2 D. An atavism

Answer to Question #2

D is correct. Atavisms are the appearance of an ancestral feature in an organism that are not present in more recent ancestors. This results from the conservation of genes for such features that become re-activated.

References

Clark-Hachel C, Linz D, and Tomoyasu Y. (2013). Insights into insect wing origin provided by functional analysis of vestigial in the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum. PNAS. 110(42): 16951–16956.

Costa J. (2009). The Darwinian Revelation: Tracing the Origin and Evolution of an Idea. BioScience. 59(10): 886-894.

Glansdorff N, Xu Y and Labedan B. (2008). The Last Universal Common Ancestor: emergence, constitution and genetic legacy of an elusive forerunner. Biol Direct. 3: 29-10.

Koonin E and Wolf Y. (2010). The common ancestry of life. Biology Direct. 5:64.

Meyer TJ, Rosenkrantz JL, Carbone L, and Chavez SL. (2017). Endogenous Retroviruses: With Us and against Us. Front Chem. 7(5): 23.

Miga KH. (2017). Chromosome-Specific Centromere Sequences Provide an Estimate of the Ancestral Chromosome 2 Fusion Event in Hominin Genomes. J Hered. 108(1):45-52.

Miller et al. (2012). Polar and brown bear genomes reveal ancient admixture and demographic footprints of past climate change. PNAS 109(36): E2382–E2390.

Sober E and Steel M. (2002). Testing the hypothesis of common ancestry. J Theor Biol. 218 (4): 395-408.

Wall J. (2013). Great Ape Genomics. ILAR J. 54(2): 82-90.

Werth A. (2014). Vestiges of the natural history of development: historical holdovers reveal the dynamic interaction between ontogeny and phylogeny. Evolution: Education and Outreach. 7:12.